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Journal articles on the topic 'Political advertising'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Wee-Ming Lau, László Józsa, Yoong-Wai Chan, Yee-Ling Fong, Hiram Ting, and Kim-Lim Tan. "Beliefs and Attitude towards Political Advertising During Malaysia's GE14 Political Tsunami." International Journal of Business and Society 21, no. 1 (April 25, 2021): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3252.2020.

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The recent General Election in Malaysia has seen the opposition alliance form the government for the first time in its history. The tsunami that changed the country's political landscape has largely been attributed to the participation of young voters and the effect of political advertising transmitted through social media. Drawing upon the theory of reasoned action, the study tests the scale of beliefs about political advertising in relation to attitude towards political advertising among young voters. While the first phase of the study validated the belief components, the second phase tested and confirmed the effect of the belief components on attitude. As a result, three belief components of political advertising were extracted, including core values, actual values,andexternal values. The findings indicated that young Malaysian voters hold unfavourablebeliefs aboutpolitical advertising. Moreover, the beliefs about advertising’s core and external values have a direct effect on attitude towards political advertising. Given young voters use social media for nearly every aspect of their lives, the findings underscore the importance of understanding the potential effect of negative political advertising and its external elements during election campaigns.

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2

Caywood, Clarke L., and Ivan L. Preston. "The Continuing Debate on Political Advertising: Toward a Jeopardy Theory of Political Advertising as Regulated Speech." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 8, no. 1 (January 1989): 204–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391568900800114.

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The authors propose that political candidate advertising as a unique form of political speech is in jeopardy of losing its constitutional protection under the First Amendment. Despite the growth of political advertising as a political marketing technique and new legal freedoms for commercial advertising, the paper develops a “jeopardy theory” from seven socio-political variables which independently and cumulatively threaten political advertising's protected status.

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3

Connolly-Ahern, Colleen, and Lynda Lee Kaid. "Corporate Advertising as Political Advertising." Journal of Political Marketing 1, no. 4 (September 6, 2002): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j199v01n04_06.

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4

Lazaryan, S. St, A. K. Botasheva, and S. R. Koblev. "Political online advertising: the main paradigms of research." Sovremennaya nauka i innovatsii, no. 4 (44) (2023): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2307-910x.2023.4.28.

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In the article, Internet advertising is revealed as a socio-political phenomenon, where the authors turn to various paradigms as general theoretical orientations for cognition of the phenomenon. It is proved that studies of the socio-political reality of the life of modern society, which can no longer do without Internet advertising, including political advertising, are based on three main paradigmatic foundations: structural, interpretive, unifying (integrative). It is revealed that Internet advertising as a social institution acts as a political phenomenon, among other things, and is a fairly stable set, which is quite easy to identify as a set of formal and informal rules designed to serve the interests, first of all, of advertising producers.

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5

Kaid, Lynda Lee. "Trends in Political Advertising." Journal of Political Marketing 1, no. 1 (January 2002): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j199v01n01_10.

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6

Granato, Jim, and M. C. Sunny Wong. "Political Campaign Advertising Dynamics." Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 3 (September 2004): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700301.

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7

Granato, Jim, and M. C. Sunny Wong. "Political Campaign Advertising Dynamics." Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 3 (September 2004): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3219846.

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8

Franz, Michael M., and Travis N. Ridout. "Does Political Advertising Persuade?" Political Behavior 29, no. 4 (April 21, 2007): 465–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-007-9032-y.

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9

Vaksman, R. V. "Some issues of legal regulation of political advertising." Theory and practice of jurisprudence 2, no. 20 (December 14, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2225-6555.2021.2.239908.

