Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polish – Ethnic identity'
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Kromer, Anna. "The impact of ethnic identity on nursing home placement among Polish older adults /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81463.
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An exploratory, qualitative study on the experiences of Polish older adults who made a transition from independent living to an ethno-specific residential care facility in Toronto is presented. Using the framework of Continuity Theory of Aging, the impact of ethnic/cultural identity on the process of relocation and subsequent adjustment to a nursing home environment was investigated. A purposive sampling strategy was used to select 2 male and 4 female participants. The data was collected using long interviews that were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. The findings of this study indicate that the subjects employed specific coping strategies that stem from traditional value orientation and life experiences hence suggesting that ethnic/cultural identity may have played a role in their successful adaptation to residential care setting. Although this research study is limited to one group of older adults and cannot be generalized to other ethnic groups, it has a potential to contribute to increasing the body of knowledge about the dynamics of residential care placement among ethnic minority seniors. Implications for social work policy, research and practice are discussed.
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Drozdzewski, Danielle Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Remembering polishness: articulating and maintaining identity through turbulent times." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41258.
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This thesis details the maintenance of Polish identities through acts of memory: the (re)production, transmission and reception of Polish cultural practices. The (re)productions and transmissions of Polish identity formations, and the acts of remembrance, are multifarious by nature, and I have examined them in two distinctly different settings ?? in public spheres in Poland, and in the private realms of Australian Polish diaspora. In this thesis, these research settings have been conceptualised as the conduits through which Polish identities are maintained. Polish identity is theorised using a constructivist approach; Polish identities are therefore positioned historically and geographically. Their performances are fluid: they move through time and across spaces. The active maintenance of Polish identity developed as a result of foreign occupations. The partitioning of Poland by the Austro-Hungarian, Prussian and Russian Empires lasted 123 years. From 1795 to 1918 the Polish nation was expunged. Following a brief period of independence between World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII), Poland was again occupied by Nazi and Soviet regimes during WWII (1939-1945). The Soviet occupation continued after WWII with the Soviet-supported Polish government that lasted until 1989. Under occupation ?? particularly during WWII ?? Poland suffered events that have been indelibly imprinted within Polish cultural memory. The macabre nature of this era included the incursion of hegemonic regimes on political and everyday social life, as well as the atrocities for which it is well known. An important outcome of these occupations has been the division of discourses of Polishness, and their remembrances, into distinctly public and private spheres. These periods of foreign occupation brought various attempts to suppress and eliminate Polishness: the cultures and identifications of Polish people. Suppression particularly occurred in public spheres through the prohibition of the Polish language, and by investing the public memory landscape with ideologies that represented the new regimes. By repressing public commemorations of Polish cultural narratives, a new history was written at the expense of the Polish experience. There have been two primary responses to these repressions of Polishness. These responses initially developed during the partitioned period to ensure that Polish language and cultural practices were maintained. First, a narrative and tradition of resistance emerged in reaction to the Russian, Prussian and Austrian partitions. It was enacted through military participation in insurrections and through the production of patriotic Romantic Era cultural artefacts, both of which strengthened linkages to the Polish Catholic faith. Second, Polish cultural practices and language were safeguarded in the private spheres of home. It was in private settings, in Poland and within the diaspora in Australia, that memories and experiences of occupation were passed on and through generations. In Poland, such narratives were often maintained in resistance to those imposed by foreign occupiers and because of the inability to commemorate events of Poland??s macabre past in public. In Australia, identity maintenance has occurred to resist the dissolution of Polishness in a diasporic and multicultural environment. This thesis demonstrates the utility of studying cultural memories as a means of understanding how identity maintenance can occur in the face of adversities, such as the multiple foreign occupations that occurred in Poland, and in diaspora. Moreover, it exemplifies the diverse paths of identity maintenance in different contexts. This thesis shows that despite the distinctive character of both Polish public and private spheres, Polish identities have been informed, shaped and maintained through culturally-enacted memory (re)production. This process is exhibited in the present ?? in Poland and through the diaspora ?? and it occurred despite the repressive aims of various foreign occupiers.
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Glowacka-Musial, Monika. "LAJKONIK OF TUCSON - A PIECE OF TRUE POLAND: CONSTRUCTING POLISH - AMERICAN IDENTITIES IN AN ETHNICALLY HETEROGENEOUS SOCIETY." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/69130.
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AnthropologyPh.D.
Tucson, Arizona is a site of a lively Polish-American community. Initially associated with a political organization ("Solidarity Tucson"), which actively supported the Solidarity Movement throughout the 1980s, the Polish diaspora has gradually transformed into an ethnic community very much focused on maintaining its distinctive heritage. Recent formation of the Polish folkloric dance group Lajkonik was directly stimulated by the local multicultural establishment, which promotes ethnic diversity in the Old Pueblo. Having become an integral part of the Southwestern society, Lajkonik has developed a collection of identity practices, which despite diverse influences continues to reproduce Polish cultural traits. In my ethnographic account, I examine ways, by which members of the Lajkonik group construct their diasporic identities. First, I focus on the core activities of the group, which include the practice of Polish traditions, learning folk dances and songs in a wide cultural context, and negotiating the speaking of Polish. Additional analyses, based on video recordings, of Polish classes and dance rehearsals, which show the actual mechanics of the production processes, as well as the narratives of the teacher and parent of performers, further support the account of the ethnographer. Secondly, I look into the development of Polishness for public consumption, which involves negotiation of multiple images in accordance with specific cultural events, creation of engaging stage programs, and presenting the essence of Polishness to festival audiences in Tucson. Regardless of the particular purpose of identities' productions, either for integrating community or public display, these processes simultaneously involve the quest for authenticity, building ethnic pride, and negotiations of diverse traditions.
Temple University--Theses
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Godula, Olga Dominika. "Echoes and Memories of Poland: Music and Dance in the Polish Community of Toledo, Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1213008130.
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Ruskoski, David Thomas. "The Polish Army in France: Immigrants in America, World War I Volunteers in France, Defenders of the Recreated State in Poland." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/1.
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Independent Poland ceased to exist in 1795 and the various insurrections to restore the Polish state were thwarted by the Germans, Austro-Hungarians, and Russians. During the First World War, Polish statesmen called upon the thousands of Polish immigrants in the United States to join the Polish Army in France, a military force funded by the French government and organized by the Polish Falcons of America and Ignacy Paderewski, the world-famous Polish pianist. Over 20,000 men trained in Canada and fought in the final months of the war on the Western front. While in France they were placed under the command of General Jozef Haller and became known as Haller’s Army. At the conclusion of the war, the Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference decided to send the soldiers to Poland to fight in the Polish-Soviet War to stop the western advance of the Bolsheviks. When the war ended, the United States government, with the influence of Secretary of State Robert Lansing, funded the return of the soldiers to their homes in the United States. This dissertation focuses on questions of the relationships among foreign policy, nationalism, and immigration and investigates forced recruitment, dissatisfaction with the cause of Polish independence exacerbated by difficult wartime conditions, nationalism among immigrant groups, ethnic identity, and anti-Semitism.
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Delong, Silvia Regina. "Vitalidade linguística e construção de identidades de descendentes de poloneses no sul do Paraná." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6105.
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Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar como são constituídas as identidades étnico-linguísticas de um grupo de descendentes de poloneses residentes em uma comunidade da zona rural, no interior do Estado do Paraná. No estudo, identificam-se alguns eventos de letramento que ocorrem em polonês, tanto no contexto escolar quanto fora dele, com o intuito de verificar como esses eventos contribuem para a construção das identidades e a vitalidade da língua polonesa nessa comunidade. Esta pesquisa tem como referencial teórico a construção de identidades (HALL, 2005, GEE, 2000), as práticas de letramento (STREET, 1984), bem como a vitalidade das línguas minoritárias (TERBORG e GARCÍA LANDA, 2011). A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativo-interpretativista, baseada na etnografia da linguagem (GARCEZ e SCHULZ, 2015), tendo como instrumentos de geração de dados as gravações audiovisuais feitas nas aulas de língua polonesa, questionários respondidos por alunos, professora e pedagoga da escola. Também foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas com algumas pessoas da comunidade, anotações em diário de campo e gravação das entrevistas em áudio. Além disso, foram analisados vários documentos, como os do Celem (Centro de Línguas Estrangeiras Modernas), relativos à implantação da Língua Polonesa na escola; o Livro Tombo, documentos da paróquia relacionados à comunidade e, no Museu, os documentos históricos ligados à cultura polonesa, os quais deram subsídios para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que a tradição religiosa é um dos aspectos identitários mais arraigados e presentes até hoje nessa comunidade. Entretanto, alguns eventos de letramento que ocorriam na igreja local e que mantinham a vitalidade dessa língua, infelizmente, não existem mais. O único evento de letramento na igreja que ainda está sendo preservado nessa língua é a reza do terço antes das missas dominicais. No âmbito familiar, a língua polonesa é utilizada frequentemente, misturando-se com o português (code switching). Por essa razão, algumas expressões como “polonês entrecortado”, “polonês brasileiro” ou “polonês caipira”, são formas utilizadas pelos participantes da pesquisa para se classificar como falantes de polonês, porém, muitas vezes denotam uma baixa autoestima em relação a si e aos outros. Quanto à identidade étnico-linguística, esta se alterna entre a identidade polonesa e a brasileira, dependendo dos seus interlocutores e das circunstâncias que os cercam. E, por último, os resultados mostram que, em geral, as mulheres (“fazedoras” e “invisíveis”) de Santa Faustina assumem diversos papeis, principalmente dentro de casa e na igreja, mas não são empoderadas na presença da comunidade.
