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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Politeness'
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Karsberg, Henrik. "Politeness Strategies - a theoretical framework : Sociolinguistic observations of politeness." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13348.
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This essay gives a comprehensive theoretical background and then uses observations of how FTAs can be analyzed. The observation, made in a school setting is characterized by an asymmetric relationship between the main participants. The aim is to discuss theories and models of politeness, and how to operationalize them. As theoretical foundation Brown and Levinson´s theory of politeness strategies is used. My conclusions are that theories and models describing politeness can be expressed quantitatively and that there is correlation between my observations and Brown and Levinson´s theory of politeness face threatening acts and the author’s formula to calculate the degree of imposition. My Conclusions from the theoretical background is that the argument of universality for politeness increases with globalisation. There is though a likely development that the multinational class create their own variety of politeness and that the use of this code gives access to power and prestige. At the same time this creates social boundaries and alienation by those excluded from access. A conclusion from my observations is that the social relationship between teacher and student is constant, in the sense that it does not vary depending on the specific question or type of imposition that is currently going on.Titelsida i färg
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Inagaki, Noriko. "Linguistic politeness beyond modernity : a critical reconsideration of politeness theories." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2008. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/linguistic-politeness-beyond-modernity-a-critical-reconsideration-of-politeness-theories(7634a7e6-ec18-43b1-8564-1dc43c57ea87).html.
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Bouchara, Abdelaziz. "Politeness in Shakespeare." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10047849.
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Markus, Marcia. "Politeness in Interaction : An analysis of politeness strategies in online learning and teaching." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-16446.
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Teaching and learning online has become widespread but for some teachers there are a number of challenges involved. This study looks at politeness strategies used in teacher-student and student-student interaction, to what extent they are used and what effects these politeness strategies have on the communication as a whole.
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Schneider, Ruth E. "Politeness theory and school boards : understanding school board relations through application of politeness theory /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1212791351&sid=24&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2006."Department of Educational Administration and Higher Education." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-161). Also available online.
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Abudib, Wafa. "Politeness : applications in translation studies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24930.
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The research on “politeness” as a socio-linguistic phenomenon can be utilized beyond linguistic boundaries to investigate translation solutions for “impolite” English and Arabic texts. Throughout this study, politeness is not used in its moral sense, but rather in the light of Brown and Levinson’s (1987) and Leech’s (1983) views as a series of face-saving strategies and maxims that can help the translator ensure acceptance of the target reader. I focus on the translators’ strategic use of language to modify the politeness relations of the source text (ST) to meet the standards set by the target text (TT) culture. I research the presence of “politeness equivalence” between the ST and the TT, and explore how this can be achieved and assessed. My choice of two controversial Arabic and English texts, the Arabian Nights and Lady Chatterley’s Lover, is meant to help reveal translational behaviour and show that politeness similarities and contrasts are deeply rooted in the ST and the TT cultures and languages. I monitor the transfer of politeness features and pinpoint the areas of “translation failure” that can lead to cross-cultural misunderstandings. The translators’ marked choices can have ideological embeddings, and meanings are often intentionally manipulated, either as a canonized approach to reconstruct the interplay of dominant and dominated languages, or to redress the cultural threat posed by a sexual taboo. I discuss the translators’ tactics to resolve politeness problems, my goal being to explain that the major problem in translating politeness is more cultural-ideological than linguistic, and how this can affect the quality of translations. That is why I also investigate the errors made by a group of Syrian translation studies students in applying politeness norms to letter discourse in English, and show how this could affect cross-cultural communication. I also analyze Syrian modes of politeness to show its cultural specificity, assessing translation errors that result from translating from positive politeness-oriented and collectivistic culture into negative politeness-oriented and individualistic culture. By using politeness theory as a model for my study, I stress that the TT politeness reflects the TT cultural and linguistic system of values and beliefs rather than that of the ST. The translators’ biases towards the TT and regulation of the ST language can jeopardize the accuracy and adequacy of translation.
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Dain, A. J. "Assemblies and politeness 1660-1840." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368189.
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Curtin, Karen. "Negotiating politeness in PCA Intermediate Japanese language classes: A microethnographic constructionist exploration of Japanese politeness behaviors." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471865933.
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Jaeger, Sara. "Linguistic Politeness in Children’s Movies. : A quantitative corpus study of politeness expressions in The Movie Corpus." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91422.
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This study aims to analyze explicit politeness markers such as please and thank you in children’s movies using The Movie Corpus. Differences in use over time as well as between children’s movies and other genres of film are investigated, by extracting a variety of frequencies from the corpus for further analysis. The results show that politeness markers are, and have tended to be, more common in children’s movies than in other genres of film. However, the results also suggest that politeness markers are decreasing in frequency in both children’s movies and in other genres of film, but that the decreases are not consistent throughout all the decades analyzed. The study suggests that we seem to be moving towards a less polite society, or one where implicit politeness markers are preferred over explicit ones. In conclusion, it is suggested that further studies are needed to determine which results of this study that are exclusive to children’s movies rather than suggesting trends in film overall.
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Pinton, Damiano <1988>. "L'(im)politeness nel giapponese contemporaneo e Discourse Politeness theory: meccanismi e applicazioni Un'analisi linguistica diretta." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8858.
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Questa tesi si propone di analizzare alcuni aspetti del fenomeno della scortesia linguistica, con particolare attenzione all’ambito della lingua giapponese.
L’attenzione finora prestata da molti studiosi (giapponesi e non) all’aspetto della politeness nella lingua giapponese, o, per meglio dire, alle sue realizzazioni a livello morfologico – sintattico (linguaggio onorifico, sue funzioni e sue dinamiche in primis), ha contribuito a confermare l’idea tradizionalmente diffusa ed affermata del giapponese come “lingua cortese” per eccellenza.