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For the first time in Ukraine, the definition of «political advertising» is reflected in the Law of Ukraine «On Elections of People’s Deputies», so far only on the basis of the definition of «advertising» in the Law of Ukraine «On Advertising» it was possible to qualify political advertising as any information about political actors, political parties, designed to raise awareness of their activities. The mechanism of legal regulation of political advertising involves the development and adoption of national laws and regulations governing public relations arising in the process of production, placement, distribution of political advertising, because in this case may affect the interests of society and the state as a whole. Today the issue of political advertising is regulated by several legal acts, in particular in Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine «On Advertising» provides only the definition of such advertising without details, the Law of Ukraine «On Local Elections», the Law of Ukraine «On Elections of Deputies of Ukraine», the Electoral Code Ukraine’s norms stipulate the peculiarities of campaigning in the form of political advertising, some restrictions on campaigning, etc. Therefore, the legislation should be characterized by the dispersion of norms on such advertising and inconsistency in the definition of «campaigning» and «political advertising. Therefore, it is suggested to get acquainted in detail with such a phenomenon as political advertising. The article focuses on the existence in the literature of different approaches to the definition of «political advertising» of its essence, considers the distinction between «political advertising» and «election campaigning», as well as analyzes current legislation and the current state of the legal regulation of this type of advertising

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10

Pottinger, Brian. "Political Advertising in South Africa." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 6, no. 2 (November 14, 2022): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v6i2.2089.

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A CHANGING political culture in South Africa has seen in recent years a massive ex pansion in the use of political advertising - both by extra-parliamentary pressure groups and establishment mainstream parties. Standards of commercial advertising in South Africa are controlled by the Trade Practices Act and editorial copy by the terms of the Media Council's Code of Conduct. Remarkably, political advertising is subject to neither. This article examines the impact of political advertising in three aspects: effects on the political debate itself, the audi alteram partem rule of journalistic balance and the over-all impact on the culture of the newspapers in which the advertisement ap pears. A brief survey of the role of political adver tising in other countries is included as well as some observations on the way in which ma jor foreign newspapers approach political advertising. The author argues against further statutory controls on the content of political advertising but suggests that the newspaper industry itself has a responsibility to counter patently false or tendentious political adver tising in its columns.

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11

Mahmoud, Ali Bassam, Nicholas Grigoriou, Leonora Fuxman, and William D. Reisel. "Political advertising effectiveness in war-time Syria." Media, War & Conflict 13, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635219841356.

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This study addresses the effectiveness of political advertising in an extreme context, during war-time. A self-administered cross-sectional survey was used to collect data during the 2016 parliamentary elections in Syria. Structural equation modelling was utilized to test the hypothetical model and its invariance related to political involvement. The results indicated that beliefs are a four-dimensional structure consisting of information, veracity, sarcasm, and cynicism. Furthermore, war-time perceptions were found to negatively affect attitude towards political advertising via sarcasm among less politically involved voters. Negative attitude was found to be linked to lower levels of veracity among such voters and to higher levels of cynicism for those who are highly involved in politics. Negative attitudes regarding political advertising were found for lowering the chances for watching advertisements, for supporting a candidate, and for willingness to vote. The results also revealed that paying attention to political advertising does not relate to voters’ intention to vote. This study is the first of its kind to empirically validate a conceptual model predicting voters’ turnout behaviour based on voters’ war-time perceptions, beliefs and attitudes regarding political advertising in an authoritarian setting. In addition, this study investigates whether the effects of the proposed model may be moderated by voters’ political involvement.

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12

Holtz-Bacha, Christina. "Political advertising — a research overview." Central European Journal of Communication 11, no. 2 (November 9, 2018): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1899-5101.11.2(21).4.

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In the United States electoral advertising on television has always been the most important campaign tool. Even though social media are gaining relevance, a major share of the campaign budget still goes into TV advertising. In other parts of the world, electoral advertising on television is much more regulated, which may be the reason why this campaign tool has not reached the same relevance as in the U.S. Th is article provides a comprehensive overview of the different research perspectives and in particular discusses differences between the role of electoral advertising in the U.S. and other countries, which also pose a challenge for international comparisons.

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13

Koanghyub Kim and Jinyoung Tak. "Advertising Length Effects in Political Advertising on Voters’ Response." Journal of Political Communication ll, no. 18 (September 2010): 5–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35731/kpca.2010..18.001.