This dissertation aims to analyze the constitution of ethnic and linguistic identities of a group of Polish descendants who live in a rural community in the countryside of the State of Paraná, Brazil. In the study, we identified some literacy events which occur in Polish, both at school and out of it, aiming at verifying how these events contribute to identity construction, and the vitality of the Polish language in that community. This research is theoretically based on identity construction (HALL, 2005; GEE, 2000), literacy practices (STREET, 1984), as well as on the vitality of minority languages (TERBORG; GARCÍA LANDA, 2011). The nature of the research is qualitative-interpretative with an ethnographic perspective, based on the ethnography of language (GARCEZ e SCHULZ, 2015), and the instruments for data generation are audiovisual recordings made of Polish language classes and questionnaires answered by learners, the teacher, and the school pedagogue. Semi structured interviews were also conducted with people in the community, as well as notes in a field journal and audio recordings of the interviews. Besides, several documents were analyzed, as the ones from CELEM (Centro de Línguas Estrangeiras Modernas – Center for Modern Foreign Languages), referring to the school´s implementation of the Polish language; the official registration book, which contains the community´s parishional documents, and at the Museum, where the historical documents connected to the Polish culture were studied, which subsidized the development of this research. The results show that religious tradition is one of the identitary aspects which are more rooted and present in the community to this day. However, some literacy events which happened at the local church, and maintained the vitality of that language, unfortunately are no longer held. The only literacy event which is still kept in church, in Polish, is the recital of the rosary before dominical masses. In the familiar scope, the Polish language is frequently used, it is a Brazilian Polish, mixed with the Portuguese language (code-switching). For this reason, some expressions like “broken Polish”, “Brazilian Polish”, or “countryside Polish” are expressions used by the participants to refer to the Polish language they speak; it often indicates low self-esteem regarding themselves and others. As to the ethnic-linguistic identity, this alternates between Brazilian and Polish identities, depending on their interlocutors and the circumstances surrounding them. Finally, the results show that, in general, the women (“doers” and “invisible”) in Santa Faustina take on several roles, especially in the house and the church, but they are not empowered amidst the community.
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Davlatshoev, Suhrobsho. "The Formation And Consolidation Of Pamiri Ethnic Identity In Tajikistan." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607111/index.pdf.
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The aim of this study is to examine the formation and consolidation of the Pamiri people in Tajikistan. The research focuses on two topics. The first is to compare the primordialist and constructionist schools over the question of the features individuating ethnic groups. The formation of Pamiri ethnic identity during the Soviet rule was selected as a case study of this thesis. The second topic of this study is to examine the formation of Pamiri ethnic identity and the factors that contributed for its consolidation during the Soviet period. While the first topic is gathered around contemporary issues about ethnicity, the second one is based on the Soviet period with a focus on the policies about the nationality question.
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Seto, Ming Chu. "Relationships among language, schooling and ethnic identity of the Macanese in Macau : implications for education policy." Thesis, Durham University, 2004. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2977/.
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The shift of political control from Portuguese to Chinese has changed the importance of languages in Macau. Chinese has become a more important language in the enclave. This shift has created a dilemma to the Macanese group whose first language is Portuguese. This study aims to see whether the present language education policy has taken into consideration this group of people by looking at the construction of the Macanese identity and the role of language and schooling in identity maintenance. The study, the first of its kind in Macau, looks into the ethnic identity of the Macanese people and its implications for the education policies. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted. Interviews, the main source of understanding of the issue, were conducted to collect the group's opinions and questionnaires were administered to different members of the same group to gather data in order to complement and supplement the interview data. The interview data were analysed by a grounded theory approach and the questionnaire was analysed statistically. The findings show that there are different sets of criteria to define people in the group. The genealogical feature is an indispensable criterion but the feeling of 'Portugueseness' is seen as more important. Language and schooling are very important markers of the group as they are important channels to acquire a sense of 'Portugueseness'. It is important for the government to realize this so that appropriate strategies and policy can be adopted. It is hoped that Macanese culture can be maintained so that its uniqueness can be preserved in this enclave.
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Young, Sara Rachel Jane. "The construction of ethno-linguistic identity amongst Polish-born adolescents living in the UK." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10052280/.
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Polish accession to the European Union (EU) in 2004 led to an upsurge in the number of Poles coming to the UK. However, little research in socio and applied linguistics has investigated the experiences of Polish-born adolescents resident in the UK. Following the UK General Elections of May 2015 and June 2017, and the Referendum on Britain’s membership of the EU in June 2016, the climate in Britain has become one of an increasingly virulent anti-immigrant discourse, especially against EU migrants. Against this backdrop, this research purports to investigate how Polish-born adolescents resident in the UK negotiate the construction of their ethno-linguistic identity. The study explores the experiences of eleven adolescents (aged 11-16) living in small Polish communities in semi-rural settings in southern England, with a predominantly white British demographic. Fieldwork was conducted in spring 2016. A narrative approach was used, whereby participants are encouraged to tell their own stories. Based on an understanding of identity as contingent and a site of negotiation, the study draws on the notion of identity as positioning within discourse. Counter to previous identity work in socio and applied linguistics with established BAME migrants, findings suggest that in the face of dominant discourses surrounding EU migrants in the UK, scope for the (re)negotiation of ethno-linguistic identity positions amongst Polish-born adolescents in the UK is limited, and the creation of hybrid identities stymied. Similarly, the adolescents’ reported language use indicates an orientation to a separate rather than flexible bilingualism. The study also suggests a need to reconceptualise whiteness in socio and applied linguistics. While whiteness has been understood in such literature as homogenous, this study proposes that to examine questions of identity more comprehensively, the black/white binary which often underpins identity work demands reassessment, and the existence of prejudice against minority white individuals requires greater acknowledgement.
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Riaz, Nighet Nazim. "More choices, more chances? Exploring identity, culture, policy and practice with black and minority ethnic young people in Glasgow." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.739199.
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Hoominfar, Elham. "Challenges of Monolingual Education." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1404055112.
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Lee, Joanna M. "Black Youth and the Boys in Blue: Associations Between Police Treatment, Mental Health, and Ethnic Identity in African American Juvenile Offenders." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/5124.
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PsychologyPh.D.;
The present study was conducted to further our understanding of the correlates of and variations in perceptions of police treatment among African American adolescent offenders. Ethnic identity development can play a role in youths' sensitivity to stigma, but whether this finding applies to black youth involved in the juvenile justice system has not been explored. Although there is evidence for a robust association between perceptions of discrimination and negative psychological outcomes, there is a dearth of research that investigates a) the directional nature of these associations, and b) how associations vary as a function of perceptions of personal and group discrimination. Participants were 501 African American youth ages 14-18 who were adjudicated of a felony or serious misdemeanor in Philadelphia. Data were taken from annual interviews conducted over the course of four years. Increased ethnic identity exploration was related to the perception that police use biased behavior against people from different racial/ethnic backgrounds. Furthermore, there was a relatively stronger association between psychological distress and perceptions of police behavior among youth who reported taking an active role in making meaning of their ethnicity,. Finally, the results of this study support drawing a distinction between personal and global perceptions of discrimination, in that their links to psychological distress differed with respect to the direction of effects. Specifically, whereas negative personal encounters with the police lead to higher levels of distress, being distressed led to more negative global perceptions of the police. This study provides evidence that normative processes in adolescence, like ethnic identity development, operate much the same way among high risk youth (e.g., juvenile offenders) as in more normative samples. This is especially important given that the consideration of normative developmental processes in high-risk samples like juvenile offenders can have implications for rehabilitation efforts. Finally, the present research highlights the need for the education of law enforcement agencies regarding adolescent development and factors that might increase or decrease young people's willingness to comply with the law.
