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1
Chyczewiski, Marcin. "Executive strategic decision-making patterns and behaviours in radical change contexts : The case of polish entrepreneurs." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508813.
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Adriansyah, Yasmi. "The Role of Policy Entrepreneurs in Indonesia's Foreign Policy." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149056.
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This thesis is primarily concerned with how and why policy
entrepreneurs succeed in promoting their ideas or policy
proposals. In examining this, the thesis uses the case of
Indonesia’s foreign and domestic policies regarding the
protection of its own migrant workers who work abroad,
particularly with the ratification of the 1990 United Nations
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers
and Members of Their Families (CMW). There are three central
questions that this thesis examines: (1) To what extent were the
policy entrepreneurs important in shaping or playing roles in
Indonesia’s foreign policy regarding the protection of its
migrant workers and who were the main policy entrepreneurs?; (2)
How did these policy entrepreneurs attempt to ensure that their
policy proposals were adopted or their ideas heard?; and (3) Why
were the policy entrepreneurs successful in promoting their
ideas?
The thesis argues that the protection of Indonesian migrant
workers has become a pressing issue in the context of nation’s
foreign and domestic policies. This can be seen from the decision
of Indonesia’s Kementerian Luar Negeri (Ministry of Foreign
Affairs) in 2002 to establish a special directorate to address
the issue, namely the Directorate for the Protection of
Indonesian Citizens and Legal Agencies. Nonetheless, despite the
establishment of this directorate, protection from this
institution was still viewed as relatively poor since there were
still numerous high-profile cases involving Indonesian migrant
workers in cases related to torture and even some resulting in
death. Recent policies developments, spurred by increasing
democratisation, can be viewed as an improvement. This is
demonstrated by Indonesia’s decision to ratify the CMW in 2012.
With regard to this important decision, my empirical analysis
showed that there were at least two categories of policy
entrepreneurs that played important roles in influencing the
decision: key figures operating within the important civil
society organisations who worked under the umbrella movement
People’s Alliance for the Ratification of 1990 Convention
(ARRAK 90) and several elected members of the Dewan Perwakilan
Rakyat (DPR – Indonesia’s House of Representatives).
Overall, the thesis argues that policy entrepreneurs were
successful if: (1) they advocated cogent policy proposals; (2)
these proposals were based on normative principles; and (3) they
promoted their ideas with persistence. Each of these three
factors is examined in the case studies. In testing the notion of
persistence, the thesis measures activities such as: conducting a
series of demonstrations; writing papers; and holding lobbying
luncheons or dinners.
The thesis concludes that there were two success factors that
brought Indonesia’s foreign policy shift from non-ratification
to ratification: coalition-building and advocacy persistence. In
coalition-building, policy entrepreneurs believed that the
emergence of ARRAK 90 significantly transformed the policy
context. Working in coalition, policy entrepreneurs undertook
continuous activities in terms of substantive work,
demonstrations, and lobbying. As the policy context changed and
window of opportunity presented themselves, policy entrepreneurs
demonstrated enormous persistence in presenting their ideas. In
this context, the policy entrepreneurs continuously pushed their
demands, writing to influence public opinion, conducting various
demonstrations for the purpose of raising public awareness,
seizing government attention, and being persistent in demanding
the adoption of their proposals. All these factors, particularly
coalition-building and persistence, answer the primary questions
of this thesis: to what extent were policy entrepreneurs
important in policy change, how did they achieve change, and why
were policy entrepreneurs successful in promoting their policy
proposals?
3
Rietig, Katharina. "Learning in governance : the role of policy entrepreneurs in European climate policy integration." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3121/.
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Learning is frequently regarded as facilitating factor for policy outcomes across multiple levels of governance. Learning however competes with alternative explanations such as bargaining, actor’s interests and organisational objectives. This thesis examines from an institutional perspective the link between individual learning of policymakers and learning among governmental institutions and analyses to what extent learning matters for the policy outcome. It finds that policy entrepreneurs play a key role in transferring learning to the organisational level and in achieving policy outcomes. The empirical focus is on learning in climate policy integration, which carries increasing importance for effective environmental governance as it can help create synergies for economic development and climate mitigation. The European Union is a frontrunner in integrating climate objectives into energy, transport and agriculture policy via regulatory instruments setting overall targets and conditioning financial resources upon compliance. This thesis uses qualitative methods to examine learning in the policymaking aspects of climate policy integration at the examples of the Renewable Energy Directive, its controversial biofuels component and the greening measures in the Common Agricultural Policy. This research makes several original contributions to the agency aspects of environmental governance: the meta-theoretical framework on learning allows a more nuanced analysis of what learning aspects occur in governance such as knowledge- and experience-based learning versus changes in different types of underlying beliefs. It also allows determining the extent to which a policy outcome results from learning or alternative explanations. This contribution clarifies the under-researched link between the learning individual, changes in beliefs and the factors hindering learning from being transferred to the organisational level where policy decisions are made. Policy outcomes resulted predominantly from policy entrepreneurs using previously acquired knowledge and experience to achieve a policy outcome aligned with their pre-formed deeper beliefs and policy objectives. Overall, the thesis provides a fresh perspective on the relevance of learning in the policymaking process and of bureaucrats as policy entrepreneurs.
4
Au, Yeung Man-bun Francis, and 歐陽文彬. "An examination of policy entrepreneur using the case study central slaughtering policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46779334.
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Bird, Sarah (Sarah Amelia). "Entrepreneurship policy for entrepreneurs : a cognitive approach to the entrepreneurial environment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50608.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-113).
Entrepreneurship stimulates economic growth, creates jobs, and provides opportunities for independence and self-realization. Over the last 10 years, policy makers around the globe have been actively pursuing the elusive goal of an entrepreneurial economy. Often building on existing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME) policy, efforts have been taken to encourage entrepreneurship by, for example, reducing red-tape and improving access to financing. However, these efforts do not appear to be having the hoped effect of fostering more entrepreneurship. Starting from the maturing field of literature that applies cognitive science to entrepreneurship, this thesis examines what motivates entrepreneurs to start new ventures. I then use this understanding to develop policy options that aim to directly target individuals and foster more entrepreneurship as a unique interdisciplinary contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship policy. This thesis develops a framework for a cognitive approach to policy, which aims to put the entrepreneur at the heart of entrepreneurship policy. The cognitive approach is a tool for policy-makers to enable them to more readily understand entrepreneurs' mindsets and the policy options that can foster entrepreneurial intentions in their constituencies. In applying the cognitive approach to the entrepreneurial environment, this thesis shows that the types of policies necessary for fostering entrepreneurship are different from those currently favored by policy makers. Unlike SME policies, fostering entrepreneurship requires policies that help individuals build self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions through personal experiences, networks, feedback and mentorship. In the final chapters, the cognitive framework is applied to the MIT-Portugal Program, demonstrating how to apply this framework pragmatically and highlighting considerations for exporting entrepreneurship curricula from MIT to Portugal.
by Sarah Bird.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
6
Magraw, Katherine. "Weapons brokers and policy entrepreneurs : Congress and the strategic policy community during the Reagan era." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13194.
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Weber, Johann C. "Policy entrepreneurs, windows, and cycles: Exploring policy change through bicycle infrastructure at the municipal level." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54975.
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Although bicycling has been the subject of increasing academic attention, particularly in the areas of mode choice, benefit analyses, and discussions of policies/treatments, much less attention has been devoted to actually studying how communities have made decisions about whether and what they’ll implement in regards to bicycle infrastructure. “Policy entrepreneurs” are theorized as actors centrally responsible for either creating an opportunity or capitalizing on an opportunity to pair a public problem with a policy solution. A survey instrument solicited directly the participation of the 200 most populous municipalities within the United States. Using a variety of analytical tools (and merged data sources) as well as a novel matching methodology for the selection of case studies, it was possible to identify interesting and broadly informative relationships, which were explored further via the case study comparison. 20 case interviews were conducted across 6 case study cities as a complement to the survey project. Individual policy entrepreneurs and their role or qualities were not significant quantitatively or qualitatively, despite being regularly present. However, having a network of supportive actors (including strong champions/policy entrepreneurs) played a critical role in making projects happen and at larger scales. Advocates and planners may be more successful by being attuned to these networks and political contexts and taking advantage of open “windows” of engagement. Alternatively, these windows can be opened ‘manually’ through grant applications, developing relationships, hosting trainings or speakers, and more. Lastly, city population was also associated with implementation, suggesting underlying factors to be explored in the future.
8
Oka, Takashi. "A political biography of Ozawa Ichiro: Reformer and policy entrepreneur." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491080.
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Ozawa Ichiro is presented as a policy entrepreneur in the Kingdonian sense, dedicated to turning Japan into what he calls "a normal nation". In so doing, he is attacking Japanese exceptionalism - the idea that the Japanese are somehow unique. The thesis takes the form of a political biography based on three hypotheses: that Ozawa's ideas were distinctive; that he was a policy entrepreneur; and that he had an impact on political change. The time frame covers 18 years, beginning with Ozawa appointment as LDP Secretary General in 1989, and ending with the upper house election of 2007, in which Ozawa for the first time achieved his goal of victory in an election by an opposition party strong enough to compete with the long-ruling LDP.
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Benkirane, Othmane. "Acting on purpose: the reflections of MIT student entrepreneurs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122092.
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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (pages [79]-82).
The study of social systems has increasingly relied on data collection and analysis to draw conclusions. In parallel, the research community has often tried to understand entrepreneurs quantitatively, e.g. by understanding which behaviours or personality traits most often correlated with entrepreneurial success. While a quantified representation is essential in modeling what is being studied, it hides away the mental processes that create behaviours. Arguably, the people who engage the most directly with systemic change are entrepreneurs. They have to create their own system (a company) and connect it to its wider network (clients, investors, etc.). Most importantly, the more uncommon their idea is, the less they can rely on existing frames to bring their ideas to fruition, and the more they have to reflect on the dynamics of their wider context and how their company can integrate to it.