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14

Naser, Mohd Nabil Ahmad, and Syamsyul Anuar Ismail. "THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING VALUE ON ATTITUDE TOWARD POLITICAL ADVERTISING IN SOCIAL MEDIA AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS." International Journal of Politics, Public Policy and Social Works 2, no. 7 (December 14, 2020): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijppsw.27007.

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Over the past few years, many studies have conducted to examine the effect of advertising value on attitude toward advertising. Advertising value has proven that it has a strong relationship with attitude toward advertising. With the expansion of the media, advertising has been using as part of the political tools. Hence, this research paper will discuss how advertising values influence attitudes toward advertising from a political advertising perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyses the influence of advertising value on attitude toward political advertising among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) students and their perceptions toward the value of advertising. This study used a quantitative method. An online survey was used in this study and distributed through Google Form among UUM and USM students. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used to analyses the collected data. The results found that advertising value variables significantly influence the attitude toward political advertising. Therefore, this study hopes to help future researchers to understand how advertising value in political advertising can give an impact on attitude toward political advertising. Thus, this study can help other researchers as a guideline in exploring other variables for advertising value in political advertising perspective.

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15

Lovett, Mitchell, and Michael Peress. "Targeting Political Advertising on Television." Quarterly Journal of Political Science 10, no. 3 (September 17, 2015): 391–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00014107.

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16

Kropyvko, Viktoriia Vitaliivna. "Political advertising in internet communications." Politicus, no. 1 (2022): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-9616.2022-1.10.

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17

Lee, Soobum, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Jinyoung Tak. "Americanization of Korean political advertising." Asian Journal of Communication 8, no. 1 (January 1998): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292989809364754.

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18

Gandhi, Amit, Daniela Iorio, and Carly Urban. "Negative Advertising and Political Competition." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 32, no. 3 (November 4, 2015): 433–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewv028.

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19

McChesney, Robert W., and John Nichols. "The Bull Market: Political Advertising." Monthly Review 63, no. 11 (April 1, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-063-11-2012-04_1.

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20

Dahl, John Magnus R. "Visual argumentation in political advertising." Journal of Argumentation in Context 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.4.3.02dah.

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In this paper, political advertisements in Norway are characterized as an argumentative activity type, following the pragma-dialectal theory of argumentation. Drawing on insights from political theory, marketing theory, Norwegian media regulations and empirical research into Norwegian political communication the conventions of the activity type are discussed. It is also explained how these conventions influence the arguer’s strategic maneuvering.

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21

Liutko, Natalia. "Aesthetic dimension of political advertising." Toruńskie Studia Międzynarodowe 1, no. 8 (December 25, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/tis.2015.007.

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22

Spenkuch, Jörg L., and David Toniatti. "Political Advertising and Election Results*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 133, no. 4 (May 5, 2018): 1981–2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy010.

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23

Chappell, Henry W. "Campaign advertising and political ambiguity." Public Choice 79, no. 3-4 (June 1994): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01047774.

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24

Degan, Arianna. "Civic duty and political advertising." Economic Theory 52, no. 2 (July 12, 2011): 531–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00199-011-0655-1.

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25

Vlasenkova, E., and M. Gagarina. "Attitudes to Social and Political Advertising Among Russian Youth." Review of Business and Economics Studies 7, no. 4 (February 10, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2019-7-4-39-44.

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The article presents the results of an empirical study of the characteristics of the evaluation of social and political advertising by young men and women. In total 96 respondents aged 18 to 22 years (M = 18.7; SD = 0.92) took part in research. The semantic differential was used as a research method; respondents were asked to evaluate two photographs depicting social and political advertising on public transport. By comparing the average estimates of social and political advertising, it was found that political advertising as a whole is evaluated more negatively than social advertising. Young men evaluate social advertising more positively than young women. There were no significant differences in the assessment of political advertising between the two genders.

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26

Volosheniuk, Nazarii. "THE RATIO OF ELECTION CAMPAIGNING TO POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ADVERTISING." Scientific and Informational Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law Named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 8 (December 26, 2019): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2019.8.20.105-111.