Temple University--Theses
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Khan, Amadu Wurie. "Relations between asylum seekers/refugees' belonging & identity formations and perceptions of the importance of UK press." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9747.
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This thesis investigates asylum seekers/refugees’ orientations to belonging and identity. It is based on in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted among asylum seekers/refugees residing in Scotland between 2006 and 2008 and on a media monitoring of a number of UK newspapers. The interviews were analysed for interviewees’ orientations to feelings of belonging and identity with the UK, Scotland and homelands. They were also analysed for interviewees’ perceptions (beliefs and understandings) of newspapers’ reporting of asylum and importance to their sense of national belonging and national identity forming. The monitoring provided the context of newspapers’ reporting of asylum at the time of interviews. It enabled a small-scale examination of media content with reference to interviewees’ perceptions. The thesis explores two assumptions. Firstly, asylum seekers/refugees’ national belonging and national identity formations are complex and contingent upon their everyday ‘lived’ experiences. Secondly, asylum seekers/refugees’ belonging and identity formations, as social processes of citizenship, cannot be understood in isolation from the high visibility of the asylum issue in UK media. As an empirical study, therefore, its findings are deployed to critique policymaking, theoretical and media accounts of non-British citizens’ forms of belonging to, and identification with the British ‘nation’. It is suggested that, in addition to policymaking, there are other social circumstances that would facilitate ethnic minority migrants’ national belonging and national identity formations. These factors do not only account for the prioritising of Scottishness over Britishness, but also migrants’ ‘hyphenated’ identities. This thesis will therefore provide evidence suggesting that non-citizens (ethnic minorities), have their own meanings and agency of orientating to a feeling of national belonging and national identity that is nuanced and contingent on their experiences. The thesis does not aim to establish media causality. However, it highlights the fact that newspaper coverage can evoke responses from marginalised groups and provide the context from which identities are narrated and mobilised. The thesis will improve our understanding of the practices, meanings and contestations of belonging and identity that is grounded in the ‘lived’ experiences of noncitizens. This sociological dimension to ethnic minorities’ citizenship forming is not only poorly understood, but has been dominated by theoretical and policymaking accounts in the contemporary state.
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Trujillo, Michael A. "A LABORATORY STUDY OF STRESS REACTIONS TO WITNESSING A POLICE KILLING OF AN UNARMED BLACK MAN: DISCRIMINATION, DISTRESS TOLERANCE, ETHNIC IDENTITY, AND RISK-TAKING." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5370.
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Black individuals have been disproportionately targeted by law enforcement, most notably in shooting deaths at the hands of police, and has contributed to a general distrust of law enforcement. A rise in citizen journalism has helped document excessive use of force by police on video; however, little is known how individuals respond to viewing this type of media. A history of race-based stress is likely to contribute to an expectation of racism and may impact how individuals respond to videos of the treatment of unarmed Black men at the hands of police, with some evidence suggesting ethnic identity may moderate this relationship. Additionally, stress has been previously associated with risky health behaviors and risk-taking more generally; however, little is known whether the response to race-related stressors is in line with past work and whether distress tolerance may moderate this relationship. This study sought to contribute to this literature by examining if racial differences exist in the stress response to a video of police fatally wounding an unarmed black man and if this response (1) was predicted by stigma-related stressors (discrimination, anticipatory racism); (2) was associated with risk-taking; and (3) was moderated by ethnic identity and distress tolerance. Results showed that White respondents evidence greater galvanic skin response than Black respondents; however, there were no other significant racial differences in heart rate variability, systolic blood pressure, or negative affect via facial electromyography in response to the video. The stress response did not predict risk-taking nor was distress tolerance a significant moderator of this relationship. Among Black respondents, stigma-related stressors did not predict the stress response. Levels of ethnic identity commitment marginally interacted with discrimination in predicting heart rate variability, such that individuals with greater levels of commitment evidenced lower heart rate variability as experiences of discrimination increased compared to those with lower levels of commitment. There were no other significant or marginally significant interactions of ethnic identity with stigma-related stressors in predicting the stress response. Stigma-related stressors did not predict risk-taking nor were there indirect effects through the stress response. Health implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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North, Naomi. "Fall Like a Man." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1460115929.
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Thothe, Oesi. "Investigating the role of media in the identity construction of ethnic minority language speakers in Botswana : an exploratory study of the Bakalanga." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017788.
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This dissertation investigates the role of media in the identity construction of minority language speakers in Botswana, with a focus on the Bakalanga. The study is informed by debates around the degree to which the media can be seen to play a central role in the way the Bakalanga define their own identity. As part of this, it considers how such individuals understand their own sense of identity to be located within processes of nation-building, and in particular in relation to the construction of a national identity. It focuses, more particularly, on the extent to which the absence of particular languages within media can be said to impact on such processes of identity formation. The study responds, at the same time, to the argument that people’s more general lived experiences and their broader social environment have a bearing on how they make sense of the media. As such, it can be seen to critique the assumption that the media necessarily play a central and defining role within processes of socialisation. In order to explore the significance of these debates for a study of the Bakalanga, the dissertation includes a contextual discussion of language policy in Botswana, the impact of colonial history on such policy and the implications that this has had for the linguistic identity of the media. It also reviews theoretical debates that help to make sense of the role that the media plays within the processes through which minority language speakers construct their own identity. Finally, it includes an empirical case study, consisting of qualitative interviews with individuals who identify themselves as Bakalanga. It is argued that, because of the absence of their own language from the media, the respondents do not describe the media as central to their own processes of identity formation. At the same time, the respondents recognise the importance of the media within society, and are preoccupied with their own marginalisation from the media. The study explores the way the respondents make sense of such marginalisation, as demonstrated by their attempts to seek alternative media platforms in which they can find recognition of their own language and social experience. The study thus reaffirms the significance of media in society – even for people who feel that they are not recognised within such media.
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Usta, Ali Deniz. "The Reconstruction Of The Past In The Process Of Nation Building In Kazakhstan." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608897/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, the purpose is to analyze the path that the nation building process in Kazakhstan has been following in the post-Soviet period through examining the various policies implemented and the official rhetoric and discourses stated by the Kazakh policymakers. The ethno-symbolist approach of Anthony D. Smith and the views of Walker Connor and Willfried Spohn on nationalism and national identity have been utilized in the analysis of the research. The Soviet Nationalities Policy is examined to be able to better understand the post-Soviet nation-building, because the policies implemented under this comprehensive project, which had been outlined by the Bolsheviks, had deep political, cultural, demographic and linguistic impacts on the process in Kazakhstan. The ethnic situation has also been laid down in order to highlight under which ethnic circumstances the nation building process has been taking place. After analyzing the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the post-Soviet policies about language, education, employment, culture and national symbols, the statements of the President Nursultan Nazarbayev and the move of capital, this study claims that post-Soviet nation building process and nationalism in Kazakhstan have both ethnic and civic components whereby the nation building process in Kazakhstan is a more ethnic process than it is civic.
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Amat, Francesc. "Redistribution in parliamentary democracies : the role of second-dimensional identity politics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7dad5a35-916a-444a-baa3-68d1e23f9bcc.
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In this dissertation I explore the redistributive effects of second-dimensional identity politics in parliamentary democracies. Specifically, I focus on parties’ electoral incentives to manipulate the salience of the territorial-identity cleavage. My main argument is that a greater electoral salience of the second dimension distorts the nature of redistributive outcomes. Although the redistributive effects of second dimensions of political competition have been explored in majoritarian democracies, much less is known about their effects in democracies with proportional representation (PR). The dissertation brings “bad news” in that regard: when the territorial second dimension is salient, it is no longer true that parliamentary democracies with proportional electoral systems redistribute more –which is the prevalent view in the existing literature. In fact, the so called “left-bias” of PR systems vanishes when the territorial-identity cleavage is politically activated. This key insight therefore offers a fundamental qualification to the institutionalism literature, by making an effort to understand the way in which regional diversity interacts with institutions through multidimensional political competition. The dissertation is divided in two parts: one theoretical and one empirical. First, I develop a formal model that illustrates the way in which parties’ second-dimension electoral incentives affect both the electoral stage and the subsequent post-electoral coalition bargaining among parties in national parliaments. The reason is that both right-wing and regionalist parties have incentives to increase the salience of the second dimension at the electoral stage to attract voters, and subsequently the coalition bargaining among parties in parliaments offers new opportunities for legislative coalitions. In the second part of the dissertation, I test the empirical implications at the macro-level, the meso-level and the individual-level. The main empirical results can be summarised as follows. First, I present empirical evidence according to which the legislative salience of the second dimension induces a negative effect on redistribution and a positive effect on the regionalisation of public policy. Second, I provide evidence which shows that both right-wing and regionalist parties strategically increase the electoral salience of the second dimension when they are “losers” on the first dimension. Finally, I illustrate the way in which the salience of the second dimension affects the formation of individual preferences for redistribution. In sum, this dissertation provides new arguments and empirical evidence that demonstrates how second dimensional politics can have profound redistributive consequences in parliamentary democracies.