According to constructive-developmental theory (CDT), the ability to see context dynamically is not a personality trait, but a structure of perception. Our meaning-making--how we create that perception of the world--grows in complexity as we delve into our reflections. CDT makes the separation between a structure in which value is defined by the contexts that we are in, and the next more complex one, where the self defines value. This thesis is an early attempt at understanding the experience of systemic change, and the growth in perception that happens along-side it. By bringing CDT and associated theories of the mind into the experience of entrepreneurship, I sought to understand how entrepreneurs make meaning of themselves in the course of their growth, by asking them directly. This is the first known study that maps the meaning-making complexity of entrepreneurs using the subject-object interview, CDT's qualitative empirical research method.
I found that, as perception became more intrinsic, the definition of value went from seeking to have what we wish to have, to leaving a legacy through impact, to acting in harmony with our meaning of value. Instead of seeking purpose, entrepreneurs who perceive intrinsically act on the one they already have. Instead of seeking value, they share it with others in all their interactions.
by Othmane Benkirane.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
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Hägnemark, Johan, and Monika Vilkelyte. "Relationship between entrepreneurs and policy – driven networks : Motives, expectations and emerging challenges." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110671.
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Background: The importance of supportive business networks has been widely acknowledged in the field of entrepreneurship. Due to the success of informal business networks, the same networking concept is frequently encouraged and applied by regional political authorities. However, when duplicating a certain networking approach in different settings, it is important to address motives and expectations of network actors and be aware of potentially arising threats. Purpose of the study: The purpose of the Master Thesis is to explore and broaden the understanding of the relationship between the two actors: entrepreneurs and policy-driven networks. The Master Thesis aims to provide a theoretical contribution to the field of entrepreneurship in identifying and describing main motives and expectations of both actors, when engaging in a mutual relationship. However, the Thesis will focus on a single actor’s perspective and the main emphasis of the research will be placed on a set of entrepreneurs and their behavior within the analyzed policy-driven network. Ultimately, main emerging challenges between the two actors will be identified and analyzed, as well as appropriate guidance to address it will be provided. Methodological framework: The qualitative research approach was chosen for the conducted study. A multiple case study was completed in the form eight semi- structured interviews with the anagerial levels of the analyzed policy-driven network and local entrepreneurs. Completion and findings: The conducted study reveals that it is a great challenge to implement a certain networking approach in a diverse context. The provided frameworks of entrepreneurship, networking and social embeddedness indicate that, when establishing a policy-driven network a considerable amount of attention should be devoted to main network actors – regional entrepreneurs.
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Miao, Angelina Yinzi. "How do student entrepreneurs use the business support? : A study of student entrepreneurs and Drivhuset at Linnaeus University, Växjö." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-35638.
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With the entrepreneurial milieu in Linnaeus University (Växjö), students are encouraged to get involved in entrepreneurial activities. The number of student entrepreneurs has been increasing recent years. However, there is a blank in the study of student entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurial education system and the features of student entrepreneurs are the focus of the research about student entrepreneurs. At the same time, no sufficient study has been done about student entrepreneurs’ usage of the business support that could be offered to them. By studying student entrepreneurs’ situation, their relationship with support agencies, their selection of business support and the way they use the support, the research question ”how do student entrepreneurs use support agencies” will be answered by the end of this thesis.
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Yeung, Chi-yuen, and 楊志遠. "Government funding for entrepreneurs in Tung Chee-hwa'sadministration." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50257857.
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Berozashvili, Alex. "Swedish Government’s targeted entrepreneurship policy to encourage entrepreneurship among women : An Evaluation of the program "Support Women Entrepreneurs 2007-2009"." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Avd.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41553.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the situation of female entrepreneurs in Sweden by exploring the Swedish governments adopted, targeted entrepreneurship policy on women entrepreneurs and evaluate the program "Support Women Entrepreneurs 2007-2009" implemented by the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth. In the program evaluation process qualitative data analyses methods are used. The aim of the evaluation is to measure how planned program/component parts were implemented in practice and whether set goals were accomplished. Overall results from the program evaluation should be considered as positive. The original program plan consisted of six parts, 20 goals, and 34 component parts. Out of the 34 component parts, 18 were acknowledged to have been accomplished, information was not available for 14 component parts and 2 component parts were found not to be accomplished. Due to the program’s complexity in execution, involving different executive layers on national, regional and municipal levels, evaluation process was quite demanding and still it could not represent the highest level of preciseness in evaluating component parts. The most actively executed and successfully implemented part of the program could be considered part four: Attitudes and role-models.
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Rauschenberger, Emilee Ruth. "Reconstructing the emergence of Teach First : examining the role of policy entrepreneurs and networks in the process of policy transfer." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22871.
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Within the disciplines of education and political science, the phenomenon of the voluntary transfer of policy ideas or practices from elsewhere, or “policy borrowing”, is often the topic of intense debate and study. The study of policy transfer also has strong links with the field of diffusion. Scholars in these fields study cases of policy transfer to understand (1) what motives and mechanisms cause policy diffusion and transfer, and (2) how policies are adapted, or reinvented, in the process of being transferred. The majority of such studies have focused on state-to-state cases of policy transfer involving predominantly government actors. Yet, a growing but still limited number of studies have considered the ways policy entrepreneurs have initiated transfer and utilized networks to bring about and implement policy ideas taken from elsewhere. Teach First provides a unique case-study through which to investigate the role of policy entrepreneurs and networks in shaping the process of policy transfer and reinvention. Teach First launched in 2002 as a non-profit organization and innovative teacher training programme based in London. The scheme, proposed and implemented by leaders within the private sector but heavily funded by the central government, was publicly linked to the U.S. programme Teach For America (TFA). Like TFA, Teach First’s purpose was to improve the schooling of disadvantaged pupils by recruiting elite university graduates to teach for two years in under-resourced schools. My research aimed to uncover how and why this policy was first conceptualized and launched as well as how it was reinvented in the process by those individuals and groups involved. Thus, through a case-study of Teach First’s emergence, this study investigates: What roles do policy entrepreneurs and networks play in policy transfer and diffusion processes? and How are policy entrepreneurs and networks involved in reinventing policy during the transfer process? To explore these research questions, I carried out semi-structured interviews with more than 50 individuals from various sectors who were involved in the creation of either Teach First or TFA. After transcribing all interviews, I used a form of narrative analysis to reconstruct the policy story of how Teach First emerged. In the process, I uncovered and accounted for the diversity of motives, institutional pressures, and contextual factors shaping Teach First’s development with a focus on the policy entrepreneurs and networks. Drawing on previous research in policy transfer, innovation-diffusion, and institutionalism to analyze the policy story, I concluded that both policy entrepreneurs and networks were responsible for bringing about transfer of TFA to England and shaping the nature and extent of its reinvention. This temporal process was furthered shaped by the highly politicized nature of initial teacher training in England, which limited the autonomy of policy entrepreneurs and forced further adaptation of Teach First in ways that its original sponsors had not intended. I also discovered that, while the TFA model played an influential role in this process, TFA was not generally used as a guiding model during implementation. Furthermore, I argue that in the process of mobilizing support for Teach First and implementing the idea in its first year, a new network emerged and represented a potentially influential new voice in education. This study aims to contribute to (1) the knowledge of the roles of policy entrepreneurs and networks in policy innovation, diffusion, and transfer and (2) the growing but still limited research on Teach First. This study also provides a foundation for further studies of Teach For All, an organization co-founded in 2007 by Teach First and TFA, which works to spread the programme globally. Through Teach For All, at least thirty-eight other countries now have programmes modeled on TFA and Teach First, though little research has examined how Teach First came about and spread in this way. Finally, the research also illustrates the value of a methodology not often used in transfer studies – narrative reconstruction – through which data is formed into a storied narrative to account for the complexities of the contexts and the socially–constructed views of the diversity of actors involved in policy-making and transfer.
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Borkar, Shrikant. "In the twilight zone of aid bureaucracy : a study of social policy entrepreneurs." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65772/.
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This research studies undocumented policy practices within UK aid in general and the Department for International Development (DFID) in particular. It focuses on the policy practices or initiatives taken by various actors in influencing and shaping policy in the everyday life of aid bureaucracy. For this purpose, I have chosen as case study the evolution of DFID's Social exclusion (policy) framework within the timeframe of 1997-2010. The research findings identify undocumented initiatives taken by the policy entrepreneurs within aid bureaucracy. These efforts are directed not only towards benefitting the global poor but also at increasing institutional efficacy in delivering aid. Policy entrepreneurs execute these policy practices, also termed policy entrepreneurship, proactively on the political, administrative, and executive levels. Anthropological analysis and methods allow me to look beyond formal policy processes at the undocumented policy practices. Many development professionals, consultants, and office bearers while walking on the tight rope of internal policy and bearing the cross of the highly politicized organizational culture of the DFID, skilfully conveyed advice based on empirical insights to those high up. They transfer their disciplinary knowledge and empirical understandings to the policy makers and political actors in the larger interest of the development industry as well as the poor from recipient countries. On the one hand, from an anthropological perspective, this study broadens our understanding of the classical rational model of decision making within the bureaucracy. On the other hand, in the context of contemporary DFID bureaucracy, it highlights how civil servants resolve the moral-political conflict between their obligations towards the institutions they work with and their solidarity towards issues of human rights and social justice through their activism and policy entrepreneurial spirit.
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Voegel, Jacob Andrew. "AN EXPLORATORY EXAMINATION OF THE ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS OF ENTREPRENEURS THROUGH THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEAHAVIOR LENS: A POLICY-CAPTURING APPROACH." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1232.
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Entrepreneurs face constraints that more mature organizations may not. These constraints cause unique pressures within entrepreneurship. Although ethics and entrepreneurship have individually received much attention in the academic literature, not enough research has investigated ethics within entrepreneurship. This study addresses the need of ethics research within entrepreneurship. Utilizing the theory of planned behavior, this research investigates the ethical decision making process of entrepreneurs. Not all ethical situations are created equally, and not all entrepreneurs are created equally. The ethical environment of any situation can be financially concerned or socially concerned. Likewise, entrepreneurs can be motivated by a private financial gain or a social impact. A multi-scenario approach known as policy-capturing is used to examine the relative importance entrepreneurs place on attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and self-identity when faced with a financial and a social ethical decision. The findings suggest that the environment does affect the ethical decision making process as defined by the relative importance of the variables. Within each environment, personal demographic variables of entrepreneurs were also found to affect their ethical decision making process. Such variables included entrepreneurial orientation, gender, love of money, financial security, spirituality/religiosity, idealism, and relativism. By considering the effects of the ethical environment along with the demographics of the entrepreneur, potential investors may be able to more accurately gauge investment opportunities. Implications of the findings, limitations of the study, and future research areas are discussed.
