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Journal articles on the topic 'Polish-German Border Region'
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1
Sywenky, Irene. "Representations of German-Polish Border Regions in Contemporary Polish Fiction: Space, Memory, Identity." German Politics and Society 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2013.310404.
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This article examines post 1989 Polish literary production that addresses German-Polish history and border relations in the aftermath of World War II and participates in the German-Polish dialogue of reconciliation. I consider the methodological implications of border space and spatial memory for the analysis of mass displacements in the German-Polish border region with particular attention to spatiocultural interstitiality, deterritorialization, unhomeliness, and border identity. Focusing on two representative novels, Stefan Chwin's Death in Danzig and Olga Tokarczuk's House of Day, House of Night, I argue that these authors' attention to geospatiality, border space, and displacement forms a distinct characteristic of Polish border narratives. Chwin's and Tokarczuk's construction of interstitial border spaces reflects a complex dynamic between place, historical memory, and self-identification while disrupting and challenging the unitary mythologies of the nation. With their fictional re-imagining of wartime and postwar German-Polish border region, these writers participate in the politics of collective memory of the border region and the construction and articulation of the Polish perspective that shapes the discourse of memory east of the border.
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Winkler, Claudia. "A Third-Generation Perspective on German-Polish Flight and Expulsion: Discursive and Spatial Practices in Sabrina Janesch's novel Katzenberge (2010)." German Politics and Society 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2013.310405.
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This article analyzes Sabrina Janesch's 2010 novel Katzenberge through the lenses of Heimat and spatial theory. Katzenberge, which is told from the perspective of the third generation (i.e., grandchild) of expellees, narrates the story of Polish flight out of the Polish-Ukrainian border region of Galicia into the German-Polish border region of Silesia. I argue that Katzenberge chronicles a generational shift in relationships to the verlorene (lost) Heimat from the expellee generation's static view (Heimat as the physical territory itself) to the third generation's more fluid conceptions (Heimat as memories, stories). The purpose of this article is to illustrate changing ways of engaging with the verlorene Heimat over time and particularly to show the role that literature plays in facilitating and explaining these changes while also opening up new avenues of understanding both across generations and across German-Polish national borders.
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Malkowski, Arkadiusz, and Rafał Mazur. "The impact of border closure on the economy of a border region – as exemplified by the Polish-German borderland." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 64, no. 8 (2020): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2020.8.06.
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A change in the functions fulfilled by borders creates new circumstances affecting the development of border areas. The Polish-German borderland area is an example of a peripheral region which, due to the liberalization of border regulations, has undergone a clear socio-economic transformation. Shopping tourism has been one of the factors leading to the emergence of the region’s new economic model. The border’s closure to free traffic in March 2020 made it impossible for foreign nationals to visit Poland for shopping purposes. The article presents selected results of research into shopping tourism as a factor in the development of peripheral areas in the context of the ongoing pandemic. The paper uses data made available by GUS (Statistics Poland) and the Border Guard (Straż Graniczna), as well as the author’s own research based on the CATI methodology. The study indicates the importance of cross-border trade in the development of the Polish-German border areas. As a result of the closure of the borders, tourists stopped shopping in the region, which affected both the local and regional economy
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Kennard, Ann. "Issues of identity in the Polish‐German border region." Journal of Area Studies 4, no. 8 (March 1996): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02613539608455773.
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Skraba, Anna, and Magdalena Nowicka. "Migration and Migrant Entrepreneurship in a German-Polish border region." Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 3 (2018): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.18.033.9432.
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Lis, Tomasz, and Marta Janachowska-Budych. "Perspectives for foreign language teachers’ professional development in the German-Polish border region." Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics 47, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/gl.2020.47.2.07.
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The aim of the paper is to identify key areas as well as to offer an overview of significant topics that should be addressed within training for foreign language teachers, enabling them to use the educational potential of the German-Polish border region in intercultural foreign languages teaching. In order to achieve this goal, in the first part of the paper the main concepts of pupiloriented education in a border region will be described (i.e. cross-border cooperation, learner-orientation, region-orientation, participation, sustainability, and competence for successful living and communicating in a border region), as they give insights into the essential fields of knowledge and skills that should be aimed at in terms of teacher-oriented activities during the process of professionalisation. On this basis, in the second part of the article, concrete recommendations on priority topics within the professional development of foreign language teachers will be made, according to the specific educational potential of the German-Polish border region.
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Kurowska-Pysz, Joanna, and Peter Ulrich. "Polish-German Cooperation in the Field of Cultural Heritage: the Case of the European Park Association of Lusatia." Cultural Management: Science and Education 3, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/cmse.3-2.08.
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The article aims at assessing the possibilities of developing network cooperation at the Polish and Ger-man border, where cross-border bilateral partnerships dominate. The solution to this specific fact is analysed in a case study regarding a trans-border project dedicated to the protection of Polish-German cultural heritage, and using it to the advantage of the development of tourism within the border region. Based on this example, the authors analysed the factors contributing to the development of cross-bor-der network cooperation, the barriers which hinder it, as well as benefits of such cooperation forms. This article also touches on the role of the Euroregion “Sprewa-Nysa-Bóbr/Spree-Neiße-Bober” and the INTERREG VA Brandenburg - Poland Cooperation Program 2014-2020 in supporting the development of cross-border partnerships across the Polish-German border.
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Krätke, Stefan. "Where East meets West: The German—polish border region in transformation." European Planning Studies 4, no. 6 (December 1996): 647–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654319608720372.
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Kowlonek-Janczarek, Monika. "Die Nachbarsprache Polnisch aus einer sprachpolitischen und soziolinguistischen Perspektive im Kontext der Mehrsprachigkeit in Europa." Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics 35 (November 5, 2018): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/gl.2009.35.11.
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The main goal of this article is to discuss the position of Polish language in the European Union, especially in the German-Polish border region. The role of language policy in the process of multilingualism will also be presented.
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Duda, Tomasz. "Directions and Perspectives for the Development of Cultural Tourism Mobility in Cross-Border Areas of Sharing Heritage (Example Of Western Pomerania)." Folia Turistica 48 (September 30, 2018): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7690.