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Zhao, Zhenzhou, and 趙振洲. "Am I privileged?: minority Mongol students and cultural recognition in Chinese universities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37831264.
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Finau, Lynette Suliana Sikahema. "Teachers of Color's Perception on Identity and Academic Success: A Reflective Narrative." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1629127636689077.
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Ye, Junjia. "Multiple identities in the transnational workplace : the case of Singapore's financial sector /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?MR19731.
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Barbosa, Ubiraneila Capinan. "O quilombo que remanesce: estudo de caso acerca dos impactos da política pública de certificação e de titulação do território sobre a identidade étnica dos quilombos remanescentes Barra e Bananal em Rio de Contas, Bahia." Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Sociais da UFBA, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11361.
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Nesta pesquisa, foi investigado, descrito e analisado o impacto das políticas públicas de certificação do autoreconhecimento como remanescente de quilombo e da titulação do território sobre a identidade étnica dos quilombos remanescentes Barra e Bananal - Rio de Contas/Ba. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada por meio de um estudo de caso. Foram utilizadas variadas estratégias e técnicas de coleta de dados, tais quais: observação participante, entrevista semiestruturada, grupo focal, registro fotográfico etc. Tendo em vista o eixo metodológico da questão, adotou-se uma perspectiva diacrônica e sincrônica. Por um lado, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a história do Alto Sertão da Bahia, da escravidão em Rio de Contas e de referências de pesquisas sobre as comunidades quilombolas de Rio de Contas, anteriores às políticas públicas supramencionadas. Ainda como fonte diacrônica, investigou-se a memória social do grupo, por meio dos relatos de seus membros. Por outro lado, averiguou-se o presente etnográfico apreendido durante quatro viagens a campo. O marco teórico ateve-se a identidade social em sua variante étnica, bem como a sua constratividade, situacionalidade e caráter político. Ainda, buscando entender o sujeito e o grupo social em sua cosmologia, utilizou-se como categorias analíticas: memória, tempo, espaço e evento. Conclui-se, então, que as comunidades de Barra e Bananal buscam redefinir a identidade étnica outrora negativa e renunciada, numa identidade positiva, via o rótulo jurídico de quilombo remanescente (identidade quilombola). Assim, a identidade étnica tornou-se uma identidade racial e, sobretudo, política que permitiu ao grupo conquistar direitos identitários e territoriais. Todavia, a identidade étnica, enquanto variante da identidade social, continua a dividir espaço e a perder centralidade, nas relações cotidianas do grupo, para a “identidade de lavrador”, sendo esta alicerçada no modus vivendi camponês.
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Munoz, Brianna. "Racism in American Foreign Policy and Racial Bias in Conflict Intervention." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1971.
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The purpose of this thesis was to take a deep look into the history of race in American foreign policy in two White House administrations. The presidencies of Dwight D. Eisenhower and Bill Clinton were examined in which the influence of racism in domestic politics was demonstrated as a factor which shaped, and continues to shape, U.S. foreign policy. The research found that 1) segregation, 2) the concept of “primitiveness” formed due to the history between black and white nation-states and 3) the idea of “the other” used by the media and political elite are three manifestations of the consideration of race in Eisenhower’s foreign policy, particularly with respect to Ethiopia. The research also found that 1) American discomfort with white suffering, 2) the normalization of violence in black countries and usage of the term “tribalism,” and 3) the significance of ethno-racial identity all demonstrate the role of race in Clinton’s foreign policy which resulted in the disproportionate political prioritization of the Western Balkans over Rwanda.
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Zini, Luca. "The Modern State and the Re-Creation of the Indigenous Other: The Case of the Authentic Sámi in Sweden and the White Man’s Indian in the United States of America." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1921.
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The present study comparatively examined the socio-political and economic transformation of the indigenous Sámi in Sweden and the Indian American in the United States of America occurring first as a consequence of colonization and later as a product of interaction with the modern territorial and industrial state, from approximately 1500 to 1900.
The first colonial encounters of the Europeans with these autochthonous populations ultimately created an imagery of the exotic Other and of the noble savage. Despite these disparaging representations, the cross-cultural settings in which these interactions took place also produced the hybrid communities and syncretic life that allowed levels of cultural accommodation, autonomous space, and indigenous agency to emerge. By the nineteenth century, however, the modern territorial and industrial state rearranges the dynamics and reaches of power across a redefined territorial sovereign space, consequently, remapping belongingness and identity. In this context, the status of indigenous peoples, as in the case of Sámi and of Indian Americans, began to change at par with industrialization and with modernity. At this point in time, indigenous populations became a hindrance to be dealt with the legal re-codification of Indigenousness into a vacuumed limbo of disenfranchisement. It is, thus, the modern territorial and industrial state that re-creates the exotic into an indigenous Other.
The present research showed how the initial interaction between indigenous and Europeans changed with the emergence of the modern state, demonstrating that the nineteenth century, with its fundamental impulses of industrialism and modernity, not only excluded and marginalized indigenous populations because they were considered unfit to join modern society, it also re-conceptualized indigenous identity into a constructed authenticity.
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Toure, Abu Jaraad. "Towards A ‘Griotic’ Methodology: African Historiography, Identity Politics and Educational Implications." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1320631211.
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Capinan, Ubiraneila Barbosa. "O quilombo que remanesce: estudo de caso acerca dos impactos da política de certificação e de titulação do território sobre a identidade étnica dos quilombos remanescentes Barra e Bananal em Rio de Contas, Bahia." Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, 2009. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/19684.
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CAPES
Nesta pesquisa, foi investigado, descrito e analisado o impacto das políticas públicas de certificação do autoreconhecimento como remanescente de quilombo e da titulação do território sobre a identidade étnica dos quilombos remanescentes Barra e Bananal - Rio de Contas/Ba. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada por meio de um estudo de caso. Foram utilizadas variadas estratégias e técnicas de coleta de dados, tais quais: observação participante, entrevista semiestruturada, grupo focal, registro fotográfico etc. Tendo em vista o eixo metodológico da questão, adotou-se uma perspectiva diacrônica e sincrônica. Por um lado, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a história do Alto Sertão da Bahia, da escravidão em Rio de Contas e de referências de pesquisas sobre as comunidades quilombolas de Rio de Contas, anteriores às políticas públicas supramencionadas. Ainda como fonte diacrônica, investigou-se a memória social do grupo, por meio dos relatos de seus membros. Por outro lado, averiguou-se o presente etnográfico apreendido durante quatro viagens a campo. O marco teórico ateve-se a identidade social em sua variante étnica, bem como a sua constratividade, situacionalidade e caráter político. Ainda, buscando entender o sujeito e o grupo social em sua cosmologia, utilizou-se como categorias analíticas: memória, tempo, espaço e evento. Conclui-se, então, que as comunidades de Barra e Bananal buscam redefinir a identidade étnica outrora negativa e renunciada, numa identidade positiva, via o rótulo jurídico de quilombo remanescente (identidade quilombola). Assim, a identidade étnica tornou-se uma identidade racial e, sobretudo, política que permitiu ao grupo conquistar direitos identitários e territoriais. Todavia, a identidade étnica, enquanto variante da identidade social, continua a dividir espaço e a perder centralidade, nas relações cotidianas do grupo, para a “identidade de lavrador”, sendo esta alicerçada no modus vivendi camponês. In this research, there was the investigation, description and analysis of the impact of public policies regarding the self-knowledge as remainders of quilombos, and the titulation of the territorry about the ethnic identity of the remaining quilombos Barra and Bananal, located in Rio de Contas, Bahia. It is a qualitative research, carried out by means of a case study. Varied strategies and techniques for data collecting were used, such as: participative observation, semi-structured interview, focus group, photographic registration, etc. Taking into account the issue´s methodological axis, a diachronic and synchronic perspective was adopted. On the one hand, there was a bibliographical survey on the history of the Semi-Desert of Bahia, the slavery in Rio de Contas, and on the research references about the Rio de Contas quilombola communities previous to the aforementioned public policies. Still as a dichronic source, the group´s social memory was investigated through the narrative of its members. On the other hand, there was the ethnographic present that was apprehended in four field trips. The theoretical hallmark clinged to the social identity in its ethnic variant, as well as its contrastivity, situationality and political character. Seeking to understand the subject and the social group in its cosmology, the following were used as analytical categories: memory, time, space and event. The conclusion is, then, that the communities of Barra and Bananal seek to redefine their ethnic identity, formerly negative and renounced, into a positive identity, via the remanent legal label (quilombola identity). Thus, the ethnic identity has become a racial identity and, above all, a political one, which has enabled the group to conquer identity and territorial rights. However, the ethnic identity, as a variant of the social identity, continues sharing space and losing centrality in the group´s daily relations, to the “identity of tiller”, the latter being based on the peasant modus vivendi.