Ma ha davvero senso parlare di lingue “più cortesi” e “meno cortesi”? È la scortesia un’esigenza di tutte le lingue naturali? È possibile cioè evidenziare dei tratti di “universalità” in una tale dinamica linguistica complessa? Oppure un approccio singolo a ciascuna lingua è necessario? Ed in questo caso, il giapponese è una lingua particolare che non prevede realizzazioni della scortesia linguistica, se non in quantità ed intensità molto limitata (o comunque più limitata rispetto ad altre lingue, come le colorite lingue occidentali, italiano fra tutte), a causa di fattori socio-culturali specifici e unici alla realtà giapponese? Le peculiarità morfo-sintattiche della lingua giapponese, certamente diverse da quelle delle moderne lingue occidentali, determinano una differenza strutturale (ma anche di pensiero e interazione relazionale) significativa che ne fanno un’eccezione sulla quale non è possibile applicare teorie adottabili nello studio di altre lingue? In poche parole, non è possibile attuare un attacco linguistico in giapponese, “parlare con qualcuno […] più giù, molto più giù, con grande disprezzo” (come già faceva notare l’illustre Fosco Maraini)?
Questa tesi vuole esplorare questi orizzonti (socio)linguistici, e fare chiarezza, nei limiti del possibile, su concetti comunemente usati negli studi in ambiente anglofono come ad esempio (im)politeness, politeness relativa e non marcata, minus politeness, FTA (Face Threatening Act), con particolare riferimento all’ambito giapponese.
Ci si baserà in particolare sugli studi finora realizzati (prevalentemente in area anglofona, essendo quelli in area nipponica ancora numericamente limitati e spesso molto controversi) a partire da Brown e Levinson (1987), i fondatori della Politeness Theory attualmente al centro dell’attenzione degli studiosi del settore, sui cui principi si basa a sua volta la prima analisi dell’impoliteness proposta da Culpeper.
Come ricorda infatti, fra gli altri, Chiara Zamborlin (2004: 175) “Una ricerca sulla scortesia verbale […] non può prescindere dalla definizione del suo fenomeno opposto: la politeness, ovvero la cortesia linguistica”.
Si presenterà in particolare un approccio piuttosto innovativo adottato da Usami Mayumi in una serie di studi atti a integrare la molto criticata teoria di Brown e Levinson (1987), accogliendo e tentando di rispondere a tali voci contrarie e ampliando la visione della stessa per dimostrarne validità e, possibilmente, universalità (o per lo meno applicabilità anche al caso giapponese)
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Rathmayr, Renate. "Intercultural aspects of new Russian politeness." Department für Fremdsprachliche Wirtschaftskommunikation, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1060/1/document.pdf.
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This paper is dedicated to surveying the present situation and the spread of the new Russian politeness phenomenon (NRP), and its evaluation and assessment by Russian native speakers in respect to the inter-cultural aspects of new Russian politeness. In terms of pragmatic change, the question is whether NRP is a short-lived linguistic fad or whether it is a thorough change in Russian pragmatic behaviour we are dealing with. The following paper is intended to show some empirical results of this survey of observations and responses relating to the spread and acceptance of politeness phenomena. Furthermore, the focus is on emotional evaluation, rational interpretation, and the spread of these phenomena into non-commercial communication domains. The informants' assessments prove remarkably heterogeneous and offer a variety of reactions, ranging from rejection and pejorative evaluation as communicative ballast to enthusiastic acceptance. The rational evaluations can be subsumed under westernisation and commercialisation of discourse - two aspects of globalisation which is seen as the implementation of forms of the free market economy. On the other hand, we also find a semantic interpretation as an expression of individualisation of discourse. It can finally be observed that while some respondents even diagnosed a decrease in politeness since its climax in the late 1990s, a possible mixture of genuinely Russian politeness (characterised by warmth, openness, spontaneity, taking an interest in others, etc.; positive politeness, Brown & Levinson 1987) with Western non-intrusive politeness (negative politeness, Brown & Levinson 1987) was also predicted, which I regard as the most optimistic future scenario. (author´s abstract)Series: WU Online Papers in International Business Communication / Series One: Intercultural Communication and Language Learning
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Shih, Pei Chun. "Cross-linguistic transference of politeness phenomena." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1697/.
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In this thesis, I have examined the screen translation of Japanese politeness into Cantonese dubbing as well as Chinese subtitling at three difference levels: (a) face threatening acts; (b) frequently used politeness markers and (c) discernment aspect of politeness. It is not difficult to find equivalents in the target languages for the politeness strategies exploited in dealing with face threatening acts. However, the indirectness expressed through certain commonly adopted politeness markers (such as negative interrogative) in Japanese cannot be conveyed into our target languages easily. Translators also encounter some difficulties when they deal with the discernment aspect of Japanese politeness (i.e. the distinction between plain, formal and honorific form). Both target languages are able to distinguish politeness of two levels instead of three as observed in the Japanese original. Finally, the screen translation, especially the dubbed version, of the two films that I examined demonstrates the dual role of a translated text as not only a reproduction of the original text but also a text which has its function in the target culture.