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Purpose. Presentation of the prospects for the development of cultural tourism spaces and heritage tourism in the cross-border and border areas of Pomerania (both on the Polish and German sides), as well as an indication of the directions of cross-border mobility in the region of shared heritage. Method. Empirical research based on questionnaires (sample of 320 people selected from the German and Polish parts of Pomerania) and direct interviews with people responsible for shaping tourism spaces and tourism activity in the region. Findings. The research showed quite significant differences in the perception of cultural tourism as the destination of a cross-border destination within the historic region of Pomerania. Both on the German and Polish sides, respondents pointed to other (non-cultural) factors that are decisive when travelling to the other side of the border. However, there are visible changes in the identification of the region by its own inhabitants, as evidenced by their expectations regarding the development of heritage tourism and the desire to create joint brand products of cultural tourism in the region. Research and conclusions limitations. Empirical research was conducted on a sample of approximately 300 people from different places in terms of language and nationality (Poland and Germany). Certain restrictions could also have resulted from different understanding of the Pomeranian heritage issues. Practical implications. The conducted research formed the basis for further analyses of cross-border tourism activity on the interfaces of Poland, Germany and Scandinavia. Practical application in creating products and shaping the cultural tourism space of the region. Originality. So far, there have been no studies analysing the spatial diversity of cultural tourism in the areas of shared heritage developing in two neighbouring, but completely different countries. Type of paper. An article presenting the results of empirical research and a case study.
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Korab, R., and R. Owczarek. "Impact of phase shifting transformers on cross-border power flows in the Central and Eastern Europe region." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2016-0014.
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Abstract Unscheduled power flows are a serious problem for the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) region. One method of reducing these undesirable flows relies on the use of phase shifting transformers (PSTs). This paper presents how the installation of PSTs on the Polish-German and Czech-German borders affects cross-border power flows in the CEE region, as well as interactions between these devices. The essential parameters proposed for PSTs are based on the effects arising from the application of PSTs on the border between Poland and Germany. The results demonstrate that the use of PSTs in the CEE region can provide effective control of active power flows in tie-lines and significantly reduce unscheduled flows. However, the operation of these devices must be coordinated in order to achieve maximum controllability and to guarantee the secure operation of the interconnected systems.
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Jurczek, Peter. "Cross‐border cooperation in the German‐Czech‐Polish border region at the turn of the century." Journal of Borderlands Studies 17, no. 2 (September 2002): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2002.9695593.
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Krätke, Stefan. "Regional Integration or Fragmentation? The German‐Polish Border Region in a New Europe." Regional Studies 33, no. 7 (October 1999): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409950078675.
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Haładewicz-Grzelak, Małgorzata, and Joanna Lubos-Kozieł. "Boundary mechanisms in adverts from Silesian Catholic periodicals from the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries." Sign Systems Studies 41, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 42–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2013.41.1.03.
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The paper provides an empirical study of semiotic mechanisms of culture. We apply the methodology developed by the Tartu-Moscow School of Semiotics, building also on the criteria of boundary-work dynamics to examine a collected corpus of adverts appearing in Silesian Catholic periodicals (in German and in Polish) from the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. We discuss the cultural implications of the differences and similarities in German and Polish ads and propose functional explanations of the results in terms of the notion of boundary configurations in a region as a particular structuring of cultural codes. The two analytical axes are the social boundary implicated in the use of German vs. Polish on the parameter of 'sacred' (sacrum) reference, and the symbolic border in the use of Fraktur (German script) versus Antiqua (Latin script) (boundary objects).
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Wasilewski, Krzysztof. "Zjednoczenie Niemiec a transkulturacja polityki historycznej i pamięci zbiorowej mieszkańców pogranicza polsko-niemieckiego na przykładzie Ziemi Lubuskiej." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 28 (December 17, 2020): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2020.28.12.
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This article introduces the concept of transculturation of collective memory and the politics of memory in the Polish-German borderland. The role of the 1990 German reunification in that process is studied using the example of the Lubusz region. Reunification made it possible for cooperation between local governments, associations and individuals, which – consequently – led to the creation of a new, trans-border collective memory.
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Stoklosa, Katarzyna. "Nationalism and the Church in the German-Polish border region after World War II." Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kize.2014.27.2.374.
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Gunther, Jutta, Gresa Latifi, Judyta Lubacha-Sember, and Daniel Tobelmann. "Scientific Cooperation in a German-Polish Border Region in the Light of EU Enlargement." Foresight and STI Governance 11, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2017.1.42.53.
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Tooley, T. Hunt. "German Political Violence and the Border Plebiscite in Upper Silesia, 1919–1921." Central European History 21, no. 1 (March 1988): 56–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012668.
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The fixing of the disputed Polish-German border in Upper Silesia by referendum in 1921 has generally stood in a second rank behind other dramatic and difficult episodes of peacemaking and stabilization. Set in calmer times, the phenomenon of 1.2 million voters deciding whether their region would belong to one state or the other might reasonably rate as a remarkable event. Indeed, the German plebiscite victory in the face of an actual majority of “ethnic” Poles, the ensuing paramilitary war (May to July 1921), and the eventual partition of the province provide ample historical drama.
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Müller, Cornelia. "Sports, home and health as motives for German-Polish school cooperation." International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.5844.
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The following paper contains a report on an international school project – GESZKO ‒, that had been taking place in the border area of Saxony and Poland in the school years 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14. The main theme of the activities at 13 schools were health, sport and home region. After the end of the project the team at the University of Applied Science in Zittau/Görlitz is evaluating the entire project and is going to publish a manual for German-Polish school partnerships.
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Zielińska, Katarzyna. "O potrzebie badań lokalnych pogranicza na przykładzie Babimojszczyzny w XX wieku." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20, no. 3 (2021): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2021.3.2.
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The aim of the study is an attempt to refer to the historiography of a small microregion at the border of today's provinces: Lubuskie and Wielkopolskie, called "Babimojszczyzna". The time perspective relating to the events of World War I, Polish-German disputes, as well as the transformations in Poland and Germany after 1989 requires a new approach to historical narratives. The thesis of the article is the assumption that the hitherto historiography of this complex microregion in Polish-German relations in the first half of the 20th century did not develop new approaches. Another problem is the lack of real effects under the research models on the Polish and German narratives of the last thirty years. Their lack is particularly noticed in the context of the condition of social memory in the vicinity of Babimost, where only the tradition of the Polish Uprising 1918-1919 and the struggle for Polishness is cultivated, without a broader context. The discussed region can also be an interesting example for other similar historical areas, which, like all borderlands, were the subject of natural osmosis rather than their contact.
