Journal articles on the topic 'Polish language, dictionaries, english'
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1
Lew, Robert, and Agnieszka Szarowska. "Evaluating online bilingual dictionaries: The case of popular free English-Polish dictionaries." ReCALL 29, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 138–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344016000252.
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Language learners today exhibit a strong preference for free online resources. One problem with such resources is that their quality can vary dramatically. Building on related work on monolingual resources for English, we propose an evaluation framework for online bilingual dictionaries, designed to assess lexicographic quality in four major areas: coverage of lexical items, their treatment in the entries, access to lexical information, and presentation of lexicographic data. The proposed framework is applied to a set of six popular bilingual English-Polish dictionaries freely available online, established through an online survey of Polish learners of English.
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Tabakowska, Elżbieta. "Surely There Must Exist a Polish Equivalent." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.2.2.05tab.
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Abstract The paper is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the requirements that dictionaries should meet in order to satisfy the needs of language learners and translators. The shortcomings of some standard dictionaries are discussed in reference to one particular item: the modal qualifier surely and its Polish equivalents. The latter were compared with actual choices made by a group of advanced Polish learners of English, asked to translate five explanatory sentences taken from English—English dictionaries. Discrepancies between dictionary equivalents and translation replacements clearly suggest that apart from "prototypical" examples of usage, dictionary entries should also contain potential discourse functions of sample sentences.
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Rzepkowska, Agnieszka. "Polish-English LSP Dictionaries in Translation Work: Labour-Law Terminology from the Polish Labour Code in Terminographic and Translation Practice." Language, Culture, Politics. International Journal 1 (December 9, 2021): 15–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54515/lcp.2021.1.15-46.
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The purpose of the article is to show the applicability of selected Polish-English LSP dictionaries in legal translation work. The paper analyses how well labour-law terminology, found in the Polish Labour Code, is covered in Polish-English LSP dictionaries and compares them to equivalents selected by Agnieszka Jamroży, the author of an English translation of the Polish Labour Code. Based on a collation of the English equivalents present in the reviewed resources, the author presents some conclusions as to what the studied dictionaries lack and what terminographers should focus on when compiling a labour-law dictionary that would be more useful to translators and other users. Essentially, the article presents the Polish labour-law language system and labour-law corpus, legal terms and labour law in the context of LSP dictionaries. The methodology is then outlined, followed by the findings from the review of the selected dictionaries and an example translation of the Polish Labour Code. Certain labour-law terms particularly stood out, and these have been reviewed in detail in the paper: they are documentacja pracownicza, wymiar czasu pracy, norma czasu pracy and dobowy wymiar czasu pracy. The publication ends with conclusions and findings on the applicability of Polish-English LSP dictionaries in legal translation work and implications for creating a labour-law dictionary for translation purposes based on the research.
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Kwaśniewska, Marta. "Changing Definitions of Climate in Polish and English Dictionaries." Respectus Philologicus, no. 37(42) (April 20, 2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2020.37.42.47.
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The present article sets out to examine the dictionary definition entries concerning the concept of climate. Both Polish and English dictionaries are included, as well as historical and contemporary entries. The data is composed of thirteen dictionary entries, published in the last two hundred years. The material is examined qualitatively. The results are presented in the form of a table, where one may find all the aspects of meanings identified in the definitions. A supplement data extracted from the English historical corpus is also provided. The results have revealed that semantic change did occur in both the Polish and the English language. However, the change is more visible in the Polish dictionaries. The subsidiary differences could influence the way the word is employed in certain contexts and thus, differentiate the employment of the same concept in the two languages. Nevertheless, the contemporary definitions are almost identical in both languages, in contrast to the historical ones.
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Duska, Joanna, and Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld. "Parę uwag dotyczących leksemu subsumpcja i wyrazów pokrewnych." Język Polski 101, no. 1 (May 2021): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31286/jp.101.1.9.
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The aim of this article is to present different views on the forms of the lexeme subsumpcja (‘subsumption’) and some cognate words found in Latin lexicons, the most influential dictionaries of the Polish language, Polish etymological lexicons and dictionaries of foreign words as well as The Oxford English dictionary. It is concluded that the correct form of the word is subsumpcja and it is of Latin origin.
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Bryła-Cruz, Agnieszka. "More Harm than Good: Why Dictionaries Using Orthographic Transcription Instead of the IPA Should Be Handled with Care." Research in Language 20, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.20.2.02.
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The aim of the present paper is to shed more light on using L1 (Polish) orthographic spelling to represent the pronunciation of English words in English-Polish dictionaries (e.g. journey /dżerni/, ship /szyp/) and discuss multiple drawbacks of this practice. While there are numerous advantages of using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in foreign language teaching, some Polish lexicographers insist on, what they call, a “simplified” phonetic transcription. In my paper I conduct an overview of three English-Polish dictionaries which use orthographic transcription instead of the IPA and exemplify inevitable confusion and serious problems they present the learner with. The analysis reveals that orthographic transcription intensifies interference between L1 and L2 and contributes to the fossilization of the most persistent mispronunciations stemming from phonetic transfer. Inconsistent and inaccurate transcription prevents learners from spotting patterns and rules (such as e.g. non-rhoticity, vowel reduction, silent letters, etc.). It is argued that relying on ordinary spelling rather than the IPA is a short-sighted alternative which presents more problems than solutions.
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Misijuk, Włodzimierz. "Priest’s wife, matushka, presbytera czy popadija… a może khouria? Problematyka doboru angielskich odpowiedników haseł Słownika polskiej terminologii prawosławnej." Elpis 22 (2020): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/elpis.2020.22.07.
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The article provides an analysis of vast and diverse Orthodox terminology in English in the context of attempts to gather, arrange, systematize and define Orthodox terminology in Polish language. Although majority of contemporary Orthodox theological writings is published in English, the Orthodox religious terminology in the language is not uniform and systematized yet. Accessible dictionaries contain only small part of the vast terminology and phraseology. The article describes sources and rules of selection of English equivalents to Orthodox terms presented in the Dictionary of Polish Orthodox Terminology.
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Zabawa, Marcin. "Menu, festiwal, wyspa, grill – nowe neosemantyzmy w polszczyźnie." Poradnik Językowy, no. 3/2022(792) (March 18, 2022): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2022.3.6.
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The aim of this paper is to describe a selection of the latest neosemanticisms in the Polish language, both the ones the likely source of which is English and the ones coined without such an intermediation. The study describes the following words: menu (a menu), festiwal (a festival), wyspa (an island), and grill (a grill, a barbecue). The description consists in juxtaposing their hitherto meanings (derived from selected dictionaries of Polish) with new meanings, derived mainly from the Internet, and with defi nitions of the corresponding English words. The paper presents also a brief normative commentary on the described innovations
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Wawer, Aleksander. "Sentiment analysis for Polish." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 55, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 445–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2019-0016.
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Abstract This article is a comprehensive review of freely available tools and software for sentiment analysis of texts written in Polish. It covers solutions which deal with all levels of linguistic analysis: starting from word-level, through phrase-level and up to sentence-level sentiment analysis. Technically, the tools include dictionaries, rule-based systems as well as deep neural networks. The text also describes a solution for finding opinion targets. The article also contains remarks that compare the landscape of available tools in Polish with that for English language. It is useful from the standpoint of multiple disciplines, not only information technology and computer science, but applied linguistics and social sciences.
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Daković, Sybilla. "Zapożyczenia z języka angielskiego w polskich i chorwackich nazwach spodni." Slavica Wratislaviensia 175 (September 6, 2022): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.175.5.