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Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between election campaigning and political and social advertising, namely to define the criteria for the separation of political advertising and election campaigning, to improve the definition of political and social advertising, and so on. Methodology. The methodology involves a comprehensive analysis and generalization of available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. During the research the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, functional, system-structural, logical-normative. Results. In the course of the research, the criteria for demarcation of political advertising and election campaigning were determined, the definition of political and social advertising was improved, the amendments to the Law on Advertising on political and social advertising were proposed, the features of the distribution of political advertising during the election campaign were defined in the Law of Ukraine; definition in the Law of Ukraine "On Advertising" of the mechanism of payment for political advertising, which should have features in comparison with commercial, as well as in the period of election campaigning. Originality. The study found that the ratio of election campaigning to political and social advertising requires significant improvements in their use and legislative regulation. Electoral law scientists are working to improve these shortcomings. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in legislation and law-enforcement activities.

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27

F, Yusep Ahmadi, and Reka Yuda Mahardika. "ANALISIS WACANA KOHESI DAN KOHERENSI PADA WACANA IKLAN POLITIK DALAM WACANA PEMILU 2014." P2M STKIP Siliwangi 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/p2m.v3i1p19-24.473.

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This research is discourse analysis with qualitative methods-deskriptif.Objek this study is the fruit of political advertising Gerindra Party and Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP). The research problems are any marker of cohesion and coherence found in political advertising parati Gerindra and PDIP. Results of analysis menunujukkan cohesion markers found in the discourse of political advertising Gerindra party is katafora and reps while the discourse of political advertising PDIP is anaphora, substitution and conjunction. Meanwhile, coherence markers found in advertising Gerindra is perturutan relationship, parallelism relationship, and the relationship explanation or identification, whereas the coherence markers found in advertising discourse PDIP is perturutan relationships and relationship-knot background. These findings indicate that neither party political advertising discourse and discourse Gerindran PDIP political advertising is a good discourse and slick. Keywords: Cohesion, Coherence, Political Ads Gerindra and PDIP, Discourse Analysis

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28

Egbulefu Chamberlain, Chinsom, and Nwaoboli Emeke Precious. "Political digital advertising: implications and way forward for Nigeria’s 2023 general elections." Kampala International University Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 29, 2023): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.59568/kijhus-2023-4-1-21.

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This study looked at the Digital Political Advertising: Implications and Way forward for Nigeria's 2023 General Elections. The objectives of the study were to examine the extent of digital media advertising in the 2023 general election; find out the effectiveness of digital media political advertising on Benin City residents’ choice of 2023 presidential candidates in Nigeria; find out the factors (if any), which hinder the effective use of the digital media advertising for the 2023 presidential election and x-ray the ways forward to the impediments of digital advertising usage in the 2023 Nigerian presidential election. The theoretical framework was Cultivation theory and survey served as research instrument. The study found that digital advertising has come to stay and that amidst it is being extensively used by political stakeholders in projecting the agenda and ideologies of the political contenders in the 2023 general elections in Nigeria. As such, political digital advertising cannot be jettisoned by any political party or stakeholders who wish to effectively sell their ideologies irrespective of the presence of traditional and media advertising. It was recommended that political parties and stakeholders who are yet to adopt digital advertising should do so as it has various higher imperatives over traditional political advertising. It was also recommended that political parties and stakeholders who are using digital advertising as their only advertising method should complement their efforts using traditional media in order to get a higher reach especially from political stakeholders who do not have digital advertising reception gadgets.

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29

Riznyk, V. "POLITICAL ADVERTISING: SOME ISSUES OF LEGAL SUPPORT." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 109 (2019): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2019/1.109-5.