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Osoba, Petr. "Development of Symbolic Shape of the Region and Rejection of the Name Nové Sudety." Geografie 122, no. 3 (2017): 310–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2017122030310.
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The planning of a new European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) on the Czech-Polish border generated a debate about the name of the newly emerging body. The Czech side refused to accept the name Sudety [Sudetenland] and later also the name Nové Sudety [New Sudetenland]. The article analyses the attitude of mayors from the border districts of the area in question on the Czech side of the border to the issue of using the name Nové Sudety. The analysis wants to assess the influence of the location of a municipality on the relict Czech-German language boundary from 1930 and of a mayor’s political affiliation on the acceptance of the name Nové Sudety by a municipality mayor. The mayors’ attitudes were revealed by means of a targeted online poll. The rejection of the name was interpreted in a wider historical-geographical context, taking into account the etymology of the Sudeten geographical name and within the theory of institutionalisation of regions by geographer Anssi Paasi.
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Patalas-Maliszewska, Justyna, and Sławomir Kłos. "A Study on Improving the Effectiveness of a Manufacturing Company in the Context of Knowledge Management – Research Results." Foundations of Management 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fman-2017-0012.
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Abstract This paper presents the relationship between the various kinds of knowledge that should be acquired, created, accumulated, shared, and transferred within a manufacturing company in order to improve organizational effectiveness. It is based on the data obtained from 85 Polish and German manufacturing companies from the cross-border cooperation region of Lubuskie/Poland - Brandenburg/ Germany. This is followed by a discussion of the results of empirical studies and of the supporting literature.
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Tytko, Marek Mariusz. "Dr med. Stefan Szuman jako lekarz w armii niemieckiej (1914–1919). Przyczynek biograficzny." Krakowski Rocznik Archiwalny 20 (2014): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12332135kra.14.005.15891.
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Dr Stefan Szuman as a doctor in the German army (1914–1919). Biographical contribution The author reconstructs the biography of the Polish doctor, Dr Stefan Szuman (1889–1972), later a professor at Jagiellonian University (1928–1961) during his period in the German army (1914–1919). S. Szuman, who acquired the state right to perform the profession of doctor in the German Reich on 7 September 1914, as well as the level of medical doctor on 23 December 1914 at the Faculty of Medicine in the Ludwik Maximilian University of Munich, formally served in the German army in the years 1914–1919. He served as a military doctor on the eastern front in the fight against Russia (from January 1915 until April 1916), firstly in Mazovia and Kujawy, then in Volhynia. Later he served on the western front – from April 1916 until December 1917, on the border between France and Belgium. During the night of 30 November and 1 December 1917 he was heavily wounded in the leg during the Battle of Cambrai in the Nord-Pas-de- Calais region near Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle, next to Cambrai and Bouchain. For his service in the German army, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd class medal (at the turn of 1917/1918). After his recovery in Aachen and Torun, he was transferred to serve in the military hospital in the citadel in Hannover (from May until December 1918). After 9 December 1918, he returned to Torun, where he stayed until 17 May 1919, working as a garrison doctor in the clinic of his father – Dr Leon Szuman, still formally an officer in the German army until 19 March 1919 as a citizen of Germany. On 20 May 1919, he was accepted into the Polish Army at the rank of captain in Torun, which was still inside the German partition. On 31 May 1919, S. Szuman illegally crossed the Polish-German border near Torun and succeeded in reaching Wielkopolska.
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Patalas-Maliszewska, Justyna, and Małgorzata Śliwa. "The Role of Knowledge Acquisition in a Company – Research Results from German and Polish Manufacturing Companies." Foundations of Management 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fman-2017-0007.
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Abstract This article elaborates the authors’ method for tacit knowledge acquisition focused on a research and development department in a manufacturing company. It presents a case study of the use of concepts for tacit knowledge acquisition and is based on a survey and data obtained from 85 Polish and German Manufacturing Companies from the cross-border cooperation region of Lubuskie/Poland – Brandenburg/Germany. This article develops a framework of tacit knowledge acquisition in a manufacturing company and further discusses the research results.
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Barthel, Martin, and Ewelina Barthel. "Exploring Subbordia – the impact of suburbanisation in cross-border metropolitan regions. The case study of Szczecin and its German hinterland." Urban Development Issues 60, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2018-0031.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the largely unexamined phenomenon of the developing trans-national suburban area west of Szczecin. Sadly the local communities in this functionally connected area struggle with national planning policies that are unsuitable for the region. The paper examines the impact of those processes on the border region in general and on the localities in particular. The paper investigates the consequences for local narratives and the cohesive development of the Euroregion and what position Polish and German communities took to develop the region, even without the necessary planning support. The region has succeeded in establishing grass-roots planning mechanisms which have helped to create a metropolitan-region working from the bottom up.
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Mirwaldt, Katja. "The Small Projects Fund and Social Capital Formation in the Polish–German Border Region: An Initial Appraisal." Regional Studies 46, no. 2 (February 2012): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.490210.
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Mathey, Juliane, and Sylke Stutzriemer. "Landscape and nature protection in the Czech-German-Polish mining and industrial border region - development and perspectives." Europa XXI 20 (2010): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/eu21.2010.20.11.
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Hlavienka, Lubomír. "National Minorities in the Western Borderlands of Czech Silesia from the Perspective of State Security Corps in 1945." Pogranicze. Polish Borderlands Studies 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/brs2965.
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In May 1945, Western Silesia, originally inhabited predominantly by the German population, found itself in a completely new situation. The region was once again controlled by the Czechoslovak state power, which wanted to re-organise life in the borderlands. Therefore, it was necessary to handle the issue of the German population, as well as the influx of new settlers from the Czechoslovak inland and abroad. Changes took place on the other side of the border as well, and neighbouring Germany was replaced by Poland. These aspects gave rise to a completely new security situation that the newly formed security corps had to address. The article attempts to follow the relationship of the Czechoslovak security corps to the members of other nationalities who lived in the researched area or with those whom they came into contact while guarding the non-fixed state borders. Research shows that, in 1945, the National Security Corps (SNB) indeed took qualitatively different approaches to various nationalities, ranging from strong hostility and distrust towards the Germans, through vigilance towards the Polish, to an ambiguous attitude towards re-emigrants.