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The changes taking place in the fashion industry related to the overproduction of clothing, consumerism and globalisation result in the introduction of new clothing models on the market, and thus the creation of new names for individual styles. English is currently the lingua franca in the fashion world, which means that the number of loanwords from this language in other languages is increasing. The aim of this work is to record, categorise and compare English loanwords used as the names of trousers appearing in Polish and Croatian versions of clothing online stores. The analysis consists of indicating the English name of the model, checking the presence of individual lexemes in the dictionaries of the given language and determining the types of borrowing adaptations. The article ends with comparative conclusions.
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Szerszunowicz, Joanna. "Wieloaspektowość międzyjęzykowej ekwiwalencji stałych połączeń wyrazowych a ujęcie onomazjologiczne na przykładzie frazeologizmów typu tęga głowa." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 20 (2020): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2020.20.25.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss the usefulness and reliability of the onomasiological approach in the cross-linguistic analysis of fixed multiword expressions based on the example of Polish phrases coined according to the model: ADJECTIVENOM FEM SING + GŁOWA ‘HEAD’ and their English and Italian counterparts. The three corpora are constituted by expressions registered in general and phraseological dictionaries of the respective languages to ensure that the units belong to the canon of Polish, English and Italian phraseological stock. The analysis of units collected for the purpose of the study clearly shows that in order to determine the true picture of cross-linguistic equivalence, the study should be focused on semantics of analysed phrases. Furthermore, the formal aspectmay be of minor significance in some cases due to the similarity of imagery of a source language idiom and the target language lexical item. On the other hand, stylistic value may have a great impact on the relation of cross-linguistic correspondence of the analysed units.
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Murmulaitytė, Daiva. "Use of the word barbekiu and its representation in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 3 (March 2, 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2014.17481.
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The new borrowing barbekiu has not been included into dictionaries of the Lithuanian language so far, except for the Dictionary of Internationalisms (2001, 2008) and its internet version Interleksis. Due to the frequent use of the word, barbekiu is going to be included into the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian.The present paper analyses the semantic structure of the borrowing, its use and normative recommendations, investigates dictionary entries of barbecue and its synonym grill as given in a number of English, Latvian, Russian, and Polish dictionaries.The use of the borrowing barbekiu in the Lithuanian language shows a slightly different semantic structure of the word than that offered in the dictionaries of the donor (English) language. On the whole, the findings of this research show that the semantic structure of the borrowing barbecue in the recipient languages differs from its semantic structure in the English language.Finally, the paper offers several tentative dictionary entries for the word barbekiu and its Lithuanian equivalents, which could be included into the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. In addition to the two meanings of the word that have already been discussed by language planners (i.e. barbecue as a ‘baking device’ and as a ‘certain steak’), the proposed dictionary entries would contain additional, more frequent meanings: ‘a way of preparing a certain kind of food’ and ‘a party in which food is prepared in this way’.
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Orlando, Maximiliano Eduardo. "A comparative analysis of online English language dictionaries and online Portuguese language dictionaries from the perspective of learning Portuguese as a foreign language." DIGILEC: Revista Internacional de Lenguas y Culturas 10 (October 23, 2023): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/digilec.2023.10.0.9886.
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There are studies that have analysed Portuguese language dictionaries and that have highlighted the importance of the presence of examples in dictionaries (Santiago, 2012; Lu, 2018). Owing to this importance, it was decided to compare the frequencies of examples of two sets of words, namely, contrastive words and verbs that may convey recommendation or advice. These frequencies were obtained from a sample of the main body of Portuguese language dictionaries that are available online and from a sample of the main body of online English language dictionaries that have an orientation towards learning English as a foreign language. This comparison was carried out by using a search bar and a software application created by the author. From the analyses of the data which had been collected, it was argued that, in some cases, learners of Portuguese as a foreign language would have to make use of other sources of examples to learn to use the target words. On the other hand, in similar cases, the need to use sources of examples apart from those presented in the main body of the target English language dictionaries, while learning the English language, could be reduced. The pedagogical implications of this argument for learning and teaching Portuguese as a foreign language were presented. The limitations of the present study and future research possibilities were also discussed.
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Ignatowicz-Skowrońska, Jolanta. "New Phraseological Compounds with “Dywan” in Modern Polish Language." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 30, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2023.30.2.2.
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The subject of discussion in this article are new phraseological compounds with the component dywan, which have been in use since the 1990s in Polish texts. These compounds, not yet recorded in language dictionaries, have emerged under the influence of the English language. They refer to phrases related to the English combinations of roll out the red carpet (for someone) and pull from under someone // something or pull the rug from under someone’s feet. The article analyses the ways these expressions function in Polish texts, considering their formal structure, compatibility with minimal context, and meaning. The research shows that these new combinations, inspired by the English language, consist of three phrases: ktoś rozwinął, rozwija, rozłożył, rozkłada less commonly rozściela, rozścieli, rozpostarł, rozpościerał czerwony dywan, less commonly czerwone dywany dla kogoś, przed kimś – meaning ‘someone officially and attentively invites or receives important guests, usually from the worlds of politics, business, culture, etc.’; ktoś less commonly coś rozwinął(o), rozwija, rozłożył(o), rozkłada, less commonly rozściela, rozścieli(o), rozpostarł(o), rozpościerał(o) czerwony dywan, less commonly czerwone dywany dla kogoś, czegoś, przed kimś, przed czymś – meaning ‘someone, less commonly something, opens up to someone, something, invites someone, something to something, somewhere; someone, something facilitates something for someone, the acquisition of something, getting somewhere, especially through special treatment’; ktoś less commonly coś wyciąga, wyciągnął (-ęło), wyrywa, wyrwał(o) etc. dywan, dywanik, chodnik spod (nóg, stóp) komuś, kogoś, czego – meaning ‘someone, less commonly something, surprises, has surprised someone with something, disorients, has disoriented someone; weakens, has weakened someone, something, withdraws, has withdrawn support for someone, something, harms, has harmed someone, something’.
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Juszczak, Bartosz. "Przysłówki i wyrażenia adwerbialne pochodzenia rosyjskiego w języku polskim I." Slavica Wratislaviensia 166 (June 22, 2018): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.166.11.
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Adverbs and adverb phrases of Russian origin in Polish language IThis article focuses on the issue of Russian adverbs and adverb phrases that were adopted into Polish language. Basing on different Polish language dictionaries author creates a list of Russian adverbs in the number of 53 that were introduced into Polish. Working on this article required formal and quantity analysis of language material. In the following part of the article there is researched an issue of modifications strong and weak that undergo the Russian loanwords in Polish language. The article closes an attempt of comparison the Russian adverb forms with the German and English adverb units that were adopted by Polish.Наречия и адвербиальные выражения русского происхождения в польском языке IНастоящая статья посвящена проблематике русских наречий и наречных выражений, заимствованных польским языком. На основе разных словарей польского языка автор составляет список русских наречных заимствований, вошедших в польский язык, который насчитывает 53 единицы. В ходе работы и обработки языкового материала был проведен формальный и количественный анализ. В дальнейшей части работы рассматриваются вопросы модификаций сильной и слабой, которой подвергаются русские наречные заимствования в польском языке. Статью заключает попытка сравнения русских наречных форм с заимствованными польским языком немецкими и английскими наречными единицами.
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Kacprzak, Alicja, and Weronika Woźniak. "Les néologismes récents en -ing en polonais." AUC PHILOLOGICA 2020, no. 4 (August 11, 2021): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/24646830.2021.7.
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The objective of this article is to study words present in Polish, ending with the English suffix -ing. The set consists of data collected from the Sketch Engine database, which was then searched through google.pl search engine, in order to reaffirm or reject their distribution in the discourse. The verification and analysis of presence of these lexical units in the dictionaries enabled the assessment of their actual status in the Polish language; therefore, it can be concluded that the occurrences appearance of -ing words increases. These are mostly borrowings from English, nevertheless, a new tendency to create -ing terms in Polish (allogenisms and hybrids) is clearly visible. Some stylistic specificity of the latter case is to be emphasised. Moreover, words ending in -ing concern various lexical fields, among which the one concerning social behaviours appears to be the most abundant, or even particularly emblematic of the contemporary era.