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Dlali, Mawande 1965. "Politeness theory and requests in Xhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52402.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates how politeness may be employed in requests in Xhosa. While numerous studies on speech act have been conducted in different languages, the investigation of speech acts in African Languages, particularly Xhosa, shows no such progress. This study attempts to fill this gap by examining the notions of politeness in requests as perceived among the Xhosas. With the study of speech acts, two instances of meaning have been identified. In the first meaning a speaker utters a sentence and means exactly and literally what he says. In the second meaning the speaker utters a sentence with an additional illocution with a different prepositional content. It has been established that various meanings playa role in the understanding of indirect requests. This finding is based on the theory of Brown and Levinson's (1987) face work of politeness. Scholars like Clark and Schunk (1980) argue that the politeness of response is governed by the attentiveness hypothesis which states that the more attentive the hearer is to all aspects of the speaker's request, within reason, the more polite he is. One of the most common motivations for politeness is a request. Brown and Levinson (1987) define politeness as the manifestation of respect for and recognition of another's face. They delineate face into two components: negative face and positive face. Positive face is the way a person wants to be regarded, admired, or approved by others and to be treated as a friend. On the other hand, negative face is the person's desire not to be imposed on by other people. A request threatens face in the sense that it imposes on the hearer, that is why in some cases requests call for mitigation, so as to compensate for their impositive effect on the hearer. Various subcategories of requests within which negative politeness may appear have been established, as well as the various ways in which these subcategories of requests may be linguistically expressed in Xhosa. Three distribution types of request categories with negative politeness have been found: high frequency, No very regular and negligible. Requests with the highest frequency may be divided into three subcategories: compliance; information; and action. These subcategories demand non-threatening strategies: compliance demands obedience, action demand doing things with a desired result, and information demands knowledge from a person. These three are thus face-threatening acts, which demand respect for the hearer's antonomy. Such requests may seriously threaten the hearer's negative face. If no politeness strategy is attempted, these requests will be viewed as most threatening acts. The ten negative politeness strategies of Brown and Levinson did not apply to Xhosa because they have been developed for a Western language. In the place of these strategies, it has been found that negative politeness may be expressed in Xhosa through certain subcategories as above, but also through certain pragmatic functions by means of which negative politeness may be applied to avert a face-threatening act. Brown and Levinson (1987) list fifteen positive politeness strategies. In the case of the four Xhosa books, which were analyzed, only eight strategies for positive politeness were found. These strategies can be divided into two groups: high frequency and negligible. The most regular strategies are: seek agreement, give or ask for reasons, address forms, presupposition, and those, which include both speaker and hearer. An explanation for the high frequency of these strategies is to be found within positive politeness. Positive politeness forms emphasize closeness between speaker and hearer and it can be seen as a solidarity strategy. Thus, a face saving act, which is concerned with the person's positive face, will show solidarity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe beleeftheid aangewend kan word in Xhosa versoeke. Daar is verskeie studies oor spraakhandelinge in verskillende tale, maar die ondersoek na spraakhandelinge in die Afrikatale, veral Xhosa, toon nie sodanige vooruitgang nie. Hierdie studie poog om hierdie gaping te vul deur die begrip beleefdheid in versoeke by die Xhosa te ondersoek. In die studie van spraakhandelinge is twee instansies van betekenis geïdentifiseer. In die eerste betekenis uiter 'n spreker 'n sin en die betekenis is presies wat gesê word. In die tweede betekenis uiter die spreker 'n sin met 'n bykomende illokusie met 'n verskillende proposisionele indruk. Daar is vasgestel dat verskeie betekenisse 'n rol speel in die verstaan van indirekte versoeke. Hierdie bevinding is gebaseer op die teorie van Brown en Levinson (1987) se werk oor gesig in beleefdheid. Onder andere Clark en Schunk (1980) is van mening dat die beleefdheid van 'n respons op 'n versoek beheer word deur die attentheid hipotese waardeur aangedui word dat hoe meer aandagtig 'n hoorder is op alle aspekte van die spreker se versoek, hoe meer beleefd hy is. Een van die algemeenste motiverings vir beleefdheid is versoeke. Brown en Levinson (1987) definieer beleefdheid as die manifestasie van respek en erkenning van 'n ander se gesig. Hulle grens gesig af in twee dele: negatiewe gesig en positiewe gesig. Positiewe gesig is die wyse waarop 'n persoon beskou, bewonder of waardeer word deur ander en om soos 'n vriend behandel te word. Aan die ander kant, negatiewe gesig is 'n persoon se begeerte om nie bedrieg te word deur ander mense. 'n Versoek bedreig gesig in die sin dat dit misbruik maak van die hoorder. Dit is waarom in sommige gevalle daar versagting vir versoeke is om te vergoed vir die misbruikmaking op die hoorder. Verskeie subkategorieë van versoeke waarin negatiewe beleefdheid voorkom is onderskei, asook die verskillende wyses waarin hierdie subkategorieë van versoeke linguisties uitgedruk kan word in Xhosa. Drie spreidingstipes van versoek kategorieë met negatiewe beleefdheid is gevind: hoë frekwensie, nie baie reëlmatig en onbeduidend. Versoeke met die hoogste frekwensie kan verdeel word in drie subkategorieë: inskiklikheid, inligting en handeling. Hierdie subkategorieë vereis strategieë wat nie bedreiging inhou: inskiklikheid vereis gehoorsaamheid, handeling vereis dat iets gedoen moet word met 'n sekere resultaat, en inligting vereis kennis van 'n persoon. Hierdie drie is dus handelinge wat 'n bedreiging inhou vir gesig en wat respek vereis vir die hoorder se outonomie. Sulke versoeke kan 'n ernstige bedreiging inhou vir die hoorder se negatiewe gesig. As geen beleefdheidsstrategie gevolg word, kan hierdie versoeke beskou word as handelinge wat geweldig bedreigend is. Die tien negatiewe beleefdheidsstrategieë van Brown en Levinson (1987) is nie van toepassing in Xhosa nie, omdat dit ontwikkel is vir 'n Westerse taal. In die plek van hierdie strategieë is gevind dat negatiewe beleefdheid in Xhosa uitgedruk kan word deur sekere subkategorieë soos hierbo, maar ook deur sekere pragmatiese funksies waardeur negatiewe beleefdheid aangewend kan word om in handeling wat gesig bedreig af te weer. Brown en Levinson (1987) gee 15 strategieë vir positiewe beleefdheid. In die geval van Xhosa is agt (8) van hierdie strategieë gevind in die boeke wat geanaliseer is. Hierdie strategieë kan in twee groepe verdeel word: hoë frekwensie en onbeduidend. Die strategieë met die hoogste frekwensie is: soek ooreenstemming; gee of vra redes; aanspreekvorme, presupposisieen die wat beide spreker en hoorder insluit. 'n Verklaring vir die hoë frekwensie van hierdie strategieë kan gevind word in positiewe beleefdheid. Positiewe beleefdheid benadruk nabyheid tussen spreker en hoorder en dit kan gesien word as 'n solidariteitsstrategie. Dus, 'n handeling wat gesig red wat betrokke is by'n persoon se positiewe gesig sal solidariteit toon.
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Norwanto, Norwanto. "Gender and politeness in Javanese language." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34162/.
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The purpose of the thesis is to find patterns of gender and (im)politeness within the Javanese language. To attain its goals, the research discussion focused on the patterns of gender and (im)politeness in its formal aspects, power relations, and criticism. To accomplish the goals, the research applied a participation order and quantified data related to recurring actions (frame-based analysis). The research participants were Javanese families living in Surakarta and its surrounding areas, which are in Central Java, Indonesia. The data recorded natural conversations, involving voluntarily recorded daily conversations within familial settings. The formal aspects analysis indicated (1) husbands use a low style (ngoko) to address their wives; (2) Javanese women of the middle social class use different linguistic styles. Additionally, to express their respect, a higher number of women spoke in ngoko, while others addressed their husbands in higher level (basa). Those who used ngoko speech level displayed a minimal sign of deference by using honorific pronouns (e.g. panjenengan) and titles. The analysis on power relations reflected higher agreement in relation to the Javanese norm of indirection. However, the discussion on criticism demonstrated overtness and mock impoliteness, which disagrees with the norm of indirection. The last two analyses indicated that the evaluation of (im)politeness is different across social actions (e.g. asking, criticising, etc.). Among the three areas of analysis (formal aspects, power relations and criticism), there were persistent aspects involved in the evaluation of (im)politeness) such as intention, identity, moral orders, and utterances or actions.