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Havelcová, Martina, Vladimír Machovič, František Novák, Ladislav Lapčák, Jiří Mizera, and Jiří Hendrych. "Chemical characterization of mountain forest soils: impact of long-term atmospheric deposition loadings (Czech–Polish–German border region)." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 16 (April 2, 2020): 20344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08558-x.
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Gieba, Kamila. "A Post-German City as a Palimpsest in Contemporary Prose of the Lubuskie Land." Polish Review 67, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23300841.67.2.03.
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Abstract The article concerns contemporary Polish literature about post-war migrations caused by the change of the border between Poland and Germany in 1945. The main topic of this article is the literary representation of a post-German city. Selected works by three authors associated with the Lubuskie Land are analyzed. They are: the novels Grünberg [Green town] by Krzysztof Fedorowicz, Stacyjka na wschodzie i zachodzie [The train station in the east and in the west], and Klucze do rzeki [Keys to the river] by Maria Sidorska-Ryczkowska; and a volume of poetry by Janusz Werstler, Ocalone w słowie: Odejście Marii, odejście Anny [Survived in a word: Maria's departure, Anna's departure]. The decision to focus on Lubuskie-themed works has been prompted by a shortage of scholarly studies of the literature of this region in comparison with literary studies on other regions of an area known as the Regained Territories. The interpretation of the images of the post-German city is based mainly on the palimpsest category.
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Karch, Brendan. "A Jewish “Nature Preserve”: League of Nations Minority Protections in Nazi Upper Silesia, 1933–1937." Central European History 46, no. 1 (March 2013): 124–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938913000058.
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In October 1936, Herbert Levy, a thirty-year-old German Jew living in Breslau, the capital of Silesia, moved to the eastern stretches of the region in order to become a doctor. Against all odds and repressive trends in Nazi Germany at the time, Levy applied for a spot to study medicine in Hindenburg, a mining town near the Polish-German border. While his application was predictably rejected based on his Jewish identity, Levy's response was less predictable, at least to an outsider. He appealed his case, arguing that he had the law on his side. Levy was right. Although more than three years of Nazi decrees and persecution had driven many Jewish doctors out of the practice and made the study of medicine all but impossible, Levy enjoyed the protections ofinternationallaw.
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Zimmermann, J., C. Junge, J. Niemann, J. W. M. Wong, and U. W. Preuss. "Alcohol Consumption and Expectations of Its Effects in the Border Region of Pomerania: Comparison of German and Polish Adolescents." European Addiction Research 16, no. 3 (2010): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000315128.
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Miszuk, Bartłomiej. "Changes in Precipitation Conditions in the Warm Half-Year in the Polish–Saxon Border Region in Relation to the Atmospheric Circulation." Atmosphere 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050720.
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Precipitations are one of the most important factors affecting water resources in the transboundary Polish–Saxon region. The main goal of the research was to examine the multiannual changes in precipitations in the April–September period in 1971–2018, depending on circulation conditions, based on Ojrzyńska’s classification. The analysis was carried out based on meteorological data from Polish and German meteorological stations. The results showed that most of precipitation totals and intensive precipitations were observed under SW-A and SW-C circulation, whereas the anticyclonic types of NE-A, NW-A and SW-A were mainly responsible for dry days occurrence. In terms of multiannual changes, most of the stations were characterized by insignificant trends for the considered indices. Some positive trends were observed for intensive precipitations in the lower hypsometric zones. In the mountains, a decreasing tendency dominated for both precipitation totals and intensive precipitations, especially for the northern types of circulation. Furthermore, a significant increase was reported throughout the region for most of the indices for the SW-A type, including precipitation totals, strong precipitations and dry days. Considering the observed trends, floods related to heavy rains can intensify in the lowlands, while a potential increase in the anticyclonic circulation can significantly limit water resources in the region.
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Beknazarov, R. A., G. K. Kushkarova, and Zh B. Baktygali. "THE HISTORY OF THE DEPORTATION OF POLES OF THE AKTOBE REGION." edu.e-history.kz 30, no. 2 (April 2022): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/2710-3994-2022-30-2-65-76.
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The article for the first time provides a historical and expert analysis of the Poles deported to the territory of Kazakhstan in the 30-40s of the twentieth century, including the history of the Poles forcibly resettled in the Aktobe region. The authors carried out a comparative statistical analysis for the Aktobe region with a description of the course of the processes of deportation and resettlement. In the 30s of the 20th century, tensions related to the territory again began to grow between the world powers, and during this period, the peoples stationed in the border zones became victims of the policy of deportation, forced resettlement. The deportation of the German and Polish peoples from Western Ukraine and Western Belarus was carried out especially intensively. The Poles who moved to the Aktobe region had to perform corrective labor, actively participate in various political affairs, and then, as citizens of this country, actively participate in party affairs, in the development of virgin lands.
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Beknazarov, R. A., G. K. Kushkarova, and Z. B. Baktygali. "THE HISTORY OF THE DEPORTATION OF POLES OF THE AKTOBE REGION." edu.e-history.kz 30, no. 2 (October 5, 2022): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/2710-3994_2022_30_2_65-76.
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The article for the first time provides a historical and expert analysis of the Poles deported to the territoryof Kazakhstan in the 30-40s of the twentieth century, including the history of the Poles forcibly resettled in the Aktobe region. The authors carried out a comparative statistical analysis for the Aktobe region with a description of the course of the processes of deportation and resettlement. In the 30s of the 20th century, tensions related to the territory again began to grow between the world powers, and during this period, the peoples stationed in the border zones became victims of the policy of deportation, forced resettlement. The deportation of the German and Polish peoples from Western Ukraine and Western Belarus was carried out especially intensively. The Poles who moved to the Aktobe region had to perform corrective labor, actively participate in various political affairs, and then, as citizens of this country, actively participate in party affairs, in the development of virgin lands.
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Chądzyńska, Elżbieta. "Demographic development of Zachodniopomorskie voivodship in the years 2000-2012 in the light of transportation network accessibility." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 32, no. 32 (June 1, 2016): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2016-0015.
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Abstract The area of Zachodniopomorskie voivodship is characterized by specific features, resulting from its position in space. The location of the regional capital Szczecin at the mouth of the River Odra and near the Polish-German border, in the close vicinity of well-developed Nordic countries, and on the outskirts of the region creates special conditions for development. At the same time, the considerable remoteness of most small towns from the capital region and the inadequate network of connections in a natural North-South direction make it difficult to work with the assets of larger centres of development like Szczecin and Koszalin. The present approach is based on Webb’s typology for the gminas of Zachodniopomorskie voivodship compared with the analysis of the characteristics of the transportation network. Traffic volume of real transportation network was simulated by using a model based on the idea of intervening opportunities. Two categories of movements were analysed: movements to work and, due to the specificity of the region, tourists’ movements.
