Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polish entrepreneurs

Academic literature on the topic 'Polish entrepreneurs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polish entrepreneurs"

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Kozieł, Grzegorz. "‘Firm’ [Firma] in the Meaning of Polish Legal Language: The Business Name under which the Entrepreneur Operates in Legal and Economic Transactions, or an Entrepreneur [Przedsiębiorca]? Selected Comments on the (Un) Reasonableness of the Use of the Word ‘Firm’ [Firma] in Various Substantive Meanings." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.04.06.

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Abstract This article presents selected observations relating to the reasonableness of using the word ‘firm’ [Polish: firma] in various substantive meanings in Polish legal language. First, attention is drawn to the basic meaning of the word ‘firm’ [firma] in Polish legal language as a business name under which an entrepreneur [przedsiębiorca] operates in legal transactions, which is synthetically (briefly) distinguished from the meaning in Polish legal language, especially of the word ‘entrepreneur’ [przedsiębiorca]. It is then pointed out that in Polish legal and non-legal language, especially in everyday language and in the specialist language of economics and finance, as well as in management and quality sciences (including the language of practice of these areas of knowledge), a different meaning of the word ‘firm’ [firma] is adopted: while in Polish legal language it is understood as the business name of an entrepreneur, in the non-legal language of the above-mentioned areas it is understood as meaning an entrepreneur (also in the context of the meaning given to it in selected foreign languages). This is the background for pointing to the use of the word ‘firm’ [firma] in Polish legal language in the early 21st century not to define the business names of entrepreneurs conducting a strictly defined economic activity, but in a different sense – to define these entrepreneurs by introducing the concepts of an investment firm [firma inwestycyjna], a foreign investment firm [zagraniczna firma inwestycyjna] and an audit firm [firma audytorska], assessing these legislative changes as a significant systemic inconsistency and formulating conclusions in this regard.
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Knight, Julie. "The evolving motivations of ethnic entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 9, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-10-2013-0031.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the motivations and dynamics of Polish small business owners who are living and working in the United Kingdom several years after Poland’s enlargement to the European Union. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 39 Polish migrants, residing in the Cardiff area, in 2008 and 2011. During the 2008 data collection period, 20 interviews were completed, and during the 2011 data collection period, 19 interviews were completed. Findings – The findings highlight that migrants become entrepreneurs for a variety of reasons, blurring the lines between cultural and economic entrepreneurship as well as between necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship. The findings also highlight the changing motivations of the ethnic entrepreneurs over time, particularly when the demand for their product is unsustainable. Research limitations/implications – The generalisabilty of the research is limited because of the small sample size. In addition, the lack of Polish language skills of the interviewer may have influenced the sampling of the Polish community. Practical implications – The findings from this article will have an impact on the wider ethnic entrepreneurship literature, migration-based policy and the cultural integration of migrants in the long-term. Originality/value – This article contributes to the wider literature on ethnic entrepreneurship through considering the migrants’ motivations throughout their entire entrepreneurial period and how these motivations may evolve over time.
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Lassalle, Paul. "Opportunity recognition among migrant entrepreneurs." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 19, no. 3 (June 5, 2018): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750318779487.

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This article examines the decision-making process of Polish migrant entrepreneurs (MEs) using the theoretical lens of opportunity recognition, which has not yet been applied to MEs. First, the article provides empirical evidence on Polish MEs in Glasgow on the incremental nature of their entrepreneurial decisions, their ability to perceive opportunities in the community niche market located in the local opportunity structure and the role played by the household context, highlighting that starting-up is a household and not an individual decision. Second, building on the opportunity recognition literature, the article proposes the concept of haphazard entrepreneurship in the case of MEs. The concept encompasses notions of serendipity and mixed embeddedness and recognizes the importance of household migration and settlement strategies in entrepreneurial decision-making.
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Etel, Maciej. "Polish “Entrepreneur” and EU “Undertaking”: Multilingualism and Differences in Legal Identification." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 52, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2017-0042.

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Abstract The European Union and its member-states’ involvement in the economic sphere, manifesting itself in establishing the rules of entrepreneurs’ functioning – their responsibilities and entitlements – requires a precise determination of the addressees of these standards. Proper identification of an entrepreneur is a condition of proper legislation, interpretation, application, control and execution of the law. In this context it is surprising that understanding the term entrepreneur in Polish law and in EU law is not the same, and divergences and differences in identification are fundamental. This fact formed the objective of this article. It is aimed at pointing at key differences in the identification of an entrepreneur between Polish and EU law, explaining the reasons for different concepts, and also the answer to the question: May Poland, as an EU member-state, identify the entrepreneur in a different way than the EU?
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Rytelewska, Aleksandra. "Contracts in business transactions according to Polish law." Pravovedenie 65, no. 2 (2021): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.203.

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The article aims to familiarize the Russian reader with the issue of contracts concluded by professional entities (entrepreneurs) under the Polish legal system. Undoubtedly, the majority of all contracts concluded by private law bodies are trade contracts. It should be noted that the concept of trade contracts covers contracts in which both parties are professionals as well as those in which only one of the parties acts as an entrepreneur conducting their business. The article discusses 8 contracts as follows: contract of agency, contract of consignment, contract of carriage, contract of forwarding, bailment, contract of storage, delivery contract and leasing contract. They are a compilation of typical contracts traditionally concluded in business transactions. Their choice was determined both by the scale of their use in practice and their importance for commercial activity. At the same time, as highlighted in the paper, due to the freedom of contract principle under the Polish law of obligations, these contracts may be (and often are) used as model solutions that entrepreneurs will rely on when entering into legal relations that are not explicitly indicated in the Polish legal system (so-called unnominated contracts). In conclusion, attention is drawn to the challenges the Polish legislator faces today in the field of contract law due to contemporary economic changes. Furthermore, the threats posed by both excessively strict legislation and a lack of proper regulation are identified along with a recommended solution aimed at reconciling these diverging positions. According to this suggestion, in order to grant a normative form to unnominated contracts, commonly concluded in business transactions, concrete measures should be taken only in the form of guidelines, non-binding proposals that can be used by entrepreneurs to guarantee a minimum level of protection for parties to such contracts.
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Strzelbicki, Michał. "Skutki prawne kontroli przedsiębiorcy prowadzonej z naruszeniem zasad kontroli." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 114 (August 10, 2018): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.114.41.