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The article examines some issues of legal support of political advertising during the process of election, but is not limited to it, as well as how they affect the outcome of elections. In this study comparative, observation, dynamical analogies, analysis methods are used. The author compares the current legislation of Ukraine and the legislation of a number of other European countries and identifies their common and distinctive features. Special attention is given to the political advertising law of Poland, as its closest neighbour. Also, the legislation of France, Germany and Great Britain is examined. The article underlines their main differences. Partial and systematic violations of advertising legislation during the electoral process and during the period between the elections are also identified. The article also shows that the issue in question is not fully studied by legal scientists. The research, in particular, emphasises on the lack of comprehensive definition of political advertising and its legal regulation during the period between the elections. The article draws attention to the incorrectness in law legal regulation of political advertising by the laws regulating commercial advertising. The legal acts, that influence the results of elections are specified, in particular, the author pays attention to the state budget funding for political parties. Reducing Government expenditure can preserve the principle of absolute equality among political actors, so they could participate constructively in the elections. The best thing to do considering the circumstances is to adopt a new law on political advertising or to to amend the existing Act, that regulates advertising in general. As a result, it is proved that political advertising is not limited to the electoral process and must be governed by legislation. The article also states that any law in this area also should comply with international law, especially with acts adopted by the European Union.

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30

Pryshchenko, Svitlana Valeriivna. "CREATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN ADVERTISING DESIGN." Creativity Studies 12, no. 1 (May 24, 2019): 146–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cs.2019.8403.

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The purpose of this article was analyses the existing methodological approaches to art, culture, design, advertising for the further effective designing of advertising products, increasing its positive value orientations and aesthetic level. The research area is the visualization of advertising ideas taking into account of regional specificity and ethno-cultural identification. Scientific study of cultural-aesthetic component in advertising design has the aim to systematize visual means of information and make a complex definition of their functional specifics in contemporary society, which is much wider than thirty years ago. The advertising graphics presented as visual art, visual culture and visual communication. On examples, we considered the creative advertising technologies: metaphors, hyperbole, associations, allegories and metonymies using colour-graphic imaginative means. Orientation of products to regional consumer groups, significant change of market policy presupposed cardinal change in tasks and character of advertising: socio-psychological, cultural and art-aesthetical indices become actual. Definition of imagery as specific tool of creativity on the point of view different aesthetic ideals is a key to understanding the process of art projecting. So, our comprehensive research summarizes stylistics of advertising graphics in the context of cross-cultural communications from posters to new advertisings forms – digital media

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31

Zylak, Karolina. "Specyfika propagandy politycznej, marketingu politycznego i reklamy politycznej z punktu widzenia procesów integracji, dezintegracji, reintegracji. Studium porównawcze." Studia Politologiczne, no. 4/2022(66) (January 15, 2023): 112–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2022.66.5.

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The article describes the specificity of political propaganda, political marketing and political advertising from the point of view of the processes of integration, disintegration and reintegration. It shows the directions of the evolution of these communication and mobilization interactions on communities and citizens. The article presents the influence of political propaganda, political marketing and political advertising on the political awareness and decisions of citizens (including ideas, principles and views expressed by citizens), as well as the influence on the shaped and used type of socio-political ties.

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32

Grusell, Marie, and Lars Nord. "More Cold Case Than Hot Spot." Nordicom Review 31, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0132.

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Abstract How does the public perceive televised political advertising when it is introduced as a completely new element of campaign communications? The European Parliamentary Elections in 2009 may be characterized as the first campaign where such advertising appeared on a larger scale in Sweden, but the National Election Campaign in 2006 was the initial breakthrough for political advertising in television. Two major research questions are raised: First, how can public opinion on such political advertising be described? Second, how are these attitudes related to individual and societal factors? The results indicate that attitudes towards political advertising in Sweden are in line with attitudes towards advertising in general. However, ideological beliefs on the individual level seem to be almost irrelevant. Without being on the political agenda, the political TV-advertising issue is mainly considered from non-political perspectives.

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33

Reynolds, Molly E., and Richard L. Hall. "Issue Advertising and Legislative Voting on the Affordable Care Act." Political Research Quarterly 71, no. 1 (August 8, 2017): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912917724007.