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Mohammed, Rukaya. "Progress on the Economic Empowerment of Female Entrepreneurs in Kenya's 30% Preferential Public Procurement Policy." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7562.
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In Kenya, a 2013 presidential directive reserved 30% of government procurement opportunities for enterprises owned by women, youth, and persons with disabilities to promote economic empowerment; however, as of 2016, female entrepreneurs continued to be outpaced by their male counterparts. The lack of policy evaluation from the female entrepreneur perspective limits the ability to assess progress and identify obstacles. Through purposeful sampling and semistructured interviews, this qualitative phenomenological study obtained the perceptions of the implementation and impact of Access to Government Procurement Opportunities (AGPO) on economic empowerment from the perspective of 20 female entrepreneurs in Kenya previously awarded procurement contracts. Responses were coded and analyzed thematically using Moustakas's modified van Kaam method in the context of the policy feedback theory and empowerment. Five themes emerged from the female entrepreneurs' experiences: (a) enhanced economic empowerment; (b)improved potential to earn new government contracts motivated enrollment in the AGPO; (c) access to business development services enhanced competitiveness to obtain government tenders; (d) negative financial impact due to government-delayed payments for goods and services; and (e) success impeded by procurement officers' incompetence, corruption and harassment. Social change may be promoted through the economic empowerment of women being maximized with stronger implementation and regulation of this affirmative policy primarily through a streamlined application process, prompt payments for services rendered, flexible funding, and regulated competent and ethical procurement practices.
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Liu, Ya-Ting M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A right to vend : new policy framework for fostering street based entrepreneurs in New York City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39944.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-80).
Street vending remains one of the most highly regulated and least understood activities in New York City. The current regulatory framework is overly confusing and complex, leaving policy decisions about who gets to vend and where to the discretion of private interests represented by Business Improvement Districts. There is an estimated ten to twelve thousand street vendors today of which half operate outside any regulatory framework. A historical analysis of street vending policies in New York City reveals a legacy of political and social biases that have influenced contemporary regulatory framework toward vending. Exploratory case studies in Sunset Park and Midtown Community Court illustrate new strategies that are being used today by a Business Improvement District and a criminal justice institution to address vending problem at its root causes. Such strategies break away from traditional prescriptions that focused largely on punitive enforcement measures. A new policy framework for regulating street vending should break the legacy of bias and create a transparent decision making environment that recognizes street vending a right to economic livelihood. Such vending policies should also remain flexible to the nuance of neighborhood scale and need.
by Ya-Ting Liu.
M.C.P.
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Nxopo, Zinzi. "The role of government in empowering female entrepreneurs in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1794.
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Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Business Administration (Entrepreneurship)
in the Faculty of Business
at the
CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYThe South African government, to accelerate economic growth and development, has identified the Small Medium Micro Enterprises (SMME) sector, and female entrepreneurs, as vehicles capable of bringing about this change. Unfortunately, this growth has been stifled due to the high failure rate of entrepreneurial businesses in the SMME sector. A possible solution for female entrepreneurs is the introduction of start-up support services to empower them to be successful. Empowering entrepreneurs is the function of nurturing and supporting entrepreneurs by providing them with professional skills development and moral support, to impact positively on the business’s sustainability. There is a clear need to widen access to business start-up training and advice to encourage larger numbers of women to embrace self-employment. This implies offering a wide range of start-up support services which encourage women to go into business. Women enter business from a variety of backgrounds and with a wide range of experience. The provision of business start-up training and advice needs to accommodate these very different experiences. Women attending entrepreneurship programmes have often criticised these programmes as being male-orientated and prescriptive. Women are expected to conform to male models and standards of behaviour. While this study relates specifically to female entrepreneurs in the Western Cape, it is set in the context of female entrepreneurship in South Africa. The target population for the research was 150 female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in the Western Cape. The study is quantitative in nature, using the survey method for better understanding of the research problem. The study aimed to understand the needs of female entrepreneurs, and to underscore the significance of skills and knowledge transfer from the government to female entrepreneurs. The research explored the role of government in empowering female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in Western Cape, and identified support services that can be used to promote the growth and development of female entrepreneurs. Possible solutions to failure rates of female entrepreneurship are also addressed, with specific models for improved business support services for all female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in the Western Cape. This will help them to run sustainable businesses as well as provide more jobs. This research recommends that management capability and financial management acumen be regarded as key to success for funding by the entrepreneurs themselves, and the parties involved in supporting and promoting them.
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Kedrowski, Karen M. "Media entrepreneurs and the media enterprise in the United States Congress : influencing policy in the Washington community /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1992.
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Bianchi, Milo. "Of speculators, migrants and entrepreneurs : essays on the economics of trying your fortune." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-479.
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Alza, Barco Carlos. "Governmental Agenda-Setting: The Role of Political Entrepreneurs in Two Peruvian Case Studies." Revista de Ciencia Política y Gobierno, 2014. http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/cienciapolitica/article/view/12538/13098.
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El artículo enfatiza el papel que cumplen los emprendedores de política en la definición de las agendas gubernamentales, cuya relevancia cobra mayor visibilidad en contextos donde el sistema político y la institucionalidad gubernamental se encuentran debilitados. Para ello se desarrolla el proceso de establecimiento de agenda de políticas públicas con un enfoque politológico, revisando los subprocesos que lo conforman: la estructuración del problema público y la solución de alternativas.El enfoque metodológico del artículo considera los casos como fuente de identificación de prácticas, estrategias y discursos, instrumentalizándolos para la generación de evidencia desde donde se revisa la teoría. A partir de la evidencia recogida en dos casos de estudio referidos al feminicidio y al trabajo infantil, el artículo discute algunos aspectos teóricos sobre el establecimiento de agenda, reconociéndolo como un proceso compuesto de prácticas realizadas por los actores aplicando estrategias para lograr su cometido y usando discursos, como el de los derechos humanos, para lograr la aceptación de sus propuestas. En el desarrollo teórico construido a partir de bibliografía relevante sobre el tema y de la evidencia ofrecida por los casos de estudio, se propone diferenciar entre prácticas y estrategias, planteando la necesidad de recuperar la retórica como elemento de análisis para el establecimiento de la agenda, tema frecuentemente olvidado en los estudios de agenda en nuestro medio. El análisis de los casos permite identificar actores claves para el establecimiento de agenda: por un lado, la cooperación internacional que, a través de la OIT como ente canalizador de recursos, legitimó su participación en los procesos de establecimiento de agenda sobre la erradicación del trabajo infantil; y por otro, la incursión de feministas en el espacio burocrático y político, fortaleciendo las capacidades institucionales del Estado para el diseño de las políticas públicas para enfrentar la violencia contra las mujeres.
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Mukhopadhyay, Boidurjo. "Solar energy based entrepreneurship and rural development : analysing institutional arrangements that support solar energy entrepreneurs in India." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68229/.
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Renewable energy (RE hereafter) has been observed as a potentially significant new source of jobs and rural growth in both OECD and BRICs countries, and a means of addressing environmental and energy security concerns. The global deployment of RE has been expanding rapidly. For instance, the RE electricity sector grew by 26% between 2005 and 2010 globally and currently provides about 20% of the world's total power (including hydro-power) (OECD, 2012). Rural areas attract a large part of investment related to renewable energy deployment, rending to be sparsely populated but with abundant sources of RE. Several case studies have found that RE deployment can provide hosting communities with some benefits including new revenue sources, new job and business opportunities, innovation in products/practices/policies in rural areas, capacity building and community empowerment, and affordable energy. There is a growing body of evidence on the instrumental role that entrepreneurs and small businesses play in driving local and national economies. The structure of rural economies is essentially composed of small enterprises, which are responsible for most of the job growth and the innovation. Rural development is a key element of strategies to reduce poverty and create income and employment opportunities (UNIDO, 2003). It is important to unleash and harness the creativity of grassroots entrepreneurs but they are posed with many challenges, the biggest being these grassroots inventions don't scale up. To overcome these challenges and promote rural entrepreneurship, support roles are required; this is also where the importance and role of institutions and their planned arrangements (for example, partnerships) are much debated in both domestic and international forums. This research investigates the current institutional arrangements that support solar entrepreneurship which creates solar energy based income-generating micro enterprises in rural India. In addition to that, it explores the wider implications on rural development that these entrepreneurships have while using these solar RETs. Institutions and individuals promoting rural development see entrepreneurship as a strategic development intervention that could accelerate the rural development process (Ezeibe, 2013). India, being the only country with a national ministry dedicated to RE initiatives (the MNRE, Government of India) and also ranking third on the renewable energy country attractiveness index (E&Y, 2013; 2016) makes an interesting country choice for investigation. The thesis applies a qualitative research method with an exploratory design to understand the interaction process between institutions and how different institutions support rural development to generate an in-depth analysis of existing institutions using a conceptual framework.
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Kabwe, Kabaso. "Health Policy and Agenda Setting in Contemporary Zambia: the human resources for health strategic plan (2006-2010)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4100.
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Masters in Public Administration - MPAAgenda setting is about how some issues get onto the policy agenda for discussion and action why others do not. Drawing critically on the ―policy windows‖ approach of J.W Kingdon (2003) this dissertation will describe and explain the shifting of policy agendas in health with reference to human resources in Zambia between 2000 and 2006. This research explores how and why the issue of human resource shortages in health became prominent on the state‘s agenda in 2005.The research is a qualitative study and data was collected using both primary and secondary sources of data across various stakeholders in the country. It tested the applicability of Kingdon‘s conceptual framework to a case study of Zambian health policy by analysing the degree to which agenda-formation is influenced by such factors as issue definition, the presence of policy alternatives, presidential support, interest group advocacy, media attention, political cycles, and public opinion. The general elections scheduled for the following year, coupled with media attention and strong public action contributed to the selection of the human resource crisis as an issue on the state‘s agenda for serious action. Furthermore, the slow progress on the attainment of the health related Millennium Development Goals and the poor performance of some donor funded programmes necessitated the state to act. Despite some weaknesses, Kingdon‘s multiple streams approach was found to be useful in explaining the agenda-setting of the Human Resources for Health Strategic Plan (2006-2010) in Zambia.