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LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENTREPRENEUR INSPECTION CONDUCTED IN VIOLATION OF PRINCIPLES FOR INSPECTIONWith the enforcement of the Business Activities Freedom Act, the provisions of Chapter 5 entitled “Entrepreneur Inspection” have become to apply in the Polish Public Economic Law. The essence of the regulation lies in the principles for inspection, namely standards to be met by each and every entrepreneur’s business inspection performed by administrative bodies. Legal regulation of entrepreneur inspection, providing for legal framework of the procedure and setting limits to the actions of the inspection authority, was aimed by the legislator to limit the natural advantage of the authority over the entrepreneur during the inspection proceeding.The legislator was aware that the very introduction of principles for inspection would not be sufficient to effectively protect entrepreneurs’ interests. For this reason, the administrative authorities have been obliged to apply the principles for trader inspection through far-reaching negative legal consequences to the authority in the event of breach. The article analyses such legal solutions which provide entrepreneurs with the right to pursue compensation from the state, and permit demanding that the evidence gathered during the inspection could not be used against such trader by the administration authorities the “fruit of the poisonous tree” principle. The author presents the scope of application of both such instruments, and takes a stand as regards related detailed issues which have so far been the bone of contention both in the doctrine and in the judgements.
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Morawczyński, Rafał. "Venture Capitalists’ Investment Criteria in Poland: Entrepreneurial Opportunities, Entrepreneurs, and Founding Teams." Administrative Sciences 10, no. 4 (October 10, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci10040077.

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The aim of this article is to explore the decision-making policies by Polish Venture Capital (VC) firms, with special focus on the perception of entrepreneurs. This paper presents the results of a conjoint analysis and assessment of the importance of select characteristics among entrepreneurs and the qualities of a team of founders comprising managers of VC firms. The data were collected via face-to-face interviews with 26 Venture Capitalists. In the conjoint experiment, six attributes were presented, among which three represented characteristics of the entrepreneur (his/her passion and experience) and the management team (experience and completeness) alongside three characteristics of the opportunity (readiness of the product/service, growth rate of the market, and innovativeness of the whole project). VC managers ranked the importance of eight characteristics of the entrepreneurs related to their decisions and assessed the functional composition of the team of founders. The results of the experiment show that venture capitalists (VCs) most strongly appreciate the readiness of the product and entrepreneur’s passion. However, their preferences varied across the sample. The results of the ranking also show that the VC managers highly value the honesty of the entrepreneur. VCs typically prefer a team of founders, rather than a single-person project, preferably consisting of persons at least familiar with the technology and the market. This study contributes significantly to the state-of-the-art, as research on VC investment policy (investment criteria) is relatively rare in Central and Eastern Europe, where the VC industry is starting to flourish.
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Lassalle, Paul, and Gerard McElwee. "Polish entrepreneurs in Glasgow and entrepreneurial opportunity structure." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 22, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-01-2016-0012.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a modelized representation of the concept of opportunity structures for ethnic minority entrepreneurs in Glasgow, Scotland, that incorporates the different demand and supply side dimensions influencing entrepreneurial activity. Design/methodology/approach – An appropriate qualitative research design was implemented in order to capture and understand the influence of contextual dimensions on entrepreneurial behaviour of Polish EMEs in Glasgow. As part of the abductive and reflective process of the research, 21 semi-structured interviews were carried out in with Polish EMEs who are sole-owners of businesses. Findings – By contextualising ethnic minority entrepreneurship, the paper reveals the crucial and ambivalent role played by the community (for resource mobilisation and as the primary market) and by Polish EMEs’ perception of the opportunity structure, on their entrepreneurial behaviour. Moreover, it highlights the importance of the household as a contextual dimension on entrepreneurial decision making among those Polish entrepreneurs in Glasgow. Practical implications – Provides a comprehensive and operational model of opportunity structure for EMEs which can be used an operational tool for both scholars in the field as well as by policy makers. The proposed model constitutes a framework for analysing the influence of different contextual dimensions on EMEs’ entrepreneurial behaviour. Originality/value – The contribution is the provision of an original tool to enable further systematic comparative approaches while conducting research on EMEs across different communities and localities.
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Słapczyński, Tomasz. "Działalność gospodarcza w polskich przepisach legislacyjnych." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 22 (July 19, 2018): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.22.4.

