Journal articles on the topic 'Polish entrepreneurs'
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Kozieł, Grzegorz. "‘Firm’ [Firma] in the Meaning of Polish Legal Language: The Business Name under which the Entrepreneur Operates in Legal and Economic Transactions, or an Entrepreneur [Przedsiębiorca]? Selected Comments on the (Un) Reasonableness of the Use of the Word ‘Firm’ [Firma] in Various Substantive Meanings." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.04.06.
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Abstract This article presents selected observations relating to the reasonableness of using the word ‘firm’ [Polish: firma] in various substantive meanings in Polish legal language. First, attention is drawn to the basic meaning of the word ‘firm’ [firma] in Polish legal language as a business name under which an entrepreneur [przedsiębiorca] operates in legal transactions, which is synthetically (briefly) distinguished from the meaning in Polish legal language, especially of the word ‘entrepreneur’ [przedsiębiorca]. It is then pointed out that in Polish legal and non-legal language, especially in everyday language and in the specialist language of economics and finance, as well as in management and quality sciences (including the language of practice of these areas of knowledge), a different meaning of the word ‘firm’ [firma] is adopted: while in Polish legal language it is understood as the business name of an entrepreneur, in the non-legal language of the above-mentioned areas it is understood as meaning an entrepreneur (also in the context of the meaning given to it in selected foreign languages). This is the background for pointing to the use of the word ‘firm’ [firma] in Polish legal language in the early 21st century not to define the business names of entrepreneurs conducting a strictly defined economic activity, but in a different sense – to define these entrepreneurs by introducing the concepts of an investment firm [firma inwestycyjna], a foreign investment firm [zagraniczna firma inwestycyjna] and an audit firm [firma audytorska], assessing these legislative changes as a significant systemic inconsistency and formulating conclusions in this regard.
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Knight, Julie. "The evolving motivations of ethnic entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 9, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-10-2013-0031.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the motivations and dynamics of Polish small business owners who are living and working in the United Kingdom several years after Poland’s enlargement to the European Union. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 39 Polish migrants, residing in the Cardiff area, in 2008 and 2011. During the 2008 data collection period, 20 interviews were completed, and during the 2011 data collection period, 19 interviews were completed. Findings – The findings highlight that migrants become entrepreneurs for a variety of reasons, blurring the lines between cultural and economic entrepreneurship as well as between necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship. The findings also highlight the changing motivations of the ethnic entrepreneurs over time, particularly when the demand for their product is unsustainable. Research limitations/implications – The generalisabilty of the research is limited because of the small sample size. In addition, the lack of Polish language skills of the interviewer may have influenced the sampling of the Polish community. Practical implications – The findings from this article will have an impact on the wider ethnic entrepreneurship literature, migration-based policy and the cultural integration of migrants in the long-term. Originality/value – This article contributes to the wider literature on ethnic entrepreneurship through considering the migrants’ motivations throughout their entire entrepreneurial period and how these motivations may evolve over time.
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Lassalle, Paul. "Opportunity recognition among migrant entrepreneurs." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 19, no. 3 (June 5, 2018): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750318779487.
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This article examines the decision-making process of Polish migrant entrepreneurs (MEs) using the theoretical lens of opportunity recognition, which has not yet been applied to MEs. First, the article provides empirical evidence on Polish MEs in Glasgow on the incremental nature of their entrepreneurial decisions, their ability to perceive opportunities in the community niche market located in the local opportunity structure and the role played by the household context, highlighting that starting-up is a household and not an individual decision. Second, building on the opportunity recognition literature, the article proposes the concept of haphazard entrepreneurship in the case of MEs. The concept encompasses notions of serendipity and mixed embeddedness and recognizes the importance of household migration and settlement strategies in entrepreneurial decision-making.
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Etel, Maciej. "Polish “Entrepreneur” and EU “Undertaking”: Multilingualism and Differences in Legal Identification." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 52, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2017-0042.
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Abstract The European Union and its member-states’ involvement in the economic sphere, manifesting itself in establishing the rules of entrepreneurs’ functioning – their responsibilities and entitlements – requires a precise determination of the addressees of these standards. Proper identification of an entrepreneur is a condition of proper legislation, interpretation, application, control and execution of the law. In this context it is surprising that understanding the term entrepreneur in Polish law and in EU law is not the same, and divergences and differences in identification are fundamental. This fact formed the objective of this article. It is aimed at pointing at key differences in the identification of an entrepreneur between Polish and EU law, explaining the reasons for different concepts, and also the answer to the question: May Poland, as an EU member-state, identify the entrepreneur in a different way than the EU?
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Rytelewska, Aleksandra. "Contracts in business transactions according to Polish law." Pravovedenie 65, no. 2 (2021): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.203.
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The article aims to familiarize the Russian reader with the issue of contracts concluded by professional entities (entrepreneurs) under the Polish legal system. Undoubtedly, the majority of all contracts concluded by private law bodies are trade contracts. It should be noted that the concept of trade contracts covers contracts in which both parties are professionals as well as those in which only one of the parties acts as an entrepreneur conducting their business. The article discusses 8 contracts as follows: contract of agency, contract of consignment, contract of carriage, contract of forwarding, bailment, contract of storage, delivery contract and leasing contract. They are a compilation of typical contracts traditionally concluded in business transactions. Their choice was determined both by the scale of their use in practice and their importance for commercial activity. At the same time, as highlighted in the paper, due to the freedom of contract principle under the Polish law of obligations, these contracts may be (and often are) used as model solutions that entrepreneurs will rely on when entering into legal relations that are not explicitly indicated in the Polish legal system (so-called unnominated contracts). In conclusion, attention is drawn to the challenges the Polish legislator faces today in the field of contract law due to contemporary economic changes. Furthermore, the threats posed by both excessively strict legislation and a lack of proper regulation are identified along with a recommended solution aimed at reconciling these diverging positions. According to this suggestion, in order to grant a normative form to unnominated contracts, commonly concluded in business transactions, concrete measures should be taken only in the form of guidelines, non-binding proposals that can be used by entrepreneurs to guarantee a minimum level of protection for parties to such contracts.
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Strzelbicki, Michał. "Skutki prawne kontroli przedsiębiorcy prowadzonej z naruszeniem zasad kontroli." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 114 (August 10, 2018): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.114.41.