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Brezdeń, Paweł, and Waldemar Spallek. "Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie wielkopowierzchniowych sieci handlowych w województwie dolnośląskim i jego uwarunkowania." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 6 (January 1, 2010): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.6.22.
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This paper deals with the spatial diversity of modern channels of retail trade represented by large shops (such as hypermarkets, supermarkets and discount shops) in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship. This is presented against the background of the main changes to which Polish retail trade has been subjected in recent years.Despite the dynamic growth of a large retail network in Poland, the internal trade market, especially that of the grocery market, is one of the most fragmented in Europe. This still developing market is where the processes of consolidation and creation of complex networks of large shops will take place in the near future. Changing consumer preferences in favour of modern commercial buildings, but also the investment of foreign and, increasingly, Polish capital have led to this situation.The article sets out the conditions of distribution of large retail areas in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship, which are: population density, the concentration of population (urban areas, cities), level of socio-economic development and the proximity of the German-Polish border. It shows the position of the Dolnośląskie region alongside the rest of the country within the parameters of the research. The Dolnośląskie Voivodeship is a region with a high density of retail space. Its accessibility ratio’s value is slightly lower than in those provinces with the highest values of the index, as a result of its higher population density.
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Schaffernicht, Erik Jan, Patrick Ludwig, and Yaping Shao. "Linkage between dust cycle and loess of the Last Glacial Maximum in Europe." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 8 (April 27, 2020): 4969–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4969-2020.
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Abstract. This article establishes a linkage between the mineral dust cycle and loess deposits during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Europe. To this aim, we simulate the LGM dust cycle at high resolution using a regional climate–dust model. The model-simulated dust deposition rates are found to be comparable with the mass accumulation rates of the loess deposits determined from more than 70 sites. In contrast to the present-day prevailing westerlies, winds from northeast, east, and southeast (36 %) and cyclonic regimes (22 %) were found to prevail over central Europe during the LGM. This supports the hypothesis that the recurring east sector winds associated with a high-pressure system over the Eurasian ice sheet (EIS) dominated the dust transport from the EIS margins in eastern and central Europe. The highest dust emission rates in Europe occurred in summer and autumn. Almost all dust was emitted from the zone between the Alps, the Black Sea, and the southern EIS margin. Within this zone, the highest emission rates were located near the southernmost EIS margins corresponding to the present-day German–Polish border region. Coherent with the persistent easterlies, westward-running dust plumes resulted in high deposition rates in western Poland, northern Czechia, the Netherlands, the southern North Sea region, and on the North German Plain including adjacent regions in central Germany. The agreement between the climate model simulations and the mass accumulation rates of the loess deposits corroborates the proposed LGM dust cycle hypothesis for Europe.
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Borovets, Ivan. "The Slovak Question in Foreign Policy Vision of the Second Rzeczpospolita Authorities (1938 – March 1939)." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 30 (November 1, 2021): 284–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2021.30.284.
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The Polish authorities had a negative attitude towards the central government of the Czechoslovak Republic at that time. Therefore, the Polish reprezentatives were in active contact with the opposition Glinka Slovak People’s Party. They had a number of common ideological values such as Slavic reciprocity, Catholicism, Anti-Bolshevism, and positive assessment of authoritarianism. The Polish politics assured that Warsaw supports state-building plans of the Slovak leaders and solemnly welcomed their delegation to Poland in May 1938. Polish-Slovak relations were marked by contradictions during and shortly after the Munich crisis. The Slovaks suggested state association and submitted a declaration on the Polish-Slovak union. But they did not receive an answer, so they agreed with the Prague government about granting Slovakia autonomy. The Polish authorities expected more pronounced separatism from the Slovaks. Warsaw made territorial claims for Slovak lands in the area of Spis and Orava because Poles wanted to push indecisive oppositionists. The ultimate form of the demands and the forceful nature of Polish actions demonstrated the real content of Warsaw’s policy towards Slovakia. These events resulted to the improvement of Czech-Slovak relations within the framework of Post Munich Czechoslovakia and also led to the appeal of Slovak politicians to Germany. Both sides tried to improve the atmosphere of bilateral relations during the winter of 1938-1939. Meetings of delegations were organized for discuss different ways to intensify positive cooperation. An influence of Nazi Germany was increasing in the region at that time. So, the realization of the danger, posed by Germans, was the main factor to Polish-Slovak rapprochement. In early March, Berlin organized a campaign to put pressure on Slovak politicians and persuaded them to secession. They tried in vain to put forward a Polish counterweight. The declaration of independence of Slovakia according to the German scenario marked the strategic failure of Polish foreign policy, because the southern border of the state became a zone of potential danger
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Bonacchi, Silvia, Tomasz Wicherkiewicz, and Mariusz Mela. "Language identity and cultural memory in borderland areas. A survey-based research with aged respondents (seniors)." Investigationes Linguisticae 40 (May 31, 2019): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/il.2018.40.7.
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The article presents methodological and practical experiences of an inter-university research project “Language of boundaries – Boundaries of language. Paralinguistic aspects of intercultural communication”, one of project tasks being conducting interviews with Polish and German senior respondents. The project aims were, among others, to investigate linguistic and cultural awareness, the sense of proximity/alienness with the culture and the others in the transborder area and the processes of mutual accommodation. In this context, senior respondents are a particularly precious target group in language contact studies as they are witnesses of linguistic identity and cultural memory. The interviews took place in the Polish-German border region of Frankfurt/Oder and Słubice. The respondents were asked questions included in a questionnaire that was especially prepared for the purpose. The questions included among other things questions about the respondents’ origins, professional life, education, daily habits, languages spoken by them, attitudes towards the other cultural group. The authors have not only presented theoretical basics of transborder studies, accommodation processes and age studies, but they have also given practical tips on what should be considered when doing interviews with the elderly. The article includes a summary of the answers given by the two groups of the respondents. With the article, the authors intend to contribute methodologically to future socio- and gerontolinguistic studies.