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DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN POLAND IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL LAW ASPECTS - INTERPRETATIONS AND COLLISIONS OF THE STATUATORY DEFINITIONSThe doctrine distinguishes between two kinds of economic law, economic law, typicallyadministrative law and private economic law regulating civil-law relations. Both divisionsof law are interlinked because they regulate the functioning of economic entities in the wholecountry. Private law in this respect regulates property relations of entities of law-entrepreneurs who are entitled to autonomy in legal trade and are entities on the basis of equality. Public law regulates the relationship of subordinate sovereignty, administrative subordination, exercised by the state. The law of business is undoubtedly part of the public economic law, regulates the existence of an entrepreneur, and relations between entrepreneurs are the domain of private law. A company operating on the market must fulfill a number of statutory requirements and act in accordance with the law. It has a number of obligations for the State but also for other entities operating in the economy. As mentioned, an enterprise or an entrepreneur is obliged to fulfill the obligations imposed on them. Polish legislation is not uniform, as to the definition of entrepreneur and business, every department of law, and even some of the laws within the same law department, use a different definition of economic activity. Therefore, it is very important for an entrepreneur operating in Poland to check whether his activity is an economic activity in connection with the regulations contained in a specific law that may be in force. This is a very problematic issue, although the definitions in the various laws are similar, but they are not identical, which complicates the business, through heterogeneous and complex legislation that puts businesses in uneven light between many state institutions that impose obligations. To entrepreneurs. The work attempts to systematize the definition of an entrepreneur in Polish legal regulations, highlight the differences in individual laws and the consequences of that.
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Patnaik, Oskar. "Business Opportunities in India for Polish Entrepreneurs." Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 1, no. 3 (2013): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15678/eber.2013.010306.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polish entrepreneurs"

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Chyczewiski, Marcin. "Executive strategic decision-making patterns and behaviours in radical change contexts : The case of polish entrepreneurs." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508813.

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Adriansyah, Yasmi. "The Role of Policy Entrepreneurs in Indonesia's Foreign Policy." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149056.

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This thesis is primarily concerned with how and why policy entrepreneurs succeed in promoting their ideas or policy proposals. In examining this, the thesis uses the case of Indonesia’s foreign and domestic policies regarding the protection of its own migrant workers who work abroad, particularly with the ratification of the 1990 United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CMW). There are three central questions that this thesis examines: (1) To what extent were the policy entrepreneurs important in shaping or playing roles in Indonesia’s foreign policy regarding the protection of its migrant workers and who were the main policy entrepreneurs?; (2) How did these policy entrepreneurs attempt to ensure that their policy proposals were adopted or their ideas heard?; and (3) Why were the policy entrepreneurs successful in promoting their ideas? The thesis argues that the protection of Indonesian migrant workers has become a pressing issue in the context of nation’s foreign and domestic policies. This can be seen from the decision of Indonesia’s Kementerian Luar Negeri (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) in 2002 to establish a special directorate to address the issue, namely the Directorate for the Protection of Indonesian Citizens and Legal Agencies. Nonetheless, despite the establishment of this directorate, protection from this institution was still viewed as relatively poor since there were still numerous high-profile cases involving Indonesian migrant workers in cases related to torture and even some resulting in death. Recent policies developments, spurred by increasing democratisation, can be viewed as an improvement. This is demonstrated by Indonesia’s decision to ratify the CMW in 2012. With regard to this important decision, my empirical analysis showed that there were at least two categories of policy entrepreneurs that played important roles in influencing the decision: key figures operating within the important civil society organisations who worked under the umbrella movement People’s Alliance for the Ratification of 1990 Convention (ARRAK 90) and several elected members of the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR – Indonesia’s House of Representatives). Overall, the thesis argues that policy entrepreneurs were successful if: (1) they advocated cogent policy proposals; (2) these proposals were based on normative principles; and (3) they promoted their ideas with persistence. Each of these three factors is examined in the case studies. In testing the notion of persistence, the thesis measures activities such as: conducting a series of demonstrations; writing papers; and holding lobbying luncheons or dinners. The thesis concludes that there were two success factors that brought Indonesia’s foreign policy shift from non-ratification to ratification: coalition-building and advocacy persistence. In coalition-building, policy entrepreneurs believed that the emergence of ARRAK 90 significantly transformed the policy context. Working in coalition, policy entrepreneurs undertook continuous activities in terms of substantive work, demonstrations, and lobbying. As the policy context changed and window of opportunity presented themselves, policy entrepreneurs demonstrated enormous persistence in presenting their ideas. In this context, the policy entrepreneurs continuously pushed their demands, writing to influence public opinion, conducting various demonstrations for the purpose of raising public awareness, seizing government attention, and being persistent in demanding the adoption of their proposals. All these factors, particularly coalition-building and persistence, answer the primary questions of this thesis: to what extent were policy entrepreneurs important in policy change, how did they achieve change, and why were policy entrepreneurs successful in promoting their policy proposals?
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Rietig, Katharina. "Learning in governance : the role of policy entrepreneurs in European climate policy integration." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3121/.

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Learning is frequently regarded as facilitating factor for policy outcomes across multiple levels of governance. Learning however competes with alternative explanations such as bargaining, actor’s interests and organisational objectives. This thesis examines from an institutional perspective the link between individual learning of policymakers and learning among governmental institutions and analyses to what extent learning matters for the policy outcome. It finds that policy entrepreneurs play a key role in transferring learning to the organisational level and in achieving policy outcomes. The empirical focus is on learning in climate policy integration, which carries increasing importance for effective environmental governance as it can help create synergies for economic development and climate mitigation. The European Union is a frontrunner in integrating climate objectives into energy, transport and agriculture policy via regulatory instruments setting overall targets and conditioning financial resources upon compliance. This thesis uses qualitative methods to examine learning in the policymaking aspects of climate policy integration at the examples of the Renewable Energy Directive, its controversial biofuels component and the greening measures in the Common Agricultural Policy. This research makes several original contributions to the agency aspects of environmental governance: the meta-theoretical framework on learning allows a more nuanced analysis of what learning aspects occur in governance such as knowledge- and experience-based learning versus changes in different types of underlying beliefs. It also allows determining the extent to which a policy outcome results from learning or alternative explanations. This contribution clarifies the under-researched link between the learning individual, changes in beliefs and the factors hindering learning from being transferred to the organisational level where policy decisions are made. Policy outcomes resulted predominantly from policy entrepreneurs using previously acquired knowledge and experience to achieve a policy outcome aligned with their pre-formed deeper beliefs and policy objectives. Overall, the thesis provides a fresh perspective on the relevance of learning in the policymaking process and of bureaucrats as policy entrepreneurs.
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Au, Yeung Man-bun Francis, and 歐陽文彬. "An examination of policy entrepreneur using the case study central slaughtering policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46779334.