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Haugh, Michael Bevan. "Politeness implicature in Japanese : a metalinguistic approach /." St. Lucia, Qld., 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17330.pdf.
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Habwe, John Hamu. "Politeness phenomena: a case of Kiswahili honorifics." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-90916.
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This paper discusses Standard Kiswahili honorifics in Nairobi. It used observation as a means of obtaining data in Nairobi where Standard Kiswahili is also spoken. It points out that honorifics are a chief politeness strategy across many discourse domains; Kiswahili honorifics are conspicuously used and seem easy to learn; honorifics complement other politeness strategies; they are used in both formal and informal encounters. This paper also argues that honorifics in expressing face sav-ing ideals in Kiswahili language have both a social and individual appeal. There is, therefore, a strong suggestion for social face and communal based politeness as opposed to individual polite-ness in Kiswahili. This paper observes that politeness and especially by means of honorifics makes a Kiswahili conversational encounter fruitful. The honorifics also help to define, redefine and sus-tain social strata that are used as a basis of expressing face-saving ideals and politeness in Kiswa-hili and hence contributing to less conflict in interaction and strengthening cohesion in society in question.
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Kallia, Alexandra. "Politeness and implicature expanding the cooperative principle." Hamburg Kovač, 2005. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3148-2.htm.
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Kallia, Alexandra. "Politeness and implicature : expanding the cooperative principle /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2007. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3148-2.htm.
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Nanbakhsh, Golnaz. "Persian address pronouns and politeness in interaction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6206.
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In this thesis, I aim to investigate the variation of Persian pronominal address system and politeness strategies in contemporary Iranian society from a quantitative and qualitative sociolinguistic perspective. I focus on Persian speakers’ use and perception of pronominal address forms in the light of socio-cultural norms in contemporary Iran. Persian, has two personal pronouns for singular address, to ([to]) the familiar or intimate ‘you’ and šoma ([∫oma:]) the deferential or formal ‘you’ (historically the second person plural but now also used as second person singular). Moreover, Persian is a pro-drop language, so the interaction between address pronouns and agreement marking on the verb must be taken into account. Another significant feature of colloquial Persian is a hybrid usage of the overt deferential second person pronoun and informal agreement forming a mismatch construction (i.e. šoma with 2s verb agreement) and intra-speaker pronominal address switches that occur between the deferential and casual pronominal address forms. Those deviations from the prescribed forms and/or distribution of the address pronouns are very interesting aspects that may show different levels of politeness even in one utterance. Consequently, this research examines spontaneous data looking at the sociolinguistic distributions and the pragmatic functions of pronominal address forms in contemporary Persian language and politeness synchronically. Three types of spontaneous data were collected for the purpose of analysis: a) participant observation, b) natural media conversations and c) sociolinguistic interviews with Persian speakers. In this study, the quantitative analysis investigates the correlation of pronominal address forms with extralinguistic factors such as age and gender of speaker and addressee in the interactional data. The qualitative analysis sheds light on how pronominal address forms and their variation encode communicative strategies in face-to-face interactions. Based on triangulation of quantitative and qualitative results with sociolinguistic interviews, I propose a dynamic model of indexicality for Persian pronominal address forms, which accommodates different forms and functions of address pronouns in interactional stances.
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Sifianou, M. "Politeness markers in Greek and in English." Thesis, University of Reading, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378008.
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Mansor, Fatheh Alsenoussi. "Politeness and offering in Libyan Arabic hospitality." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2017. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/18150/.
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This study examines the nature and sequencing of offering and receiving hospitality in Libyan society and discusses the extent to which offers and refusals are conventionalized in Libyan Arabic language. I investigate the attitudes, beliefs and ideologies behind this conventional Libyan Arabic linguistic practice. The study looks particularly at Libyan Arabic people in relation to their day-to-day hospitality interchanges. Within this, I examine the different types of Libyan Arabic offer sequences and the sociolinguistic factors that account for their form and structure. Several existing studies focus on how offering speech acts are employed to promote or maintain social harmony during interactions; for example: Alaoui (2011) and Emery (2000). However, to my knowledge, no work has analysed longer stretches of Libyan Arabic offering interactions to see how Libyan hospitality interactions are significantly influenced by the cultural beliefs, attitudes and ideologies derived from Islamic teachings and Arabic traditions. My work is also unique in focusing on offering, refusing and insisting interactions. For this study, I analyse the data using a mixed qualitative methods approach: (focus group, interviews, and naturally occurring data). The variety of data examined in Libyan Arabic language makes the results obtained through this study of greater value. However, this is not to argue that a given language or cultural community is homogeneous, nor that generalisations about the behaviour of sequencing, offering and receiving hospitality can be made for all Arab cultures. To analyse the data, I chose a combined approach Spencer-Oatey’s (2000, 2008) rapport management model and a discursive approach to politeness. This offers an opportunity to study interpersonal relations, by going beyond linguistic strategies as responses to face threatening/enhancing acts, to study how social relationships are constructed, maintained or threaten rapport during interactions. In my analysis, I suggest that the degree of intimacy between the interactants, gender, the context of the situation, and religion are important factors in the structuring of offering hospitality, which denote the social competency of their interlocutors to establish identity and affirm solidarity. This thesis shows that the interactional moves of offering hospitality (insisting and refusing) are ritualized and conventionalized behaviour. This may be because at an ideological level there is significant stress on hospitality as a dominant principle of daily life among Libyans. Hence, Libyan Arabic speakers tend to privilege association rights and obligations over equity rights. Although the basic elements appear in hospitality sequences in many offering interactions, the sociality rights and obligations differ according to the contextual factors and the situational circumstances thus the way those sequences are interpreted and considered appropriate differs.
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Orthaber, Sara. "(Im)politeness at a Slovenian call centre." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813994/.