The research was carried out as part of the project Język pogranicza – pogranicze języka. Parajęzykowe aspekty komunikacji międzykulturowej (UMO: No. 0106 / NPRH3 / H12 / 82/2014) financed by the National Program for the Development of Humanities.
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Mędelska, Jolanta. "Specyficzne warianty języków narodowych: polski północnokresowy i niemiecki nadwołżański. Perspektywy badań porównawczych." Acta Baltico-Slavica 39 (December 31, 2015): 14–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2015.004.
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Particular variations of national languages: Polish Northern Kresy dialect and Volga German. Prospects for comparative studyThe author addresses particular language codes: Polish Northern Kresy dialect and Volga German. These varieties of their respective national languages evolved in unusual circumstances. Both were located outside of their home ethnic territory and occurred mainly in the form of extensive linguistic islands.Two varieties of Polish Northern Kresy dialect took shape in the lands of presentday Lithuania, Belarus, and Latvia. Voluntarily moving to the cities and smaller towns of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poles carried with them the Polish language, which eventually was assumed by the local upper echelons, who by Polonizing produced a particular local cultural dialect. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Lithuanian and Belarusian peasants began to take up this dialect. In this manner, compact Polish language areas developed beyond the northeastern ethnic border, in other words, the areas of Northern Kresy dialect. Both varieties of the Polish language developed in the Russian Empire, where they were subjected to Russification. Once again they were drawn into the orbit of a strong Russian influence after World War II. On this basis, a new Northern Kresy cultural dialect took shape in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.Volga German dialects, which can be categorized as transferred dialects, arrived in the Volga region in the eighteenth century with settlers from different parts of Germany, and underwent modifications in the new locale, consisting mainly of the mixing of different dialects. These evolved for a long time in isolation, from the Russian environment, from other varieties of the German language used in many places in Russia, as well as from literary German. At the end of the nineteenth century, they were officially subjected to Russification. They were again Russified (Sovietized) in the 1920s and 30s. In the Soviet period, a peculiar cultural dialect developed, based on the dialects of Volga German.The author discusses the points of contact and divergence in the history of Volga German and Polish Northern Kresy dialect, indicating possible directions for comparative research. Specyficzne warianty języków narodowych: polski północnokresowy i niemiecki nadwołżański. Perspektywy badań porównawczychAutorka zajmuje się szczególnymi kodami językowymi: polszczyzną północnokresową i niemczyzną nadwołżańską. Są to odmiany języków narodowych, które rozwijały się w niezwykłych warunkach. Oba znajdowały się poza terytorium etnicznym i występowały głównie w postaci rozległych wysp językowych.Polszczyzna północnokresowa ukształtowała się na ziemiach dzisiejszej Litwy, Białorusi, Łotwy w dwóch odmianach. Polacy dobrowolnie przenoszący się do miast i miasteczek Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego przenieśli na te tereny język polski, który z czasem przejmowały miejscowe warstwy wyższe, polonizując się i wytwarzając specyficzny miejscowy dialekt kulturalny. W II połowie XIX w. dialekt ten zaczęli przejmować chłopi litewscy i białoruscy. W ten sposób powstały zwarte obszary języka polskiego za północno-wschodnią granicą etniczną, czyli gwary północnokresowe. Obie odmiany polszczyzny rozwijały się w Imperium Rosyjskim, gdzie poddawane były rusyfikacji. Ponownie trafiły w orbitę silnego oddziaływania języka rosyjskiego po II wojnie światowej. W Litewskiej Socjalistycznej Republice Radzieckiej na ich podstawie ukształtował się nowy północnokresowy dialekt kulturalny.Dialekty niemieckie Powołża należą do gwar przeniesionych, trafiły nad Wołgę w XVIII w. wraz z przybyszami z różnych stron Niemiec, na nowym miejscu uległy modyfikacji, polegającej głównie na wymieszaniu poszczególnych gwar. Długo rozwijały się w izolacji zarówno od rosyjskiego otoczenia, jak i od innych odmian języka niemieckiego, używanych w wielu punktach Rosji, a także od niemczyzny literackiej. Pod koniec XIX w. drogą administracyjną poddano je rusyfikacji. Ponownie rusyfikowano je (sowietyzowano) w latach 20. i 30. XX w. W okresie radzieckim na bazie dialektów niemiecko-nadwołżańskich ukształtował się swoisty dialekt kulturalny.Autorka omawia punkty styczne i rozbieżne w historii niemczyzny nadwołżańskiej i polszczyzny północnokresowej, wskazując możliwe kierunki badań porównawczych.
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Mitrofanova, O. "Experience and Peculiarities of Reconciliation of Contradictions between Germany and France." Problems of World History, no. 15 (September 14, 2021): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-15-5.
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The article is devoted to the study of the experience and peculiarities of reconciliation of contradictions between Germany and France. The positions of the Presidents of France and Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany regarding the theoretical foundations and practical steps of the implementation of French-German reconciliation are studied. This paper deals with the problem of Alsace-Lorraine, a region with a border identity, which repeatedly became the cause of Franco-German disputes and passed from one state to another. The role of the individual in overcoming the contradictions between Germany and France is highlighted. The factor of European integration is considered, which not only contributed to the reconciliation of contradictions between Germany and France, but also turned the two states into leaders of a united Europe.
The Elysee Treaty and its implementation were analyzed. The military cooperation between France and Germany is investigated. The problem of historical memory and the desire to reconcile the contradictions between Germany and France are revealed.
It is proved that the experience and peculiarities of reconciliation of contradictions between Germany and France testify to the fact that the real reconciliation of the two leading states directed their efforts towards a more global goal – the creation of a common Europe. It was concluded that the mechanisms for achieving Franco-German reconciliation are interesting for studying and borrowing, taking into account national characteristics in the reconciliation of other European countries, and regions with borderline identities. The French-German experience may be useful for application in Polish-Ukrainian relations.
The main conclusion from the analysis of the experience and the peculiarities of reconciling the contradictions between Germany and France is that their implementation led to unexpected and far-reaching consequences that once seemed just a dream. At the beginning of European integration in the 50s of the twentieth century, it was difficult to imagine the contemporary EU with its common currency, the Schengen area, developed economy, social programs. Franco-German reconciliation was transformed into the fruitful work of the Franco-German tandem, on the success of which depends not only the future of France and Germany, but the evolution of the entire united Europe.