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Bird, Sarah (Sarah Amelia). "Entrepreneurship policy for entrepreneurs : a cognitive approach to the entrepreneurial environment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50608.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-113).
Entrepreneurship stimulates economic growth, creates jobs, and provides opportunities for independence and self-realization. Over the last 10 years, policy makers around the globe have been actively pursuing the elusive goal of an entrepreneurial economy. Often building on existing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME) policy, efforts have been taken to encourage entrepreneurship by, for example, reducing red-tape and improving access to financing. However, these efforts do not appear to be having the hoped effect of fostering more entrepreneurship. Starting from the maturing field of literature that applies cognitive science to entrepreneurship, this thesis examines what motivates entrepreneurs to start new ventures. I then use this understanding to develop policy options that aim to directly target individuals and foster more entrepreneurship as a unique interdisciplinary contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship policy. This thesis develops a framework for a cognitive approach to policy, which aims to put the entrepreneur at the heart of entrepreneurship policy. The cognitive approach is a tool for policy-makers to enable them to more readily understand entrepreneurs' mindsets and the policy options that can foster entrepreneurial intentions in their constituencies. In applying the cognitive approach to the entrepreneurial environment, this thesis shows that the types of policies necessary for fostering entrepreneurship are different from those currently favored by policy makers. Unlike SME policies, fostering entrepreneurship requires policies that help individuals build self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions through personal experiences, networks, feedback and mentorship. In the final chapters, the cognitive framework is applied to the MIT-Portugal Program, demonstrating how to apply this framework pragmatically and highlighting considerations for exporting entrepreneurship curricula from MIT to Portugal.
by Sarah Bird.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Magraw, Katherine. "Weapons brokers and policy entrepreneurs : Congress and the strategic policy community during the Reagan era." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13194.

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Weber, Johann C. "Policy entrepreneurs, windows, and cycles: Exploring policy change through bicycle infrastructure at the municipal level." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54975.

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Although bicycling has been the subject of increasing academic attention, particularly in the areas of mode choice, benefit analyses, and discussions of policies/treatments, much less attention has been devoted to actually studying how communities have made decisions about whether and what they’ll implement in regards to bicycle infrastructure. “Policy entrepreneurs” are theorized as actors centrally responsible for either creating an opportunity or capitalizing on an opportunity to pair a public problem with a policy solution. A survey instrument solicited directly the participation of the 200 most populous municipalities within the United States. Using a variety of analytical tools (and merged data sources) as well as a novel matching methodology for the selection of case studies, it was possible to identify interesting and broadly informative relationships, which were explored further via the case study comparison. 20 case interviews were conducted across 6 case study cities as a complement to the survey project. Individual policy entrepreneurs and their role or qualities were not significant quantitatively or qualitatively, despite being regularly present. However, having a network of supportive actors (including strong champions/policy entrepreneurs) played a critical role in making projects happen and at larger scales. Advocates and planners may be more successful by being attuned to these networks and political contexts and taking advantage of open “windows” of engagement. Alternatively, these windows can be opened ‘manually’ through grant applications, developing relationships, hosting trainings or speakers, and more. Lastly, city population was also associated with implementation, suggesting underlying factors to be explored in the future.
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Oka, Takashi. "A political biography of Ozawa Ichiro: Reformer and policy entrepreneur." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491080.

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Ozawa Ichiro is presented as a policy entrepreneur in the Kingdonian sense, dedicated to turning Japan into what he calls "a normal nation". In so doing, he is attacking Japanese exceptionalism - the idea that the Japanese are somehow unique. The thesis takes the form of a political biography based on three hypotheses: that Ozawa's ideas were distinctive; that he was a policy entrepreneur; and that he had an impact on political change. The time frame covers 18 years, beginning with Ozawa appointment as LDP Secretary General in 1989, and ending with the upper house election of 2007, in which Ozawa for the first time achieved his goal of victory in an election by an opposition party strong enough to compete with the long-ruling LDP.
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Benkirane, Othmane. "Acting on purpose: the reflections of MIT student entrepreneurs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122092.

