Journal articles: 'Poliomyelitis – Vaccination'

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Chamberlain, R. "Poliomyelitis vaccination." BMJ 295, no. 6591 (July 18, 1987): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.295.6591.158.

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Melnick, Joseph L. "Poliomyelitis Vaccination." Clinical Immunotherapeutics 6, no. 1 (July 1996): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03259348.

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Langhorst, Silvan Elias, Niklas Frahm, Michael Hecker, Pegah Mashhadiakbar, Barbara Streckenbach, Julia Baldt, Felicita Heidler, and Uwe Klaus Zettl. "Vaccination Coverage against Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis and Poliomyelitis and Validity of Self-Reported Vaccination Status in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 5 (April 23, 2022): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050677.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease with a neurodegenerative component of the central nervous system. Immunomodulatory therapy can increase the risk of infection, which is a particular risk for MS patients. Therefore, a complete vaccination status is of utmost importance as protection against vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Our aim was to investigate the vaccination status, vaccination card knowledge and the vaccination behavior of MS patients with regard to vaccinations against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis. Three hundred twenty-seven patients with MS were evaluated by anamnesis, clinical examination, structured interview and vaccination card control in this two-center study. Based on the recommendations of the Robert Koch Institute, we assessed the completeness of the vaccination status of the examined vaccinations. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of patients with complete/incomplete or correctly/wrongly self-reported vaccination status was performed. In the cohort analyzed, the vaccination coverage was 79.5% for tetanus, 79.2% for diphtheria, 74.8% for pertussis and 84.8% for poliomyelitis. The assumed vaccination status was higher for tetanus (86.5%) and lower for diphtheria (69.4%), pertussis (61.2%) and poliomyelitis (75.9%). Patients who were unvaccinated or only partially vaccinated against tetanus had received vaccination advice from a physician less often in the past year (13.4 vs. 36.9%, p < 0.001) and had no one to check the vaccination card more often (35.8 vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001). High sensitivity (93.7%) and low specificity (30.3%) were determined regarding the validity of self-reported tetanus vaccination status. Patients with a correctly reported tetanus vaccination status were more likely to have their vaccination card checked by a physician than those who overestimated or underestimated their vaccination status (76.7 vs. 63.0/43.8%, p = 0.002). Similar findings were seen with regard to diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccination. Patients without a regular vaccination card control (17.1%) were more likely to be male (44.6 vs. 29.4%, p = 0.037), had fewer siblings on average (1.1 vs. 1.6, p = 0.016), dealt less frequently with the issue of vaccination in the past year (32.1 vs. 69.3%, p < 0.001) and more frequently had the wish to receive vaccination advice (48.2 vs. 34.4%, p = 0.030) than patients in whom the vaccination card was checked regularly by a physician. To minimize the risk of infection in MS patients, treating physicians should provide regular vaccination counseling and perform vaccination card controls, as these factors are associated with a higher vaccination coverage and a higher validity of self-reported vaccination statuses.

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Tian, Maoqiang, Jing Yang, Lei Li, Juan Li, Wenting Lei, and Xiaomei Shu. "Vaccine-Associated Neurological Adverse Events: A Case Report and Literature Review." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 43 (January 9, 2020): 4570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666191119095132.

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Vaccination is an effective strategy to reduce the burden of preventable illness. However, many clinical reports revealed that various vaccinations may associate with neurological disorders, mainly including autoimmune disease, febrile seizure, and vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Although more and more reports revealed that part of the above post-vaccine neurological disorders is not directly related to vaccination, it may be merely a coincidence. However, these reports may increase the hesitancy on vaccination for the public population and influence the coverage of vaccination. In this report, we described a child with acute flaccid paralysis possibly caused by a poliovirus vaccine. To provide feasible ways to realize or reduce the risk of neurological adverse events caused by vaccines, we further provide a mini-review of the literature of vaccination associated with neurological adverse events. This revealed that oral poliomyelitis vaccine use exclusively and type 2 serotype poliomyelitis vaccine virus were the risk factors for VAPP. The combination vaccine was associated with an increased risk of ADEM and FS following immunization when compared with the administration of vaccines separately. Even though cases have been reported that vaccination may be a trigger of anti-NMDARe and GBS, there is no direct evidence to prove that vaccination increased the risk of GBS and anti-NMDARe.