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LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENTREPRENEUR INSPECTION CONDUCTED IN VIOLATION OF PRINCIPLES FOR INSPECTIONWith the enforcement of the Business Activities Freedom Act, the provisions of Chapter 5 entitled “Entrepreneur Inspection” have become to apply in the Polish Public Economic Law. The essence of the regulation lies in the principles for inspection, namely standards to be met by each and every entrepreneur’s business inspection performed by administrative bodies. Legal regulation of entrepreneur inspection, providing for legal framework of the procedure and setting limits to the actions of the inspection authority, was aimed by the legislator to limit the natural advantage of the authority over the entrepreneur during the inspection proceeding.The legislator was aware that the very introduction of principles for inspection would not be sufficient to effectively protect entrepreneurs’ interests. For this reason, the administrative authorities have been obliged to apply the principles for trader inspection through far-reaching negative legal consequences to the authority in the event of breach. The article analyses such legal solutions which provide entrepreneurs with the right to pursue compensation from the state, and permit demanding that the evidence gathered during the inspection could not be used against such trader by the administration authorities the “fruit of the poisonous tree” principle. The author presents the scope of application of both such instruments, and takes a stand as regards related detailed issues which have so far been the bone of contention both in the doctrine and in the judgements.
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Morawczyński, Rafał. "Venture Capitalists’ Investment Criteria in Poland: Entrepreneurial Opportunities, Entrepreneurs, and Founding Teams." Administrative Sciences 10, no. 4 (October 10, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci10040077.
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The aim of this article is to explore the decision-making policies by Polish Venture Capital (VC) firms, with special focus on the perception of entrepreneurs. This paper presents the results of a conjoint analysis and assessment of the importance of select characteristics among entrepreneurs and the qualities of a team of founders comprising managers of VC firms. The data were collected via face-to-face interviews with 26 Venture Capitalists. In the conjoint experiment, six attributes were presented, among which three represented characteristics of the entrepreneur (his/her passion and experience) and the management team (experience and completeness) alongside three characteristics of the opportunity (readiness of the product/service, growth rate of the market, and innovativeness of the whole project). VC managers ranked the importance of eight characteristics of the entrepreneurs related to their decisions and assessed the functional composition of the team of founders. The results of the experiment show that venture capitalists (VCs) most strongly appreciate the readiness of the product and entrepreneur’s passion. However, their preferences varied across the sample. The results of the ranking also show that the VC managers highly value the honesty of the entrepreneur. VCs typically prefer a team of founders, rather than a single-person project, preferably consisting of persons at least familiar with the technology and the market. This study contributes significantly to the state-of-the-art, as research on VC investment policy (investment criteria) is relatively rare in Central and Eastern Europe, where the VC industry is starting to flourish.
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Lassalle, Paul, and Gerard McElwee. "Polish entrepreneurs in Glasgow and entrepreneurial opportunity structure." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 22, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-01-2016-0012.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a modelized representation of the concept of opportunity structures for ethnic minority entrepreneurs in Glasgow, Scotland, that incorporates the different demand and supply side dimensions influencing entrepreneurial activity. Design/methodology/approach – An appropriate qualitative research design was implemented in order to capture and understand the influence of contextual dimensions on entrepreneurial behaviour of Polish EMEs in Glasgow. As part of the abductive and reflective process of the research, 21 semi-structured interviews were carried out in with Polish EMEs who are sole-owners of businesses. Findings – By contextualising ethnic minority entrepreneurship, the paper reveals the crucial and ambivalent role played by the community (for resource mobilisation and as the primary market) and by Polish EMEs’ perception of the opportunity structure, on their entrepreneurial behaviour. Moreover, it highlights the importance of the household as a contextual dimension on entrepreneurial decision making among those Polish entrepreneurs in Glasgow. Practical implications – Provides a comprehensive and operational model of opportunity structure for EMEs which can be used an operational tool for both scholars in the field as well as by policy makers. The proposed model constitutes a framework for analysing the influence of different contextual dimensions on EMEs’ entrepreneurial behaviour. Originality/value – The contribution is the provision of an original tool to enable further systematic comparative approaches while conducting research on EMEs across different communities and localities.
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Słapczyński, Tomasz. "Działalność gospodarcza w polskich przepisach legislacyjnych." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 22 (July 19, 2018): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.22.4.
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DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN POLAND IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL LAW ASPECTS - INTERPRETATIONS AND COLLISIONS OF THE STATUATORY DEFINITIONSThe doctrine distinguishes between two kinds of economic law, economic law, typicallyadministrative law and private economic law regulating civil-law relations. Both divisionsof law are interlinked because they regulate the functioning of economic entities in the wholecountry. Private law in this respect regulates property relations of entities of law-entrepreneurs who are entitled to autonomy in legal trade and are entities on the basis of equality. Public law regulates the relationship of subordinate sovereignty, administrative subordination, exercised by the state. The law of business is undoubtedly part of the public economic law, regulates the existence of an entrepreneur, and relations between entrepreneurs are the domain of private law. A company operating on the market must fulfill a number of statutory requirements and act in accordance with the law. It has a number of obligations for the State but also for other entities operating in the economy. As mentioned, an enterprise or an entrepreneur is obliged to fulfill the obligations imposed on them. Polish legislation is not uniform, as to the definition of entrepreneur and business, every department of law, and even some of the laws within the same law department, use a different definition of economic activity. Therefore, it is very important for an entrepreneur operating in Poland to check whether his activity is an economic activity in connection with the regulations contained in a specific law that may be in force. This is a very problematic issue, although the definitions in the various laws are similar, but they are not identical, which complicates the business, through heterogeneous and complex legislation that puts businesses in uneven light between many state institutions that impose obligations. To entrepreneurs. The work attempts to systematize the definition of an entrepreneur in Polish legal regulations, highlight the differences in individual laws and the consequences of that.
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Patnaik, Oskar. "Business Opportunities in India for Polish Entrepreneurs." Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 1, no. 3 (2013): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15678/eber.2013.010306.
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Wierciński, Hubert. "Are Polish Primary Care Practitioners Social Entrepreneurs?" Ethnologia Polona 40 (2019): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/ethp40.2019.010.