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Griffith, Kyle C. "The Unmaking of an Embargo: How Policy Entrepreneurs at the Individual, State, and National Levels are Creating New Paths for Policy Change in Modern United States-Cuba Relations." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2148.
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Throughout the Cold War antagonisms of the twentieth century, the United States (US) championed greater global economic cooperation and an embrace of free market principles to encourage economic growth. Post World War II, passage of the Bretton Woods Agreement institutionalized this political agenda effectively establishing the rules of global commerce. The result has been increased economic participation and trade liberalization. One of the last remaining vestiges of Cold War hostility and impediments to trade is the US economic embargo of Cuba, in place since 1960. Increasingly seen as a policy failure, the US has taken steps in the past two years to normalize relations with Cuba. At the same time, after extended conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, economic recession, and political polarization over the last fifteen years the US finds itself in a position of ambiguity towards additional foreign commitments. American efforts to open Cuba to two-way commerce serve both national security and economic foreign policy agendas. For Cubans, removal of the embargo represents an opportunity for normal relations with the world’s largest economy and access to capital and markets that come with it. The purpose of this study is to test the theory political economy, which attempts to understand society through the intersection of economic, political, and social functions, using US-Cuba diplomacy as a case study (Yin, 2009). Working within a multiple streams framework, the investigator examined how economic policy is changed under politically ambiguous conditions through a series of 20 semi-structured qualitative interviews and content analysis of secondary data sources (Zahariadis, 2014). Specifically, the study explored the behavior of interested individuals from the US and Cuba, so-called policy entrepreneurs, and their influence on the policymaking process during an open policy window. Research results suggest that policy entrepreneurs operate at the individual, state, and national scales of society using a variety of symbols to create and broaden opportunities for policy change. Across all three levels, US and Cuban policy entrepreneur’s behavior is guided by the search for rationality in ambiguous times, but their agency is bounded by the institutionally determined parameters of what is legally and politically acceptable.
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ADACHI, Takanori, and 貴教 安達. "<書評>Scott A. Shane, The Illusions of Entrepreneurship : The Costly Myths That Entrepreneurs, Investors, and Policy Makers Live By." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15918.
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Mikulova, Kristina. "'Missionary zeal of recent converts' : norms and norm entrepreneurs in the foreign policy of the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia 1989-2011." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c00b71d7-c54c-44e5-9368-293226d6e62e.
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The following dissertation discusses the role of norms and norm entrepreneurs in the foreign policy-making of the Czech Republic, Poland and Bratislava after the downfall of communism. In at attempt to unpack the mechanics and appliance of “soft power” in foreign policy practice in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe, it identifies conditions and analyzes processes via which norms come to play the role of intermediary variable in the articulation and enactment of national interest. Capitalizing on the agency-oriented strand of norm diffusion theory in international relations and discursive institutionalism scholarship in comparative politics, the dissertation argues that normative frameworks advocated by value-bound networks of so-called norm entrepreneurs can play a regulative function in foreign policy-making by setting boundaries for discourse and sustaining logics of appropriateness that constrain the pool of available foreign policy choices at critical junctures. In the first part, “the mission and conversion” (1989-1999), the dissertation focuses on the early stages of norm emergence and habituation in the three states in the 1990s, asserting that ideational influence incurred by American “missionaries” on Czech, Polish and Slovak “converts” to democracy via a range of socialization processes related to NATO enlargement and Western democracy promotion efforts in the region gave rise to norm entrepreneur groups bound by a shared commitment to a normative framework dubbed “dissident geopolitics”. In part two, “the zeal”, the dissertation concentrates on the later stages of norm internalisation, demonstrated by norm enforcement in foreign policy. Using case studies of Czech, Polish and Slovak foreign policy during the Iraq War (2002-2003), the Orange Revolution in Ukraine (2004-2005) and the Russia Reset (2009-2011), the dissertation shows how sustained advocacy by norm entrepreneurs with or without structural power, who skillfully use framing to push their normative agendas in discursive competition with other norm entrepreneurs, factors “dissident geopolitics” in the decision-making process that produces activist and value-laden foreign policy outcomes that might not have been expected of “weak” states. Ultimately, the dissertation argues that dominant norms and norm entrepreneur networks can thrive in transition settings when they are less disputed, but they tend to lose coherence and unity, respectively, as the foreign policy landscape diversifies upon completion of democratic consolidation.
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Loomis, Jessa M. "Moveable Feasts: Locating Food Trucks in the Cultural Economy." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/12.
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In this thesis, I consider the emergence of a new generation of food trucks and question their popularity, narration and representation. I examine the economic and cultural discourses that have valorized these food trucks, and pay attention to the everyday material and embodied practices that constitute them. This research is situated in Chicago, where proposed changes to the existing mobile food vending ordinance spurred contentious debates about food safety, regulations, rights to the city and livelihoods. I follow the myriad actors involved in the food truck movement to understand the strategies employed to change the mobile food vending ordinance on behalf of these food trucks. As part of this, I raise questions about what interests are prioritized, and what interests are marginalized especially in light of Chicago’s long history of policing Latino street vendors. I conclude by considering what food trucks can elucidate about the city, the changing economy, and the molding of laboring and consuming subjects.
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Oliveira, David Militão Campos de. "O II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento e seus reflexos na economia e a atuação do empresariado mineiro (1974/1979)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4804.
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Neste trabalho analisamos o posicionamento político dos empresários industriais mineiros, filiados à Federação das Indústrias do Estado de Minas Gerais,em relação às diretrizes do II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento. Destaca-se que o empresariado mineiro filiado a FIEMG não contestou politicamente os militares, concentrando seu discurso na reivindicação de cumprimento das diretrizes econômicas criadas com o II PND, em especial a perspectiva de desconcentração da economia brasileira. Assim, ao contrário da FIESP, que em boa medida aderiu, a partir do II PND, à campanha pela desestatização e aproximou-se de um posicionamento crítico em relação ao regime militar, a FIEMG manteve-se à distância de tal perspectiva e acolheu positivamente o II PND. Assinala-se que a posição da FIEMG deriva da percepção da oportunidade de enfrentar os problemas do desenvolvimento mineiro através do apelo ao Estado, presente em diferentes momentos da trajetória do desenvolvimento brasileiro, mas especialmente marcante em Minas Gerais, sendo recorrente na prática do empresário do estado.
This study analyzes the political position of the industrial entrepreneurs from Minas Gerais, affiliated to the Federation Industries of State of Minas Gerais, in relation to the directives of the Second National Development Plan. It is noteworthy that the industrial entrepreneurs affiliated with FIEMG not politically challenged the military, focusing their speech on the claim of compliance with the economic guidelines created with the II PND, in particular, the prospect of decentralization of the Brazilian economy. Thus, unlike the FIESP, which largely adhered, because the II PND, the campaign for privatization and approached a critical position in relation to the military regime, FIEMG remained at a distance from such perspective and welcomed positively II PND. It is noted that the position of FIEMG derives from the perception of opportunity to tackle the development problems of Minas Gerais by appealing to the State, present at different times of the trajectory of Brazilian development, but especially striking in Minas Gerais, with a significant trace in class practice of the entrepreneur in the state.
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Jones, Sharon L. "The economic trend in immigration policy: a comparative analysis of the entrepreneur/investor program in Canada, United States and Australia." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Williams, Clare. "The development of the Children's Centre Programme in England : the importance of context in understanding policy development and implementation." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/333491.
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The thesis examines the Children’s Centre Programme in England and develops an understanding of its development at national and local level by using Kingdon’s (1995) streams model. Central to the thesis is a case study of the Children’s Centre Programme which looks at influential factors in the development at national level and implementation of the programme in one local authority. Traditionally Kingdon’s (1995) model has been used to understand the way that a wide range of factors interact to enable policy change at national level but a small number of authors have also used the model at local level showing that the range of factors that impact on the local implementation of a policy are also many and varied. One of the most well know aspects of Kingdon’s model is in showing how the problem, policy and politics streams come together to create a window of opportunity which allows or drives policy change and or enactment. This thesis will use the model in a broader sense showing that although this window of opportunity is important the interaction of the three streams is ongoing and not only does it lead to significant policy change but it also informs debates and policy development on an ongoing basis.
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Wilcox, Lori Lund Donaldson Joe F. "Educational entrepreneurism in higher education a comparative case study of two academic centers within one land-grant university /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6124.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 16, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Joe Donaldson. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Borg, Per. "Systemskifte : En studie av tröghet vid fyra brytpunkter inom svensk välfärdspolitik." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-255.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to describe, explain and understand how slowness appeared when some decisions were made in the area of welfare policy and how this slowness was eliminated. The study focuses on major changes. It is argued that such changes follow another logic than small gradual adjustments. Four breaking points have been selected for a deeper analysis: the pension policy decisions of 1913 and 1994 and the housing policy decisions of 1935 and 1992. These decisions led to the emergence of fundamentally new institutional structures concerning the relation between the central government and the citizens. The study shows that an established institutional structure within a welfare policy area generated mental constructs and decision rules that governed political decision-making. This governance resulted in slowness in the form of lengthy decision-making processes. The fundamental institutional structure was being altered only when the mental constructs were broken down. A common feature was that the decisions were first made when discontent with the prevailing order became so strong that it overwhelmed the fear of a new institutional structure. The general tendency was also to shape the fundamental changes in relation to the citizens so that the changes could be portrayed as small. The established mental constructs are the determining explanation for slowness. The interest organizations played a secondary role, as their interests are shaped in accordance with the mental constructs. Their resistance was declined at the same time when the mental constructs were broken down. The individuals – agents of change – that constantly worked for the change of system in reality appear to be significantly more interesting than hindering organization. Their influence showed a recurring pattern.
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Rodriguez-Sanchez, Isabel. "Política turística e innovación en España: teoría y práctica." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/49975.