In this research, there was the investigation, description and analysis of the impact of public policies regarding the self-knowledge as remainders of quilombos, and the titulation of the territorry about the ethnic identity of the remaining quilombos Barra and Bananal, located in Rio de Contas, Bahia. It is a qualitative research, carried out by means of a case study. Varied strategies and techniques for data collecting were used, such as: participative observation, semi-structured interview, focus group, photographic registration, etc. Taking into account the issue´s methodological axis, a diachronic and synchronic perspective was adopted. On the one hand, there was a bibliographical survey on the history of the Semi-Desert of Bahia, the slavery in Rio de Contas, and on the research references about the Rio de Contas quilombola communities previous to the aforementioned public policies. Still as a dichronic source, the group´s social memory was investigated through the narrative of its members. On the other hand, there was the ethnographic present that was apprehended in four field trips. The theoretical hallmark clinged to the social identity in its ethnic variant, as well as its contrastivity, situationality and political character. Seeking to understand the subject and the social group in its cosmology, the following were used as analytical categories: memory, time, space and event. The conclusion is, then, that the communities of Barra and Bananal seek to redefine their ethnic identity, formerly negative and renounced, into a positive identity, via the remanent legal label (quilombola identity). Thus, the ethnic identity has become a racial identity and, above all, a political one, which has enabled the group to conquer identity and territorial rights. However, the ethnic identity, as a variant of the social identity, continues sharing space and losing centrality in the group´s daily relations, to the “identity of tiller”, the latter being based on the peasant modus vivendi. Key words: Peasantry. Ethnic Identity. Remanescent Quilombo. Public Policy. Barra and Bananal.
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Connor, Teresa Kathleen. "Opportunity and constraint : historicity, hybridity and notions of cultural identity among farm workers in the Sundays River Valley." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008367.
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This thesis focuses on relationships of opportunity and constraint among farm workers in the Sundays River Valley (SRV), Eastern Cape Province. Relationships of 'constraint' include those experiences of displacement and forced removal and war, including forced removals by the apartheid state in 1960 and 1970. Relationships of 'opportunity' include the ways in which residents in the SRV have contested their experiences of upheaval and domination, and the formation of a regional sense of place and belonging/ investigate how farm workers actually draw elements of locality and identity from their experiences of upheaval, and how displacement bolsters feelings of belonging and place. Instead of viewing displacement as a once-off experience, this thesis investigates displacement in historical terms, as a long-term, 'serial' experience of human movement, which is continued in the present- specifically through the creation of the Greater Addo Elephant National Park. I concentrate on developing a spatialised and cultural notion of movemenUplacement. 'Place' is investigated as a term that refers to rather indeterminate feelings of nostalgia, memory and identity, which depend on a particular connection to territory (ie: 'space'). I emphasise that elements of place in the SRV are drawn from and expressed along dualistic lines, which juxtapose situations of opportunity and constraint. In this way, farm workers' sense of connection to farms and ancestral territory in the SRV depends on their experiences of stable residency and work on farms, as well as their memories of removal from land in the area. I emphasise that those elements of conservatism (expressed as 'tradition' and Redness) among Xhosa-speaking farm workers are indications of a certain hybridity of identity in the region, which depend on differentiation from other groups (such as so-called 'coloured' farm workers and 'white' farmers), as well as associations between these groups. This thesis lays emphasis upon those less visible and definable 'identities' in the Eastern Cape Province, specifically by shifting focus away from the exhomeland states of the Ciskei and Transkei, to more marginal expressions of identity and change (among farm workers) in the Province. I point out that labourers cannot solely be defined by their positions as farm workers, but by their place and sense of cultural belonging in the area. In this sense, I use the idea of work as a loaded concept that can comment on a range of cultural attitudes towards belonging and place, and which is firmly embedded in the private lives of labourers - beyond their simple socio-economic conditions of farm work. I use Bourdieu's conception of habitus and doxa to define work as a set of dispositions that have been historicised and internalised by workers to such an extent, that relationships of domination are sometimes inadvertently obscured through their apparent 'naturalness'. Moreover, I point out that work can be related to ritualised action in the SRV through the use of performance and practice-based anthropological theory. Both work and ritual are symbolic actions, and are sites of struggle within which workers express themselves dualistically. Rituals, specifically, are dramatic events that combine disharmonious and harmonious social processes - juxtaposing the powerlessness of workers (on farms), and the deep sense of belonging and place in the SRV. I argue that the deep historical connections in the SRV have largely been ignored by conservationists in the drive to establish new protected zones (such as the Greater Addo Elephant National Park), and that a new model of shared conservation management is needed for this Park.
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Gomez, Jordi. "Coopération transfrontalière et fabrique identitaire : le cas catalan." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020064/document.
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L’intérêt d’une étude portant sur les espaces périphériques européens découle des transformations qui affectent les frontières depuis les années 1980 : alors que l’intensification de flux transnationaux de différentes natures semble les ignorer, la disparition des marques physiques les symbolisant tend à les invisibiliser, et la promotion de politique de coopération au niveau communautaire, à les dépasser. Parmi les zones frontalières, celles qui partagent une histoire commune offre un véritable intérêt heuristique : l’analyse de l’évolution des rapports sociaux, économiques, politiques et institutionnels qu’entretiennent les sociétés frontalières se double d’une interrogation sur la permanence de liens identitaires par-delà la frontière. Dans le département des Pyrénées-Orientales, l’attrait pour la Catalogne se traduit, depuis le début des années 2000, par deux phénomènes concomitants : tandis que les projets de coopération se sont multipliés et diversifiés, des acteurs politiques et sociaux ont entrepris de revivifier le sentiment d’appartenance à la localité. L’étude tend à montrer que l’intensification des interactions n’a pas abouti à l’avènement d’un espace transfrontalier intégré et que les actions identitaires ne semblent pas redessiner le circuit des allégeances territoriales. Tout se passe comme si, au rebours de l’idée préconçue d’une Europe « sans frontières », les limites territoriales jouaient toujours un rôle dans la structuration des représentations et l’orientation des conduitesThe interest of a survey about european surrounding spaces follows from the transformations affecting the borders since the 1980’s : even if the transnational movements of different natures seem to take no heed of them, even if there’s a tendency to turn their physical marks invisible, and even if the political promotion of cooperation at a community level tend to overcome them. Among the border belts, those having a common history afford a real heuristic interest ; the analysis of the economical, political and institutional relation development as well as social relations maintained by border belts couples with an interrogation about the continuity of identity links over the border. Since the beginning of the 2000’s, in the Pyrénées-Orientales departement, the appeal for Catalogne has been resulting by two concomitant phenomenoms : whereas cooperation plans have increased and diversified,political and social protagonists have undertaken to revive the feeling of belonging to the local place. The survey tends to show that the interaction intensification hasn’t resulted in an integrated cross-border space advent and that identity actions don’t seem to change the territorial allegiance channel. Everything is going as if, counter to the preconceived idea of a “no border” Europe, the territorial limits were still playing an important part in the representation structures and management tendency
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Shumb, Metela. "Soutiens institutionnels à la créativité et émergence de l'identité kinoise." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211713.
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Soh, Choi Yin Art College of Fine Arts UNSW. "Cultural typologies and design meanings: a case study of Chinese media and entertainment websites from Singapore." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Art, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41561.