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Maltezou, Helena C., Christos Rahiotis, Maria Tseroni, Phoebus Madianos, and Ioannis Tzoutzas. "Attitudes toward Vaccinations and Vaccination Coverage Rates among Dental Students in Greece." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052879.

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Our aim was to study attitudes toward vaccinations, full vaccination rates and susceptibility rates against vaccine-preventable diseases among students attending a University Dental School. A total of 134 students were studied. Full vaccination rates were as follows: 56.5% against measles and mumps, 70.6% against rubella, 32.3% against varicella, 44.1% against hepatitis A, 45.9% against hepatitis B, and 87.7% against COVID-19. In the past decade, 63.2% of students had received a booster shot against tetanus–diphtheria, 47.8% against pertussis, and 28.1% against poliomyelitis, while 29.4% of students had been vaccinated against influenza in the past year. Susceptibility rates were 40.4% for measles, 42.4% for mumps, 28.3% for rubella, 32.3% for varicella, 55.3% for hepatitis A, 54.1% for hepatitis B, 36.8% for tetanus–diphtheria, 52.2% for pertussis, and 71.9% for poliomyelitis. Overall, 123 (91.8%) students favored mandatory vaccinations, mainly for all dentists (88.4%), while 11.6% of students favored them only for dentists who provide care to high-risk patients. In conclusion, most dental students favored mandatory vaccinations, yet we found significant vaccination gaps and susceptibility rates against vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccinations for dental students should be intensified. A national vaccination registry for healthcare personnel including dental students is urgently needed.

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Arnold, Jana Nele, Nils Gundlach, Irina Böckelmann, and Stefan Sammito. "Impfstatus von jungen Arbeitnehmern – Eine Erhebung bei Berufsanfängern der Bundeswehr." ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2020, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-2012-8715.

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Vaccination status of young employees: A survey of entrants in the Bundeswehr (German Federal Armed Forces) Objectives: In addition to the recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert-Koch-Institut, there are also jobrelated vaccination recommendations for special occupational groups. This applies equally to soldiers, but there is insufficient scientific data on vaccination rates. For this reason, the following study examined the extent of the vaccination gaps among young people entering the armed forces. Methods: As part of a cross-sectional study at Rotenburg (Wümme), Lower Saxony, the existing vaccination rates among soldiers in relation to tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were recorded and compared statistically between the three recruitment quarters (II/ to IV/2016). Results: The vaccination booklets of 247 recruits (age: 20.5 ± 2.7 years) from three quarters were recorded. The rate of unavailable vaccination booklets was 23.1 %. The vaccination rates were between 2 % for TBE and 75 % for measles. Whilst low vaccination protection rates were identified for TBE and hepatitis A/B in particular, the rates were also found to be as low as 44–60 % for the „typical“ tetanus, poliomyelitis and diphtheria vaccinations. There were high numbers of „expired“ full protection: these ranged from 19 % (diphtheria) to 50 % (hepatitis B). Conclusions: The results of the study indicate a clear lack of vaccination protection in a random sample of German citizens with an average age of 20 who started their service in the Bundeswehr as young professionals. Although, as expected, this was very low for vaccinations that are not standard STIKO vaccinations (hepatitis A, TBE), there were also significant vaccine deficiencies in the vaccinations recommended by STIKO in the young adults examined here. Keywords: military – vaccination – prevention – infection disease

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Greco, Donato, Lucia Fiore, Alexander Sallabanda, and Heleni Diamanti. "Poliomyelitis vaccination strategies for Europe." Lancet 349, no. 9049 (February 1997): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)80066-9.

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Wassilak, Steven GF, George P. Oblapenko, Sieghart Dittmann, R. Bruce Aylward, and Harry F. Hull. "Poliomyelitis vaccination strategies for Europe." Lancet 349, no. 9049 (February 1997): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)65063-5.