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Despite the fact that innovation is rapidly emerging as an important topic in tourism policy there is still a gap between work on tourism policy and that on innovation outcomes which tend to be disconnected. In particular, this study bridges that gap by bringing together knowledge on tourism, innovation and policy. It connects a range of concepts from these fields and brings them into tourism studies using them to explore a number of significant innovation practices and processes. The aim of this research was to gain insight into the innovation outcomes of the tourism policy process and governmental strategies to encourage innovation by observing the implementation process and innovation outcomes of selected tourism innovation programmes in Spain. The study approaches this aim from different angles. It examines from a longitudinal perspective the outcomes of tourism policy changes in order to identify innovation. It also observes the expectations and limitations of governmental stimuli for tourism innovation. Additionally, it examines the relationship between innovation policy and tourism policy, particularly where they intersect. Finally, more specific and operative aspects of programme implementation and innovation outcomes are addressed through the exploration of two tourism innovation programmes targeting different agents and forms of attaining innovation: one is a clusters programme targeting cooperative innovation and the other a young entrepreneurs programme with innovation being at the heart of enterprise startups. The entrepreneurs’ case study additionally addresses a major gap in understanding the process of innovation. The study adopts a multi-methods approach combining different methodologies according to the research aims: contents analysis, supervision and policies evaluation and a participatory methodology for the selected case studies. It employs different qualitative research methods to actively engage policy programmes’ participants and, where possible, policy administrators in order to construct an in-depth portrayal of innovation outcomes and policy programmes’ effectiveness. Through this multi-methods approach, the study makes a number of contributions. First, it provides evidence of how innovation outcomes of tourism policy are difficult to attain and therefore infrequent being highly influenced by factors such as crisis or periods of significant change. The analysis also confirms the rarity of policy innovation and the predominance of incremental adaptation and policy succession. Second, the study provides a longitudinal view of the governmental stimulus to tourism innovation through a mix of policy instruments. Innovation has gradually gained importance since its first introduction in the 90s as a goal in the tourism policy albeit with an evident technological bias. Third, subtle and not always evident interactions have been found between tourism policy and innovation policy, even though tourism is still not considered as a national priority for the innovation policy. Fourth, the innovative clusters case study provides evidence of the difficulties in translating policy ideals like innovation into action and the questionable effectiveness of these types of systemic instruments to promote tourism innovation. Finally, by exploring the entrepreneurs’ innovation journey, the study had a privileged look inside the “black box” which constitutes the innovation process in tourism, its characteristics and the multiple factors which positively influence the success of the journey. In summary, through all the different case studies selected, the research has contributed to understanding the phenomenon of innovation from the point of view of those initiating and managing the innovation process. It has provided evidence of the implementation of this abstract concept by multiple-scale agents and thus being introduced in different specific contexts: government policy, clusters and entrepreneurs. It has also shown evidence of how the innovation process works in practice in all these different settings, its limitations and the difficulties involved in conducting the process successfully to make innovation happen. All the different obstacles found confirm that innovation is a complex process and indicate why it is rare to find it in practice.
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Orihuela, José Carlos. "The environmental rules of economic development: Governing air pollution from smelters in Chuquicamata and La Oroya." Economía, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117409.
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Why and how do societies transform the environmental rules of economic development, or fail to do so? This article compares the experiences of Chile and Peru in the regulation of smelting activities between 1990 and 2010. Air pollution from smelters in Chuquicamata and La Oroya, each emblematic of the two countries’ mining industries, did not give rise to nationally destabilising protest. Nevertheless, despite the absence of pressing discontent with pollution, the environmental rules for mining could still be improved as a result of policy network activism and through highly idiosyncratic institutional channels. The analysis shows that policy entrepreneurship for Chuquicamata was enhanced by a national institutional environment that favoured bureaucratic autonomy, while parallel action for La Oroya was constrained by a political economy of state weakness and elite disregard.¿Por qué y cómo las sociedades transforman las reglas ambientales del desarrollo económico, o fracasan en hacerlo? Este artículo compara las experiencias de Chile y Perú en la regulación de las actividades de las fundidoras de metales entre 1990 y 2010. La contaminación del aire por parte de las fundidoras en Chuquicamata y La Oroya, sitios mineros emblemáticos de ambos países, no generó protestas nacionales desestabilizadoras. Sin embargo, pese a la ausencia de un fuerte descontento debido a la contaminación, las reglas ambientales para la minería pudieron ser mejoradas como resultado del trabajo de redes de activistas (policy network activism) y a través de canales institucionales altamente idiosincráticos. El análisis muestra que los emprendedores de políticas públicas (policy entrepreneurs) para Chuquicamata se fortalecieron por un ambiente institucional nacional que favoreció la autonomía burocrática, mientras que una acción paralela en La Oroya fue frenada por una economía política enmarcada en la debilidad estatal y el poco interés de las élites.
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Bleuel, Petra. "Suffit-il de s’inspirer du "modèle allemand" pour augmenter la performance des PME françaises ?" Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0038/document.
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Les PME françaises et allemandes font partie d’un contingent d’entreprises qui se distingue par une grande hétérogénéité. L’hétérogénéité des entreprises qui composent la catégorie des PME est la principale raison pour laquelle un cadre théorique unique les concernant n’a pas pu être défini. Les PME se distinguent des grandes entreprises non seulement par leur plus petite taille mais également par une plus grande flexibilité et réactivité, une grande proximité avec leurs clients et des liens étroits localisés avec leurs fournisseurs etc. De plus, on note également une différence entre les PME selon leur pays d’origine. Plusieurs rapports ont souligné la différence les PME françaises et celles qui composent le Mittelstand allemand. Ces dernières seraient plus grandes en taille, plus innovantes et plus actives à l’international que leurs alter ego françaises. Ces mêmes rapports constatent que la France pourrait avoir des performances supérieures en termes de croissance, d’emploi, de compétitivité et d’activités à l’international si on pouvait faire éclore un Mittelstand français. Le Mittelstand allemand ne se résume pas à une catégorie d’entreprises identifiables par leur taille, mais c’est plutôt un concept basé sur une culture entrepreneuriale favorisé par l’écosystème allemand. Notre analyse porte dans un premier temps sur les caractéristiques qui distinguent les PME françaises de celles appartenant au Mittelstand. Dans un deuxième temps notre étude porte sur le soutien public dont les PME françaises et allemandes bénéficient et dans quelle mesure on pourrait s’inspirer du soutien public allemand pour augmenter la performance des PME françaisesFrench and German SME belong to a category of firms which stand out from an important heterogeneity. Due to the wide variety of companies which compose the category of SMES, an overall theoretical framework hasn’t been defined. These firms are not only distinguished from large companies by their small size but also by their greater flexibility and reactivity, their proximity to their customers and close localized links with suppliers etc. Additionally, there is also a difference between SMEs according to their home country. Several reports have highlighted the difference of French SMEs and those of the German Mittelstand. The latter would be larger in size, more innovative and more active internationally than their French counterparts. These reports also show that France could have superior performance in terms of growth, employment, competitiveness and international activities if we could generate a French Mittelstand supporting SMEs through targeted measures. Contrary to the idea we have of the German Mittelstand, it does not boil down to a category of companies identifiable by their size, but rather to a concept based on an entrepreneurial culture favored by the German ecosystem. Our analysis focuses first on these companies constituting the Mittelstand to highlight their characteristics and their differences compared to French SMEs.In a second step, our study focuses on the support that SMEs in both countries benefit and to what extent one could draw inspiration from the German support or model to increase the performance of French SMEs
Französische und deutsche KMU sind Teil eines Kontingents von Unternehmen, die sich durch eine große Heterogenität auszeichnen. Die Heterogenität der Unternehmen, aus denen die KMU-Kategorie besteht, ist der Hauptgrund, warum ein einziger theoretischer Rahmen, der sie betrifft, nicht definiert werden konnte. KMU unterscheiden sich von größeren Unternehmen nicht nur durch ihre geringere Größe, sondern auch durch ihre größere Flexibilität, ihre Reaktionsfähigkeit, ihre Nähe zu ihren Kunden und enge lokale Verbindungen zu ihren Lieferanten usw. Darüber hinaus stellt man Unterschiede unter KMU fest, die aus verschieden Herkunftsländern kommen. In mehreren Berichten wurde der Unterschied zwischen französischen und deutschen KMU hervorgehoben. Die letzteren seien größer, innovativer und aktiver als die französischen alter ego. Dieselben Berichte zeigen, dass Frankreich bessere Ergebnisse in Bezug auf Wachstum, Beschäftigung, Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und internationale Aktivitäten erzielen könnte, wenn es möglich wäre einen französischen Mittelstand hervorzubringen. Der deutsche Mittelstand ist nicht nur eine durch ihre Größe identifizierbare Kategorie von Unternehmen, sondern ein Konzept, das auf einer vom deutschen Ökosystem begünstigten Unternehmenskultur basiert. Unsere Analyse konzentriert sich zunächst auf die Merkmale, die französische KMU von denen des Mittelstands unterscheiden. Zweitens konzentriert sich unsere Studie auf die öffentliche Unterstützung, von der französische und deutsche KMU profitieren, und inwieweit man sich von der deutschen öffentlichen Unterstützung inspirieren lassen kann, um die Leistungsfähigkeit französischer KMU zu steigern
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Gonçalves, Maete Pedroso. "O ciclo da política nacional de concessão de benefícios tributários (2003-2010)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-15032013-105012/.