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The Internet offers new ways of imaging and 'imagining' national belonging and cultural identities in contemporary Chinese societies such as Singapore. The Chinese society is also a key representative in Tu Wei-Ming's first symbolic universe - including China, Hong Kong and Taiwan - under a 'Cultural China' (Tu 1994). Various cultural discourses indicate that this nation-state is capable of managing culture to maintain national competitiveness within global capitalism (Wee 2000, Chua 1995). This 'local national cultural ism' is significantly manifested in Chinese media and entertainment websites from Singapore. Within the Asia Pacific region, the notion of an emerging 'pan-Chinese' cultural identity for commercial exchange and interaction with regional and global markers has been an appealing economic construct (Nyiri 1999). In Singapore the Chinese media and entertainment websites employ design strategies to attract foreign investors and cater for local 'heartlanders' with success. The Singapore media sire is carefully scrutinized, presented and aligned with its economic policies and agendas in presenting the country as a young and vibrant society. Although media and entertainment form a key aspect of popular culture in contemporary Singapore, the visual communication and content of the websites also provide an 'institutional memory' and design strategies which emphasize the distinctiveness of cultural identity. This is research interrogates the perception of 'Chinese' identity by Singaporean youth in a pilot study which analyses user responses to a prototype for interface design in web-based communication. In addition, a comparative analysis of three design components - colour, icon/symbol and visual metaphor ??? is examined with reference to the social construction of local, 'glocal' and cultural meanings in the media and entertainment websites-from Hong Kong, Shanghai and Singapore. The research concurs with current literature that cultural identity is mediated by design and communicative strategies to resonate with the target audience. Although the design strategies for representing a 'pan -Chinese' identity have yet to be explored, 'Cultural China' plays a major role in regional/global economic development.
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Rodríguez, López-Ros Sergi. "ROMIPÉN. LA IDENTITAT GITANA. Aproximació filosòfica a la identitat de les persones de cultura gitana." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9227.
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Tot i la proliferació de recerques sobre l'ètnia gitana, cap autor ha pogut encara donar resposta a la qüestió central sobre la seva realitat: qui és gitano i, sobretot, què significa ser gitano. Aquesta tesi doctoral reflexiona sobre la realitat d'aquest grup des de cinc vessant filosòfiques: l'epistemologia (anàlisi de l'origen, els mecanismes i el sentit del coneixement entre els gitanos, per interpretar com es configuren els conceptes de veritat i mentida entre els gitanos), l'antropologia (anàlisi de la forma d'entendre, entre els gitanos, dels conceptes de persona, llibertat, treball, comunitat i història, en tant que elements que configuren la cosmovisió gitana), l'ètica (anàlisi dels conceptes d'acte lliure, normes de convivència i educació moral, per interpretar com es configuren els conceptes de bé i mal entre els gitanos), l'estètica (anàlisi de les formes de percepció, el criteri estètic, les formes d'expressió i la presència de «lo gitano» dins l'art i la literatura, per interpretar com es configuren els conceptes de bellesa i lletjor entre els gitanos) i la filosofia de la religió (anàlisi de les actituds gitanes davant l'absolut i la consciència de la pròpia finitud, interpretant sobretot com es configura la resposta transcendent). Tot això s'emmarca, de forma prèvia, dins una aproximació històrica i demogràfica que ajuda a comprendre el marc dins el qual es desplega l'existència gitana. L'ús d'aquesta metodologia permet superar els paradigmes de l'etnologia i la sociologia que han dominat la reflexió de temàtica gitana des de mitjans del segle XX fins a l'actualitat. A través d'observacions personals, dels testimonis de persones d'ètnia gitana i de persones que han treballat amb elles i de l'anàlisi crítica dels llibres i articles produïts al respecte, així com de la producció artística i literària de la cultura gitana, s'interpretaran les actituds profundes que ―de forma més o menys conscient― rauen sota la mentalitat gitana, fins a singularitzar una definició de la «gitanitat» o «essència gitana» que pugui ser extensible a tots els gitanos i gitanes del món, tot i la seva diversitat. Aquesta comuna matriu identitària és el que anomenem romipēn, una forma de pensar que impregna totes les dimensions de l'existència gitana.Pese a la proliferación de investigaciones sobre la etnia gitana, ningún autor ha podido aún dar respuesta a la cuestión central sobre su realidad: quién es gitano y, sobre todo, qué significa ser gitano. Esta tesis doctoral reflexiona sobre esa realidad desde cinco vertientes: la epistemología (análisis del origen, los mecanismos y el sentido del conocimiento entre los gitanos, para interpretar cómo se configuran los conceptos de verdad y de mentira entre los gitanos), la antropología (análisis de la forma de concebir, entre los gitanos, los conceptos de persona, libertad, trabajo, comunidad e historia, en tanto que elementos que configuran la cosmovisión gitana), la ética (análisis de los conceptos de acto libre, normas de convivencia y educación moral, para interpretar cómo se configuran los conceptos de bien y de mal entre los gitanos), la estética (análisis de las formas de percepción, el criterio estético y las formas de expresión, para interpretar cómo se configuran los conceptos de belleza y de fealdad entre los gitanos) y la filosofía de la religión (análisis de las actitudes gitanas ante lo absoluto y la conciencia de la propia finitud, interpretando sobre todo cómo se configura la respuesta trascendente). Todo ello se enmarca, de forma previa, en una aproximación histórica y demográfica que ayuda a comprender el marco en el que se despliega la existencia gitana. El uso de esta metodología permite superar los paradigmas de la etnología y la sociología que han dominado la reflexión de temática gitana desde mediados del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. A través de observaciones personales, de los testimonios de personas de etnia gitana y de aquellas que han trabajado con ellas, así como del análisis crítico de los libros y artículos producidos al respecto y de la producción artística y literaria de la cultura gitana, se interpretaran las actitudes profundas que ―de forma más o menos consciente― laten bajo la mentalidad gitana, hasta singularizar una definición de la «gitanidad» o «esencia gitana» que pueda ser extrapolable a todos los gitanos y gitanas del mundo, pese a su diversidad. Esta común matriz identitaria es lo que denominamos romipēn, una forma de pensar que impregna todas las dimensiones de la existencia gitana.
Despite the proliferation of researches on the Gypsy ethnic group, no author has still been able to answer the central question on their reality: who is a Gypsy and, mainly, what means to be a Gypsy. This doctoral thesis reflects on that reality from five slopes: epistemology (analysis of the origin, the mechanisms and the sense of the knowledge among Gypsies, to interpret how the concepts of true and lie are understood by them), anthropology (analysis of the form to conceive, among Gypsies, the concepts of person, freedom, work, community and history, whereas elements who form the Gypsy cosmovision), ethics (analysis of the concepts of free act, norms of coexistence and moral and political education, to interpret how the concepts of good and evil are understood by Gypsies themselves), aesthetic (the analysis of the perception forms, the aesthetic criterion and the forms of expression, to interpret how the concepts of beauty and ugliness are understood within the Gypsy culture) and the philosophy of the religion (analysis of the Gypsy attitudes before the Absolute and brings back to consciousness mainly of the own finitude, interpreting how the important answer are formed). All this is preceded, in a previous way, by a historical and a demographic approach that helps to understand the frame in which the Gypsy existence unfolds. The use of this methodology allows to surpass the paradigms of ethnology and sociology that have dominated the reflection on Gypsy thematic from mid century XX until the present time. Through personal observations, the testimonies of Gypsy people and of whom they have worked with them, as well as of the critical analysis of books and articles on this matter and of the artistic and literary production of the Gypsies themselves, we will interpret the deep attitudes that ―more or less consciously― lie down the Gypsy mentality, so as to singularize a definition of the «Gypsyness» or «Gypsy essence» that can be used for all the Gypsy people in the world, despite their diversity. This common identity rood is what we call romipēn, a sort of thinking that it impregnates all the dimensions of Gypsy existence.
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Lindvall, Daniel. "The limits of the European vision in Bosnia and Herzegovina an analysis of the police reform negotiations /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-31392.
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Koh, Youngaah. "Community-based Culturally Relevant Art Education for Korean-American Elementary Students: Impact and Policy Implications." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563209394172921.
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Rhee, Young Ju. "From ethnically-based to multiple belongings : South Korean citizenship legislative reforms, 1997-2007." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711704.
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Chi, Chia-Lin. "Lee Teng-Hui’s political cross-straits policy and mainland china’s reaction." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28534.