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The present study examines (im)politeness in technologically mediated interactions between Company representatives and customers, in which customers request information or complain about a service received. The study first explored normative behaviour in requesting information via telephone and email and then looked at deviant cases where following interactional trouble of some sort, the exchanges became unexpectedly inappropriate and thus open to evaluations of impoliteness. The study further examined impoliteness in the way customers communicated their dissatisfaction. Here, the way complaints were articulated and responded was found to vary between telephone and Facebook. On the telephone, face-threatening behaviour was targeted at the institutional agent and the customers appealed to the agent’s sense of fairness. On a public social media Facebook page, administrated by an anonymous representative, the customers attacked the Company’s image. Precisely because of the public nature of the setting, the customers’ flaming behaviour, i.e. aggressive or hostile behaviour, differed from that identified in complaint calls. In other words, aggressive behaviour and humour were seen as devised for different audiences as separate communicative goals, whereby the aggressive behaviour was aimed at the Company whereas other followers are meant to enjoy its humorous potential with the objective of providing support through likes and affiliative comments. It was found that while customers’ complaints rarely triggered remedial actions on the telephone, on Facebook, responses to negative feedback are not normatively required. When responses were provided, various disaffiliating distance strategies were used. Overall, the analysis of complaints has shown that they are managed in a rather non-accountable manner. It further revealed the discrepancy between the infrastructural services and the pseudo-modern image, the Company aims to project. This study provides valuable insights into (im)politeness in customers’ requesting and complaining behaviour in authentic Slovenian institutional interactions, thus contributing to the burgeoning field of (im)politeness research in institutional settings.
23
Habwe, John Hamu. "Politeness phenomena: a case of Kiswahili honorifics." Swahili Forum 17 (2010), S. 126-142, 2010. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11483.
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This paper discusses Standard Kiswahili honorifics in Nairobi. It used observation as a means of obtaining data in Nairobi where Standard Kiswahili is also spoken. It points out that honorifics are a chief politeness strategy across many discourse domains; Kiswahili honorifics are conspicuously used and seem easy to learn; honorifics complement other politeness strategies; they are used in both formal and informal encounters. This paper also argues that honorifics in expressing face sav-ing ideals in Kiswahili language have both a social and individual appeal. There is, therefore, a strong suggestion for social face and communal based politeness as opposed to individual polite-ness in Kiswahili. This paper observes that politeness and especially by means of honorifics makes a Kiswahili conversational encounter fruitful. The honorifics also help to define, redefine and sus-tain social strata that are used as a basis of expressing face-saving ideals and politeness in Kiswa-hili and hence contributing to less conflict in interaction and strengthening cohesion in society in question.
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Zornig, Dirce Fischer. "Politeness : brazilian-portuguese requests in service encounters." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1987. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/75418.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Comunicação e ExpressãoMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-16T01:08:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T15:39:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 83637.pdf: 2619992 bytes, checksum: bdbdf22666068291c07820ec4eda12b2 (MD5)
Os mais expressivos aspectos lingüísticos que marcam a polidez de serviço feitos espontaneamente por brasileiros na panificadora, no açougue, no banco, na farmácia e em uma loja de roupas são analisados nesta dissertação de acordo com as estratégias léxico-gramaticais propostas por Brown e Levinson (1978). Os resultados mostram que o caráter ameaçador desses pedidos é suavizado pelo emprego das alterações léxicas "diminutivos", "me/prá mim" e "por favor", e das alterações sintáticas "presente do indicativo", imperfeito de cortesia e "forma interrogativa". Entre as variáveis sociais levadas em consideração (sexo, grupo social e espécie de mercadoria) a espécie de mercadoria trocada entre o freguês e o vendedor é a que mais influencia na escolha da estratégia de polidez. Os resultados analisados mostram também que os fregueses brasileiros usam alterações sintáticas quando fazem pedido que envolvem maior responsabilidade ou exigem mais do vendedor tais como pedidos de remédios, de serviços bancários ou de roupas. Quando pedem por produtos diários tais como pão, leite e carne tendem a usar alterações léxicas. Considerando a teoria de polidez de Lakoff (1973) é possível estabelecer-se uma escala ascendente de polidez que começa com a forma imperativa passa pelo presente do indicativo e "imperfeito de cortesia" e termina com a forma interrogativa nos pedidos brasileiros de serviço. Os inícios e finais das interações de serviços coletadas também são objeto de análise. Cumprimentos, agradecimentos e expressões de despedida são moderamente usados por fregueses brasileiros que usualmente começam sua interação de maneira direta simplesmente pedindo o que desejam, e a terminam sem dizer nada apenas pegando a mercadoria solicitada. Esses resultados assim como a comparação entre as interações de serviço brasileiras e americanas feita neste estudo, mostram a necessidade de alertar os alunos para os diferentes aspectos lingüísticos que marcam a polidez no português-brasileiro e no inglês a fim de que eles possam usar essas línguas efetivamente.
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Isik-guler, Hale. "Metapragmatics Of (im)politeness In Turkish: An Exploratory Emic Investigation." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609779/index.pdf.