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Essa dissertação pretende mostrar que, na fase de formulação da política nacional de concessão de benefícios tributários, não existem obstáculos impeditivos à imposição da agenda do governo. Essa fase é antes marcada pela discricionariedade do Executivo na apresentação frequente de Medidas Provisórias que criam benefícios tributários. Além disso, o processo não é fechado à participação, pois, durante a tramitação destas proposições no Congresso Nacional, está sujeito à atuação de grupos de interesse privilegiados buscando sua parcela de benefícios distributivos. Por outro lado, existem entraves significativos colocados à fase da implementação das proposições que concedem benefícios tributários. Por ser uma política de difícil acompanhamento, sua execução está sujeita a impasses, negociações e busca de consensos entre setores da burocracia pública e destes com os órgãos de controle externo, o que impõe uma trajetória incremental à fase da implementação, e dificulta a avaliação da eficiência, eficácia e efetividade dos benefícios tributários. Além disso, a política nacional de concessão de benefícios tributários tem características de dependência de trajetória, pois, ao resolver problemas pontuais no varejo, tem se tornado a opção de ação governamental mais viável na ausência de uma reforma tributária abrangente.This dissertation purpose to show that, at the formulation stage of national tax breaks concession policy, there are no obstacles impending the governments agenda imposition. Rather, this stage is marked by Executives discretion in the frequent presentation of Provisional Measures that create tax breaks. Also, the process is not closed to participation, because during the course of these proposals in Congress, this is liable of privileged interest groups action seeking their portion of distributive benefits. On the other hand, there are significant barriers imposed at the implementation stage of the tax breaks proposals. Because there is a policy of difficult monitoring, its execution is liable to impasses, negotiations and attempts to build consensus among sectors of the public bureaucracy and the latter with external control agencies, compelling an incremental path to the implementation stage, and hampers the evaluation of efficiency, efficacy and effectiveness of tax breaks. Furthermore, the national tax breaks concession policy has path dependence characteristics, because, to solving specific problems at retail, has become the most practicable option of governmental action in the absence of a comprehensive tax reform.
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Loureiro, Felipe Pereira. "Empresários, Trabalhadores e Grupos de Interesse: a Política Econômica nos Governos Jânio Quadros e João Goulart, 1961-1964." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-22082012-105827/.
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Esta tese analisa a formulação e a implementação da política econômica no Brasil durante as administrações de Jânio Quadros e João Goulart (1961-1964). O objetivo principal é compreender as razões da incapacidade do governo brasileiro para enfrentar os problemas econômicos do período, tais como a inflação e os desequilíbrios no balanço de pagamentos. Explora-se o modo pelo qual determinados grupos sociais, principalmente empresários, trabalhadores e representantes de Estados estrangeiros, interferiram nos resultados da política econômica. Por meio do uso de um amplo conjunto de fontes, abrangendo relatórios empresariais de caráter confidencial, periódicos operários, jornais comerciais e documentos dos governos brasileiro, britânico e norte-americano, conclui-se que as reações dos grupos de interesse foram fundamentais para explicar o fracasso dos planos econômicos do início dos anos 1960, apesar de cada período ter apresentado especificidades importantes. Enquanto na administração Quadros as atitudes dos empresários desempenharam um papel decisivo, na fase final da presidência de João Goulart o foco residiu no agudo conflito distributivo entre capital e trabalho, que levou ao abandono do Plano Trienal de Celso Furtado. As conclusões são relevantes na medida em que estudiosos reconhecem que a intensificação das dificuldades econômicas desse contexto tiveram um impacto decisivo na derrubada do regime político democrático em 1964, abrindo caminho para os 21 anos de regime militar no Brasil.This thesis analyses the formulation and implementation of economic policy in Brazil during the administrations of Jânio Quadros and João Goulart (1961-1964). The main objective is to understand why the Brazilian government was unable to tackle the countrys most urgent economic problems, such as rising inflation and a mounting balance of payments crisis. To do so, the study explores the way social groups, including entrepreneurs, workers, and representatives of foreign nation states, influenced economic policy outcomes. Making use of a wide range of data from confidential employers reports, labor periodicals and commercial newspapers, through to official government sources from Brazil, the U.K. and U.S. the thesis concludes that interest groups reactions are fundamental to explaining why economic programs failed in the early 1960s. While during the administration of Jânio Quadros employers attitudes played a major role, in the final phase of João Goularts presidency, a great distributional struggle broke out between capital and labor, setting the stage for the collapse of Celso Furtados Three-Year Plan. The findings are of great relevance given scholars general recognition that the inadequacy of the Brazilian government in tackling economic problems had a decisive impact on the fall of democracy in 1964, in turn paving the way for a 21-year military dictatorship.
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Wellman, Caroline E. "Negotiated Regulation: The Ohio Livestock Care Standards Board As a Model Regulatory Process." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1302375241.
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Alpuche, Caceres Karen. "The Legalization of Street Vending in Los Angeles: Exploring the Impact on Vendors and their Livelihoods." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/207.
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This thesis aims to unpack the impact the legalization of street vending and the subsequent regulation had on sidewalk vendors. Although legalization occurred state-wide through Senate Bill 946 in September of 2017, the rules and regulations for vending were passed at a city-level, and I am focusing on the City of Los Angeles specifically. Through interviews with government officials, non-profit partners and advocates, and vendors from different parts of the City, I analyze information around the policy itself, its history, and the impact it has and is expected to have on vendors and their businesses. While vendors have been central to advocacy and the policy process, the creation of a permitting system in the City of Los Angeles has been less transparent. By interviewing stakeholders, relying on existing economic, political, and sociological literature, and gathering opinions from vendors themselves, I develop various policy recommendations to further empower vendors and integrate them into Los Angeles’ formal economy. I recommend a permitting model that is backward-mapped and stems from the needs of and feedback from vendors in order for it to be more aligned with the goals and needs of vendors themselves.
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Karoui, Hichem. "La politique de l’administration républicaine du Président Bush au Moyen-Orient, à travers les conceptions et les réseaux des hommes politiques, des entrepreneurs, et des militaires [2000-2008]." Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030029.
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Pendant huit ans [de 2000 à 2008], on nous a dit et répété que tout ce que l’administration Bush a prétendu et fait [de la lutte contre « l’axe du mal » à la campagne anti-terroriste internationale, et de la guerre préemptive ou préventive à la « démocratisation » du Moyen-Orient par tous les moyens…etc.,] trouve sa source dans l’idéologie morale des néoconservateurs qui cherchent à « rendre le monde meilleur », et à « moraliser » la vie politique nationale et internationale, notamment par une rénovation des valeurs [conservatrices] américaines et par un engagement plus actif vis-à-vis des problèmes internationaux.Mais à la lumière des constats que nous avons été amenés à faire lors de notre investigation, il devient clair que : contrairement à ce qui est largement répandu, ce n’est ni l’idéologie morale des néoconservateurs ni le bloc religieux et messianique allié du Président Bush qui guident son action au Moyen-Orient et ailleurs, mais l’économie. En effet, les clés de la politique Bush au Moyen-Orient ne sont idéologiques qu’en apparence. En réalité, elles sont à découvrir dans les intérêts économiques et financiers que cette administration a cherché à défendre, à protéger, et à acquérir. Ces clés sont à trouver dans l’argent des contributions qui financent les campagnes électorales. Elles sont également celles du grand Capital, de l’Amérique des corporations industrielles et financières, des multinationales, des lobbies et autres groupes de pression qui dominent la vie politique aux Etats-Unis et influencent sa politique au Moyen-Orient jusqu’à la colorer de leurs propres couleursFor eight years [from 2000 through 2008], we were told repeatedly that what the Bush administration did and claimed [from the fight against the “axis of evil” to the campaign against international terrorism, and from the pre-emptive or preventive war to the “democratization” of the Middle East by any means, etc.], has its roots in the Neoconservative moral ideology seeking to “make the world better”, and “moralize” national and international politics, including a renewal of [conservative] American values and more an active commitment towards international issues. But in the light of the findings that we have been led to from our investigation, it becomes clear that contrary to what is widespread, it is neither moral ideology of the Neoconservatives nor the religious and messianic bloc allied to President Bush that guided his actions in the Middle East and elsewhere, but the economy. Indeed, the keys to the Bush policy in the ! Middle East are ideological only in appearance. In fact, they are to be discovered in the economic and financial interests that the administration has sought to defend, protect and acquire. These keys are to be found in money contributions that finance political campaigns. They are also those of big business, the American industrial and financial corporations, multinationals, lobbies and other pressure groups that dominate political life in the United States and the influence they exert on the Middle East policy
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Michallet, Benjamin. "The political economy of environmental public policies : five essays on European countries." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E048/document.
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La mise à l’agenda politique des questions environnementales connait depuis les années70 un dynamisme sans précédent dans les pays européens. Cette tendance s’est exprimée par l’offre de politiques environnementales de la part des partis politiques lors des campagnes électorales, et la mise en place de plans de finances publiques dédiés à la protection de l’environnement lors des mandats politiques. Au travers de cinq essais s’inscrivant dans l’économie politique de l’École des choix publics, cette thèse s’attache à déterminer si les hommes politiques ont agi de sorte à maximiser leur intérêt personnel ou au contraire à servir le bien-être collectif. Le premier chapitre interroge l’insertion des questions environnementales au sein de la diversité des idéologies politiques des grands partis français tandis que le chapitre 2 analyse les déterminants de l’offre environnementale dans les programmes des partis politiques en Europe depuis 1970. Les chapitres 3 et 4 mobilisent les données de finance publique environnementale des pays européens depuis 1995 et analysent successivement la programmatique de l’offre environnementale et l’impact des règles électorales sur le niveau de dépense publique à l’échelle du budget central et du budget global des États. Le chapitre 5 oppose successivement l’entrepreneuriat politique à l’entrepreneuriat associatif et l’entrepreneuriat de marché comme solution efficace aux problèmes environnementauxIn the 70s, European countries have started seeing a significant politicization of environmental issues. This trend was expressed by political parties through a platform of environmental public policies during political campaigns, as well as the setting of environmental budgets by the presidents during their terms of office. By means of five essays falling into the scope of the Public Choice School of Thought, this thesis aims at determining whether politicians’ behavior have been motivated by self-interest or rather by global well-being satisfaction.The first chapter examines how environmental issues have integrated the spectrum of French political parties of all ideologies whereas the second chapter analyses the determinants of an environmental offer and this within the European political parties since 1970. Chapter 3 and 4 focus on environmental public spending done dy European countries since 1995, and analyze the application of the environmental political pledges and the impact of the electoral rules inplace on environmental public spending at both, the central budget scale and the total budget scale of states. Chapter 5 compares political entrepreneurship to associative entrepreneurship and market entrepreneurship to determine the most efficient way of solving environmental issues
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Rocha, Danylo Rebert de Oliveira. "Estado, empresariado e variedades de capitalismo no Brasil: internacionalização de empresas privadas no governo Lula." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-19072013-093411/.