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9

Slater, Paul E. "Poliomyelitis vaccination: the essential booster." Vaccine 9, no. 7 (July 1991): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(91)90049-c.

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van Wijhe, M., A. D. Tulen, H. Korthals Altes, S. A. McDonald, H. E. de Melker, M. J. Postma, and J. Wallinga. "Quantifying the impact of mass vaccination programmes on notified cases in the Netherlands." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 6 (March 14, 2018): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000481.

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AbstractVaccination programmes are considered a main contributor to the decline of infectious diseases over the 20th century. In recent years, the national vaccination coverage in the Netherlands has been declining, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of vaccination programmes. Our aim was to quantify the impact of long-standing vaccination programmes on notified cases in the Netherlands. We collected and digitised previously unavailable monthly case notifications of diphtheria, poliomyelitis, mumps and rubella in the Netherlands over the period 1919–2015. Poisson regression models accounting for seasonality, multi-year cycles, secular trends and auto-correlation were fit to pre-vaccination periods. Cases averted were calculated as the difference between observed and expected cases based on model projections. In the first 13 years of mass vaccinations, case notifications declined rapidly with 82.4% (95% credible interval (CI): 74.9–87.6) of notified cases of diphtheria averted, 92.9% (95% CI 85.0–97.2) cases of poliomyelitis, and 79.1% (95% CI 67.1–87.4) cases of mumps. Vaccination of 11-year-old girls against rubella averted 49.9% (95% CI 9.3–73.5) of cases, while universal vaccination averted 68.1% (95% CI 19.4–87.3) of cases. These findings show that vaccination programmes have contributed substantially to the reduction of infectious diseases in the Netherlands.

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Cassimos, Dimitrios C., Evgnosia Effraimidou, Snezana Medic, Theoharis Konstantinidis, Maria Theodoridou, and Helena C. Maltezou. "Vaccination Programs for Adults in Europe, 2019." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010034.

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Background: While all European countries implement vaccination programs for children, there are gaps in terms of vaccination programs for adults. Methods: We studied the 2019 vaccination policies for adults in 42 European countries. Results: Vaccination programs for adults were in place in all countries. However, there were considerable differences between countries in terms of number of vaccinations, target populations and frame of implementation (recommended or mandatory vaccinations). In particular the following vaccination policies were in place: influenza (42 countries), tetanus (31), diphtheria (30), pneumococcus (29), hepatitis B (20), pertussis (18), measles (14), human papilloma virus (14), meningococcus tetravalent A,C,W,Y (14), rubella (13), hepatitis A (11), mumps (11), poliomyelitis (10), herpes zoster (9), varicella (8), tick-born encephalitis (8), meningococcus B (6), rabies (6), Haemophilus influenzae type b (5), tuberculosis (3), typhoid fever (3), meningococcus C (2), and yellow fever (1). Seventeen countries implement mandatory vaccinations, mainly against diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B. Conclusions: There are significant differences in vaccination programs for adults in Europe. Routine vaccination programs for adults need to be strengthened. A consensus-based vaccination program is needed.

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Malheiro, Luís, Sofia Correia Pinto, Antonio Sarmento, and Lurdes Santos. "Comparison and Contrast of the Elimination Campaigns for Poliomyelitis and Leprosy: Which is More Feasible?" Acta Médica Portuguesa 29, no. 4 (April 29, 2016): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.7364.

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As we approach the third decade since the WHO started addressing the eradication of poliomyelitis and leprosy, a reflection of the previous campaigns efficacy and an evaluation of further elimination feasibility is important to adapt and intensify the next steps. We performed a critical review of the poliomyelitis and leprosy eradication campaigns to evaluate their technical and operational feasibilities. Vaccination and active case search are highly effective tools against poliomyelitis. If political stability and good vaccination coverage is achieved, poliomyelitis will be an easy target for eradication. Leprosy, on the other hand, faces many barriers towards elimination. The lack of a high efficacy vaccine, the long asymptomatic but infective period, the lack of screening tests and a poorly established elimination target, prevents this disease from being eliminated. In a world where resources and funding are limited, it is apparent that poliomyelitis is a more feasible target for elimination than leprosy.