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Morozov, Nikita V. "THE HISTORY OF BORROWINGS FROM ARABIC INTO RUSSIAN." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2018_4_2_69_78.
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Lexical level of a language is represented by authentic words and a number of loanwords from other languages. The present article focuses upon the Arabisms and the history of their appearance in the Russian language. The material for the study were etymological dictionaries. The result of the analysis enabled to compile a list of the indirect Arabisms consisting of 41 units for which it was possible to trace the stages of their introduction into Russian; these units were further sorted into subject groups. It was found that that introduction had occurred via Turkish, Latin, French, English, German, Spanish, Italian and Polish reflecting economic, political and cultural interaction of Russia with those countries. The sources of a number of Arabisms are still arguable and need further research.
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Gałuskina, Ksenia, and Joanna Sycz. "LATIN MAXIMS AND PHRASES IN THE POLISH, ENGLISH AND FRENCH LEGAL SYSTEMS – THE COMPARATIVE STUDY." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 34, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2013-0020.
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Abstract The aim of this research paper is to examine Latin in the context of legal translation between the Polish, English and French languages. Latin ap- pears in contemporary legal discourse in the form of maxims, short phrases and terms. Even though it constitutes an integral element of legal drafting, Latin often attracts little attention from legal translators. It is falsely assumed that Latin elements of the text do not require translation due to several miscon- ceptions related to the Latin language. Firstly, Latin is generally perceived as a global language with no local variations in form. Secondly, Latin is believed to be the universal point of reference in international communication (which is true only in the case of the natural sciences). Thirdly, Latin legal phrases or maxims are thought to originate solely from Roman law, thus they express only Roman legal thought. In the first part of the paper we will address the above issues. To this end, we will briefly discuss the historical presence of Latin in the European lin- guistic context. We will then present the results of our research into the use of Latinisms in the Polish, French and English legal systems. The subject of our research was a set of twenty Latin maxims and phrases that frequently appear in the decisions of the Polish courts. During the first stage of the analysis, the items in question were verified in Legalis (the on-line service devoted to Polish law). The second stage of the research involved the consultation of monolingual dictionaries of French and English legal language to verify the universal charac- ter of the analyzed Latinisms. During the third stage of the analysis, we looked at the practical use of Latinisms in online databases of legal texts (Dalloz.fr, Westlaw International). The paper concludes with some comments on Latinisms in lexicographical publications and online sources.
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Berlińska, Anna. "Pogranicze normy skodyfikowanej. Cz. II." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 8 (2008): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2008.08.01.
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The paper is a continuation of the analysis by the same author, publisher in the previous issue of this review and concerning some linguistic fenomena, largely accepted by educated language users but not at all - or not uninanimously regarded as correct by language codifiers. In this part, the usage in Polish texts of the syntactic structures similar to the latin nominativus cum infinitivo is looked into. Their presence, in the texts in Old Polish due to the imitation of Latin, was later (at the end of the XVIIlth and during the XIXth century) very probably maintained by the influence of the French language on the literary Polish of the time. Nowadays, it is English that seems to help nom.c.inf. to survive in Polish. Yet, the structures with the conjugated forms of the verbs okazywać się / wydawać się / zdawać się 'to prove / to appear / to seem' and the infinitive być 'to be', frequently used in written and spoken official varieties of Polish, are qualified as incorrect in normative dictionaries, especially the most recent ones. To admit that, for exemple, both To wydaje się słuszne and To wydaje się być słuszne are correct Polish sentences would probably be better description of the real standard.
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Szerszunowicz, Joanna. "New Lexical and Phraseological Faunal Units in the Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw from a Cross-Linguistic Polish-English Perspective." Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne, no. 20 (September 22, 2021): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pss.2021.20.5.
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The aim of the present paper is to discuss the new Polish faunal lexical and phraseological units from a cross-linguistic perspective. The research corpus is compiled on the basis of Obserwatorium Językowe Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (the Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw) – an online source containing the items which are in use and which have not been included in dictionaries so far. The English equivalents allocated for these units are analysed and divided into four groups: quasi-absolute, partial, parallel and zero counterparts.
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NAZARCHUK, Roksolana. "REFERENTIALLY SPECIALISED VERBAL PREDICATES OF THE UKRAINIAN, POLISH, AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES: FUNCTIONAL DIMENSION." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 35 (2022): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402//ukr.2022-35-215-224.
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Based on dictionaries and corpora of texts of the Ukrainian, Polish, and English languages the research focused on object relations of referentially specialised verbal predicates. A set of theoretical issues related to the study of the concept of verbal predicate and the knowledge of the role of the object in the structure of expression at the present stage of linguistics development is generalised. It is shown that the relevance of the paper is determined by its connection with the fundamental problem of interaction of paradigmatics and syntagmatics of language units, and is due to the lack of comprehensive semantic-functional studies of relations of verbal predicates with their objects based on the Ukrainian, Polish, and English languages separately, as well as in the contrastive aspect. The verbal predicates of Ukrainian, Polish, and English are characterised according to reference-taxonomic classes of the names of objects, each of which represents one or another physical property of the substance. It was determined that the most represented group was fl uidity (29,5 % in the Ukrainian language, 24,1 % in the Polish, 23 % in the English of the total number of units), the least verbal predicates form the gaseousness group (2,6 %, 5,5 %, 4,6 %). It is observed that the functional correlation of referentially specialised verbs with the names of their objects is quite broad; it can be both general and maximally determined, so within the studied predicates, the following groups of verbs were distinguished: 1) verbs of non-specifi c specialisation, generally refl ecting a particular physical characteristic of the substance; 2) verbs of absolute specialisation, refl ecting the only possible type of the substance; 3) verbs of doublet specialisation, the semantics of which is a characteristic of the substance. It is shown that certain functional-onomasiological groups of verbs, refl ectively disposed to the materiality of the object in all its manifestations, do not constitute a rigid organisation.
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Żmigrodzki, Piotr. "O potrzebie nowej systematyzacji terminologii (meta)leksykograficznej. Na marginesie prac nad Wielkim słownikiem języka polskiego PAN." Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego LXXVI, no. 76 (December 31, 2020): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6658.
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Zdaniem autora potrzeba nowej systematyzacji terminologii leksykograficznej i metaleksykograficznej wynika ze znacznego rozwoju leksykografii w ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat, przede wszystkim „rewolucji cyfrowej”. Niektóre tradycyjnie ustalone terminy, jak np. megastruktura, powinny być teraz zupełnie inaczej interpretowane, pojawiły się nowe. Innym ważnym zadaniem jest translacja terminów angielskich używanych w leksykografii zagranicznej na język polski, a także terminów utworzonych na gruncie polskim (m.in. w trakcie opracowywania Wielkiego słownika języka polskiego PAN) na język angielski. Autor postuluje potrzebę nowego opracowania terminologii leksykograficznej, które powinno mieć formę leksykonu albo podręcznika do leksykografii. Aktualnie dostępne publikacje, szczególnie polskie, nie uwzględniają najnowszego stanu wiedzy. On the need for a new systematization of (meta)lexicographical terminology. In connection with the work on the PAN Great Dictionary of Polish The author of the article argues that there is a need for a new systematization of lexicographical and metalexicographical terminology, which results from a significant development of lexicography and, in particular, from the “digital revolution”. Some traditionally established metalexicographical terms, e.g. megastructure, should now be reinterpreted; new terms have been coined. Another important issue is the translation of the (mostly English) terms used in international metalexicographical discourse into Polish, as well as the translation of the terms coined in Polish metalexicography (during the preparation of the PAN [Polish Academy of Sciences] Great Dictionary of Polish) into English. The author calls for a new systematization of the lexicographical terminology, preferably in the form of a lexicon or a textbook. Currently available publications, especially those published in Polish, do not take in account the latest developments in lexicographic terminology. Keywords: lexicography, metalexicography, terminology, electronic dictionaries
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Włodarczyk-Stachurska, Anna. "Some remarks on lexicographic treatment of idioms." Journal of Language and Cultural Education 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2015-0020.