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Pijanowska, Justyna, and Michał Brożyna. "Wybrane aspekty prawne obrotu zasobami ziemi rolniczej w Polsce po zmianie prawa w 2016 roku." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 123 (October 28, 2018): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.123.20.
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On 30 April 2016 restrictions on the purchase of agricultural land by entities from European Union countries were to end. Therefore, the Act on shaping the agricultural system was changed. During the legislative work, it was pointed out that the legislator, wanting to protect native agricultural market participants (Polish individual farmers and agricultural entrepreneurs) against foreign entities interested in accessing Polish agricultural real estate, (we are talking here only about citizens and entrepreneurs from other EU Member States) de facto introduced regulations that limited access to this market also to Polish citizens or made it difficult. The aim of the study is to indicate these new regulations, the introduction of which caused or may cause difficulties in the practice of application of law consisting in the inability of the property to acquire agricultural real estate by interested entities that are Polish citizens
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Chebotarov Ie. V. and Chebotarov V. A. "The Content of the Entrepreneur Profile and the Rationale for the Methodology of Comparative Analysis." Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, no. 2(41) (December 16, 2021): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2021.2(41).147-151.
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The entry of Ukraine into the system of the international division of labor as a full-fledged subject raises a number of issues in the theory and practice of economic comparative studies in terms of substantiating methods for comparing the levels of competence of entrepreneurs from different countries. A prerequisite for solving these issues is the development of the problem of the entrepreneur’s profile. This problem is relevant for countries of both Western (Anglo-Saxon) and Eastern (Japanese) management, as well as for countries of all other types of entrepreneurial culture. This problem is solved in the article on the basis of the scientific and practical triad of economic comparative studies “national business culture” – “corporate culture” – “entrepreneur profile”. A clear identification of the initial category “entrepreneur profile” is substantiated. This is a system of professional (general entrepreneurial), highly specialized, general cultural, psychological and physical competencies (qualities, properties, requirements), identified in the relevant characteristics and their resulting assessments, which a manager of a certain hierarchical level of an organization (enterprise) must possess in order to adequately fulfill the normative and assigned job responsibilities. In the context of substantiating a unified toolkit for assessing the competencies of entrepreneurs, the authors proposes the following ten characteristics of competencies: “Power distance”, “Individualism”, “Masculinity”, “Uncertainty avoidance”, “Long-term orientation”, “Indulgence”, “Inclination to entrepreneurship”, “Commitment to the business”, “Planning within the enterprise”, “Standardization of business activities”. The content of these characteristics is revealed. A description is given of the methodological tools that have been actually tested in the implementation of the Ukrainian-Polish project “National business culture of Poland and Ukraine: improving the scientific and practical foundations of cooperation in the European and world markets” methodological tools – two questionnaires that make it possible to conduct a comparative analysis of the profiles of entrepreneurs from different countries.
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Wołoszyn-Cichocka, Agnieszka. "Evolution of Polish Legal Regulations Devoted to the Issue of Licensing Business Activities." Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 2 (November 29, 2020): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2019.2.163-180.
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The concession is considered to be the most important and most distressing form of business activity control for the entrepreneur. In the Polish legal order, it was the subject of regulation of every legal act which was considered to be the so-called economic constitution. The purpose of this study is to bring closer Polish legal regulations devoted to the issue of licensing business activities from the interwar period to the current law. Particular emphasis should be placed on how to regulate concessions in the applicable Entrepreneurs Law, which significantly differs from previous legal regulations. The legislator’s intention was to create an act of a very general nature, regulating only problems of fundamental importance for the issue of concessions. Other issues are regulated by special laws.
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LENIK, Piotr. "IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY IN NATIVE ORGANIZATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN TQM EXPERIENCES." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 161, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3117.
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The article describes the capabilities of TQM implementation in Polish organizations. It takes account of Polish conditions as well as the need of greater involvement of native managers in employing this concept for the development of entrepreneurs and non-commercial institutions.
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Glinkowska, Beata, and Viacheslav Chebotarov. "Establishing a Business in Ukraine – the Initial Regulatory Organizational and Legal Aspects for Polish Entrepreneurs." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 22, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2019-0005.
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The inspiration to create this summary was research carried out on the Polish–Ukrainian internationalization of business activity conditions and their models. The article contains conclusions based on the authors’ interviews with Ukrainian businessmen and government officials, as well as an analysis of legal acts related to establishing a business in Ukraine by members of the Polish business community. A reference to fundamental regulations is presented. The research shows that serious legal easements for starting a business in Ukraine have occurred. This is the first step towards building a positive atmosphere. However, there are many factors which often discourage Polish entrepreneurs to initiate foreign expansion towards Ukraine and, on this basis, beyond its borders. The governments of both countries should pay attention to them. In this context, the article contains initial provisions for improving the legislative base of Ukraine in the field of internationalization. For Polish entrepreneurs, the basic recommendations for establishing a business in Ukraine are justified.
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Ptaszyńska, Barbara. "Capital expansion of Polish companies abroad and international investment position of the country." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 61, no. 7 (July 28, 2016): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1041.
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The aim of the study is to determine the effect of the size and structure of the Polish direct investment on the international investment position of the country. As it turns out, the impact of the Polish direct investment abroad on the Polish international position worsens. The article describes the conditions and the scale of Polish investment abroad in the years 1994—2013. Based on data from the Ministry of Economy, National Bank of Poland and agencies of foreign investment, it was found that Polish entrepreneurs direct their capital mainly in the services sector on the European market.
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Sipa, Monika, and Andrzej SkibiÅ„ski. "Selected Aspects of Age Management as a Challenge for Polish Entrepreneurs." Journal of Education and Vocational Research 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2016): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jevr.v7i1.1218.
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The process of demographic aging is not only a long-term threat to the maintenance of social security systems, but also a major challenge for the companies in terms of the HR function implementation. It is necessary that employers take a more responsible attitude to the problems of an aging population in order to provide the proper functioning not only of these organisations, but also of the whole society and economy. This paper presents some aspects of age management in the context of the perception of this problem by Polish employers. The main objective of this elaboration was to determine whether and how Polish organisations view the problem of aging of labour force.