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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (pages [79]-82).
The study of social systems has increasingly relied on data collection and analysis to draw conclusions. In parallel, the research community has often tried to understand entrepreneurs quantitatively, e.g. by understanding which behaviours or personality traits most often correlated with entrepreneurial success. While a quantified representation is essential in modeling what is being studied, it hides away the mental processes that create behaviours. Arguably, the people who engage the most directly with systemic change are entrepreneurs. They have to create their own system (a company) and connect it to its wider network (clients, investors, etc.). Most importantly, the more uncommon their idea is, the less they can rely on existing frames to bring their ideas to fruition, and the more they have to reflect on the dynamics of their wider context and how their company can integrate to it.
According to constructive-developmental theory (CDT), the ability to see context dynamically is not a personality trait, but a structure of perception. Our meaning-making--how we create that perception of the world--grows in complexity as we delve into our reflections. CDT makes the separation between a structure in which value is defined by the contexts that we are in, and the next more complex one, where the self defines value. This thesis is an early attempt at understanding the experience of systemic change, and the growth in perception that happens along-side it. By bringing CDT and associated theories of the mind into the experience of entrepreneurship, I sought to understand how entrepreneurs make meaning of themselves in the course of their growth, by asking them directly. This is the first known study that maps the meaning-making complexity of entrepreneurs using the subject-object interview, CDT's qualitative empirical research method.
I found that, as perception became more intrinsic, the definition of value went from seeking to have what we wish to have, to leaving a legacy through impact, to acting in harmony with our meaning of value. Instead of seeking purpose, entrepreneurs who perceive intrinsically act on the one they already have. Instead of seeking value, they share it with others in all their interactions.
by Othmane Benkirane.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
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Hägnemark, Johan, and Monika Vilkelyte. "Relationship between entrepreneurs and policy – driven networks : Motives, expectations and emerging challenges." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110671.

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Background: The importance of supportive business networks has been widely acknowledged in the field of entrepreneurship. Due to the success of informal business networks, the same networking concept is frequently encouraged and applied by regional political authorities. However, when duplicating a certain networking approach in different settings, it is important to address motives and expectations of network actors and be aware of potentially arising threats. Purpose of the study: The purpose of the Master Thesis is to explore and broaden the understanding of the relationship between the two actors: entrepreneurs and policy-driven networks. The Master Thesis aims to provide a theoretical contribution to the field of entrepreneurship in identifying and describing main motives and expectations of both actors, when engaging in a mutual relationship. However, the Thesis will focus on a single actor’s perspective and the main emphasis of the research will be placed on a set of entrepreneurs and their behavior within the analyzed policy-driven network. Ultimately, main emerging challenges between the two actors will be identified and analyzed, as well as appropriate guidance to address it will be provided. Methodological framework: The qualitative research approach was chosen for the conducted study. A multiple case study was completed in the form eight semi- structured interviews with the anagerial levels of the analyzed policy-driven network and local entrepreneurs. Completion and findings: The conducted study reveals that it is a great challenge to implement a certain networking approach in a diverse context. The provided frameworks of entrepreneurship, networking and social embeddedness indicate that, when establishing a policy-driven network a considerable amount of attention should be devoted to main network actors – regional entrepreneurs.
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Books on the topic "Polish entrepreneurs"

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O'del, John Nicholas. Polish entrepreneurs and American entrepreneurs: A comparative study of role motivations. New York: Garland Pub., 1997.

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Wyżnikiewicz, Bohdan. Coping with capitalism: The new Polish entrepreneurs. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1993.

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Reluctant socialists, rural entrepreneurs: Class, culture, and the Polish state. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1991.

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Zeigermann, Ulrike. Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44893-6.

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Citizen organizations as policy entrepreneurs. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 2000.

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Brouwer, Stijn. Policy Entrepreneurs in Water Governance. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17241-5.

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A, Beltz Cynthia, ed. Financing entrepreneurs. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 1994.

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Garrett, Thomas A. Creating a policy environment for entrepreneurs. [St. Louis, Mo.]: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2005.

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1964-, Scott James M., ed. Choosing to lead: Understanding Congressional foreign policy entrepreneurs. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.

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R, Link Jamie, ed. Government as entrepreneur. New York: Oxford University, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polish entrepreneurs"

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Zapalska, Alina M., and Dallas Brozik. "The Tourism and Hospitality Industry: Case Studies of Female Polish Entrepreneurs." In Female Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, 201–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137444516_11.

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Polkowska, Małgorzata. "Space Security and Cybersecurity in Poland." In Cybersecurity in Poland, 177–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78551-2_12.

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AbstractThis article refers to the definitions of: “space security” and “cybersecurity”. Both terms are strictly connected to the national defense and can be part of international law and national law of security. It seems that those two aspects of security are well regulated in Europe and Poland. Making such a regulation on international level is still a challenge. Poland is more active in space and legislation since the Polish Space Agency was created. The Security in Space began the very important factor for the national defense. Polish entrepreneurs involved in space business should be aware of this while undertaking space activities. Space has reached an easy access and became the target for intruders. That is why the regulators of cybersecurity and space security should be aware of this new threat and cooperate together in case to make the law practicable and effective.
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Lassalle, Paul, and Andrew Johnston. "Where Are the Spiders? Proximities and Access to the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: The Case of Polish Migrant Entrepreneurs in Glasgow." In International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 131–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63531-6_7.

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Zeigermann, Ulrike. "Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs." In Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs, 3–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44893-6_1.

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Zeigermann, Ulrike. "Bureaucratic Influence and Knowledge Circulation in Global Cooperation: A Matter of Policy Entrepreneurship." In Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs, 31–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44893-6_2.

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Zeigermann, Ulrike. "International Public Administrations of the EU and the OECD and the Identification of Policy Coherence as a Problem for Global Cooperation." In Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs, 63–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44893-6_3.

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Zeigermann, Ulrike. "The PCD Unit of the OECD and Circulation of Knowledge on Policy Coherence for Development." In Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs, 93–121. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44893-6_4.

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Zeigermann, Ulrike. "An International Epistemic Community for Policy Coherence for Development and the Emergence of Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs." In Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs, 123–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44893-6_5.

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Zeigermann, Ulrike. "National Responses to Global Agenda-Setting." In Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs, 155–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44893-6_6.

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Zeigermann, Ulrike. "Towards a Convergence of Institutional Structures for Sustainable Development?" In Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs, 195–228. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44893-6_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polish entrepreneurs"

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Malachowski, Andrzej. "Phenomenon of Nasza Klasa (Our Class) Polish Social Network Site." In InSITE 2009: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3331.