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During the congressional fight over the Affordable Care Act (ACA), interest groups spent record sums on television issue advertising in targeted efforts to influence members of Congress, but did the money make any difference? We use the literatures on outside lobbying and legislative behavior to develop two hypotheses about issue advertising’s effects on members’ voting decisions. We test the hypotheses using population-weighted, station-level advertising data mapped into congressional districts. We find negligible evidence that issue advertising had a causal effect on either House committee or floor votes on the ACA, even applying forgiving statistical standards. Neither do we find evidence when we ignore the endogeneity bias that should inflate advertising’s effects, employ alternative measures and specifications, or limit the analysis to legislators for whom the probability of vote change was highest. The results justify skepticism that the millions of advertising dollars spent on the ACA had a net effect on members’ voting decisions. In conclusion, we consider several reasons why our hypotheses are not borne out and suggest several avenues for future research.

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34

Ross, Billy I., Alan Fletcher, and John C. Schweitzer. "Promises, Promises: Advertising Directors Look at Questionable Political Claims." Newspaper Research Journal 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953299401500109.

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Amidst growing public criticism of political advertising at national, state and local levels, directors of advertising in 73 daily newspapers reflect concern for acceptability of current political advertising in newspapers.

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35

Abdennadher, Raef, Lazhar Ayed, and Bronwyn P. Wood. "Political advertising and voting behaviour in a nascent democracy." Journal of Islamic Marketing 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 827–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-11-2017-0128.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of political advertising on voter attitude and the processes of decision-making in the specific context of the inaugural democratic experience of post-revolutionary Tunisia. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in Tunisia, where the target respondents included Tunisian’s eligible to vote during the presidential campaign of October 2014. The study uses questionnaires for data collection using a convenience sampling technique. Findings The major findings of the study are that the persuasion power of advertising has a direct impact on voter involvement, trust and attitude towards voting. Specifically, involvement significantly influences a voter’s attitude. The hypothesis on the impact of trust on attitude, and the hypothesis related to the mediating role of trust and involvement were rejected. Research limitations/implications The study recommends specialists in political advertising and politicians themselves give consideration to the trust and involvement considerations of the Tunisian voter, to enhance and optimize the quality and credibility of political advertising in the future. Practical implications The research offers some interesting findings for professionals in political advertising, for companies operating in political research, or advertising agencies. In this context, advertising agencies need to give prescient consideration to the trust of the voter by developing a credible and believable discourse. Social implications In the context of a nascent democracy, it is very important to educate people so they become familiarized with the practices of democracy, and to give them the ability to make the right choice. The study recommends specialists in political advertising and also politicians give consideration to the trust and involvement considerations of the Tunisian voter, to enhance and optimize the quality and credibility of political advertising. Originality/value This research paper related to political advertising can be used to formulate appropriate political advertising strategies and to ameliorate and optimize the advertising discourse in the context of a nascent democracy.

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Crain, Matthew, and Anthony Nadler. "Political Manipulation and Internet Advertising Infrastructure." Journal of Information Policy 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 370–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0370.

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Abstract Disinformation and other forms of manipulative, antidemocratic communication have emerged as a problem for Internet policy. While such operations are not limited to electoral politics, efforts to influence and disrupt elections have created significant concerns. Data-driven digital advertising has played a key role in facilitating political manipulation campaigns. Rather than stand alone incidents, manipulation operations reflect systemic issues within digital advertising markets and infrastructures. Policy responses must include approaches that consider digital advertising platforms and the strategic communications capacities they enable. At their root, these systems are designed to facilitate asymmetrical relationships of influence.

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37

Voitovych, Nataliia. "EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL ADVERTISING IN THE COMMUNICATION SPACE OF UKRAINE." Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University: journalism 2, no. 6 (2023): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sjs2023.02.089.