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Cayol, M., I. Tauveron, F. Rambourdin, J. Prugnaud, P. Gachon, P. Thieblot, J. Grizard, and C. Obled. "Whole-Body Protein Turnover and Hepatic Protein Synthesis Are Increased by Vaccination in Man." Clinical Science 89, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0890389.

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1. The ability of diphtheria—tetanus—poliomyelitis—typhoid vaccination to induce modifications in protein metabolism was investigated in post-absorptive healthy humans. 2. Seven subjects were studied before and 2 days after vaccination. They underwent an intravenous primed constant infusion of l-[1-13C]leucine for 4 h. Plasma protein concentrations, whole-body amino acid fluxes and acute-phase protein synthesis were determined. 3. Plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, α1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin and α1-antitrypsin were significantly elevated 2 days after vaccination (P < 0.05). Leucine oxidation was unaffected but whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown were both increased (P < 0.05), by 25 and 16% respectively, in subjects who had an elevated body temperature (n = 5). Albumin synthesis was unchanged, but hepatic synthesis of fibrinogen was 56% higher after vaccination. 4. The present investigation indicates that diphtheria—tetanus—poliomyelitis—typhoid vaccination could induce a sustained acute-phase reaction. Moreover, protein metabolism appeared to be extremely sensitive to a mild stress since leucine kinetics and fibrinogen synthesis were affected. Therefore, diphtheria—tetanus—poliomyelitis—typhoid vaccination might represent an attractive model for studying the inflammatory process in humans.

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Panico, M. G., N. M. Trinchese, B. Serpieri, and F. Attena. "Italy’s new vaccination schedule reduced coverage of poliomyelitis vaccine in Naples." Eurosurveillance 5, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.05.06.00039-en.

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Italy’s health ministry introduced changes to the immunisation schedules for children on 7 April 1999, including immunisation against poliomyelitis. The changes included the replacement of the first two childhood doses of oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV)

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Karpova, E. V., К. А. Sarkisyan, A. A. Movsesyants, and V. A. Merkulov. "Preventive Vaccination against Poliomyelitis: Modern View." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 18, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2018-18-4-236-242.

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Poliomyelitis is a typical anthroponosis, in natural conditions it infects only humans. The only effective strategy for combating the infection is preventive vaccination. The polio vaccine induces long-lasting humoral and local immunity. The article presents a brief history of polio vaccine development, and compares live and inactivated vaccines currently licensed and used in Russia. It also dwells upon the benefits and shortcomings of each of these vaccines. The results of analysis demonstrated that all foreign-made and domestically-produced polio vaccines currently used in Russia meet international requirements in terms of main quality characteristics and comply with the WHO recommendations. The article looks into some issues arising from the use of live polio vaccine, in particular the development of vaccine-associated paralytic polio, and the appearance of vaccine-derived polioviruses. It reviews the main approaches of the current WHO polio eradication initiative, and summarises the outcomes of the 30-year period since the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The article describes the transition from live attenuated oral polio vaccine (types 1, 2 and 3) to bivalent vaccine (live attenuated oral polio vaccine, types 1 and 3). It discusses the necessity of using polio vaccines (both live and inactivated) at the final stage of polio eradication. The article presents the new National Immunisation Schedule.

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Rutledge, Joe. "Poliomyelitis vaccination–choosing a wise policy." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 6, no. 10 (October 1987): 889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198710000-00003.

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Ahmad, Khabir. "Kano to recommence vaccination against poliomyelitis." Lancet Neurology 3, no. 7 (July 2004): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00794-x.

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Chernyavskaya, O. P., and N. I. Briko. "PROBLEMS OF FINAL PHASE POLIOMYELITIS ERADICATION PROGRAMME." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-4-75-81.

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Never before has the world community were not so close to the goal - poliomyelitis eradication. In 2016, the world recorded only 37 cases in the three endemic countries: Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. Despite the great progress in the final stages of poliomyelitis eradication have problems: the emergence and circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus and related diseases, vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, social and political factors affecting of vaccination.