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Jabłońska, Małgorzata, Joanna Stawska, Radosław Dziuba, Mahmut Tekce, and Marta Krasoń. "Public Aid and Entrepreneurship During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the European Union Countries." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 3, no. 31 (September 30, 2021): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.3.31.04.
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The aim of the article: The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic made it necessary to involve the state in the process of rescuing numerous business entities from bankruptcy. In the European Union, the aid measure for entrepreneurs takes a form of public aid, which, as it turns out, is the necessary and the only tool to protect SME sector enterprises against bankruptcy. Social isolation caused by the virus that spread on a large scale effectively inhibited the development of entrepreneurship, which is inherently related to the economic development of countries. The aim of the article is therefore to indicate that supporting entrepreneurs within the framework of public aid may help to reverse the unfavorable economic trends related to the disturbed development of entrepreneurship.
Methodology: The article analyzes and assesses the government solutions introduced to the Polish economic reality, the purpose of which is to counteract the effects of Covid-19. The paper presents the current public aid tools available to entrepreneurs along with their financial dimension.
Results of the research: State aid granted by the state to entrepreneurs during the crisis caused by Covid-19 is indispensable for their further functioning. The paper presents aid instruments related to COVID-19 that are available to entrepreneurs. The analysis shows that public aid addressed to entrepreneurs injured as a result of the lockdown comes from many sources and is almost tailored to the individual entrepreneur. The entities providing aid on the basis of state aid include: banks, local government units, executive bodies of local government units, Social Insurance Fund, State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled People, financial intermediaries, bodies constituting local government units, the European Investment Bank, Polish Development Fund, district and voivodeship labor offices and BGK (Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego). Having prepared a package of systemic solutions, the government introduced them systematically, depending on the situation of individual sectors of the economy. Special solutions in the form of financial shields were addressed directly to the tourism sector (e.g. loans for tour operators) or the catering sector, which in the face of the pandemic were most exposed to a decrease in revenues. The impact of introduced solutions on the country’s economy can be assessed only in the next few years, but the multitude and diversified nature of the anti-crisis solutions introduced in Poland will certainly contribute to slowing down the negative consequences of Covid-19 in the economy.
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Kliuchnikava, Yana. "THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON ATTITUDE TOWARDS INNOVATION AMONG SMES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND POLAND." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37335/ijek.v10i1.131.
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The article's primary purpose is to determine the attitude of Czech entrepreneurs towards innovation by comparing data obtained before and during the pandemic. Moreover, to compare the perception of the risks associated with the pandemic among Czech and Polish entrepreneurs. The use of innovation helps transform and modernize products, thereby affecting a firm's competitiveness in the market. At the same time, the introduction of new technologies allows the company to gain an advantage in creating new products that can allow it to expand its activities abroad and, thus, open up new markets. It can play an essential role in the company's development during a difficult market situation in its own country. This article examines trends in SMEs' drive to innovate in a pandemic. It also compares the results of entrepreneurs from the Czech Republic and Poland. The data obtained revealed that despite the overall negative impact of the pandemic on the activities of SMEs, it had a positive effect on the attitude of entrepreneurs towards the introduction of innovations. The willingness of Czech SMEs to innovate in the near future has increased by almost 23%. Also, during the pandemic, the expectations of entrepreneurs for help and decisive steps from the state increased. In this way, entrepreneurs preferred to rely on government assistance in financing the company than on banks, and the percentage of expectations for advantageous conditions from banks decreased by 19%. A comparison of data between Polish and Czech SMEs indicated differences in the perception of the main risk of a pandemic, where Czech entrepreneurs have fewer problems selling products or services (32% against 48%).
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Kamosiński, Sławomir, and Elżbieta Zalesko. "Entrepreneurs Confronting the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: from Powerlessness in the Face of the Government’s Policies to Protests." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 397–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2022-0020.
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Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic triggered a crisis affecting many spheres of socio-economic life. Both the authorities and entrepreneurs found themselves in a new and unusual situation. The lockdown introduced in the Polish economy in March 2020 has changed drastically environment and conditions for entrepreneurs and companies in Poland. The article touches on the problem of changes in the system of formal and informal institutions during that period. An attempt was made to answer the question: to what extent was the institutional state order compatible with the spontaneous order during that period, did the paths of entrepreneurs and the government meet and an agreement was reached in the name of setting a common policy direction to support the economy in the difficult period of the pandemic, or did the paths of these parties diverge? The research hypothesis requiring verification was that the institutional crisis in Poland deepened during the Covid-19 pandemic, as reflected in the slow erosion of the principles of institutional governance. The analysis shows that the progressing institutional weakness of the state during the period under review deepened the crisis of institutions. Its symptom was the gradual disappearance of social dialogue and arbitrary decisions taken by the government. The rules of law did not take into account the needs of entrepreneurs. Over time, the trust in the government and the law has declined. In a response to the prolonged lockdown in many sectors of the Polish economy, some desperate entrepreneurs took steps to circumvent the law, and there were active protests of entrepreneurs against the government’s decisions. The government might defend its authority only with ineffective repressions applied to entrepreneurs.
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Mroczkowski, Tomasz. "Women as employees and entrepreneurs in the Polish transformation." Industrial Relations Journal 28, no. 2 (June 1997): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2338.00045.
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Ambroziak, Adam A. "Income tax exemption as a regional state aid in special economic zones and its impact upon development of Polish districts." Oeconomia Copernicana 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2016.015.
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Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were established to attract entrepreneurs to invest in Polish regions in order to increase their social and economic development. One of the most important incentives offered in SEZs is state aid in the form of an income tax exemption. The objective of this paper is to verify if the regional state aid granted to entrepreneurs in SEZs has had a positive impact on the social and economic development of Polish poviats. The conducted research allowed for the conclusion that regional state aid in SEZs in the form of an income tax exemption was of a relatively higher importance to the poorest regions, while its significance was much lower in better developed areas in Poland. Moreover the intensity of regional state aid granted to entrepreneurs in SEZs had a positive influence on the social and economic development of the poorest and sometimes less developed poviats in Poland, while the more developed poviats with SEZs did not record better or much better results compared to poviats without SEZs.