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Bylica, Jacek. "Towards the Social and Cultural Integration. Around the book Social Services in Work with Refugees on Polish German Cross-border Region (ISBN 978-83-7867-771-0)." Polska Myśl Pedagogiczna 6 (2020): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24504564pmp.20.023.12258.
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Schott, Stephan, and Miranda Alice Schreurs. "Climate and Energy Politics in Canada and Germany: Dealing with Fossil Fuel Legacies." Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies 14, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cjers.v14i2.2766.
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Canada and Germany are both pursuing major energy transitions and far-reaching climate programs but differ in terms of policies towards some energy sources and their preferred policy instruments. Both countries have committed to large scale emission reductions despite the challenge of regional divestment from fossil fuels: hard coal in North Rhine Westphalia and the Saarland; lignite in the Rhineland, on the German-Polish border in the Lusatsia (Lausitz) region, and in central Germany; coal in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia; and oil in Western Canada. We contrast the current Pan Canadian framework (PCF) on Clean Growth and Climate Change to the German Climate Law and the European Green Deal setting targets to become climate neutral by 2050. Germany has plans for a dual phase out of nuclear energy by 2022 and coal by 2038. In contrast, Canada differs by province in terms of policies on fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Both are leaders in renewable energies, but differ in the type of renewable energy which dominates. We further examine the international action components of the PCF and its implications for collaboration with Germany and the EU. We discuss potential partnerships and strategic alliances between Canada and Germany in the context of their mutual interest to enable an energy transition and to lead to the implementation of the Paris agreement for climate change action. We identify political challenges within each federation, and especially the approach to impacted coal regions in Germany and Poland as well as the Canadian oil sands. Barriers to progress for meeting identified targets and timelines are considered. We conclude with insights on the possibility and likelihood of linking policies and regulatory measures across the Atlantic, and the political threats of advancing towards decarbonization and an energy transition away from fossil fuels in each jurisdiction.
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Trunov, Philipp. "The features of Germany’s dialogue with Poland and Romania by the beginning of the 2020 s: political and military aspects." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 2 (2022): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.02.14.
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The article attempts to reveal the features of current political and military dialogue between Germany and the countries of East-Central Europe (ECE) such as Poland and Romania. Without the active support of at least one of these countries, maintaining and strengthening the strategic presence of Germany in this region, which is so important for it, is problematic. Since 2014, the dialogue in the sphere of security and defence in Europe has been placed in the context of the confrontation between the Euro-Atlantic community and the Russian Federation. This process had a significant impact on the change in Germany’s position in ECE, creating both new difficulties and a «window of opportunity» for strengthening German influence. The principle of a graduated approach to building up confrontation with the Russian Federation, advocated by the FRG, came into sharp conflict with the position of the Republic of Poland due to significant differences in the models of foreign policy behavior of the two states in the implementation of their sovereign ambitions. Germany promotes the rotational principle of NATO’s multinational military presence near the border of the Alliance’s zone of responsibility, while Poland promotes a permanent one. Germany was not ready to agree to Poland’s participation in the Normandy format. At the same time, Warsaw has created obstacles for Berlin’s contacts with the Visegrad Group. In this situation, the FRG was interested in acquiring new partners in East-Central Europe, primarily in the development of a dialogue with Romania. In the second half of the 2010 s political contacts between the FRG and Romania noticeably intensified, but without institutionalization. Nevertheless, the institutionalization of contacts was observed along the lines of cooperation of the national armed forces (in the form of agreements on the association of military units). The author draws a conclusion about the evolution of German-Polish and German-Romanian relations in the field of security and defense in the second half of the 2010-s.
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Gwiaździńska-Goraj, Marta, Katarzyna Pawlewicz, and Aleksandra Jezierska-Thöle. "Differences in the Quantitative Demographic Potential—A Comparative Study of Polish–German and Polish–Lithuanian Transborder Regions." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 9414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229414.
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Demographic potential is a particularly important consideration in border areas that are peripheral regions of a country. The aim of this study was to identify differences in the quantitative demographic potential of Polish–German and Polish–Lithuanian transborder regions, as well as the extent to which natural population increase and net migration influence the demographic potential of border regions. An essential element of the research was the analysis of the importance of borders on shaping the quantitative demographic potential. The study relied on the zeroed unitarization method and the method proposed by Webb. The study revealed considerable spatial variation in the quantitative demographic potential of the analyzed regions at LAU 1 (Local Administrative Units) on the background of NUTS 0 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) and NUTS 2. The highest values were noted in urban units, which accounted for 11.0% of all evaluated units. The areas characterized by the lowest demographic potential represented 16.5% of the total number of the analyzed units, which should be regarded as a positive outcome. Most of these border regions were situated in Germany and Lithuania. Demographic potential is an important determinant of social and economic growth; therefore, the results of this study can be used to diagnose problems in border regions and implement the required regional policies.
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Stokłosa, Katarzyna. "Neighborhood Relations on the Polish Borders: The Example of the Polish–German, Polish–Ukrainian and Polish–Russian Border Regions." Journal of Borderlands Studies 27, no. 3 (December 2012): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2012.750948.
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Obara, Adam. "Prokuratura Sądu Okręgowego w Zamościu w latach 1944–1950. Zagadnienia wybrane." Prawo 332 (November 26, 2021): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.332.8.
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The Prosecutor’s Office at the District Court in Zamość in the years 1944–1950: Selected issues
The study is an attempt to present in general terms the institution of the Prosecutor’s Office in the years 1944–1950 in the reality of the Polish state revived after the Second World War. On account of the fact that Zamość was located in the border strip within newly established borders, special attention is paid to the activity of the Prosecutor’s Office at the District Court in Zamość.
The Prosecutor’s Office, just like other state authorities, was created after the Second World War along with the formation of a Polish statehood. The system and the competencies of the post-war Prosecutor’s Office were based on the legal regulations enforced in the interwar period, i.e. the Decree Law of the President of the Republic of Poland on organisation of common law courts dated 6th February, 1928. A capitalist type of prosecutor’s office was established, based on the German model in particular. Although the new authorities did not make any amendments to these regulations in the years 1944–1945, they introduced some legal acts that had an impact on the functioning of the Prosecutor’s Office. The prosecutors’ obligation of loyalty to the political system and the people’s authorities instead of the existing obligation of impartiality was a clear symptom of that. Consequently, the authorities demanded absolute obedience from prosecutors.