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By the end of the twentieth century, there were many secessionist groups, but, the move towards Taiwanese secessionism has arguably been the most significant of these. It triggered the 1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis, which resulted in a historical military confrontation between Mainland China and the US. As will be shown, from 1988 to 2000, Lee Teng-hui, as president of Taiwan, manipulated the political Cross-Straits relationship to promote what was ultimately a secessionist policy. This caused Mainland China to react strongly and triggered sharp tension between Taiwan and Mainland China. This thesis considers what motivated Lee Teng-hui to implement a secessionist Cross-Straits policy and why he supported unification while adopting a substantive secessionist policy. It looks at how he was able to instigate Taiwanese hostility towards Mainlanders, to transform the hostility into a sense of Taiwanese national identity and ultimately into Taiwanese secessionist ideology. A historical approach was used in exploring the origins of secessionism, and descriptive and analytical methods to review systematically and comprehensively political developments in the ROC and its civil war, and to study Lee Teng-hui’s life; the national identity of Taiwan and Mainland China; the implementation of Lee Teng-hui’s political Cross-Straits policy; and the reaction of Mainland China. The study showed that the main cause of Taiwanese secessionism was ethnic conflict between Taiwanese and Mainlanders. It originated from the 228 Incident of 1947, in which Mainlander-led troops slaughtered many Taiwanese. Soon after, the Mainlander-led government fled to Taiwan from Mainland China, and many Taiwanese (including Mainlanders) were killed during the State of Emergency in the 1950s and 1960s. Since the Mainlander-led government fled to Taiwan in its original central government form, the Mainlander élite occupied key positions in the government during the 1950s and 1960s. It resulted in unfair power-sharing for Taiwanese, and caused the Taiwanese élite to believe that they had to establish their own government (nation). Lee Teng-hui had participated in the CCP and had been under political surveillance by the Mainlander-led government for over twenty years. He weathered these political difficulties, but by reasonable inference, there was a close relationship between the political oppression by the Mainlander-led government and his secessionist political Cross-Straits policy. Because Taiwanese residents were indoctrinated by Chiang Ching-kuo and his father, Chiang Kai-shek’s administration for about 40 years, Chinese ideology was dominant and Lee Teng-hui initially paid lip-service to Cross-Strait unification whilst working towards secessionism as reflected in the Chingdao-Lake Incident (1994); the private dialogue between Lee Teng-hui and Shiba Ryotaro (1994); the address at Cornell University (1995); and his two-state theory (1999). However, due to strong pressure from Mainland China, he did not reach his secessionist goal during his presidential term (1988-2000). In conclusion, this thesis shows that Taiwan Island’s geopolitical importance is at the heart of the US’ support for Taiwan’s secession from the Mainland. Therefore, Lee’s secessionist Cross-Strait policy aside, US national interests lie in containing Mainland China and it has, therefore, always played an important role in the secessionist issue and always will. From the perspective of Mainland China, either in terms of nationalism or national security, Taiwan’s secession is a life-and-death issue. If Taiwanese authorities were to declare independence, the only option for Mainland China would be to launch a unification war. For the US, Taiwan is only a pawn that it uses to contain Mainland China. Therefore, in the Cross-Strait issue, the US has more options than Mainland China, namely, to use military intervention in the future to deter Chinese unification or to decide to share common peaceful international relations with Mainland China by accepting Cross-Strait unification.Thesis (DPhil (International Relations))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Political Sciences
unrestricted
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Attaallah, Israa Maher. "Arabic-speaking Immigrant Parents´ Views on Heritage Language Maintenance and identity Construction for Children in Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173460.
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This study investigates how Levantine Arabic-speaking immigrant parents´ language ideologies, i.e how they think and feel regarding heritage language maintenance, and language policies influence heritage language maintenance or loss for their children. This overarching topic is explored by examining the following questions; (1) What do parents think about maintenance of heritage language for their children? and which concerns do they have? (2)How do they talk about and describe their children´s readiness or resistance to learn/maintain their heritage language? (3) What do parents believe their role is in maintaining heritage language? (4) In which way, according to parents, does maintenance of heritage language influence children´s construction of identity and sense of belonging? In order to answer these questions, I conducted five semi-structured interviews with five Levantine Arabic-speaking immigrant parents, from Palestine and Syria, residing in Sweden and analysed recurring themes using Braun´s and Clarke´s (2006: 87- 93) thematic analysis method. The study findings show that parents attached great significance to preserving their children's heritage language due to its close relationship with their cultural, religious, ethnic, and social backgrounds as well as strengthening their success opportunities in future. Furthermore, parents stated that their children did not resist maintenance of heritage language. Instead, results show that children were actively involved in discussions about heritage language maintenance and language practices. Parents confirmed that Arabic language is their children's heritage language. In relation to influence of heritage language maintenance on constructing children´s identity and sense of belonging, parents´ views varied between emphasizing its role in strengthening children´s sense of belonging to their Arabic background, allowing them a flexible ability to belong to two different cultures or communities, and that maintenance of heritage language is not the major influencer on constructing children identity. Participants discussed the methods they use to enhance Arabic language among their children, challenges they encounter, and potential solutions.
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Constantin, Pompiliu-Nicolae. "Identité, altérité et sport dans la Roumanie communiste: la star minoritaire comme héros national." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209403.
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Le régime communiste a redéfini le sport, imposant la pratique de cette activité pour la masse. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la politique du régime communiste roumain s’inspire du modèle soviétique. La these evidence la relation entre l’Etat roumain et les stars sportives issues des minorités nationales. On analyse un processus dynamique de transformation identitaire, qui dans un contexte socio-politique communiste favorise l’instrumentalisation du sport. Dans ce sens, le national-communisme cherche à intégrer les sportifs dans un système bien hiérarchisé. En dépit de la massification du sport et de l’implication importante des Roumains, les sportifs issus des minorités obtiennent de bons résultats et ils sont sélectionnés dans les équipes nationales. De cette perspective, le sport ne représente pas seulement un loisir, mais il devient un domaine plus influent du point de vue idéologique. La thèse regarde comment les stars sportives issues des minorités ont une influence dans la société roumaine, mais que l’Etat contrôle la médiatisation et la participation des sportifs dans les compétitions internationales, leurs contrats, et jusqu’à leurs noms. Nous parvenons par cet intermédiaire à expliquer la manière avec laquelle la société réagit aux performances de ces sportifs et avec laquelle le Parti Communiste impose l’image des héros nationaux pour de telles vedettes. Approfondir un tel sujet aide à la reconstruction d’un aspect important de la vie des minorités. This PhD thesis makes a radiography of a new problem for a society where the presence of minorities is a reality. Before the communism, Romania had an important number of minorities, and their athletes contributed to the development of sport, having a strong identity and local pride. In communism, the stars coming from the minorities (national or ethnical) had another statute. I propose an interdisciplinary study and I utilize concepts from history, sociology, human geography or anthropology. One of the important aspects in my PhD research is to propose a concept built by me, identity doping (fr. Dopage identitaire, rom. Dopaj identitar), represented by a series of actions designed to transform one or more athletes from an ethnic or national minority into a national hero, which means a complex process of identity change. The origin of this joint of words is very simple and means joining the notion of doping, particularly used first by totalitarian systems among athletes, to the term of identity. My methods cover analyses from mass-media, archives, polls and oral history, toidentify problems and images of national heroes who come from national minorities. For example, we assist to a politic of changing names, more than other countries from communist area. The ”name-nationalization” is an essential step for a new identity, more measurable and
prominent than interior feelings. The footballer Laszlo Boloni, with a Hungarian origin, is known like Ladislau Boloni, Katalin Szabo is named in communism Ecaterina Szabo or Hans Moser, a handballer with a German origin, is known like Ioan Moser. The internal realities of many countries with a nationalism-communist regime influenced the life of sport stars. In a state like Romania, where the groups of minorities had an important role in sport development, sport stars from this communisties are promoted like national heroes utilizing the mechanism of “identity doping”.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Harding, Tobias. "Nationalising Culture : The Reorganisation of National Culture in Swedish Cultural Policy 1970–2002." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department for Studies of Social Change and Culture, Linköping University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9896.
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Koh, Bee Kim. "Coming into Intelligibility: Decolonizing Singapore Art, Practice and Curriculum in Post-colonial Globalization." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397669338.
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Kaufman, Emma M. "Foreign bodies : the prison's place in a global world." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6f8b663-eec5-43f6-a330-007e93bfbb5f.