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Lewandowska, Anna, Elżbieta Inglot-Brzęk, and Ruslan Harasym. "Determinants of Polish Exports to the Ukrainian Market." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 12, no. 3 (January 9, 2015): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.1031.
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The aim of this article is to diagnose the state of Polish-Ukrainian economic relations in the area of trade in goods and services, with particular emphasis on the export of goods to the Ukrainian market. The study includes an analysis of the legal conditions and statistical data on trade cooperation between Poland and Ukraine. In order to deepen the theoretical discussion, a quantitative study was carried out among Polish enterprises cooperating with Ukrainian partners, or operating on the Ukrainian market. The results are primarily focused on depicting the exports of goods and services of Polish entrepreneurs to the Ukrainian market.
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Śladkowska, Ewa. "THE RIGHTS OF THE ENTREPRENEUR UNDER AUDIT TO USE PROTECTION MEASURES BEFORE AN ADMINISTRATIVE COURT." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 1, no. XX (March 30, 2020): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1438.
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The article presents the institution of appeal which is a special means of legal protection vested in the entrepreneur during the control of economic activity conducted against him. This measure was introduced into the Polish legal order on 7 March 2009. It enables the entrepreneur to appeal to a higher authority specifically indicated in the legal provisions of individual actions taken and performed by the inspection authority during the inspection. This extremely important legal regulation guaranteeing the protection of entrepreneurs’ rights is extremely complicated and gives rise to serious legal discussions in the literature and jurisprudence of administrative courts, it has also been analyzed by the Constitutional Tribunal. The article presents the main elements of the institution, focusing on legal remedies that an entrepreneur can use before an administrative court. These include a complaint about the decision upholding the decision of the first instance authority on continuing the inspection activities and a complaint about the protracted conduct of the inspection.
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Misztal, Bronislaw, and Carole Nagengast. "Reluctant Socialists, Rural Entrepreneurs: Class, Culture and the Polish State." Contemporary Sociology 22, no. 1 (January 1993): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2074980.
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Stewart, Michael, and Carole Nagengast. "Reluctant Socialists, Rural Entrepreneurs: Class, Culture and the Polish State." Man 28, no. 4 (December 1993): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804041.
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Dudiak, Ołeh. "Spisy powszechne w Polsce w latach 1921 i 1931 jako źródło do badań liczebności, struktury etniczno-wyznaniowej i zatrudnienia przedsiębiorców przemysłowych we Lwowie w okresie międzywojennym." Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe 13 (December 13, 2021): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/kpk.13.2021.13.11.
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THE POLISH CENSUSES OF 1921 AND 1931 AS A SOURCE FOR STUDYING THE NUMBER, ETHNO-CONFESSIONAL STRUCTURE, AND EMPLOYMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTREPRENEURS IN INTERWAR LVIV
The author of the article analyses the censuses of 1921 and 1931 as a source for studying the business community of Lviv in the interwar period. He shows that census materials allow to establish the number of industrial entrepreneurs, the structure of their employment and ethno-confessional affiliation. In addition, these materials help to trace the quantitative changes of this social stratum, which occurred during the researched period. More advanced methodological principles of the 1931 census help to shed light on the stratification of Lviv entrepreneurs engaged in industry, depending on the size of the enterprises they owned, and to compare the relationships between different groups of entrepreneurs in the city’s largest ethno-confessional communities.
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Puacz-Olszewska, Jolanta. "Financial security of enterprises from Poland, Germany, and Great Britain." VUZF Review 6, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.21.4.12.
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Pandemics are caused by the negative impact of global threats, we put you at risk in one global world. An effective and efficient mortality tool, bringing also economic and economic successes. The world is currently struggling with the coronavirus (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, which unfortunately already has pandemic status. Blow it off on yourself, concerned about how it will affect the global recession
The aim of the article is to present and compare how governments of countries such as Poland, Germany, and the United Kingdom provide entrepreneurs with financial security in connection with the negative effects caused by COVID-19. At the beginning of the article, it is briefly presented what financial security is, and several measures are distinguished to measure the financial security of enterprises. Then, the financial assistance for entrepreneurs selected to the countries is described. Countries such as Poland, Germany, and Great Britain were selected for the analysis. The most attention was devoted to describing the aid for Polish entrepreneurs. The information used in the article was obtained from the Polish and British GOV portal and from the German ministry responsible for economic policy (BMWi). In the end, support from the government in the analysed countries was compared, and the country is indicated, where entrepreneurs would cope best in the current situation and have the best chance for development. It is also indicated what impact the financial aid of the government has on the development of enterprises.
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Prokopowicz, Dariusz, and Jan Rakowski. "JUBILEE'S REPORT OF THE 14TH CONGRESS OF THE POLISH ECONOMY FOR THE 15TH ANNUAL OF THE COMMERCIAL INDUSTRY CONGREGATION OF THE POLISH CHAMBER OF COMMUNITY." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7650.
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The key factor for the effective development of business entities in market conditions is the issue of activating innovation and entrepreneurship, because in this way it is possible to significantly increase the economic efficiency of a given entity, improve the financial situation and, consequently, increase tax revenues to the state budget. In addition, the improvement of business and social relations between enterprises and state and self-government authorities is also particularly important. In connection with the above, the importance of chambers of commerce acting as the integrators of the business community, self-government and state authority institutions and other public entities is growing. One of such chambers of commerce is the Industrial and Commercial Congregation of the Polish Chamber of Commerce, which also integrates the business community with the institutions of locally operating local government units and the regional economic chambers cooperating with them, which mainly associate locally operating entrepreneurs. As part of its activities, the Industrial and Commercial Congregation of the Polish Chamber of Commerce organizes periodically implemented meetings, conferences and congresses, during which debates regarding the need for systemic improvement of economic, normative, fiscal, etc. conditions are made to small and medium-sized companies in the trade sector operating in Poland. The main events integrating entrepreneurs, local government, economists, people of art and politicians organized periodically by the Polish-American Chamber of Commerce and Industry are the Congresses of Polish Economy and the Congresses of Modern Economy. One of the last events of this type was the Jubilee XIV Congress of Polish Economy organized on June 21, 2017 in Warsaw on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the Polish-Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. This Congress, which is the subject of the next chapter of this study, continued the problems raised during debates taking place during previous KPH OIG Congresses.