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Society always tries to be as informed as possible, especially if it concerns the political sphere. In the pre-election period, when the level of political activity increases, the information space becomes the field of their power struggle. The media have always been a kind of reference point in choosing the political sympathies of the addressees, and the content of the media shaped the attitude of these addressees toward reality. Since the public's responsibility for its political choices is high, the audience must always identify political advertising in any form. Political advertising went from its birth to an active phase of development in a span of almost 30 years. If at the end of the 20th century, we saw advertising only in the press, on television and radio, then at the beginning of the 21st century it is actively spreading in literature, on external elements, and with the development of the Internet – in social networks. The study analyzed political advertising and political campaigning from 1991 to the last presidential elections and developed a periodization based on the elections of the President of Ukraine. The emergence of political advertising took place in the late 1990s of the 20th century. Today, in the communication space of Ukraine, there is high-quality political advertising that meets the requirements of current legislation and relevant ethical standards. Along with this, we have the existence of political "jeansa" (hidden advertising), which violates journalistic and ethical standards. Political advertising has constantly evolved and acquired new forms related to the development of technology, information space, and society's demands. During its development, it went through several stages and transformations: from the unsuccessful application of postSoviet and Russian experience to the application of political technologies in the Telegram social network. The evolutionary period continues to this day. Modern communication technologies will help push political advertising to a new stage of development.

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Ridout, Travis N., Erika Franklin Fowler, and Michael M. Franz. "Spending Fast and Furious: Political Advertising in 2020." Forum 18, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 465–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2020-2109.

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Abstract This article is a “first look” at political advertising in 2020. Spending on political advertising in the United States in 2020 obliterated records, and Democrats held huge advantages in the presidential race and in most congressional and senatorial races. In addition, all indicators suggest that spending on digital advertising continued to rise. Political advertising was largely similar in tone to past years and, in the presidential race, was substantially more positive than 2016. In addition, interest groups remained heavily involved in federal races in 2020, airing more ads than ever before, though their spending as a percentage of total ad spending was slightly less than in 2016. Political ad spending in 2020 may have been historically high because of the impact of COVID-19 on how campaigns could reach voters, suggesting that paid advertising may decline in 2022 and 2024, at least as a percentage of total election spending.

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Djurakulov, Sh D. "Political advertising and commercial advertising on different theoretical and practical approaches." American Journal of Economics and Business Management 2, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31150/ajebm.vol2.iss1.54.

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The article makes analyses on both theoretical and practical bases of the political and commercial advertisement in the examples of Uzbekistan. Also, it compares the similarities and differences between political advertising and commercial advertising. Paper concludes outcomes and shortcomings of the issue with strong recomemndations at all.

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Tsai, Wan-Hsiu Sunny. "Political issues in advertising polysemy: the case of gay window advertising." Consumption Markets & Culture 15, no. 1 (November 25, 2011): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2011.637752.

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Kissas, Angelos. "Political Advertising in the Crossroad of Political Pragmatism and Political Ideology." Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 5, September 2015 - Special Issue (September 1, 2015): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/5692.

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Joon-Ho Lee. "Effects of Political Advertising on Political Efficacy: An Experiment." Journal of Political Communication ll, no. 34 (September 2014): 53–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35731/kpca.2014..34.003.

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Garramone, Gina M., Charles K. Atkin, Bruce E. Pinkleton, and Richard T. Cole. "Effects of negative political advertising on the political process." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 34, no. 3 (June 1990): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838159009386744.

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Kaid, Lynda Lee. "Political Advertising as Political Marketing: A Retro-Forward Perspective." Journal of Political Marketing 11, no. 1-2 (January 2012): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2012.642731.

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Subiakto, Vania Utamie. "Political Advertising On Mass Media Construction." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): p9603. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.9.12.2019.p9603.

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Crain and Nadler. "Political Manipulation and Internet Advertising Infrastructure." Journal of Information Policy 9 (2019): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0370.

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Tkachenko, Olena, and Daria Slyzka. "Ukrainian political video advertising: dominant values." Obraz 3, no. 29 (2018): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/obraz.2018.3(29)-93-104.

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Koval’chuk, Lidiya Petrovna. "METAPHOR IN THE AMERICAN POLITICAL ADVERTISING." Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 5 (May 2019): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2019.5.60.

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Park, Jaejin. "Meta Analysis of Political Advertising Research." Korean Journal of Advertising and Public Relations 24, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 208–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.16914/kjapr.2022.24.2.208.

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이인성, 김하나, and 이미나. "Effectiveness of Humor Appealin Political Advertising." Journal of Practical Research in Advertising and Public Relations 9, no. 3 (September 2016): 166–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21331/jprapr.2016.9.3.008.

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