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This thesis examines the treatment and experiences of foreign national prisoners in England and Wales. It contains two main arguments. First, I contend that dominant prison theories rely on an outmoded understanding of the nation-state, and as a result, tend to ignore the effects of globalisation. Second, I argue that current prison practices reaffirm the boundaries of the British nation-state and promote an exclusionary notion of British citizenship. I conclude that research attuned to the affective, embodied dimensions of incarceration can help criminologists to develop a more ‘global’ perspective on state power. This argument begins and builds from ethnographic research. As a whole, the thesis is based on more than 200 interviews conducted over the course of a year in and around five men’s prisons in the north, southwest, and center of England. Structurally, it proceeds from a theoretical critique of prison studies, to an ethnographic account of prison life, to a conclusion about the purpose of prison scholarship. Thematically, it focuses on the relationship between identity and imprisonment, and in particular, on the ways in which normative beliefs about race, gender, sexuality, and class get infused in incarceration practices.
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Matthias, Nakia M. "Structuring Legitimacy via Strategies of Leadership, Cooperation and Identity: The Comité de Motard Kisima's Engagement of Media and Communication for the Enactment of Motorcycle Taxi Work in Lubumbashi." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1438350393.
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Muriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. "A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
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The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.
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Adams, Kirk. "Journeys Through Rough Country: An Ethnographic Study of Blind Adults Successfully Employed in American Corporations." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1552066999409903.
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Pul, Hippolyt Akow Saamwan. "Threads and Stitches of Peace- Understanding What Makes Ghana an Oasis of Peace?" NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/23.
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Ghana is considered an oasis of peace despite having the same mix of ethno-political competitions for state power and resources; north-south horizontal inequalities; ethno-regional concentrations of Christians and Muslims; highly ethnicised elections; a natural resource dependent economy; and a politically polarized public sphere, among others, that have plunged other countries in Africa into violent and often protracted national conflicts. Use of the conflict paradigm to explain Africa's conflicts glosses over positive deviance cases such as Ghana. This study used the peace paradigm in a mixed method, grounded theory research to examine Ghana's apparent exceptionalism in staving off violent national conflicts. From the survey of 1429 respondents and 31 Key Informants, findings indicate Ghanaians are divided on whether their country is peaceful or not. They are equally divided on classifying the state of peace in Ghana as negative or positive. Instead, they have identified sets of centrifugal and centripetal forces that somehow self-neutralize to keep Ghana in a steady state of unstable peace. Among the lift forces are strongly shared cultural and Indigenous African Religious values; symbiotic interethnic economic relationships; identity dissolution and cultural miscegenation due to open interethnic systems of accommodation and incorporation; and the persistence of historical multi-lateral political, sociocultural, and economic relationships. On the drag side are the youth bulge; emergent religious intolerance; elite exit from the state in using private solutions for public problems; and highly politicized and partisan national discourses that leave the country with no national agenda. In sum, Ghana is no exception to the rule. The four interconnected meso theories that this study identifies provide pointers to what factors Ghana needs to strengthen to avert descent into violence.
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Kaulicke, Peter. "Nota editorial." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113449.
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Chiung-Wen, Chen, and 陳瓊文. "Switzerland's ethnic integration and national identity-A case in neutral policy." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36761592546050374121.
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碩士國防大學政治作戰學院
政治研究所
99
In the human history, ethnic conflict caused many wars, but the racial exclusion caused more brutal massacres in the history. Even in today's civilized society, the ethnic imbalance in the internal affairs of many countries has become a problem. Switzerland is called the "World Park" and "Peace of the Country". In addition to the internationally recognized status of permanent neutrality, the country show the spirit of democracy, ethnic harmony, equality, and the country's peaceful image of the language, that highlights Switzerland's international image. View of human history, a country's external image of the real common vision to build from domestic. Switzerland, there was one multiethnic, multilingual and multicultural country in the international gesture of peace to build a world-renowned harmony, coexistence and common prosperity of the social landscape. Neutral basis for the founding of the Switzerland, and ethnic harmony and national identity are national assets in Switzerland. The Swiss Federal Government through the success of many policies and mechanisms to resolve potential conflicts of many different crises, and in the long-term policy of neutrality under the influence of the Swiss people had twice in referendums to oppose joining the EU (European Union), as a neutral policy to defend the specific practices. This article of "neutrality" for the exposition of a neutral policy of ethnic integration and national identity of the key factors, and for the historical development of Swiss neutrality, indicating its meaning and its interests, given the reference of our foreign policy and reflection .
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Alam, M. Yunis. "In-group identity and the challenges of ethnographic research." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9069.
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Wang, Yu-Chuan, and 王瑜倩. "Language Policy and its Effect to the Identity of Ethnic Russians in Baltic States." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30970790872684478100.
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碩士淡江大學
歐洲研究所碩士班
102
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the status of ethnic Russians in Baltic states was suddenly changed from the ruling class to the ruled class. For these Russian diaspora the biggest issue should be how to shape their identity, as well as how to resolve the intense relationship with the local people. The purposes of the thesis are to explore: (1) the reasons for changing the language policy after independence of the Baltic states, (2) the implications of the Baltic states’ language polices, and (3) the effect of the language polices to the identity of ethnic Russians in Baltic states. The author argues that the language policy after independence of the Baltic states affects not only the ethnic Russians’ right to work, civic rights and life, but also their identity. The identity of ethnic Russians has been changed from primordial identity to dual identity which helps them to integrate into the societies.
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Chang, Wen-Jung, and 張文榮. "New Ethnic Relations in the Basque Country of Spain: Cultural Policy of the Basque Country and its Reconstruction of Ethnic Identity." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83383013382566615156.
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碩士南華大學
歐洲研究所
89
Since 1492 Spain became a unified country, the process toward the political and cultural dominance of Castile had been of fundamental importance to its nation-building. Successive central governments often imposed the repressive policy of cultural assimilation and state centralism on the non-dominant ethnic groups, therefore the ethnic relations in Spain were always considered as a permanent tension between centralization and fragmentation. After the death of Franco, there has been a trend toward greater respect for the cultural diversity. It wasn’t until the time of drawing up the 1978 Spanish Constitution that the power was devolved from the center to the autonomous communities. The creation of the Department of Culture in the Basque Autonomous Community in 1980 was the major step to implementing the normalization of Basque culture. It means the value of the regional voice inside Spanish policy-making has been acknowledged and the Basque culture can be revitalized. In this context, how the cultural policy adopted by the Basque Government reconstructs the Basque ethnic identity will be crucial to the ethnic relations in the Basque Country of Spain. This thesis exerts the methodology of historical research, such as documental analysis, comparison and induction. With an interpretation of theories of ethnicity and public policy, this thesis explores the significance of the Basque cultural policy for the Basque ethnic identity. The information presented in this thesis comes from two general sources; (1) the official documents and bulletins of the Basque Government that are obtained from the Internet; (2) the literature about the Basque politics written by scholars and journalists that is available in Taiwan. This thesis is divided into six chapters. (1) Introduction; (2) The historical evolution of the Basque ethnic identity; (3) The background of the formation of the Basque cultural policy and its administration (4) The implementation of the Basque cultural policy; (5) The significance of the Basque cultural policy for the Basque ethnic identity; (6) Conclusion. The findings of this thesis can be summarized as follows: (1) The implementation of the Basque cultural policy over the twenty years has the positive significance for the cohesion of the Basque ethnicity; (2) The trend toward multiculturalism has been realized in the Basque society; (3) The respect for cultural rights contributes to the formation of the Basque civil society.
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Stroup, Christopher R. "Jewish Acts in the polis: ethnic reasoning and the Jewishness of Christians in Acts of the Apostles." Thesis, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/14558.
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This project examines the depiction of Jewish and Christian identity in Acts of the Apostles by placing the writer’s ethnic claims within a broader material and epigraphic context. Scholarship on Jewish identity in Acts has often emphasized Jewish and Christian religious difference, an emphasis that has tended to mask the intersections of civic, ethnic, and religious identifications in antiquity. Such identity categories did not exist as distinct, stable entities. Rather, as discussions of identity in antiquity demonstrate, they were contested, negotiable, and ambiguous. Bringing Acts into conversation with recent scholarly insights regarding identity as represented in Roman era material and epigraphic remains shows that Acts presents Jews and Jewish identity in multiple, complex ways, rather than as a simple foil for “Christianity.”
The dissertation argues that when the modern distinctions between ethnic, religious, and civic identities are suspended, the innovative ethnic rhetoric of the author of Acts comes into focus. The underlying connection between ethnic, religious, and civic identities provided him with space to present non-Jewish Christians as converted Jews and therefore to identify all Christians as Jews. On the basis of this identification, he marked Christians as a unified Jewish community that enhanced the stability of the city, contrasting them with other Jewish communities. By creating an internal distinction between Christians and other Jews, he privileged Christians as the members of an ideal, unified Jewish community and contrasted them with what he identified as factious, local Jewish associations.