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The research at hand maintains an emic approach to understanding (im)politeness1 (i.e. in its folk sense) within the meaning making processes involved in Turkish. With the intention of reaching an ethnopragmatic theoretical account of (im)politeness, this study investigates tacit knowledge native speakers of Turkish have on (im)politeness and their related perceptions and evaluations. The thesis explores the cultural-conceptual system of (im)politeness in Turkish utilizing three sources: (a) data from an open-ended metapragmatic conceptualization questionnaire probing Turkish native speakers&rsquopoliteness encounter narratives through seven key metapragmatic politeness terms (i.e. KiBAR, iNCE, NAZiK, DÜ
SÜ
NCELi, SAYGILI, GÖ
RGÜ
LÜ
, TERBiYELi) and eight key impoliteness terms (i.e. KABA, NEZAKETSiZ, DÜ
SÜ
NCESiZ, SAYGISIZ, GÖ
RGÜ
SÜ
Z, TERBiYESiZ, PATAVATSIZ, KÜ
STAH), and (b) corpus analyses for the lexical items KiBAR and KABA, (c) (im)politeness encounter narrative interviews with native speakers of Turkish. This research study has been designed mainly as an exploration of what Turkish people consider to be (im)polite, how they express they become (im)polite, and how (linguistic) (im)politeness is interpreted by others in everyday communication, as well as how Turkish native speakers evaluate (im)politeness through the key (im)politeness lexemes available in the language, what their &lsquo
bases of evaluation&rsquo
are and what views they hold concerning motivations underlying the want to be (im)polite in Turkish. The qualitative thematic analysis conducted on the questionnaire data yielded six bases of evaluation for (the total of 1211) politeness narratives, and eight bases of evaluation for (the 1306) impoliteness narratives. It was revealed that the bases of evaluation for a polite act in Turkish were primarily &lsquo
attentiveness to other&rsquo
s emotions, needs and goals&rsquo
and abidance by &lsquo
custom&rsquo
, whereas they were &lsquo
(quality) face-attack&rsquo
and &lsquo
(equity) rights violations&rsquo
for impoliteness. The corpus analysis and interview data also corroborated these findings. The quantitative cross-mapping of (im)politeness lexemes to (im)politeness themes suggested biases of lexemes for certain themes and themes for lexemes. The motivational and strategic uses of (im)politeness were related more to egocentric tendencies with politeness being motivated predominantly for self-promotion and image management, and goal attainment, and impoliteness motivated mainly by the desire to establish power and project power on to other, to perform an emotive reaction, to hurt other and to reciprocate others&rsquo
impolite acts to self. The relationship between (im)politeness and the concepts of sincerity, intentionality, historicity, reciprocity and public versus private domain influences are worth pursuing further research on for the Turkish culture. All in all, this study provides Turkish baseline data for later cross-cultural (im)politeness research and suggests that (im)politeness1 (lay) conceptualizations can aid the (scientific) theorizing of (im)politeness2 to a great degree.
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Campos, Ana Isabel. "Politeness in meetings held in English and in Spanish and how to teach politeness in English in the EFL class." Scholarly Commons, 1993. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2246.
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The present study is aimed at analyzing ways of signaling politeness in the English language compared to the Spanish language with the purpose of helping ESL (English as a second language) and EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers to teach how politeness is achieved in English. ESL/EFL students should know how politeness is accomplished in English in order to communicate effectively in meetings held in English. In essence, I clarify what ways of signaling verbal politeness are found in English and how ESL/EFL teachers can integrate the teaching of those forms through interactions.
27
Terkourafi, Mariana. "Politeness in Cypriot Greek : a frame-based approach." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268811.
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Yip, Tsz Yan. "Hong Kong teacher-student communication in politeness theories." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2002. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/379.
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Ashizuka, Aoi. "Functional relevance of the precuneus in verbal politeness." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199196.
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AL, Salti Rawan. "Politeness strategies in the film North and South." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74777.
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Politeness theory, developed by Brown and Levinson, has been applied to literature in linguistic research for in-depth analysis of discourse, whether written or spoken. Based on my understanding of politeness and the different politeness strategies suggested in the literature, this paper analyzes the different strategies mostly used by the main characters of the televised version of the novel North and South (1855), written by Elizabeth Gaskell, by focusing on some parts of the conversations in the televised version (2004), in terms of gender, social class and situation. The result shows that the film characters mostly resort to on-record and positive politeness strategies, while negative politeness and off-record strategies are less used in the conversations, which supports the story ambition to bridge gender and social gaps. The analysis demonstrates that much of our understanding of character motives in a novel/film relies on the way politeness strategies credibly reflect our experience and how strategies in interaction commonly work as theoretically described.
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Catrambone, Marco. "Tragic conversation : politeness strategies in Sophocles’ patterned dialogues." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86193.
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Ledford, Megan Leah. "Enlightenment politeness and the female reader : the role of didactic literature in teaching politeness to women in Virginia and Scotland, 1750-1850." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8241.
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This thesis explores the notion of gentility among wealthy women in Virginia from 1750 to 1850 by comparing it to Scottish Enlightenment-inspired codes of politeness practiced among the Scottish gentry residing in Edinburgh, the Highlands, and London in the same era. It analyzes how books that taught the codes of polite morality, here referred to as didactic literature, were read by genteel, young women in Scotland and Virginia and the ways in which this literature was applied to their education, courtship practices, and social behaviors. Scots and Virginians in this era were linked through migration patterns, correspondence between families, and a transatlantic book trade, but they were also linked through the interpretation of politeness. The polite manners of genteel individuals in Britain, instilled as a part of Scottish moral philosophy, were adopted by many who aspired to gentility in America, but original, archival research has indicated that this was especially true among the elites of Virginia society from the middle of the eighteenth to the middle of the nineteenth centuries. This comparison serves to emphasize the connection between Virginian and Scottish standards of politeness, indicating similarities in the interpretation of politeness, but also a divergence over time as a result of the influences of the American Revolution and evangelical religion. It has concluded that, by the middle of the nineteenth century, while the standards of didactic literature did not entirely disappear with regards to shaping Scottish manners, the codes taught in conduct books and instructive novels of an earlier era were more widely regarded in Virginia and came to form a uniquely Virginian interpretation of politeness.
33
Ivarsson, Ann-Sofie. "POWER PLAY : Politeness Strategies in Harold Pinter’s The Servant." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4986.
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Wallace, Ian W. "Duetting, the effects of politeness on narrative turn-taking." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0015/MQ47110.pdf.
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Srisuruk, Patana. "Politeness and pragmatic competence in Thai speakers of English." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1189.
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This study examines the language use and specifically the level of politeness of Thai speakers of English when confronted with face threatening acts related to their daily life and workplace: requests, complaints and disagreements. Data were collected by role play and discourse completion test from people employed in hotels and travel agencies, and from Rajabhat university students. Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory was used as a framework to analyse and interpret the data. The overall results showed that negative politeness is the most common strategy for all groups, followed by bald on record and positive politeness. Their participants’ choice of politeness strategies in part reflected their occupational identities. For the hotel workers, negative politeness is the chosen strategy in most scenarios, and the focus is on showing deference to and maintaining distance from their interlocutors. For the other groups, although negative politeness is still the most common strategy, positive politeness and bald on record are found quite often. Use of both negative and positive politeness suggests that respondents attach importance to avoiding confrontation and showing solidarity as well as to direct expression. Through analysis of the use of negative and positive politeness for different scenarios and status levels, I determine that these participants possess pragmatic competence in the context of the “small culture” of the workplace. It is also clear that sociological variables (e.g. power, social distance) influence the use of language and the level of politeness on the speaker side.