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Słowik, Anna. "Management of intellectual property in polish companies." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2927.
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The aim of this article is to present the methods of intellectual property management in Polish enterprises. It highlights the strategies of commercialisation of enterprises by using only their own capital and knowledge resources, and by using the capital and knowledge resources of their business partners. It also identifies examples of companies which, in accordance with the introduced system of intellectual property management successfully implement new technologies by which they achieve better financial results. The article shows the low level of innovativeness of Polish entrepreneurs in relation to other member countries of the European Union and indicates its causes.
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Zioło, Monika, and Lidia Luty. "THE ACTIVITY OF MICROCREDIT INSTITUTIONS IN POLAND AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5615.
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The aim of this paper is to present the position of Poland against the backdrop of other European countries affiliated with the European Microfinance Network (EMN). In many cases, microenterprises have a problem obtaining external financing for their businesses. Support for small entrepreneurs is provided by microcredit institutions, which in many cases do not require a credit history or collateral from their clients. Microfinance, by limiting the phenomenon of financial exclusion and facilitating access to financial resources for those in need, can become a tool to stimulate entrepreneurship. Most of the institutions providing loans are affiliated with the European Microfinance Network. Analyses were conducted on three levels: activity of microenterprises in obtaining support for starting a business, loan portfolio quality, and the financial efficiency of institutions providing loans. Comparing Polish micro-entrepreneurs with companies from other European countries, it can be observed that Polish entrepreneurs pay their liabilities on time, as evidenced by the low percentage of lost loans, and institutions providing microloans generate small profits, but are able to finance their activities on their own. Poland also has favourable interest rates on microloans compared to other European countries. However, information showing a decrease in the number of borrowers and the value of loans provided in 2017 compared to 2016 can be assessed negatively.
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JARECKI, Stefan Akira. "Between exercising of public powers and economic activity. The latest findings on the notion of entrepreneur made in the process of judicial review of the decision of the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection." Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics 5, no. 2 (January 7, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/ceejme.621.
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Aim: There is no doubt that public authorities may be directly or indirectly involved in economic activity. A traditional way of distinguish state activity which is not subject to the rules of the market is to decide when the state acts as public authority. In case of state activity two category of situations should be distinguished: these where the state is engaged in an economic activity (sphere of dominium) and these when the state acts by exercising of public powers (sphere of imperium). In the opinion of the author of the article, the distinction between imperium and dominium is still relevant. According to the Competition and Consumer Protection Act of February 16, 2007, an entrepreneur is inter alia natural and legal person, as well as an organisational unit without a legal status to which legislation grants legal capacity, organising or providing public utility services which do not constitute economic activity in the meaning of the provisions on freedom of economic activity. The President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection found that public authorities exercising their administrative powers (sphere of imperium) may be classified as entrepreneurs. In the recent decisions which were subject of judicial review the President of UOKiK decided that the National Health Fund – a state authority responsible for organization and management of health care services in Poland – is an entrepreneur in the meaning of the Polish law (act on competition and consumer protection). The aim of this article is to answer the question whether competition rules should be applied to the state activity in the imperium sphere. This article will focus on the notion of an entrepreneur (undertaking) in polish and EU law in the context of the activity of the state. Design / Research methods: The objective of the article is achieved through doctrinal analysis of the relevant rules of the Polish and EU law and analysis of the recent decisions issued by the President of UOKiK, as well as judgments of the EU Courts, concerning the possibility of qualification of the widely understood state as an undertaking (entrepreneur).Conclusions / findings: From the analysis of the same concept applied in polish and EU law clearly follows that public entities acting ‘by exercising public power’ or ‘in their capacity as public authorities’ (imperium sphere) should not be classified as entrepreneurs (undertakings) in the meaning of competition law. The main scientific value added of the article are the conclusions that the provisions on the protection of competition should be applicable only to the activity of the state in the dominium sphere and that the definition of an entrepreneur and business (economic) activity should be connected to the existence of a market. Originality / value of the article: Paper should be interesting for public authorities, as well as for lawyers, dealing with problems concerning of qualification of public entities in the context of the competition law. The results of the research may be applied for example in the decisions that would be taken by the President of UOKiK. The consequences of application of the findings of the research to practice may be a change of approach to qualification of public entities in the context of the provision of competition law.
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Kosiński, Eryk. "Prawne formy podejmowania i prowadzenia działalności leczniczej jako element systemu ochrony zdrowia w Polsce. Wybrane aspekty." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 114 (August 10, 2018): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.114.7.
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LEGAL FORMS OF UNDERTAKING AND CONDUCTING MEDICAL SERVICES ACTIVITY AS AN ELEMENT OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN POLAND. CERTAIN ASPECTSThe health care system in Poland is characterized by big diversity on side of patients, services delivered by medical services organizations, and medical services organizations entities. The meaning of health care in terms of modern state is quite blatant. The appropriate legal regulation and the structural organization constitutes one of biggest challenges which now-a-days states face. A constitutional provision that guarantees right to health care and to access to health services “right to medical care”, “right to health”. In Poland such right is guaranteed by art. 68 secs. 1–5 of the Polish Constitution. There are many legal forms entities of medical services organizations. Those organizations may be divided into entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Such division is provided by the Polish act on medical services activity of April 15, 2011. Among entrepreneurs there are all entities which are undertakings according to Polish law, and research institutions, foundations, associations, organizational units of associations with legal entity, and units which function under laws regulating relations of the State with diff erent churches. There are additionally private medical practices conducted by medicine doctors and nurses. Among non-entrepreneurs there are so-called public independent health care units, budget units and military units. Moreover, one of the most important issues in the area of health care is a phenomenon of confl ict of interests. It relates to medicine doctors who are employed at the same time in public medical services organizations and in the private sector of health care, or the owners of the private sector medical services organizations, including private medical practice. It seems that such a confl ict of interests should be stopped by non-compete clauses provided in contacts concluded with public medical services organizations. Another possibility is to provide a general prohibition of combining both employment in public medical services organizations with private activities in this sector, including any form of capital involvement in this area.
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Ruciński, Maciej. "RAILWAY TRANSPORT UNDER POLISH LAW." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Ekonomika Transportu i Logistyka 71 (November 10, 2017): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5726.