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Esta dissertação analisa a economia política do processo de internacionalização de empresas privadas brasileiras ocorrido durante o governo Lula (2003-2010). A partir de 2005, verificou-se uma expansão do investimento direto brasileiro no exterior, resultado de uma política do governo federal destinada a formar grandes empresas transnacionais capazes de concorrer internacionalmente. Grandes fusões, aquisições e projetos de investimentos no exterior foram financiados por recursos públicos, no âmbito da política industrial operada pelo Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), principal banco estatal de fomento ao setor privado no país. Uma característica importante desse movimento foi a concentração em setores nos quais o Brasil já é competitivo, como os intensivos em trabalho e recursos naturais, em contradição com diretrizes originalmente estabelecidas pela própria política industrial do governo Lula, que preconizava o incentivo a indústrias mais intensivas em tecnologia. Utilizando a abordagem institucional das \"variedades de capitalismo\", argumenta-se que isso ocorreu porque a política de internacionalização de empresas pautou-se por demandas de curto prazo de grupos econômicos privados, refletindo características institucionais mais gerais da economia brasileira.This dissertation analyzes the political economy of the internationalization process of Brazilian private companies occurred during Lula administration (2003-2010). Since 2005, there was an expansion of Brazilian foreign direct investment abroad, as a result of a federal government policy intended to form large corporations able to compete internationally. Major mergers, acquisitions and investment projects abroad were financed by public funds under the industrial policy operated by National Bank of Economic and Social Development (BNDES), the main state bank to support the private sector in the country. An important feature of this movement was the focus on sectors in which Brazil is already competitive, as the labor and natural resources intensives sectors, in conflict with guidelines established by the same industrial policy of the Lula government, which advocated the support of more technology-intensive industries. Using the institutional approach of \"varieties of capitalism\", it is argued that this occurred because the internationalization policy was guided by short-term demands of private economic groups, reflecting wider institutional characteristics of the Brazilian economy.
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Tondolo, Luana Pontes. "Resultados da política do microempreendedor Individual (MEI) para os empreendedores de baixa renda." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8542.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
This paper aims to analyze the results of the MEI public policy on low-income entrepreneurs. It is an exploratory and descriptive study of qualitative nature. A single case study strategy was adopted: the city of Silvânia. It was called upon interviews with semi structured scripts in two groups: entrepreneurs and local policy actors, and, in addition, documents as data resource. A content analysis was conducted through the software NVivo. The results show that, altogether, entrepreneurs had an informal business before formalizing, and had benefits resulted from the accession to the MEI policy, such as new market access, better relations with suppliers, income improvement, citizenship and social security. It is possible to conclude that the objectives of the policy that made MEI possible, such as the entrepreneurs’ formalization, social inclusion and social protection are being achieved. The MEI is providing positive impact on entrepreneurs, businesses and the region.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os resultados da política do MEI para os empreendedores de baixa renda. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva de natureza qualitativa. Adotou-se a estratégia de estudo de caso único, o município de Silvânia. Recorreu-se a entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados em dois grupos: empreendedores e atores locais da política, e a documentação como fonte de dados. Para a análise dos dados, foi realizada análise de conteúdo e adotado o software NVivo para suporte à condução da análise. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam que no geral, os empreendedores tinham um negócio informal antes da formalização e tiveram como benefícios pela adesão ao MEI, acesso a novos mercados, melhora da relação com fornecedores, melhora na renda, cidadania, e os benefícios da previdência social. É possível concluir que os objetivos da política que criou o MEI, qual sejam, a formalização dos empreendedores, a inclusão social e a proteção previdenciária estão sendo alcançados. O MEI está proporcionando impactos positivos nos empreendedores, no negócio e na região.
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Fallde, Magdalena. "Miljö i tanken? : Policyprocesser vid övergången till alternativa drivmedel i kollektivtrafiken i Linköping och Helsingborg 1976-2005." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema teknik och social förändring, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70095.
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Föreliggande avhandling studerar kommunala policyprocesser i en fråga där ett flertal olika policyområden ingår: övergången till alternativa drivmedel i kollektivtrafiken. Genom att undersöka hur och varför sådana policyer utvecklats i två kommuner bidrar studien dels till att förklara hur policy utvecklas på kommunal nivå; dels till att skapa förståelse för policyskapande där olika policyområden ingår. Genom fallstudier har policyprocesserna vid övergången till biogas i stadsbusstrafiken i Linköpings och Helsingborgs kommuner undersökts. Studien är processorienterad och fokuserar huvudsakligen på hur och varför aktörer, utifrån sina resurser, intressen, problemdefinitioner och lösningar, kan påverka policy. Resultaten visar hur policyprocesserna vid övergången till biogas präglats av traditionella policyområden där aktörer, intressen och resurser skilt sig åt beroende på sektor. Samtidigt visar avhandlingen att en sammankoppling mellan policyområdena för energi, miljö och transport varit väsentligt för att aktörer skulle kunna driva igenom sina förslag. För att göra detta har gränsgångare – policyentreprenörer som gått över gränserna för de tre policyområdena – varit centrala genom att initiera breda samarbeten där aktörer företrädande energi, miljö och kollektivtrafik identifierat och eftersträvat ett gemensamt mål.This thesis studies municipal policy processes where several policy sectors are involved: the transition to alternative fuels in public transport. Examining how and why those policies have developed in two municipalities, the study will contribute to explain how policy are shaped on a municipal level and also contribute to further knowledge of policy processes where different sectors are involved. Through case studies, the policy processes concerning the introduction of biogas in city buses in the municipalities of Linköping and Helsingborg have been studied. The study is process oriented and mainly focuses on how and why actors with their resources, interests, problem definitions and solutions, can influence policy. The results show that the processes consisted of traditional policy sectors where actors, interests and resources differed between the sectors. In addition, the thesis shows that a connection between the energy, environment and transport policy sectors has been essential for policy development. Boundary walkers – that is, policy entrepreneurs that crossed the boundaries between the three sectors – have been central to initiate broad collaborations where actors representing energy, environment and public transport identified and strived to a common goal.
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Kennedy-Salchow, Shana. "Corporate Philanthropy Practices in K-12 Education in the U.S. and Germany." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19292.
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In Deutschland und den USA engagiert sich die unternehmerische Philanthropie zunehmend in der Allgemeinbildung, während der letzten Dekade vor allem in den „MINT“ und den „STEM“ Fächern. Hierzu gibt es bisher kaum systematische Studien. Diese vergleichende Arbeit untersucht, warum und wie sich Unternehmen in diesen Bereichen engagieren, und wie sich ihre Rolle in der Bildung verändert. Die Studie beruht auf einer historischen Analyse der Rolle von Unternehmen in der Bildung seit 1945 und auf Interviews mit Experten aus dem MINT- und STEM-Bereich.
Die wichtigsten Befunde der Studie sind: (1) Zuvor überwiegend in der dualen Bildung aktiv, begannen deutsche Unternehmen in den frühen 2000er Jahren u.a. als Reaktion auf den PISA-Schock, sich philanthropisch in der allgemeinen Schulbildung zu engagieren. (2) Unternehmerische Philanthropie führten die MINT und STEM Bildungsbewegung an. Aufgrund ihrer etablierten, gut vernetzten und vielfach finanzkräftigeren Stiftungen gelang es US-amerikanischen Unternehmen besser als deutschen, das Thema ins öffentliche Bewusstsein zu rücken, Ressourcen zu erschließen und Änderungen in der Bildungspolitik zu erwirken. (3) Unternehmen und deren Stiftungen wurden in erster Linie durch Entwicklungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, langfristige ökonomische Überlegungen und die Notwendigkeit zur Innovation motiviert, sich zu engagieren; aufgrund unterschiedlicher demographischer Aspekte und Entwicklungen in der Bildung fanden sich Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Ländern. (4) In Deutschland und den USA agiert die unternehmerische Philanthropie zunehmend strategisch, d.h. sie handelt ergebnisorientiert und achtet auf Skalierbarkeit ihrer Aktivitäten. Dies hat das Engagement von Unternehmen in der Bildungspolitik verstärkt und die Anforderung der Wirtschaft in den Fokus gerückt. Manche US-amerikanische Unternehmen haben begonnen, Berufsbildungswege zu schaffen, was bisher nicht die Regel war.Corporate philanthropy is active in K-12 education in Germany and the U.S. but there is minimal research about it. Over the last decade corporate philanthropic actors in both countries have become active in STEM* education (in Germany, MINT). This comparative study is about why and how they decided to invest in these initiatives and how that is tied to their traditional roles in education. It leans on the history of company involvement in education since 1945 and on interviews with experts active in the STEM and MINT education scenes. The main findings are: (1) As a result of the PISA shock and other factors, German companies that traditionally engaged only in vocational education have become active in general K-12 education. (2) Corporate philanthropy led the STEM and MINT education movements. However, U.S. companies and their foundations, with decades of philanthropic experiences and networks in education, were more successful in raising awareness, organizing resources, and achieving policy changes at the federal level. (3) Companies and their foundations were driven to invest in STEM and MINT education largely by workforce, long-term innovation, and economic concerns but there were key differences because of the differing demographic and education trends in the two countries. (4) In the U.S. and Germany, corporate philanthropy is attempting to be more strategic. This has resulted in a focus on outcome-based measurements and scalability but has also led to more investments in nonprofit and policy organizations instead of schools or their booster clubs. It has also resulted in corporate philanthropy better aligning with company competencies and needs, which made STEM and MINT ideal. In the case of the U.S., this has also resulted in some companies creating vocational programs, an area of education most companies avoided in the past. *STEM= Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math MINT= Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik
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Aguilar, Falconí Giulianna. "Between the strengthening and weakening of environmental fiscalization in the mining and hydrocarbon sectors: OEFA." Politai, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123809.