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Abstract Phraseology is a domain of linguistic study which, to a certain extent, demonstrates the correlation between language and culture. At the same time, it is a source of information concerning the speakers’ world view. However, different phraseological units are used in different languages. Hence, when it comes to their understanding, it becomes particularly difficult to comprehend their meaning without the reference to their lexicographic description. The aim of this paper is to outline the treatment of selected idioms in several dictionaries in order to: (i) identify how idioms are lexicographically presented, (ii) find equivalence of some expressions of that kind in English/Polish, (iii) investigate how the recorded parallels correspond with the functional view of idioms proposed by Dobrovol’skij (2000).
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Kucharzyk, Renata. "Neosemantyzacja wyrazów "premiera" i "premierowy" we współczesnej polszczyźnie." Język Polski 100, no. 3 (October 2020): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31286/jp.100.3.7.
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The subject of the article is the semantic development of the words "premiera" and "premierowy". Most dictionaries of the Polish language note only one meaning of the lexeme "premiera": ‘the first performance of a dramatic work; also: the first screening of a new film’. "Premierowy" is defined as an ‘adjective from the premiere’. It turns out, however, that in the contemporary Polish language these two words function in new meanings. "Premiera" is sometimes used to name any activities and things performed for the first time. The word also has an objective meaning: ‘object first shown publicly or put up for sale; novelty’. "Premierowy" is, inter alia ‘occupying in a certain order or place a position that can be described using the number 1; first’, ‘the best, the most important, superior to others in some way’, ‘one that has recently been created; new’, ‘the one that replaces something previously fulfilling a given function; new’. The semantic development of these lexemes is probably the result of the influence of English, but semantic changes in Polish are also possible.
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Biesaga, Monika. "Uzus a praktyka leksykograficzna (na przykładzie czasownika dedykować we współczesnej polszczyźnie)." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 51 (December 31, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2016.001.
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Usage and lexicographical practice (example of the verb dedykować ‘to dedicate’ in modern Polish)The purpose of this paper is to analyze the contemporary usage of the Polish verb dedykować (to dedicate) and its participle dedykowany (dedicated). During last few years under the influence of English semantics and pragmatics this verb became one of the most popular words in the Polish marketing and IT jargon. The data provided by the National Corpus of Polish enables to state that the contemporary usage of the verb differs significantly from the semantic description published in the dictionaries of Polish. Therefore the scope of this paper is to promote the corpus driven approach to the lexicography. Since the new meaning of the analyzed verb is an English borrowing the paper deals also with the problem of adjusting English morphological patterns to the rules of Slavic verbal inflexion. As it can be observed in the text this grammatical divergence leads in the case of new borrowings to the widely diversified and unstable language usage. Uzus a praktyka leksykograficzna (na przykładzie czasownika dedykować we współczesnej polszczyźnie)Celem artykułu jest analiza występujących we współczesnej polszczyźnie użyć czasownika dedykować. Szczególną uwagę językoznawców zwróciły w jego przypadku neologizmy semantyczne typu dedykowany, których nowe znaczenie, znamienne dla języka marketingu oraz profesjolektu informatycznego, zapożyczone zostało z języka angielskiego. Dane korpusowe umożliwiły stwierdzenie, że czasownik ten używany jest również w innych znaczeniach, nieoddanych dotychczas w odpowiedni sposób w słownikach współczesnego języka polskiego, zaś same neosemantyzmy cechuje niezwykle rozchwiany pod względem semantycznym oraz składniowym uzus.
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Dziemianko, A. "User-Friendliness of Noun and Verb Coding Systems in Pedagogical Dictionaries of English: a Case of Polish Learners." International Journal of Lexicography 24, no. 1 (December 23, 2010): 50–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecq037.
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Hirnyi, Oleh Ihorovych. "The term “predstavlennia” in philosophical texts and in its translations." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 26, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 230–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2020-26-1-14.
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The article is devoted to the terminological problem of adequate Ukrainian translation of the Polish term "przedstawienie", which is a generic term to denote visual and abstract works of human intelligence. In the available Ukrainian texts, visual works are usually denoted by the term "ujavlennia", abstract – by the term "poniattia". However, these two species terms still do not have in the practice of Ukrainian word usage an established generic term that generalizes them. In general, there are two versions of the Ukrainian translation of the term "przedstawienie": "predstavlennia" (representation) and "ujavlennia" (idea). Both options from a formal-grammatical point of view have both advantages and disadvantages. Their comparative consideration, involving the experience of using these terms in Polish (for the translation of their English, German and other equivalents) – is the main content of this article. The causes and consequences of differences in the use of the term "representation" in Ukrainian dictionaries – both encyclopedic and specialized, linguistic and psychological - are compared and analyzed. The author attempts to analyze the philosophical aspects of the use of the term "representation" in its relation to representations as concrete (visual) representations and concepts as abstract (non-visual) representations. Analyzing the influences on Ukrainian terminology from the Polish and Russian languages, the author argues in favor of the actual Ukrainian etymology of the term "representation" as a generic term. The Ukrainian language often involves the interchangeable use of the terms "predstavlennia" (representation) and "ujavlennia" (idea) as generic. Also in recent years, there has been a discussion in Ukrainian science about the possible use of the term "image" as a derivative of the term "image". Mostly Russian language influences as a basis for such use are proved. However, arguments are given regarding the priority of using the term "representation" as a generic language in the Ukrainian language. This is closer to the Polish language. The author presents the main arguments of the philosophical discussion on the term "representation", which took place in Polish philosophy.
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Bogaards, P. "Review: Which Dictionary for Whom? Receptive Use of Bilingual, Monolingual and Semi-bilingual Dictionaries by Polish Learners of English." International Journal of Lexicography 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/eci011.
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Tyshscenko, Oleh, Maria Malaniuk, and Iryna Popko. "THE RITUAL TERMINOLOGY OF MARRIAGE: TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS, SEMANTIC DYNAMICS AND VALUE CONCEPTS." Studia Linguistica, no. 15 (2019): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.15.261-276.
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The article presents the semantic and pragmatic analysis of ethno-cultural parallels related to conceptosphere WEDDING and MARRIAGE on the base of searching cross-language equivalents and analogues to transmit a specific ethno-cultural content, ways of transformations and related value concepts’ translation, sequential structural-semantic modeling through the lens of a joint or an inner form; synonymous variants of paroemias are being determined in a comparative perspective. The material for the analysis was the dictionaries of proverbs, dictionaries of dialects, bilingual phraseological dictionaries of the analyzed languages, and ethnographic descriptions of the marriage ceremony, dictionaries of beliefs and symbols. Common evaluative component of reality conceptualization studied in the context of paroemia and image categorization, demonstrates different gender and socio-cultural markedness in the sustainable expressions, proverbs and sayings, in Polish, Ukrainian, Slovak, French and English languages. Special attention is given to the mental-semiotic correlates of key ritual terms and related symbols and concepts, phraseological relations, sustainable comparisons that are presented in the magic marriage and beliefs. The household contexts and stereotypes, norms of behavior associated with the relationship between man and woman before and after marriage, mentioned in the universal categories of good and evil, happiness and misery, successes, failures, old-young and other nominatively characterized principles of imaginative and accolade nomination are also being analysed. In some cases, the processes of semantic dynamics and transformation of marriage and ritual realities and symbols in paroemina contexts are studied, alongside with the specifics of the emergence of nomens with secondary evaluative function. The latter reflects different facts, a kind of reality of a particular culture (material or spiritual), known as nonequivalent vocabulary and phraseology with the national-cultural component of the semantics.