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The article presents an outline of the law governing railway transport in comparison with the regulations for road transport. The comparison shows that railway entrepreneurs are much more encumbered with legal obligations than road carriers, which in part is due to the specificity of this branch of transport. The essential constraints to the competitiveness of railway transport relate to the cost of access to railway infrastructure and its condition. The article also points out the faulty legislation, disadvantageous to both modes of transport, and attempts to determine the impact of legal solutions for the development of rail transport.
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Sikora-Gaca, Małgorzata. "Agriculture and Rural Development as a Main Objective of Polish Cooperation and Development Aid for the Republic of Moldova." Historia i Polityka, no. 38 (45) (December 14, 2021): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.036.
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Agriculture and development of rural areas are important sectors of Polish-Moldovan cooperation and development aid. Importantly, both of them constitute structural problems, similar to those which faced agriculture in Poland in the 1990s. Through Polish aid and development cooperation, various measures are initiated which increase the competitiveness of Moldovan agricultural production, improve sanitary and phytosanitary conditions, bring technological innovations in agricultural farms, ensure modernization of rural infrastructure, providing support to small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, cooperatives, and agricultural consultants, along with professional activation of the Republic’s residents.
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OZIMEK, IRENA, AGNIESZKA BOBOLA, and JULITA SZLACHCIUK. "CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY RESPOND TO THE PRINCIPLES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - FASHION OR OBLIGATION." sj-economics scientific journal 26, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v26i3.176.
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The objective of the present work was to analyze the knowledge and recognition of the responsible business strategy among Polish consumers and entrepreneurs and to quantify the selected initiatives evaluating CSR activities of enterprises. It is important to note that the idea of corporate social responsibility is appreciated both by consumers and by entrepreneurs. The number of reported good practices is increasing year by year, with more and more companies reporting socially, and the number of companies participating in the ranking of responsible companies and those qualified by the WSE to Respect Index are still stable.
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Tomaszuk, Anna. "Stereotypes in the perception of cross-border business partners (on the example of Podlasie entrepreneurs)." Ekonomia i Zarzadzanie 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0017.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine whether the Podlasie entrepreneurs think about neighboring nations (Belarusian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian and Russian) in a stereotypical way (ascribing to them certain negative characteristic) and, if that affects in any way the decision about cooperation. The theoretical part of the article concerns the concept of stereotype, its features and functions. In the empirical part the results of research are presented. It was carried out on a group of Polish entrepreneurs (in Podlasie) in order to identify their attitudes and opinions on some neighboring nations (Russians, Belarusians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians). The research was a pilot study. The sample included two hundred entrepreneurs. Authors’ questionnaire was used. In the light of the study negative national stereotypes seem to have a great importance in creating cross-border networking.
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Bartkowiak, Grażyna, Agnieszka Krugiełka, Ryszard Dachowski, Katarzyna Gałek, and Paulina Kostrzewa-Demczuk. "Attitudes of Polish Entrepreneurs towards 65+ Knowledge Workers in the Context of Their Pro-Social Attitude and Organizational Citizenship Behavior." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 5294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135294.
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In this article, we examine the issue of Polish entrepreneurs’ attitudes towards knowledge workers above the age of 65 in the context of pro-social and citizenship behavior. The article was written as part of the diversity management paradigm. Firstly, it presents the existing literature on the subject, and then, we present our analysis on the results of a longitudinal study conducted among 93 entrepreneurs, owners, and co-owners of small and medium enterprises, during 2014 and 2019. During this time, legal regulation took place twice, extending and then shortening the period of obligatory work enabling employees to acquire the right to retire. The study was carried out using a specially developed questionnaire, whose reliability met the requirements of methodological correctness and two other research tools. Positive, neutral and negative attitudes were identified among entrepreneurs’ attitudes towards knowledge workers aged 65+. The research results show a correlation between the attitudes of entrepreneurs in 2014 and 2019, stabilization of these attitudes (in relation positive, neutral and negative attitudes), and their particularly significant relationship with organization-oriented citizenship behavior.
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Matuszyk, Anna. "Szanse i zagrożenia sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw wobec przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 54 (November 25, 2004): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.54.31.
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The process of integration with European Union means lots of changes in the functioning conditions of enterprises. They must adjust to norms and standards that are obligatory in EU. Polish market became a part of uniform European market. This situation forced economic entities to start adaptation processes to new conditions. Small and medium enterprises, that are the basis of economy, are particularly sensitive for changes in business environment. Their special needs should be taken into consideration. Majority of Polish entrepreneurs are satisfied with joining European Union. They lead business with countries that are members of EU.
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Pauli, Urban. "MIGRATION AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR HUMAN CAPITAL ENHANCEMENT – POLISH ENTREPRENEURS EXPERIENCE." PRACE NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU EKONOMICZNEGO WE WROCŁAWIU, no. 512 (2018): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2018.512.16.
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Vershinina, Natalia, Rowena Barrett, and Michael Meyer. "Forms of capital, intra-ethnic variation and Polish entrepreneurs in Leicester." Work, Employment and Society 25, no. 1 (March 2011): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017010389241.
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Małecki, Witold. "Metoda promocji jako typ metody regulacji." Prawo 323 (December 29, 2017): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.323.23.
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Method of promotion as a type of method of regulationMethod of promotion forms apart of the dispositive method of regulation in abroad sense which is typical for the method of regulation in the field of economic law. Method of promotion is marked by the benefits that are provided for entrepreneurs who follow patterns of behavior indicated in non-binding promotional norms. The benefits may be of financial nature, consisting of state aid measures and tax exemptions. In the Polish legislation the method of promotion is used to encourage entrepreneurs to conduct innovative activities, employ people with disabilities and participate in the social integration of excluded people.
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Kłoda, Mariusz Tomasz, Katarzyna Malinowska, Bartosz Malinowski, and Małgorzata Polkowska. "Polskie prawo kosmiczne – wyzwania i kompromisy." Przegląd Sejmowy 3(170) (2022): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/ps.2022.113.