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The phenomenal success and popularity of a new Polish social networking portal Nasza-klasa.pl (Our Class) is discussed. Essentials information on the portal, its functions and usability features are presented, together with an overview of technological platform employed. Statistical data is provided where appropriate to illustrate the phenomenon under study. The study attempts to provide a model method for success in the e-market and inspiration for prospective entrepreneurs in the world of virtual services.
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MARKS-BIELSKA, Renata. "THE ROLE OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN CREATING CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: A CASE STUDY OF RURAL MUNICIPALITIES IN POLAND." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.249.

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The author’s purpose has been to point to initiatives that can be undertaken by authorities in rural municipalities in order to create positive conditions for the growth of entrepreneurship in their territorial units. Parallel to a review of selected references, a survey method was employed, which relied on a questionnaire developed by the author and addressed to local authorities in all municipalities across Poland. Out of 2 479 Polish municipalities, 1 220 responded (d – measurement error = 2%), of which 770 were rural ones (49.17% of the rural municipalities in Poland). The socio-economic environment and spatial conditions of rural areas are different from the ones which prevail in an urban setting. Local governments are equipped with instruments with which they can take advantage of the potential they possess and thereby achieve their goals. Local authorities take initiatives together with the entrepreneurs who are already active in their municipality. Strategically orientated local government officials offer various forms of assistance to entrepreneurs. Regions, towns or municipalities are now competing fiercely for the capital. Developed land parcels (technical infrastructure) are no longer sufficient to attract investors. Other, innovative and business-friendly solutions must be looked for. A municipality which is successful in this search gain a competitive advantage, will attract some capital and, in a further perspective, will attain a high economic growth.
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JACHOWICZ, Michał. "Legal Status of a Pharmacist as a Participant of the Pharmacy Market in Poland." In Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-6.

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The provision of the pharmaceutical service is the basic designation of the pharmacy activities as a public health care facility and is a correlate of the subjective right to health care guaranteed under the Polish Constitution. The provision of the pharmaceutical service remains within the scope of the profession of a pharmacist as a profession of public trust, which is also a regulated profession. Taking into account the need to ensure the highest level of implementation of the right to health care, the legal status of a pharmacist as a participant in the pharmacy market should be subject to special legal protection. The assessment of the existing legal status in this respect remains justified by both the subjective distinction between categories of entrepreneurs who hold a permit to operate a generally accessible pharmacy, as well as the legislative process on principles of fulfilling the pharmacist's professional obligations included in the draft Act on the profession of pharmacist. The purpose of this article is to assess the indicated legal conditions undertaken both on the basis of the existing legal status and proposed statutory solutions.
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Kałążny, Adam. "The Impact of Changes in the Interpretation of Normative Acts on the Stimulating Function of the Tax on the Example of The Polish Real Estate Tax." In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.04.

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The article presents the issue of variability in the approach to the interpretation of tax law by courts. The author’s goal is to determine how changes in the approach to the interpretation of regulations may affect the implementation of the tax stimulating function. The analysis was carried out on the example of Polish regulations governing real estate tax, in particular providing for two types of tax exemptions: for harbour infrastructure and for railway infrastructure. Since in Poland the real estate tax paid on infrastructure facilities is a significant burden for entrepreneurs, tax exemptions have a large stimulating function by encouraging taxpayers to build and maintain certain types of assets (e.g., harbours, railway lines). The author presents how the approach taken by the courts to the interpretation of the exemption for harbour infrastructure resulted in the exclusion of river harbours from the scope of the exemption. At the same time, contrary to this approach, the subsequent line of interpretation of the courts regarding the railway exemption enabled taxpayers to exempt railway sidings from tax. Despite this change, in the case of river harbours, the courts are still sticking to the old approach, as a result of which the stimulating function of the tax exemption for river harbours does not work.
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Cooper, Sarah. "Female high technology entrepreneurs: an exploration of their pre-entrepreneurial careers and motivations for venture creation." In 18th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2010. University of Twente, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268475404.

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The changing business environment and its growing acceptance of women have influenced the motivations of women to consider entrepreneurship as an alternative career path. Women are well-represented as entrepreneurs in some sectors; however, they remain heavily underrepresented in areas such as science, engineering and technology (SET). While studies have been conducted amongst female entrepreneurs in traditionally female sectors, such as retail and personal services, little attention has been paid the motivations and pre-entrepreneurial careers of women who establish ventures in technology-based areas. The pre-entrepreneurial career is important in influencing an entrepreneur’s social, human and financial capital which plays a pivotal role in shaping the start-up venture and growth. Greater understanding of the motivations and pre-entrepreneurial pathways of women in technology might help identify ways of encouraging more women to consider taking that career-path. Research reported here addresses the gap in the literature by exploring the pre-entrepreneurial careers and start-up motivations of 18 female technology entrepreneurs in Northern Ireland, using data collected through an exploratory, interview-based study. Implications for theory, policy and practice are explored.
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O’Driscoll, Josh. "Re-shaping Irish universities: The application of Self-Determination Theory to an entrepreneurial education policy." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.29.