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Kozachuk, Andrii. "Lexicographical online sources in the work of the translator from the Lithuanian language." Synopsis: Text Context Media 27, no. 3 (2021): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-259x.2021.3.8.
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The use of lexicographic sources plays an important role in the professional training and professional activity of translators not only in Ukraine but also abroad. The object of the article are online tools that can be used when translating from Lithuanian into Ukrainian. The purpose of the study is to outline the advantages and disadvantages of such tools. To achieve this goal a functional research method was used. The results of the study. Despite the development of information and communication technologies, it is currently impossible to perform a translation of high quality without human participation. The quality of machine translation also depends on the language pair, so the Lithuanian-Ukrainian translation has to use an intermediary language (English, Russian or Polish). The resource called “Dictionary of the Lithuanian language” (Lietuvių kalbos žodynas) appears to be most useful in such circumstances. It contains several sections, including bilingual dictionaries for 17 language pairs. Though they do not include Ukrainian, but they include all three intermediary languages mentioned. The advantage of the bilingual dictionary is the large number of entries and meanings (direct and figurative, as well as ones in different contexts and grammatical forms), special markings, etc., also the search for dictionary entries by means of the basic Roman characters. Disadvantages include the illogical way of formatting the text and the lack of a hyperlink system that would allow the user to quickly jump to any other entry without entering a query in the search bar, as well as searching only the basic grammatical word-form. Other sections of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language also have the online translator (based on Google Translate), the training subportal with a complex structure, the dictionaries of terms, spelling, word forms, synonyms and antonyms. Given the high degree of inflectedness of the Lithuanian language, the dictionary of word forms is important, for it comprises all grammatical forms of inflected Lithuanian words included in the bilingual dictionaries. In general, the advantages of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian language” are accessibility and intuitive interface, and the disadvantages make a large number of advertisements and a monolingual interface. The perspective research is possible as empirical study of the considered and similar resources in the context of their use in translation and education.
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Zhuikova, Marharyta. "The problem of dictionary interpretation of the names of natural objects in the context of data from an associative experiment." Language: classic - modern - postmodern, no. 9 (December 23, 2023): 140–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/lcmp2522-9281.2023.9.140-167.
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Background. Difficulties in constructing dictionary definitions for nouns — nominations of natural objects — are caused by the fact that in the process of learning about such realities, people discover many different aspects of them. Among them, it is difficult to single out those that could be considered the most essential or integral. Because of this, the definitions of the same language unit in different dictionaries differ significantly in terms of the number and content of differential features.Contribution to the research field. The authors have the idea of identifying correlations between the results of associative experiments and the content of the definitions of natural objects, which are given in explanatory dictionaries of various languages.Purpose. The purpose of the study is to show to what extent data on a certain natural object, obtained directly from the native speaker of linguistic and cultural consciousness during associative experiments, correlate with definitions in general (non-terminological) dictionaries.Methods. A free associative experiment with further analysis of its results, a component analysis of definitions from explanatory dictionaries, as well as procedures for comparing the data of the experiment and the results of the component analysis were applied.Results. The authors came to the conclusion that in the minds of speakers of the Ukrainian language, the concept of a comet is represented as a complex combination of minimal scientific knowledge and ideas, which are transmitted in society mainly orally as elements of traditional folk culture. The analysis of 14 definitions, which were selected from dictionaries of Bulgarian, English, Polish, Russian and Ukrainian languages, showed that lexicographers prioritise scientific knowledge about the comet, ignoring the pragmatic meanings that speakers associate with this celestial body.Discussion. The authors of the study believe that a direct appeal to the consciousness of the speakers by means of an associative experiment can give lexicographers information about the current ideas of the speakers about certain realities. The experiment allows identifying those conceptual features that have the status of being relevant.
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KUBACKI, Artur Dariusz, and Ursula KIERMEIER. "„WHEN WILL I BECOME A SCHNITZEL? – I HOPE NEVER. ” ECHTE UND FALSCHE FREUNDE DES ÜBERSETZERS IN DER TRANSLATIONSDIDAKTIK." Comparative Legilinguistics 29 (June 15, 2017): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cl.2017.29.05.
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The phenomenon of false friends of a translator relates to a pair of languages. It occurs when words or phrases that sound or look similar in two languages differ to a significant degree in meaning. Consequently, learners using a false friend make a fool of themselves as it has been illustrated in the title of the article with an English-German joke. Politicians in particular are notorious for using false friends (Helmut Kohl and the German EU commissioner Günther Oettinger might be good examples). This phenomenon appeared in literature as well: for instance attempts at communicating in English by the police officer Kluftingers in crime novels co-written by Klüpfel/Kobr. The use of a false friend shames not only politicians but also translators and interpreters. In traditional foreign language teaching, students are taught to avoid false friends at all costs. There are dictionaries devoted only to false friends and learners are supposed to learn them by heart. Especially interpreters are recommended to do that because, unlike translators, they do not have time while interpreting to check whether a similar word or phrase coming automatically to mind is a false friend or a real one, that is – in other words – whether the word or phrase has the equivalent meaning in the target language. The authors of this article, who have considerable professional experience of translation, would like to point out the dangers of one-sided teaching practice with regard to false friends, taking German and Polish and German and English as examples. Such teaching may discourage learners - for fear of humiliating themselves - from using actual linguistic analogies. This negative impact of the way
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Moreau, Jean-Luc, Tamara Ivanovna Zelenina, and Irina Aleksandrovna Fedorova. "JOURNEY TO MULTILINGUALISM, OR ABOUT THE LIFE OF PEOPLE AND LANGUAGES: YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW." Russian Journal of Multilingualism and Education 13 (December 28, 2021): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2500-0748-2021-126-142.
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With rapid globalization, local languages give way to English as the only international language. Despite the principles of multilingualism and multiculturalism declared by all members of the European Union, the number of people speaking minority languages is decreasing. National languages also become affected. This applies fully to what is happening in Russia, including Udmurtia. The section of the paper “Journey to multilingualism (from the Udmurt language to multilingual education at Udmurt State University)” describes how research in network interaction associated with the promotion of multilingualism in the education system developed. Long practical experience shows that a serious problem for teaching native and foreign languages is the lack of integration, which serves as the basis for multilingual education. With integration, it takes less time to learn a new language compared to the previous one. Researchers believe linguistics to be the weakest link in the resource provision of multilingual education (co-learning of languages and related cultures). To resolve this issue, Udmurt State University conducts innovative practice- oriented typological studies of multi-system languages: local (Udmurt, Tatar and Russian) and foreign (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Finnish, Hungarian, Chinese, Serbian, Polish and Czech). The research resulted in theses and monographs investigating ancient and modern languages, as well as multilingual dictionaries and textbooks focused on multilingualism, which are used to teach languages and cultures. Journey to multilingualism involves reflection about the life of people and languages in different eras. What does „mother tongue‟ mean? Which language to choose? Why learn languages? Should we purify languages? And so on. Many questions do not have the right answer. Nowadays, it is especially important to be aware of the rapidly changing language situation in the world. Not only the future of minority languages in Russia, but also the future of the Russian language itself, the language that unites both different ethnic groups living the country and the peoples of the neighboring states is giving serious cause for concern. One thing is definitely clear: the diversity of languages and cultures is the only way for the intellectual and emotional development of humanity.
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Lesner, Emil. "Zu Techniken der Bestionymenwiedergabe am Beispiel des Romans „Der Schrecksenmeister“ von Walter Moers und seiner Übersetzung ins Polnische." Lebende Sprachen 67, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2022-1001.