36
Adams, Rachel Lynette. "Politeness strategies in decision-making between GPs and patients." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4498/.
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Policy, training and research reflect the importance of patient involvement in decisions about their care. Adoption demands certain skills though, may result in conflict, or be too threatening for patients. Using an iterative process, politeness theory was used to analyse the linguistic management of these threats and challenges in videos of GP consultations. The collaborative nature of GPs’ positive politeness had persuasive effects, whilst their negative strategies gave rise to examples of ambiguity causing confusion. Patients’ negative politeness demonstrated discomfort when presenting potentially contentious decisions whilst their use of positive politeness acted as a means of promoting cooperation. GPs used positive politeness when supporting patients’ decisions, offering reassurance and redressing damage to face, conversely disagreement was conveyed by the absence of such strategies and lack of reparative work. Difficulties were identified in the way in which space for patient participation was created and managed, and the strategies used to convey information. The contrast in GP responses to patients’ decisions highlighted how subtle barriers to participation can be. These findings demonstrate the complexity of language and meaning and the need for a more sophisticated understanding of language use in communication skills and related training, as well as associated research.
37
McGarry, Theresa. "Review Of Politeness and Culture in Second Language Acquisition." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6145.
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Mapson, Rachel Patricia. "Interpreting linguistic politeness from British Sign Language to English." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687685.
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This thesis explores the way im/politeness is interpreted from British Sign Language into spoken English. This aspect of interpreting may significantly impact on the dynamics of interpreted interactions, due to differences in the way im/politeness is both produced and received in the varied situations in which interpreters work. The study draws on rapport management theory (Spencer-Oatey 2005, 2008) and the concept of social networks (Watts 2003) to frame the complex and multiple considerations involved. Qualitative data were generated through a series of semi-structured group discussions centred on interpreting im/politeness, involving eight highly experienced professional BSL/English interpreters. Data were analysed thematically to identify how interpreters recognise im/politeness in BSL, the key influences on the way they interpret im/politeness and the interpreting strategies they might employ. To underpin this study, foundational research to explore how politeness is expressed in BSL was conducted, involving interviews with five Deaf participants. Analysis reveals that interpreters' knowledge about politeness in BSL and interpreting politeness is generally tacit and hard to articulate, and suggest the benefits of explicit tuition on the subject. The multiple influences on interpreters' evaluations of im/politeness are dynamic, and coalesce differently in each interpreted interaction. Context emerges as a multi-layered influence that relates to not only the environment but also the characteristics, language use, goals and expectations of the people involved. Interpreters' strategies may involve smoothing their interpretation to better ensure that the interactional goals are met and to manage rapport between clients. The affordance of interpreters' familiarity with the context, and their clients, provides a valuable resource that informs interpreters' decisionmaking and strategy choices; a particular benefit given the temporal pressure of simultaneous interpreting. The study contributes theoretically to im/politeness research and interpreting studies, and has practical value for interpreting professionals, both within initial interpreter training programmes and continuing professional development.
39
Ho, Victor Chung Kwong. "Making requests : how Cantonese speakers of English demonstrate politeness." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2003. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/499.
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Lindeberg, Ann-Charlotte. "Promotion and politeness conflicting scholarly rhetoric in three disciplines /." Åbo : Åbo akademis förlag, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/56061914.html.
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Kitamura, Noriko. "Politeness Phenomena and Mild Conflict in Japanese Casual Conversation." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/844.
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Kitamura, Noriko. "Politeness Phenomena and Mild Conflict in Japanese Casual Conversation." University of Sydney. European Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Studies, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/844.
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Ofuka, Etsuko. "Acoustic and perceptual analyses of politeness in Japanese speech." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1996. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1036/.
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In order to examine potential acoustic cues for politeness in Japanese speech, fO and temporal aspects of polite and casual utterances of two question sentences spoken by six male native speakers were acoustically analysed. The analysis showed that fO movement of the final part of utterances and speech rate of utterance were consistently differently used in these different speaking styles (i.e., 'polite' and 'casual')across all the speakers. Perceptual experiments with listeners using a rating scale method confirmed that these acoustic variables, which were manipulated using digital resynthesis, had an impact on politeness perception. It was showed that the duration and fO direction of the final vowel of utterances were so influential that the overall impression of utterance politeness was changed. An experiment which used speech rate variations of a polite utterance showed the important role of this variable in perceived politeness. Politeness ratings showed an inverted-U shape as a function of speech rate, but differed according to particular speakers. The speech rate of listeners was found to affect their utterance rate preference; listeners clearly preferred rates close to their own, i.e., rates they perceived as 'natural' or comfortable. A final experiment, using speech rate variations of a polite utterance as stimuli and a two alternative forced-choice procedure, showed a very high correlation between perceived politenesss cores and naturalness scores. This suggests the importance of listener characteristics in politeness research.
44
Millard, Byron Scott. "An Examination of George Orwell's Newspeak through Politeness Theory." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1367.
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This thesis aims to analyze the formation of politeness in the use of Orwell's artificial language, Newspeak. Multiple theories of politeness will be utilized for the examination but with primary focuses on Brown and Levinson's (1987) original theory and Watts' (2003) views on politic behavior. Orwell's (1949) original novel will be used for the grammatical and lexical basis of the language as well as the source for the language's sociolinguistic aspects. It will be shown that politeness is present within the society and its language, even though it is mechanically altered due to the structure of Newspeak. The largest changes are through the realization of face in INGSOC where a hybrid of Western and Eastern social principles are present.
45
Thellman, Saga. "Does Gender Influence the Way People Provide and Receive Politeness? : A Research Study on the Differences or Similarities Between Gender and Linguistic Politeness." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-36471.
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This essay examines the relation between gender and adherence to Brown and Levinson's Politeness Principle. Women and men tend to use language for different purposes and for the purpose of achieving various goals. In order to examine this relation, a research study was conducted. Two women and three men were observed discussing subjects given by an interviewer. The collected interview data gathered from the conversation was analyzed and related to the Politeness Principle. Aspects from sociolinguistics, such as theories from gender and language studies, and the Cooperative Principle as proposed by H P Grice, were also considered and formed part of the analysis. The results indicate that there is a small difference between women’s versus men’s adherence to the Politeness Principle. More specifically, women tend to use more aspects of linguistic politeness. However, as the sample group of the research study consisted of only five participants, the limits of the study in terms of the generalizability of the results are recognized and suggestions have been made for further research.