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“Entrepreneurs are heroes in our society. They fail for the rest of us….. Courage (risk taking) is the highest virtue. We need entrepreneurs.”Nassim Taleb (2018: p36 & p189) – Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life. Drucker (1985) states that entrepreneurship is neither a science nor an art, but a practice. Therefore, this paper works with the assumption that entrepreneurship can be nurtured. The skills and competencies that a deeper learning around entrepreneurship can bring has the potential to make all students more creative individuals. Unfortunately, according to Eurostat (2019), Ireland is one of the worst countries in Europe for start-ups, lagging behind the E.U. average. Additionally, Entrepreneurship Education at School in Europe (2015) found that Ireland was the country with the lowest percentage of young people that have started their own business. Is our education system failing to equip our youth with skills and competences needed for entrepreneurship? If this is the case, Ireland needs to implement a policy that can change this, before Ireland becomes even more dependent on multinational/foreign companies for economic growth and employment. Other countries have shown that learning “for” and “about” entrepreneurship can bring many more benefits than just business formation ideas (Bager, 2011; EU Expert Group, 2008). Even if one does not value entrepreneurship, or has no interest in being an entrepreneur, the skills and competences learned will help every individual, regardless of their career choice. This paper argues that introducing an entrepreneurial education policy in Ireland could reap massive benefits moving forward. This paper aims to carry out three tasks: 1. To outline an entrepreneurial and enterprise education policy that increases students’ autonomy of their own learning experiences. 2. To present a convincing argument of why Ireland should implement this policy moving forward. 3. Recommend plausible and practical actions in order to implement such a policy in Ireland. This paper is structured as follows: the theory section outlines the Self-Determination Theory that serves as the theoretical backbone for this argument. Evidence of Good Practise presents evidence to back up the need for such a policy and possible solutions towards the improvement of entrepreneurship education. This will build on the theory presented in the Method Section. Conclusions summarises the argument presented and highlights future lines of research.
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Sirait, Ningrum Natasya, Rosmalinda, Mahmul Siregar, and Agusmidah. "Challenges in Partnership Between the Cooperative and Entrepreneurs." In Second International Conference on Public Policy, Social Computing and Development (ICOPOSDEV 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220204.033.

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Hanani, Retna. "Roles of Local Media as Policy Entrepreneur in Local Policy Making Process." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Indonesian Social and Political Enquiries, ICISPE 2020, 9-10 October 2020, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.9-10-2020.2304732.

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Lavrentieva, Elizaveta Alekseevna, Polina Sergeevna Milohranovа, and Grigory Feliksovich Tselniker. "TAX POLICY TOWARDS INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURS IN THE PERIOD OF THE PANDEMIC." In Трансформация экономической и правовой системы России: проблемы и перспективы. Самара: Самарский государственный экономический университет, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/sno-teslsr:p-p-23/25.11.2020.pp.251.

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Benneworth, Paul, and Aard Groen. ""No longer the sparkling new idea": Anchoring university entrepreneurship programmes in academic, entrepreneurial and regional policy networks." In 18th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2010. University of Twente, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/1.268484824.

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This paper is concerned with what makes a good university entrepreneurship programme (UEP), in particular with which features are necessary to allow UEPs to thrive within university settings. The paper begins from the paradox that UEPs are part of university’s extended development periphery, and always risk being eliminated because they do not deliver core university outputs, teaching and research. The paper seeks to understand under what conditions UEPs can thrive, using a case study of one UEP, the Temporary Entrepreneurs Scheme (the TOP programme) of the University of Twente in the Netherlands, which has recently celebrated its silver jubilee, and offers a good example of a UEP which has evolved to continue to meet stakeholder needs. The paper identifies three main stakeholder groups whose needs UEPs must meet, university management, regional economic policy makes, and enterprising entrepreneurs. The paper identifies how UEPs can respond to those three groups needs, and concludes by setting out the ways in which UEPs can meet those needs, providing the basis for a more nuanced understanding of what constitutes a good UEP.
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Reports on the topic "Polish entrepreneurs"

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Garrett, Thomas A., and Howard J. Wall. Creating a Policy Environment for Entrepreneurs. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2005.064.

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Broadberry, Stephen, Nicholas Crafts, Leigh Gardner, Rocco Macchiavello, Anandi Mani, and Christopher Woodruff. Unlocking Development: A CAGE Policy Report. Edited by Mark Harrison. The Social Market Foundation, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-904899-98-3.

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The world’s poor are ‘trapped’ in poverty. How can we unlock development so that poor countries can sustain economic growth over long periods of time? Our report considers this problem on three levels, the national economy, the private sector, and citizenship. At the core of each chapter is new research by CAGE members and associates. Chapter 1 addresses the factors underlying sustainable growth of the national economy. Chapter 2 looks for the sources of business capacity and sustainable growth of the private sector. Chapter 3 links citizenship to economic development, showing how political voice can enable women to participate more freely in society and the economy. In all three chapters we show how economic development relies on the rule of law, including a framework of laws and their enforcement that is applied to all and accessible by all. We show how, without such a framework, the sustainable growth of national economies and their businesses is threatened when laws fail to resolve conflicts. This failure is often accompanied by corruption or violence. So, we discuss what can be done to promote the rule of law; to make economic growth more stable and sustainable; to enhance the capacity of business organisations that are most likely to attract, grow and create jobs; and to enable women to play a full part in economic development as citizens, providers, and entrepreneurs. Foreword by Frances Cairncross; Introduced by Nicholas Crafts.
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Pastorelli1, Gianluca, Anastasia Costantini, and Samuel Barco Serrano. Social and green economies in the Mena region. Liège: CIRIEC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202203.

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This working paper is based both on literature review and interviews to key informants and stakeholders from or active in the region conducted in the framework of various initiatives: research projects, peer-learning activities, support to networks, policy makers and entrepreneurs. These initiatives have been leading us to connect with the SSE ecosystems in the area called “Southern Neighbourhood” in a European (centric?) perspective. The rationale behind this exercise is an attempt to share a light on the state of play of the public policies and international initiatives bound to support the social and green economies showcasing some examples we consider particularly relevant.
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Fujita, Ayaji, Jigme Lhendup, and Sangay Thinley. Promoting Entrepreneurship in Bhutan. Asian Development Bank Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/usda5186.