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Abstract The following article discusses the translation problems of a specific kind of lexical units, the beastionyms, which have been defined as the names given to different science-fiction and fantasy creatures. Walter Moers is well-known in Poland as the author of Camonian novels and is increasingly popular with readers in Poland. The theoretical part of this paper describes the concept of a beastionym as a lexical unit being a transitional form between an appellative and a proper name. The author presents selected examples of how beastionyms function in literature and audio-visual products, relating them to chrematonyms according to Ronneberger-Sibold (2004). The beastionyms described in the article have been divided into speaking, allusive and sound-symbolic lexical units. The basis for this division was the work of Dieter Lamping (1983). The theoretical part also briefly presents translation techniques that can be implemented in the process of beastionyms’ translation. This paper is focused, for economic reasons, on the translation of beastionyms, which characterize their bearers and divide them into lexical units indicating the bearer's habitat, appearance and behaviour. Monolingual dictionaries of German, Polish, and, in special cases, English have been used to describe individual examples. Lexemes with special cultural significance were described with reference to the relevant literature. The article provides a detailed description of these lexical units and gives a qualitative translation analysis of different translation techniques, which were used in the Polish rendition of the novel „Der Schrecksenmeister“ (written by Walter Moers) to create a successful translation of beastionyms. The paper ends with some conclusions about useful translation procedures, which may be used within translation of beastionyms.
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Tyshchenko, Oleh. "THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF EMOTIONS AND AXIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN SLAVONIC PROVERBS AND IDIOMS: FROM CONSCIENCE TO ENVY." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2019, no. 29 (November 2019): 248–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-29-18.
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The presented research reveals imagery-metaphoric and phraseological objectivities of the conceptual spheres Soul, Consciousness, Envy, Jealousy and Greed in Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech and Slovak languages and conceptual picture of the world (first of all in proverbs and sayings, idioms, imagery means of secondary nomination both in standard language and its regional or dialectal variants) according to the indication of holistic characteristic and semantic intersection of these concepts. It describes the spheres of their typological coincidence and differences from the point of imagery motivation. It defines the symbolic functions of these ethno cultural concepts (object sphere) with respect to the specificity of manifestation of Envy in archaic texts, believes, in the language of traditional folk culture and archaic expressions with religious sense that reach Christian ideology, ideas of moral purity and dirt, Body and Soul. It has been defined the collocations with the components envy and jealousy in some thesauri and dictionaries in terms of the specificity of interlingual equivalence and expressions of envy and similar negative emotions and their functioning in the Ukrainian and English text corpora. The analysis demonstrated that practically in all compared languages and linguistic cultures Envy is associated with greed and jealousy, psychic disorders with a corresponding complex of feelings, expressed by metaphoric predicates of destruction and remorse that encode the moral and legal aspect of conscience (conscience is a judge, witness and executioner). Metaphor of Envy containing nominations of colours differ in the Slavonic and Germanic languages whereas those denoting spatial, gustatory, odour, acoustic and parametrical meaning are similar. Many imagery contexts of Envy correlate with such conceptual oppositions as richness and poverty, light and darkness; success is associated with the frames “foreign is better than domestic” where Envy encodes the meaning of encroachment upon another's property, “envy is better than sympathy”, “envy dominates where there are richness, success, welfare, happiness” which confirms the ideas of representatives in the field of psychoanalysis, cultural anthropology and sociology. In some languages the motives of black magic, evil eye (in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian) are rooted in the sphere of folk believes and invocations, as well as cultural anthroponyms.
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Syzonov, Dmytro. "Terminology of modern media linguistics in interdisciplinary contacts." Current issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice, no. 46 (2023): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2023.46.100-111.
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The article substantiates the thesis about the interdisciplinary nature of media linguistics as an innovative field of modern knowledge. Therefore, media linguistics is an interdisciplinary humanitarian discipline that studies the functional potential of language means in mass communication. The research potential of neoscience is described and systematized in an "Media Linguistics: Dictionary of Terms and Concepts" (Kyiv, 2013) innovative lexicographic edition, which gave an impetus to analyze the terminology of the modern neo-direction through the prism of ten years. Among the perspective tasks, the authors note the interpretation of language as a instrumentality for modeling information and influencing public opinion, taking into account the challenges of the information age, studying unexpected angles of analysis of linguistic and stylistic resources in the media, etc. A separate task is the formation and analysis of the media-linguistic terminology in the context of the diffuseness of modern humanitarian knowledge. As for every innovative science, the development and description of a terminological system, which must correspond to logic, integrity, monosemacy, clarity, motivation, and relevance, remains problematic for media linguistics. The complexity of this process, as stated in the article, is revealed due to the syncretic relationships of the analyzed terminology system with other, tangential to it, fields – psychology, sociology, cultural studies, law, cybernetics, social communications, etc. On the material of media dictionaries not only of Ukrainian, but also of Polish, German and English languages, the author analyzed the terms and concepts in the specified interdisciplinary contacts, which allows to prove the integral nature of media linguistics and determine its place in the system of modern sciences of the socio-humanitarian block.
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Zhuikova, Marharyta. "Common knowledge vs. scientific knowledge in the definitions of general explanatory dictionaries." Synopsis: Text Context Media 30, no. 1 (2024): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-259x.2024.1.5.
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The relevance of intelligence is determined by the constant interest that linguists have in dictionary definitions, especially definitions of noun vocabulary. Each definition is a microtext that reflects a certain view of the world of the lexicographers who worked on a certain dictionary. In modern explanatory dictionaries, two opposite tendencies are manifested in the description of lexical meaning: firstly, orientation towards the knowledge possessed by the average speaker, and secondly, efforts to embody modern scientific achievements in them. The purpose of the study: to show the difference in the ways and forms of presenting knowledge about non-verbal objects in explanatory dictionaries of different orientations, as well as to analyze some of the flaws of the so-called scientific definitions. The subject of analysis is the definitions of specific noun vocabulary, which were selected from dictionaries of the Ukrainian, Polish, and English languages created in the second half of the 20th century. The main method of researching the material is the semantic analysis of dictionary definitions, supplemented by the technique of comparing definitions from different dictionaries. The results. Difficulties in constructing dictionary definitions of nouns — nominations of natural objects (for example, blood, ear, eye, lightning, moon, stars, mushrooms, etc.) — are caused by the fact that the knowledge of such realities is a long process. A person — a subject of knowledge — discovers many different features in reality and builds his / her ideas about them depending on the depth of analysis and the level of their understanding. Accordingly, dictionary definitions can be built either with an orientation to current knowledge or based on the achievements of science. Definitions of the latter type inevitably include terms that denote the conceptual apparatus of a certain field of knowledge. Because of this, scientific definitions lose the explanatory power necessary for users of dictionaries and turn out to be inadequate. It is precisely in scientific definitions that there are many flaws and shortcomings, and sometimes direct factual errors; they are caused by the lack of encyclopedic knowledge of the lexicographers themselves and the need to obtain this knowledge from specialized sources.
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Zhuikova, Marharyta V., and Alina I. Yodlovska. "On the Problem of Constructing Definitions of Specific Nominal Lexis (Flora and Fauna)." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 19 (2021): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/19/3.