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Henderson, D. A. "The miracle of vaccination." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 51, no. 2 (July 22, 1997): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1997.0020.

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Among all medical procedures, vaccination ranks at the forefront in lives saved and disabling illnesses prevented. Jenner's first experiments with vaccination, 200 years ago, culminated in the eradication of smallpox at the conclusion of a ten–year World Health Organization programme begun in 1967. Two million lives were saved each year and tens of thousand of blindness cases. In 1974, the smallpox campaign was expanded to include six additional vaccines (poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and tuberculosis). By 1990, global vaccination coverage had risen from less than 5% to 80% poliomyelitis was eradicated from the Americas; and a global eradication campaign was launched. Prospects for more dramatic achievements are bright. Research and development in new vaccines is gaining momentum. More than 150 new vaccines are now in human testing and vaccines against such as malaria, dengue fever and AIDS can be foreseen. Challenges remain in assuring adequate research funds for diseases of the developing world and in supplying needed quantities of assured, high quality vaccines. However, the threat of new and emerging infections and the fact that vaccines are the front line of defense reinforce the need for further strengthening of vaccine research, development and production. * Commemorative bicentenary lecture delivered on 15 May 1996 in the Royal Society.

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&NA;. "Poliomyelitis eliminated following US vaccination policy change." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1460 (October 2004): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200414600-00052.

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Mensi, Carolina, and Fabrizio Pregliasco. "Poliomyelitis: Present Epidemiological Situation and Vaccination Problems." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.3.278-280.1998.

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&NA;. "Poliomyelitis eliminated following US vaccination policy change." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1024 (October 2004): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200410240-00012.

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Ahmad, Khabir. "Poliomyelitis vaccination campaign to recommence in Nigeria." Lancet Neurology 3, no. 1 (January 2004): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(03)00632-x.

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Cheng, Emily, Neeha Gambhirrao, Rohani Patel, Aufia Zhowandai, Jan Rychtář, and Dewey Taylor. "A game-theoretical analysis of poliomyelitis vaccination." Journal of Theoretical Biology 499 (August 2020): 110298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110298.

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Rich, Vera. "Russia to start anti-poliomyelitis vaccination campaign." Lancet 347, no. 8997 (February 1996): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90489-4.

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Mohr, Arno, Mia Kloos, Christian Schulz, Michael Pfeifer, Bernd Salzberger, Stilla Bauernfeind, Florian Hitzenbichler, Annelie Plentz, Thomas Loew, and Myriam Koch. "Low Adherence to Pneumococcal Vaccination in Lung Cancer Patients in a Tertiary Care University Hospital in Southern Germany." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020311.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the adherence to vaccinations, especially pneumococcal vaccinations, in lung cancer patients. Methods: the study was performed at the University Hospital Regensburg, Germany. All patients with a regular appointment scheduled between 1 December 2020 and 29 April 2021 and who provided informed consent were included. Available medical records, vaccination certificates, and a questionnaire were analyzed. Results: we included 136 lung cancer patients (NSCLC n = 113, 83.1%, SCLC n = 23, 16.9%). A correct pneumococcal vaccination according to national recommendations was performed in 9.4% (12/127) of the patients. A correct vaccination was performed for tetanus in 50.4% (66/131), diphtheria in 34.4% (44/128), poliomyelitis in 25.8% (33/128), tick-borne encephalitis in 40.7% (24/59), hepatitis A in 45.5% (7/11), hepatitis B in 38.5% (5/13), shingles in 3.0% (3/101), measles in 50.0% (3/6), pertussis in 47.7% (62/130), influenza in 54.4% (74/136), and meningococcal meningitis in 0% (0/2) of the patients. Conclusion: adherence to pneumococcal vaccinations, as well as to other vaccinations, is low in lung cancer patients.

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Larin, V. F., L. I. Zhukova, V. V. Lebedev, and G. K. Rafeyenko. "INTERFERENCE INTERACTION OF VIRUSES IN THE REGULATION OF AN EPIDEMIC PROCESS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40639.