The Prosecutor’s Office at the District Court in Zamość began its activity on the initiative of the local authorities after the German occupiers left the region on 1 August 1944. In terms of territory, the Prosecutor’s Office included four districts: Zamość, Tomaszów Lubelski, Biłgoraj and Hrubieszów. The post-war social and political situation, as well as the immediate proximity of the border had a significant influence on the scope of the cases handled by the Prosecutor’s Office. The investigation into the mass murders of Polish people by the Germans in the area of the Zamość “Rotunda” was the greatest challenge for the Prosecutor’s Office at the District Court in Zamość.
The Prosecutor’s Office functioned until the middle of 1950, when, as a result of system changes, it was replaced by the District Prosecutor’s Office in Zamość.
Die Staatsanwaltschaft beim Bezirksgericht Zamość in den Jahren 1944–1950. Gewählte Fragen
Die Ausarbeitung ist ein Versuch, die Institution der Staatsanwaltschaft in den Jahren 1944–1950 in den Realien des nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wieder entstehenden polnischen Staates zu skizzieren. Da Zamość nach Festlegung der neuen Grenzen in den grenzanliegenden Streifen gelang, wurde die Aufmerksamkeit der Tätigkeit der Staatsanwaltschaft beim Bezirksgericht Zamość geschenkt.
Die Staatsanwaltschaft und andere Staatsorgane entstanden nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg zusammen mit der Entwicklung des polnischen Staatswesens. Die Vorschriften, die in der Zwischenkriegszeit mit der Verordnung des Präsidenten der Republik Polen kraft Gesetzes — Gesetz über die Struktur der ordentlichen Gerichte vom 6. Februar 1928 eingeführt wurden, bestimmten die Ordnung und die Kompetenzen der Nachkriegsstaatsanwaltschaft. Sie beschlossen einen kapitalistischen Typ der Staatsanwaltschaft mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des deutschen Modells. Obwohl die „neue Gewalt” diese Regelungen nicht novelliert hat, führte sie bereits in den Jahren 1944–1945 neue Rechtsakte ein, die für die Tätigkeit der Staatsanwaltschaft nicht unerheblich blieben. Seinen Ausdruck fand das in der Verpflichtung der Staatsanwälte, der Staatssystemordnung und der Volksherrschaft treu zu bleiben, die die bisher bestehende Unparteilichkeitspflicht ersetzte. Folglich erwartete die Staatsgewalt ein absolutes Gehorsam der Staatsanwälte.
Die Staatsanwaltschaft beim Bezirksgericht Zamość begann ihre Tätigkeit aus Initiative der örtlichen Obrigkeit nachdem der deutsche Besatzer am 1. August 1944 das Gebiet um Zamość verlassen hat. Die territoriale Zuständigkeit der Staatsanwaltschaft erstreckte sich über vier Kreise: Zamość, Tomaszów, Biłgoraj und Hrubieszów. Die sozialpolitische Situation der Nachkriegszeit und die unmittelbare Nähe der Grenze hatten wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Umfang der von der Staatsanwaltschaft bearbeiteten Fälle. Die größte Herausforderung, der sich die Staatsanwaltschaft beim Bezirksgericht Zamość zu stellen hatte, war die Ermittlung in Sachen der deutschen Massenmorde an der polnischen Bevölkerung auf dem Gebiet der „Rotunda“ in Zamość.
Die besprochene Staatsanwaltschaft arbeitete bis Mitte des Jahres 1950, als sie infolge von strukturellen Wandlungen von der Kreisstaatsanwaltschaft Zamość ersetzt wurde.
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Opiłowska, Elżbieta. "“The Miracle on the Oder”." East Central Europe 41, no. 2-3 (December 3, 2014): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04103003.
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This article aims to analyze the impact of the policy of détente in the 1970s on the development of the German-Polish borderland and on grassroots cooperation. Opening the border for non-visa and non-passport traffic on 1 January 1972 was of great importance to mutual relations between the residents of the border regions. In the first period, German citizens used the opened border mainly for traveling to the so-called native land in order to look at their former households and houses, to “one more time cover the way back home from school.” The Polish, in turn, started shopping, mainly for children’s goods and food. It soon turned out that the German Democratic Republic had not been prepared for such a large number of Polish customers. Because of this conflicts arose and new prejudices appeared. Even so, for the first time since the war had ended the open border enabled direct contacts. New acquaintances were made. The number of Polish-German marriages significantly increased. Based on archive sources and written memoirs as well as narrative interviews this paper will investigate what influence this period had on the Polish-German relations in the border regions and how it is reflected in the memories of the border area residents.
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Marcinkowska, Adriana, Bogdan Zagajewski, Adrian Ochtyra, Anna Jarocińska, Edwin Raczko, Lucie Kupková, Premysl Stych, and Koen Meuleman. "Mapping vegetation communities of the Karkonosze National Park using APEX hyperspectral data and Support Vector Machines." Miscellanea Geographica 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2014-0007.
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Abstract This research aims to discover the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing data for mapping mountain vegetation ecosystems. First, the importance of mountain ecosystems to the global system should be stressed due to mountainous ecosystems forming a very sensitive indicator of global climate change. Furthermore, a variety of biotic and abiotic factors influence the spatial distribution of vegetation in the mountains, producing a diverse mosaic leading to high biodiversity. The research area covers the Szrenica Mount region on the border between Poland and the Czech Republic - the most important part of the Western Karkonosze and one of the main areas in the Karkonosze National Park (M&B Reserve of the UNESCO). The APEX hyperspectral data that was classified in this study was acquired on 10th September 2012 by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in the framework of the EUFAR HyMountEcos project. This airborne scanner is a 288-channel imaging spectrometer operating in the wavelength range 0.4-2.5 μm. For reference patterns of forest and non-forest vegetation, maps (provided by the Polish Karkonosze National Park) were chosen. Terrain recognition was based on field walks with a Trimble GeoXT GPS receiver. It allowed test and validation dominant polygons of 15 classes of vegetation communities to be selected, which were used in the Support Vector Machines (SVM) classification. The SVM classifier is a type of machine used for pattern recognition. The result is a post classification map with statistics (total, user, producer accuracies, kappa coefficient and error matrix). Assessment of the statistics shows that almost all the classes were properly recognised, excluding the fern community. The overall classification accuracy is 79.13% and the kappa coefficient is 0.77. This shows that hyperspectral images and remote sensing methods can be support tools for the identification of the dominant plant communities of mountain areas.