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The article discusses two approaches to the dictionary interpretation of specific nominal vocabulary, i.e. logical-rationalistic and psychological. In the traditional approach to the construction of interpretations, which is consistent with the scientific paradigm of structuralism, it is believed that the definition should include only those semantic components that ensure the delimitation of this meaning from the meaning of all other units of the language (E. Bendix); this requirement is fulfilled by creating a definition from a set of necessary and sufficient features. The aim of this article is to find out whether it is possible to construct definitions based on these requirements for groups of specific vocabulary related to flora and fauna, as well as to identify other approaches to the dictionary description of meanings of words of this group. The research material is an array of definitions from 17 explanatory dictionaries of Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Italian, English, and German. The main research method is semantic and comparative analysis of dictionary definitions. The research has revealed that the interpretation of lexis denoting flora and fauna rarely meet the declared requirements.For example, in the twelve considered definitions of the word linden and its equivalents in other languages, nineteen semantic components are used in total, and their number in different dictionaries ranges from three to eight. None of the interpretations provide an unmistakable recognition of this word and contain a set of necessary and sufficient features. The reason for this phenomenon is due to the fact that names of most biological objects refer to stochastic lexis, which cannot be described through a set of distinguishing features due to the peculiarities of the content of the corresponding concepts. One can find a different approach to the definition of names from flora and fauna groups in practical lexicography. The authors of dictionary definitions rely on the most significant, relevant features of the class of realias, i.e. form an interpretation of those characteristics that often fall into the focus of attention of the ordinary native speaker. In many cases the definition includes those signs of realias that are significant for the national cultural tradition. Thus, in constructing definitions of specific lexis from the group of biological objects, practical lexicography is based on a psychological, rather than logical-rationalistic, approach to the dictionary definition, which is consistent with the new cognitive paradigm in linguistics.
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Fedorova, E. A., D. O. Afanasyev, A. V. Sokolov, and M. P. Lazarev. "Impact of disease information (Ebola and COVID-19) on the pharmaceutical sector in Russia and USA." FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology 14, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2021.054.
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Objective: identification of the relationship between the news coverage of global diseases and the dynamics of the return on shares of the pharmaceutical sector for Russia and the United States.Material and methods. The empirical base of the study includes more than 700 thousand tweets on Ebola and COVID-19 in Russian and English, news of the RBC news agency. The sentiment of the text was assessed on the basis of five English and four Russian-language dictionaries, the influence of fundamental and textual variables on the profitability of pharmaceutical companies' shares was carried out using the ARMAX-GARCH econometric model.Results. It has been proven that the dynamics of the stock index of pharmaceutical companies is explained by fundamental (economic) and sentimental factors. News of any epidemics negatively affects the pharmaceutical sector in the US and Russia, that is, there are no industries that benefit from this situation. Pandemic news affects US pharmaceutical companies more than Russian companies. The effect of news influence depends on the level of spread of the disease. News influences not only at the moment of their publication, but also after: there is a "delayed effect". Ebola news affects the American pharmaceutical market for 2 weeks, and the dynamics of the increase in influence can be traced. News on the COVID pandemic amplifies its impact during 1 week for the Russian pharmaceutical market and for 2 weeks for the US pharmaceutical companies. As for news sources, the elastic network has identified more significant variables based on publications from RBC; therefore, Internet publications generate more publicity, shaping a more significant overall sentiment in the markets.Conclusion. The models developed in the framework of the study and the economic conclusions obtained have not only theoretical, but also practical significance, and can also be used for further research in this area. It is possible to give recommendations on the practical use of dictionaries to assess the sentiment of the text. In our study, the elastic network method chose the Loughran–McDonald dictionary for evaluating economic texts in English and the EcSentiThemeLex dictionary (designed in R and Python programming environments). Avenues for further investigation may include analysis of other sources of information about the pandemic.
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Bankauskaitė, Gabija. "Respectus Philologicus, 2011 Nr. 20 (25)." Respectus Philologicus, no. 20-25 (October 25, 2011): 1–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2011.25.
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CONTENTS
I. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONSLoreta Ulvydienė, Giedrė Drėgvaitė (Lithuania). Linguistic Experience as the Projection of Urban Cognition in Literature...11Saule Altybayeva (Kazakhstan). Neomythologism of the Modern Kazakh Prose: Polycultural Discourse and Art Prospect Search...27Michał Mazurkiewicz (Poland). The Nature of Ritual... 40
II. FACTS AND REFLECTIONSLaima Kalėdienė (Lithuania). Attitude Towards the Official Language According to the Data of Sociolinguistic Survey... 52Vadim V. Dementyev (Russia). Glamour as “The Old New Svetskost”?....65Elena Bonta, Raluca Galiţa (Rumunia). Joking as a Semiotic Practice and Means of Spiritual Survival. A Pragma-linguistic and Stylistic Approach... 80Irina Melnikova (Lithuania). The Gorris Defence, Or Nabokov on Screen... 95Jadvyga Krūminienė, Artūras Cechanovičius (Lithuania). On some Jungian Archetypes Reflected in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness... 107Ewa Anna Piasta (Poland). Axiological Horizons of the Short Story „The Dream of the Saint“ by Reinhold Schneider... 122Oleg N. Grinbaum (Russia). The Fourth Chapter of the Novel “Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin: Onegin’s Monologue in the Light of Rhythm and Meaning ... 133Valentina Litvinova (Russia). The Epistolary Heritage of A. Chekhov from Siberia (the Letters of the Writer from the Point of View of Time and Space)... 153Roma Konsevičiūtė (Lithuania). The “Giesmių Giesmė” (The “Song of Songs”) Motive Transformation in Antanas Jasmantas’ Lyrics... 162Eleonora Lassan (Lithuania). Conjunction зато as a Means of Realization of Psychological Compensation in the Russian Language.... 170Joanna Senderska (Poland). The Social Vocabulary Enrichment Based on Selected Cases of Polish Sociolects...181Danguolė Melnikienė (Lithuania). Peculiarities of the Specific Realia Expression in Lithuanian Bilingual Dictionaries... 192Marlena Chudzik (Poland). Toponomastic Scholars’ Problems... 202Daiva Aliūkaitė (Lithuania). Expression Ideals of Young Samogitians: Conscious Attitude...209Yuri Tambovtsev, Ludmila Tambovtseva, Juliana Tambovtseva (Rusija / Rosja). Functioning of the Continuous Tenses in Female and Male Variants of the American and British English Language...221Natalia Krasilnikova (Russia). Public Opinion in the Light of Cognitive Discourse Paradigm... 233
III. OPINIONJelena Konickaja, Artur Zapolskij (Lithuania). Metaphors in Lithuanian and Slovenian Political Discourse... 243
IV. SCIENTIFIC LIFE CHRONICLEConferencesViktorija Makarova (Lithuania). “Language and Method”. Krakow, 5–6 May, 2011...254Daiva Aliūkaitė (Lithuania). Project “Research on Modern Geolinguistics in Lithuania: Point Network Optimization and Dissemination of Interactive Dialect Information“...257Books reviewsDanutė Balšaitytė (Lithuania). Diagnosed. What next? ЛАССАН, Э., 2011. Лингвистика ставит диагноз... Очерк «духа эпохи» в свете данных лингвистического анализа... 260Dagnė Beržaitė (Lithuania). Remarks of Ungrateful Reader. DOSTOJEVSKIS, F., 2010. Apysakos I: Antrininkas, Žiemos pastabos apie vasaros įspūdžius, Užrašai iš pogrindžio... 267
Announce... 271V. REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATION...272VI. OUR AUTHORS...280
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Cartron, Audrey. "The process of dictionarisation in English for Police Purposes: Dictionaries, glossaries and encyclopaedias as entry points in the specialised language and communities of policing and law enforcement." ASp, no. 75 (March 2, 2019): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/asp.5842.
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Chlebda, Wojciech. "Pamięć o Żydach w wielkich słownikach języka polskiego. Rekonesans. cz. II." LingVaria 17, no. 2(34) (November 21, 2022): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.17.2022.34.05.