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Although Bhutan made significant economic strides since 2000, there were still obstacles to overcome. The country’s dependence on hydropower and tourism made its economy vulnerable to climate change and the effects of COVID-19. As the rate of educational attainment increased and more people sought employment in the public sector, youth unemployment became a serious problem. To diversify its revenue sources, create more jobs, reduce poverty, and improve the welfare of its people, Bhutan introduced policies to support its cottage and small industries (CSIs). Based on the 2019 CSI Policy and the 2019–2023 CSI Action Plan, we describe the challenges faced by entrepreneurs in the renewable and natural resources sector and draw on the perspectives of government officials.
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Lustosa Rosario, Ana Carolina, Bar Ben Yaacov, Cecilia Franco Segura, Elena Arias Ortiz, Elena Heredero, Juanita Botero, Patrick Brothers, Thiago Payva, and Maria Spies. Education Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003828.

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Education Technology has the potential to be a powerful engine for transformation in Latin America and the Caribbean, however the size of the challenge is formidable. The region faces the worst socio-economic crisis in more than a century, is one of the lowest performing education systems globally and has a chronic skills gap. New solutions, new approaches and new thinking is needed now more than ever. Stakeholders in the region see the potential for EdTech to support greater access to education, better experiences and outcomes for learners, and greater efficiency. Interest and investment in EdTech is increasing, with over 1500 EdTech startups across LAC and a six-fold increase in private capital investment in the last year alone. This report combines the strengths of the IDB group and HolonIQ, two organizations passionate about the future of Latin America and the Caribbean with a belief in the power of education to change futures. It is in the spirit of collaboration that this project set out to map EdTech in the LAC region, surface the innovations and impact that EdTech is making, as well as to identify the challenges faced and opportunities for greater impact. The key recommendations in this report are designed to provide policy-makers, education leaders, EdTech entrepreneurs, investors and other stakeholders with information and inspiration to support their initiatives that improve and accelerate education technology for the region, in order to have a materially positive impact on education outcomes in the region.
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Gurung, M. B., Uma Pratap, N. C. T. D. Shrestha, H. K. Sharma, N. Islam, and N. B. Tamang. Beekeeping Training for Farmers in Afghanistan: Resource Manual for Trainers [in Urdu]. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.564.

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Beekeeping contributes to rural development by supporting agricultural production through pollination and by providing honey, wax, and other products for home use and sale. It offers a good way for resource-poor farmers in the Hindu Kush Himalayas to obtain income, as it requires only a small start-up investment, can be carried out in a small space close to the home, and generally yields profits within a year of operation. A modern approach to bee management, using frame hives and focusing on high quality, will help farmers benefit most fully from beekeeping. This manual is designed to help provide beekeepers with the up-to-date training they need. It presents an inclusive curriculum developed through ICIMOD’s work with partner organizations in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal, supported by the Austrian Development Agency. A wide range of stakeholders – trainers, trainees, government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), associations and federations, and private entrepreneurs – were engaged in the identification of curriculum needs and in development and testing of the curriculum. The manual covers the full range of beekeeping-related topics, including the use of bees for crop pollination; production of honey, wax and other hive products; honey quality standards; and using value chain and market management to increase beekeepers’ benefits. It also includes emerging issues and innovations regarding such subjects as indigenous honeybees, gender and equity, integrated pest management, and bee-related policy. The focus is on participatory hands-on training, with clear explanations in simple language and many illustrations. The manual provides a basic resource for trainers and field extension workers in government and NGOs, universities, vocational training institutes, and private sector organizations, and for local trainers in beekeeping groups, beekeeping resource centres, cooperatives, and associations, for use in training Himalayan farmers. Individual ICIMOD regional member countries are planning local language editions adapted for their countries’ specific conditions.
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Bano, Masooda. Low-Fee Private-Tuition Providers in Developing Countries: An Under-Appreciated and Under- Studied Market—Supply-Side Dynamics in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/107.

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Although low-income parents’ dependence on low-fee private schools has been actively documented in the past decade, existing research and policy discussions have failed to recognise their heavy reliance on low-fee tuition providers in order to ensure that their children complete the primary cycle. By mapping a vibrant supply of low-fee tuition providers in two neighbourhoods in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan, this paper argues for understanding the supply-side dynamics of this segment of the education market with the aim of designing better-informed policies, making better use of public spending on supporting private-sector players to reach the poor. Contrary to what is assumed in studies of the private tuition market, the low-fee tuition providers offering services in the Pakistani urban neighbourhoods are not teachers in government schools trying to make extra money by offering afternoon tutorial to children from their schools. Working from their homes, the tutors featured in this paper are mostly women who often have no formal teacher training but are imaginative in their use of a diverse set of teaching techniques to ensure that children from low-income households who cannot get support for education at home cope with their daily homework assignments and pass the annual exams to transition to the next grade. These tutors were motivated to offer tuition by a combination of factors ranging from the need to earn a living, a desire to stay productively engaged, and for some a commitment to help poor children. Arguing that parents expect them to take full responsibility for their children’s educational attainment, these providers view the poor quality of education in schools, the weak maternal involvement in children’s education, and changing cultural norms, whereby children no longer respect authority, as being key to explaining the prevailing low educational levels. The paper presents evidence that the private tuition providers, who may be viewed as education entrepreneurs, have the potential to be used by the state and development agencies to provide better quality education to children from low-income families.
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