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What motivates the State to modify its environmental institutional legacy? What are the conditions to strengthen or weaken the control over the environment? ftis article describes the growth and development of the environmental institutionality from the fiscalization, having as experience the development of the Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA) from its creation to the present. ftis research seeks to identify the factors and conditions for the strengthening and weakening of environmental fiscalization. fte sum of the elements such as state strength and bureaucracy, policy entrepreneurs, institutional change, interest groups and international requirements could explain when the strengthening or weakening of environmental control is considered, the increase or decrease in the fiscalization patterns and the levels of institutional affectation.¿Qué motiva al Estado a modificar su legado institucional ambiental? ¿Cuáles son las condiciones para fortalecer o debilitar la fiscalización sobre el medio ambiente? Este artículo describe el crecimiento y el desarrollo de la institucionalidad ambiental a partir de la fiscalización teniendo como experiencia el desenvolvimiento del Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA) desde su creación hasta la actualidad. Esta investigación busca identificar los factores y las condiciones para el fortalecimiento y debilitamiento de la fiscalización ambiental. La suma de los elementos como fortaleza y burocracia estatal, emprendedores de políticas, cambio institucional, grupos de interés y exigencias internacionales podrían explicar en qué momento se plantea el fortalecimiento o el debilitamiento de la fiscalización ambiental, el incremento o la disminución en los patrones de fiscalización y los niveles de afectación institucional.
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Katungu, Wisdom. "The contribution of social entrepreneurship in meeting the needs of orphans in the Mberengwa district, Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40370.
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Since the turn of the millennium, Zimbabwe has witnessed a raft of socio-economic and political problems characterised by hyper-inflation; shortage of basic commodities; dwindling fiscal reserves; ballooning domestic and foreign debt; falling standard of living and high levels of migration. The devastating effects of the Aids pandemic have not helped the situation. With estimates indicating that there are more than million orphaned children, social security programmes have been overstretched resulting in the State failing to adequately provide for the needs of these orphans in the country. It is against this background that the study sought to explore the community level initiatives that communities are taking to meet the needs of orphans through community based programmes. The goal of the study was to explore the contribution of social entrepreneurship in meeting the needs of orphans in the Mberengwa district, Zimbabwe.
The study was conducted using a qualitative research approach. The study was exploratory and the type of research was applied. The collective case study design was utilised. A total of twenty participants took part in the study; including six children who were benefiting from the income generating projects, four key informants who work closely with the projects as well as ten villagers who were involved in the day to day running of the projects. The participants were selected from two villages that have the projects benefiting orphans. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected from the children and key informants by way of interviews and from the villagers through focus group discussions.
The findings show that the government of Zimbabwe lacks capacity to meet the needs of orphans due to the socio-economic and political challenges and as a result, communities in Mberengwa district have taken the initiative to care for the orphans in their area through income generating projects. The income generating projects are social entrepreneurial ventures in that they aim at generating profits which are channelled towards meeting the needs of the orphans. Through the income generating projects, the orphans in Mberengwa district are able to access their needs which include food, education, clothing, shelter, birth registration and protection from abuse. Findings also indicated that in the Mberengwa district, orphan care is viewed as a community, rather than individual responsibility. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the communities in Mberengwa have inherent strengths which make it possible for them to work together in achieving common objectives. Consequently, their social ties and close social relations enable them to work together to deal with problems confronting them collectively. vi
projects benefiting orphans. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected from the children and key informants by way of interviews and from the villagers through focus group discussions.
The findings show that the government of Zimbabwe lacks capacity to meet the needs of orphans due to the socio-economic and political challenges and as a result, communities in Mberengwa district have taken the initiative to care for the orphans in their area through income generating projects. The income generating projects are social entrepreneurial ventures in that they aim at generating profits which are channelled towards meeting the needs of the orphans. Through the income generating projects, the orphans in Mberengwa district are able to access their needs which include food, education, clothing, shelter, birth registration and protection from abuse. Findings also indicated that in the Mberengwa district, orphan care is viewed as a community, rather than individual responsibility. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the communities in Mberengwa have inherent strengths which make it possible for them to work together in achieving common objectives. Consequently, their social ties and close social relations enable them to work together to deal with problems confronting them collectively.
It was concluded that income generating projects based on social entrepreneurial principles are a critical poverty alleviation and social protection mechanism for orphans in the Mberengwa communities as they lead to meeting their needs and furthermore, alleviate social problems in the community. In order to respond to the gap created by the government’s lack of capacity to care for the orphans, social entrepreneurship through income generating projects can be utilised to achieve social protection and poverty alleviation goals more so in the country’s quest to meet the Millennium Development Goals.
Recommendations include the need to review the legal and policy framework governing the care and protection of orphans in the country to include community-based programmes. Furthermore, it is recommended to strengthen traditional orphan care structures in facilitating income generating projects based on social entrepreneurial principles as they have the propensity to help meet the needs of orphans at the community level.Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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Social Work and Criminology
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Leite, Leonardo Queiroz. "Um empreendedor de políticas públicas em ação:Bresser Pereira e a reforma da administração pública de 1995 no Brasil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1033.
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-29Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
This study aims to understand and clarify the role of the former Minister of Federal Administration and State Reform (1995 1998), Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, in the strategic position of the main formulator of the public management reform in Brazil. In this sense, we will provide a Reform explanation observing how the political and intellectual construction of this public policy directly derived from the persuasive action Bresser Pereira in exercising the "power of ideas". Here, we consider as essential the structural limits of the Ministry of Federal Administration and State Reform as the fundamental political and institutional locus for the formulation of policy reform. Thus, through the analysis of the profile and policy measures undertaken by the former minister Bresser, according to the theoretical framework adopted, with particular emphasis on the theoretical model of John Kingdon, we verify the existence of a typical policy entrepreneur in action. Therefore, we demonstrate that Bresser Pereira exercised the intellectual and political leadership at the time of construction and dissemination of the main principles of the o called "New Public Management" in Brazil, supporting the reform policy of the first Fernando Henrique Cardoso s administration. Our focus on the performance and characteristic profile of the chosen entrepreneur reveals that the individual action of the actors is an important dimension in public policy production process. Thus, we intend to contribute to enrich the academic production in the field of political science and its intersection with the area of public policy, filling analytical gaps about the performance of policy entrepreneurs, providing a new theoretical and empirical analysis research about the State Reform in Brazil.
Neste trabalho buscamos compreender e lançar luzes sobre o papel do ex-ministro da Administração Federal e da Reforma do Estado (1995 1998), Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, na condição de principal formulador e empreendedor da Reforma da Administração Pública de 1995 no Brasil. Para tanto, forneceremos uma explicação da Reforma observando como se deu a construção política e intelectual desta política pública a partir da ação persuasiva de Bresser Pereira ao exercer o poder das ideias , considerando os limites estruturais do MARE enquanto o lócus político-institucional fundamental para a formulação da política de Reforma da Gestão Pública de 1995. Através da análise do perfil e das iniciativas políticas levadas a cabo pelo ex-ministro Bresser, segundo os marcos teóricos adotados, com especial destaque para o modelo teórico de John Kingdon, verificamos a existência de um típico empreendedor de políticas públicas em ação. Assim, demonstraremos que o então ministro exerceu a liderança intelectual e política no momento de construção e disseminação dos principais fundamentos da chamada Nova Gestão Pública no Brasil, sustentando a política de Reforma da Administração Pública do primeiro governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Nosso foco, na atuação e no perfil peculiar do empreendedor escolhido, revela que a ação individual dos atores é uma dimensão importante no processo de produção de políticas públicas. Assim, pretendemos contribuir para enriquecer os trabalhos acadêmicos do campo da Ciência Política e sua intersecção com a área de políticas públicas, preenchendo lacunas analíticas sobre a atuação dos empreendedores de políticas públicas , fornecendo uma análise teórico-empírica ainda não realizada no âmbito das pesquisas sobre a Reforma do Estado no Brasil.
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Morais, Ricardo Cavalcante. "A POLÍTICA DA MICROEMPRESA INDIVIDUAL E A INFORMALIDADE DAS RELAÇÕES DE TRABALHO: A experiência brasileira de 2008 a 2012." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/865.
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-29This paper results from a survey of evaluative slant of the effectiveness of policy in confronting the individual micro "informal structure" from the period 2008 to 2012. We use the Marxist theoretical framework which consequently led to a critical approach more qualitative than quantitative. Had it aims to evaluate the impact of policy on Microenterprise in Individual coping informality in Brazil considering the progress made in terms of improvements in working conditions and profitability of individual microentrepreneurs policy beneficiaries to judge the appropriateness of the policy for Addressing the "structural informality." Had as objectives: rescue in a theoretical and historical perspective the main determinants of informality of labor relations;characterize and measure the phenomenon of informality in Brazil; investigate the phenomenon of micro-enterprise from a critical approach in the current scenario of globalization flexible accumulation of capital and to characterize the policy of Micro Single, indicating the legal framework and its implications on coping with informality. It was concluded that the approach of the policy of Micro Single from the point of view of coping with structural informality of small farms is inadequate. In this sense, the effects that the policy aimed to cause about working conditions and income of the beneficiaries are not able to characterize a breakthrough in dealing with the expansion of the informal sector and are unable to promote the overcoming of "structural informality .
O presente trabalho resulta de uma pesquisa de cunho avaliativo a respeito da efetividade da política da microempresa individual no enfrentamento da informalidade estrutural a partir do período compreendido de 2008 até 2012. Utiliza-se o referencial teórico metodológico de orientação marxista o que levou consequentemente a uma abordagem crítica mais qualitativa que quantitativa. Teve-se por objetivo principal avaliar os impactos da Política da Microempresa Individual no enfrentamento à informalidade no Brasil considerando os avanços alcançados em termos de melhorias nas condições de trabalho e de rentabilidade dos microempreendedores individuais beneficiários da política, para julgar a adequação da política para o enfrentamento da informalidade estrutural . Teve-se como objetivos específicos: resgatar em uma perspectiva teórica e histórica as principais determinantes da informalidade das relações de trabalho; caracterizar e dimensionar o fenômeno da informalidade no Brasil; investigar o fenômeno da microempresa a partir de uma abordagem crítica no atual cenário de mundialização do capital e acumulação flexível para caracterizar a Política da Microempresa Individual, indicando o marco jurídico e suas implicações no enfrentamento à informalidade. Concluiu-se que a abordagem da Política da Microempresa Individual do ponto de vista do enfrentamento à informalidade estrutural de pequenas unidades de produção é inadequada. Neste sentido, os efeitos que a política visou provocar sobre as condições de trabalho e renda dos beneficiários não são capazes de caracterizar um avanço no enfrentamento à expansão do setor informal da economia e são incapazes de promover a superação da informalidade estrutural , uma vez que a política se constitui em uma faceta da Nova Informalidade .