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The paper was prepared by members of the Task Force for Polish Space Law operating at the Centre for Space Studies, Kozminski University in Warsaw. The purpose of this paper was to examine the challenges associated with the adoption of a national space legislation, including an analysis of the position of professionals and entrepreneurs active in the Polish space sector on the content of future Polish legislation on space activities. The authors were tasked with presenting the essential issues of Polish regulation of space activity, i.e. its subject and scope, including establishing the spatial scope of statutory regulation and addressing the issue of liability for damage and insurance of such liability. The analysis was conducted both from the perspective of the formal foundations of national legislation on space exploration, which is supposed to reflect the international obligations of the country in this area, and from the perspective of the interests of all stakeholders who bear the main burden of carrying out this risky activity.
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Dietrich, Marek, and Krzysztof J. Kurzydlowski. "Cooperation between Business and Higher Education in Poland." Industry and Higher Education 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229200600308.
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This article looks at recent HE–industry links in Poland, paying particular attention to the Enterprise Development Center at Warsaw University of Technology, which has been established to foster links between entrepreneurs and academic research. The article also describes the recent initiative to form a Polish Industry–Universities Forum, developed through cooperation with the US Business Higher Education Forum.
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Niczyporuk, Piotr. "Przywilej dla kredytobiorców w postaci tzw. Wakacji kredytowych w okresie pandemii koronawirusa (COVID-19) – wybrane zagadnienia." Studia Iuridica, no. 88 (December 13, 2021): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2021-88.14.
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The “Credit Holidays ”is quite an interesting institution that has been regulated by law. In the period of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, bearing in mind the difficulties in repaying liabilities to banks, initially on the part of the Polish Bank Association and the banks themselves, there were proposals to postpone repayment of principal and interest instalments or principal instalments. In this way, “non-statutory credit holidays” were created, and it was up to the lender and the borrower to specify the necessary contractual changes. As part of the so-called “anti-crisis shields” have been introduced into the legal system. First, the interference of the legislator provides for the possibility of postponing the repayment of credit obligations to entrepreneurs. These regulations introduced the possibility, not the obligation, of applying the “credit holidays” to the bank’s customer. However, it was an effective and desired instrument to help entrepreneurs. Under the so-called “Anti-crisis Shield 4.0”, obligatory “statutory credit holidays” aimed at consumers were introduced. The adopted legal regulations indeed cause some interpretation problems, but undoubtedly this legal institution will be a permanent element of the Polish banking system.
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Wojtkowiak, Anna. "Restrictions on the principle of economic freedom on the example of legal regulations regarding the granting of permits to partnerships." Gubernaculum et Administratio 2(24) (2021): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/gea.2021.02.39.
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One of the forms of limiting the principle of economic freedom in the Polish legal system is the prohibition of entrepreneurs from pursuing economic activity in certain areas without a permit. The authorizing authority grants the permit to the entrepreneur who meets the conditions required by law. If a permit is required to conduct business activity by civil partnerships, the permit is issued to individual partners of that partnership, and not to the civil partnership itself, because the legislator does not grant the status of an entrepreneur to civil partnerships. This means that in a situation where we have, for example, five partners in a civil partnership, each of them must apply for a permit and bear the costs of its issuance, which in fact will be additional costs incurred for running a business in this organizational and legal form. Therefore, it can be assumed that the legislator treats civil partnerships worse than partnerships under commercial law, for which it is enough to run a business if they have one permit issued for a company.
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Ciesielski, Jarosław. "Rejestry przedsiębiorców a ochrona danych osobowych." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 112 (August 2, 2018): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.112.2.
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REGISTERS OF ENTREPRENEURS AND PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATACurrently, in Polish law there are different regulations regarding the protection of personal data of entrepreneurs depending on whether they are natural persons disclosed in the Central Register and Information on Business Activity or are other entities capital companies, foundations, partnerships etc., disclosed in the National Court Register. Explicit data provided by the Central Registry are generally subject to the Act of 29 August 1997 on the protection of personal data. The entities that process data contained therein must perform only certain duties. None of the provisions of the Act are applied to entrepreneurs disclosed in the National Court Register. These data are not protected by the Act if they do not apply to natural persons. The personal data of natural persons disclosed in this Register are covered by the protection of the Act, if they are used for purposes other than their identification as performing functions in commercial companies or as persons appearing in the register of insolvent debtors.
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Sachpazidu-Wójcicka, Karina. "Conditions for Innovativeness of Industrial Entrepreneurs in Poland." Equilibrium 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2014.013.
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Strong competition among entrepreneurs forces them to use innovation as the main source of competitive superiority. Dominating role of innovation – the factor of development - forces individual firms to search for the capability of widest use of innovation in their activity. Innovation is a result of specific process, which links up operations like presenting an idea of innovation and implementation of new solution. Proficient management of implementing the innovation process becomes important in creating innovativeness of the company. In order to be able to compete, firms must introduce new technologies, products, services and organizational systems. Nowadays innovation activity driving at bringing new products, processes, new organizational and marketing methods out is one of the most important conditions of firm market success. The paper discusses the concepts of innovativeness and analyses the theoretical conditions for its development, as well as the existing conditions for innovativeness of industrial enterprises in contemporary Poland. The objective of this paper is an analysis of statistical data (GUS) related to technology transfer of industrial entrepreneurs and its influence on innovativeness of firm. This analysis examines the efficiency of innovation activity in Polish industrial companies.
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Haromszeki, Łukasz. "Expected features and the behavior of talented leaders in the three sectors of the Polish economy in context with other Central-Eastern European Countries." Journal of Intercultural Management 6, no. 4-1 (December 1, 2014): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2014-0037.
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Abstract In this article the author attempts to analyze the expected features and behavior of talented leaders existing in the three sectors of the Polish economy according to presented literature the meaning of talent. The author presents confrontation between the most popular ways to explore talented individuals connected with IQ tests and a more adequate solution based on a practical approach. The in-depth diagnosis of the problems presents the basic expectations of employees towards organizational leaders in the three sectors of the Polish economy - public, private and NGO. The formulated questions in this article are appropriate for the needs of the first stage of leadership research. The conducted study shows expectations of employees from the last 23 years since the transformation of Poland and the 6 to 8 years since ISO standards were implemented in different Polish organizations and European Funds have supported Polish entrepreneurs and their personnel. In this article it also shows the results of international research about expectations of employees and future managers towards organizational leaders in different countries in Central-Eastern Europe.