46
Jung, Yeonkwon. "The use of (im)politeness strategies in Korean business correspondence." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24747.
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This study investigates how (im)politeness strategies are used in the performance of four different speech acts in modern Korean business correspondence. The data consists of 194 authentic business texts of internal (77 e-mail messages) and external correspondence (117 formal letters) collected from two Korean companies a food company (corporation A) and a pharmaceutical company (corporation B). The corpus of Korean business correspondence provides evidence for the four different types of speech acts: disagreement, giving bad news, request and compliment, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness was revised and applied to examining text data. A three-level text analysis is used as the primary data analysis method in this study: (1) a hand-tagged functions-analysis, (2) a qualitative methods: and (3) a quantitative method. Major findings in my investigation of (im)politeness strategies realized in Korean business correspondence are summarised as follows. 1. The rhetorical style in Korean business correspondence can be disconnected by ‘external modifications’ for politeness concerns. 2. Solidarity enforcement strategies are divided into two types of strategies: ‘show interest’ and ‘use of in-group language’. Conflict avoidance strategies are divided into three groups ‘be conventionally indirect’. ‘mitigating devices’, and ‘defocusing the writer/reader or action from the face-threatening act’. Off record strategies are divided into two types: ‘reasonableness’ and ‘act in question’. 3. The most frequent (im)politeness strategy across corporations and genres is ‘conflict avoidance’. The second most frequent strategy (internal communication of corporation B being the only exception) is ‘solidarity enforcement’. The least frequent strategy is ‘off record’ in the internal communications of both corporation and ‘bald on record’ in the external communications of both corporations. 4. A static or traditional view of culture cannot be always adapted to accommodate the data from Korean business correspondence. It is because each corporation has its own distinctive corporate culture/norm (which might be different from national culture), and each corporate culture/norm affects the choice of (im)politeness strategies (e.g. the heavy use of bald on record strategy by less powerful people in corporation B, the heavy use of conflict avoidance strategy by more powerful people in corporation B, and the heavy use of off record strategy by more powerful people in both corporations). A most important message I convey in this study is that it is dangerous to make any generalizations about the characteristics of languages and cultures using cross-cultural data (e.g. the conventional rhetorical structure in Korean business correspondence; hierarchical Korean society in the realization of (im)politeness strategies). Since results can be substantially different from the expectations one might have from conventional or traditional perspectives of a culture, we need to overcome cultural stereotyping in dealing with politeness phenomena or any other pragmatic phenomena.
47
Kawai, Maho. "THE APPLICATION OF POLITENESS THEORY INTO ENGLISH EDUCATION IN JAPAN." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för språk och kultur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-102766.
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In Japan, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) revised the Course of Study in English education twice in the last decade (in 2002 and in 2011), and the drastic changes have been made especially in the section of communicative skills: introduction of English study in elementary school, teaching English in English in high school, requirement of the subject ‘Oral Communication I’ in high school, etc. The aim of the revisions is to produce international individuals, who have high English proficiency not only in input-skills but also in output-skills, especially in speaking (MEXT 2004: 90, MEXT 2011). Despite the revisions of the Course of Study, Japan is still ranked low in English proficiency not only among the developed countries but also among the Asian countries (Sakamoto 2012: 409; Sullivan and Schatz 2009: 586; Educational Testing Service 2012). Inputs on different cultures and languages take an important role in language learning especially in the modern society where students have high chances to encounter cross-cultural communication. The politeness strategy is one of those factors that the social actors must learn for the sound relationships with others. Each culture has its own politeness strategy; therefore, miscommunication is observed more often in intercultural conversations due to the various conceptualization of politeness in different cultures (Sifianou 1992: 216). That is, comprehending the diversity in politeness strategy seems to be a clue of smooth communication and better apprehension of different cultures in cross-culture conversations. The Course of Study for foreign languages and English language also refers to the significance of comprehending various cultures and languages (MEXT 2009); however, as previous studies represent the Japanese students studying abroad or the Japanese businessman in intercultural communications seem to lack the understanding of the western politeness strategy (cf. Fujio 2004, Nakane 2006). Besides, it is vague what ‘different cultures’ refers to in the Course of Study for English. Based on the attitudes of the Japanese students towards cross-cultural communication and ambiguous explanation on ‘cultural learning’ by the Course of the Study, I assume that one of the reasons why Japan cannot achieve the communication-focused curriculum might be attributed to the lack of politeness theory perspective in English learning. Taking differences in politeness strategies between the western societies and the Japanese ones into consideration, it seems to be unfeasible and insufficient to only increase the number of communicative lessons and compel students into speaking English. The differences in politeness strategy should be applied into English learning in order to boost the English proficiency of Japanese students and produce globalized students. The present paper focuses on the following two aspects of English learning in Japan in order to test the hypothesis: The Course of Study in English learning in Japan does not specify what is ‘cultural learning’, which triggers the lack of politeness perspective The lack of politeness learning obstruct Japanese students to successful crosscultural communication In the present paper, in order to observe the application of the politeness theory in English learning, firstly English textbooks used in Japan are analyzed in terms of the politeness theory by focusing on the following four aspects: silence, speech style, ambiguity, and hierarchical relationship. Previous studies have shown that extinctive differences between the western politeness and the Japanese politeness in communication are obviously revealed in those four points (cf. Fujio 2004; Kameda 2001; Nakane 2006). In addition to the analysis of the English textbooks, an interview on the correlation between English learning and politeness theory is conducted on international Japanese in order to observe how they acquire the western politeness strategy, how English learning at school functioned to learn the western politeness strategy, etc. (cf. see 3. for details). To contextualize this paper, the politeness theory and the previous studies on the relation between the Japanese politeness and crossculture communication will be presented first, and a brief overview of English education in Japan and tendencies in Japanese schooling will follow.
48
Brown, Lucien. "The Korean honorifics system and politeness in second language learning." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497655.
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Hatipoglu, Ciler. "Culture, gender and politeness : apologies in Turkish and British English." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274746.
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Axia, Giovanna. "Learning how to make people feel good : children and politeness." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1993. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/887/.
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