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REMEMBRANCE OF JEWS IN GREAT DICTIONARIES OF POLISH LANGUAGE: RECONNAISSANCE
Nine centuries of Polish-Jewish contacts in all spheres of life left a mark in Polish. The author of the article decided to check how great and how durable this trace is, looking in the great dictionaries of the Polish language for units considered as carriers of the memory of Jews. The author asks the question which prejudges the fact that a certain unit of language can be considered as a carrier of the memory of Jews. Also, the author attempts to establish in which linguistic forms this Jewish element can be manifested in dictionaries. The trial analysis examined the presence of 240 carriers of memory (“verbal judaics”), sampled from journals, memoir literature and tourist guides published after 2000, in two dictionaries intended for the mass audience: the Dictionary of Polish edited by M. Szymczak, and An Alternative Polish Dictionary edited by M. Bańko. It turned out that these dictionaries recorded only 25% of the collected corps of verbal judaics, often depriving the definitions of these units of the Jewish component. The author reflects on the social consequences of this state of affairs and its relationship with the “collective narcissism” of the Polish society and the historical policy pursued by the Polish state.
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Sosnowski, Wojciech Paweł, and Violetta Koseska-Toszewa. "Multilingualism and Dictionaries." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 15 (December 31, 2015): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2015.004.
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Multilingualism and DictionariesThe Russian-Bulgarian-Polish dictionary that we (Wojciech Sosnowski, Violetta Koseska-Toszewa and Anna Kisiel) are currently developing has no precedent as far as its theoretical foundations and its structure are concerned. The dictionary offers a unique combination of three Slavic languages that belong to three different groups: a West Slavic language (Polish), a South Slavic language (Bulgarian) and an East Slavic language (Russian). The dictionary describes semantic and syntactic equivalents of words between the languages. When completed, the dictionary will contain around 30,000 entries. The principle we build the dictionary on is that every language should be given equal status. Many of our data come from the Parallel Polish-Bulgarian-Russian corpus developed by us as part of the CLARIN-PL initiative. In the print version, the entries come in the order of the Cyrillic alphabet and they are not numbered (except for homonyms, which are disambiguated with Roman numbers). We selected the lemmas for the dictionary on the basis of their frequency in the corpus. Our dictionary is the first dictionary to include forms of address and most recent neologisms in the three languages. Faithful to the recent developments in contrastive linguistics, we begin with a form from the dictionary’s primary language and we define it in Polish. Subsequently, based on this definition, we try to find an equivalent in the second and the third language. Therefore, the meaning comes first and only then we look for the form (i.e. the equivalent) that corresponds to this meaning. This principle, outlined in Gramatyka konfrontatywna języków polskiego i bułgarskiego (GKBP), allows us to treat data from multiple languages as equal. In the dictionary, we draw attention to the correct choice of equivalents in translation; we also provide categorisers that indicate the meaning of verbal tenses and aspects. The definitions of states, events and their different configurations follow those outlined in the net model of verbal tense and aspect. The transitive vs. intransitive categorisers are vital for the languages in question, since they belong to two different types: synthetic (Bulgarian) and analytic (Polish and Russian). We predict that the equal status of every language in the dictionary will facilitate easier and faster development of an electronic version in the future.
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Slyvynska, O. M. "LEXEME WŁADZA IN THE POLISH LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES." Тrаnscarpathian Philological Studies 1, no. 20 (2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/tps2663-4880/2021.20.1.7.
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Miturska-Bojanowska, Jolanta. "Frazeologizm czarna dziura / черная дыра w słownikach oraz tekstach współczesnego języka polskiego i rosyjskiego." Acta Polono-Ruthenica 2, no. XXIV (June 30, 2019): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.4465.
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In the second half of the last century the English term black hole was borrowed into Polish and Russian. Soon, secondary meanings began to appear predominantly in journalistic texts. They have been partially recorded in linguistic dictionaries. The aim of this paper is to show the secondary meanings of the phrase czarna dziura / чернаядыра listed in dictionaries as well as those present only in Polish and Russian texts.
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Kochan, Marek. "Wartości w języku biznesu: nowe znaczenia. Analiza wybranych przykładów." Język a Kultura 26 (February 22, 2017): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1232-9657.26.5.
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Values in the business language: New meanings. The analysis based on selected examplesThe topic of this article is the usage in business language of seven particular words describing values or positively evaluated in this language morality, sensitivity, excellence, loyalty, sentiment, execution, aggressive. The major part of the paper is dedicated to adetailed comparative analysis of these new meanings, based on the variety of examples taken from the Polish business language. The meanings of these words, as observed in business language, vary greatly as noted based on five Polish language dictionaries published in the 21st century, used for comparison. In most cases those new meanings of the examined words are not mentioned in the analysed dictionaries. In the final section of the text the author comments on the values discourse in business language operational dimension, utility approach, ambition to measure and control the values, potential influence of value-words as used in business language on the common Polish language as well as the question whether these new meanings should be included in Polish language dictionaries.
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Rothstein, Robert A., and Tadeusz Grzebieniowski. "Langenscheidt's Pocket Polish Dictionary. Polish-English, English-Polish." Slavic and East European Journal 30, no. 3 (1986): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/307915.
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Litwińczuk, Agnieszka. "Językowo-kulturowy obraz ręki w polszczyźnie ludowej." Adeptus, no. 1 (June 10, 2013): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/a.2012.004.
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The linguocultural image of hand in Polish folk languageThe goal of this paper is a reconstruction of the linguocultural image of ręka (hand) in the Polish folk language, as defined by a cognitive model proposed by Bartmiński in the 1980’s. Among the sources considered here are the linguistic system itself (as exemplified by dictionaries of the Polish language, etymological dictionaries, dialect dictionaries) as well as literary texts, including folk songs and prose (e.g. riddles, sayings, fairy tales), and folk traditions and beliefs, recorded in the FOLBAS computer base and in the UMCS Ethnolinguistic Archives. From all these sources there emerges a rich and complex image showing this part of the body mainly from a functional perspective and appreciation of its role in Polish folk culture.
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Nesi, Hilary. "Dictionary use by English language learners." Language Teaching 47, no. 1 (December 6, 2013): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444813000402.
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Research into dictionary use does not have a long history. Although publishers recognised in the 1960s that ‘dictionaries should be designed with a special set of users in mind’ (Householder 1967: 279) there were extremely few empirical user studies before the 1980s – Welker's most recent survey (2010) lists only six. The subsequent surge of interest in this field was fuelled by big changes to dictionary content and design in the 1980s and 1990s, changes that were particularly evident in dictionaries for learners of English as a foreign language, conventionally known as ‘learners’ dictionaries’. In the space of a few years the Oxford advanced learner's dictionary, generally considered to be the earliest advanced learners’ dictionary (first published under a different title in 1942, with subsequent editions in 1948, 1963, 1974 and 1989) was joined by two new competitors: the Longman dictionary of contemporary English (first edition 1978, second edition 1987) and the COBUILD English dictionary (1987). In 1995 all three of these advanced learners’ dictionaries brought out new editions, and a fourth, the Cambridge international dictionary of English, was launched. These dictionaries, sometimes referred to as ‘the big four’ (Bogaards 1996, De Schryver 2012 and others), drew on Eastern European traditions of lexical description, the illustrative practices of American children's dictionaries, and insights from English language teaching pedagogies. Each had its own distinctive layout and defining style, prompting a spate of comparative studies intended to help users make appropriate purchasing choices, and to help publishers improve their design still further, for example by changes to the entry microstructure. A fifth such dictionary, the Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners, appeared in 2002.
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Kuliński, Bohdan A. "Nazwy typów, części konstrukcyjnych oraz wyposażenia jednostek pływających w XVI-wiecznych drukowanych słownikach z polskim komponentem językowym." Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki, no. 4 (2021): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/0023589xkhnt.21.030.14794.
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Names of Types, Construction Parts and Equipment of Vessels in the 16th-Century Printed Dictionaries with the Polish Language Component The article analyzes the Polish language nomenclature of types, construction parts and equipment of vessels recorded in the 16th-century printed dictionaries with the Polish component. In addition, the text reviews the current state of research and discusses the sources in view of the terminology in question. The excerpted source material has been listed in three tables.