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A long-term trend in the incidence of viral hepatitis A (VHA) in relation to vaccine prevention of this disease and poliomyelitis were analyzed in the Krasnodar Territory. There were lower VHA morbidity rates, which coincided with the period of additional mass immunization of children against poliomyelitis. Comparison of the frequency of polio vaccination and the trend in VHA incidence suggests that the viral interference phenomenon is involved in the regulation of its epidemic process, as a result of which vaccine poliomyelitis virus suppresses naturally circulating hepatitis virus A.

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Грицко, Р. Ю., С. М. Федоренко, Н. О. Іванченко, and О. Й. Снітовська. "Vaccination in Family Medicine Practice." Family Medicine, no. 1-2 (May 21, 2020): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2307-5112.1-2.2020.204399.

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Vaccination is the most effective measure against infectious diseases. Due to vaccinations, smallpox was eliminated, poliomyelitis and tetanus morbidity decreased dramatically. According to WHO, 12 million children around the world annually die from infectious diseases. Of these, 7.5 million lives are lost to diseases against which we do not yet have vaccines, but more than 4 million people die from preventable diseases. Immunization is currently considered to be one of the most effective and cost-effective medical interventions in the epidemic process. The more economically developed a country is, the more diseases is its population protected from with the help of immunoprophylaxis. In order to create herd immunity, WHO recommends that at least 95 % of individuals should be vaccinated. However, in the Lviv region andUkrainethere is a negative tendency to reduce the coverage of preventive vaccinations up to 45–53%, which is a danger of the emergence and epidemic spread of preve ntable diseases. The objective: was to analyze the legislative framework on immunoprophylaxis, the peculiarities of planning preventive vaccinations, the requirements for vaccination offices and modern contraindications for vaccination. Materials and methods. Legal documents on immunoprophylaxis were analysed, 210 family doctors were surveyed on immunoprophylaxis awareness. Conclusions. There is a necessity of continuous professional development of physicians on immunoprophylaxis, including training, theoretical improvement courses, internships in European countries and Ukrainian vaccination centers.

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Minor, Philip D. "Poliovirus vaccination: current understanding of poliovirus interactions in humans and implications for the eradication of poliomyelitis." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 1, no. 13 (September 23, 1999): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399499000848.

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Poliomyelitis is a paralytic disease of the motor neurones of the central nervous system, which is caused by poliovirus. The virus is transmitted by the faecal–oral route, and if virus replication is confined to the gut, it is harmless. Poliomyelitis is an ancient human disease, but was rare until the beginning of the 20th century, when children began to be exposed to the virus at older ages and were, therefore, no longer protected by maternal antibody, which had already been lost. Inactivated polio vaccines are increasingly being used in those countries in which poliomyelitis has been brought under control; however, live vaccines are still the most widely used types and the World Health Organization (WHO) have set the goal of using such vaccines to eliminate the wild-type virus throughout the world by the year 2000. Substantial progress has been made to this end; however, the strains of poliovirus that are used as vaccines are able to adapt rapidly to the human gut, losing their attenuated (weakened) character within a few weeks. Currently, there is urgent debate about the best method of stopping vaccination against poliomyelitis once the wild-type poliovirus has been eliminated completely, so that the vaccine-strain virus will also be eliminated. Proposed strategies include the abrupt cessation of vaccination with the live virus worldwide, followed by the optional use of inactivated vaccines for an appropriate period. Further information about both the epidemiology and the pathogenesis of the disease is required before an informed choice can be made. The topics covered in this article include a brief history of studies of the disease, its pathogenesis and its control by vaccination, the molecular biology of the live vaccines, which have been extremely successful in controlling poliomyelitis so far, and the concerns that are raised as the eradication of the wild-type virus approaches.

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Romanenkova, N. I., N. R. Rozaeva, M. A. Bichurina, O. I. Kanaeva, and I. G. Chkhyndzheriya. "Vaccineassociated paralytic poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis on some territories of Russia during 20 years." Journal Infectology 11, no. 3 (October 9, 2019): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2019-11-3-102-109.

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Aim: Analysis of the morbidity of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis and the results of virological investigation of the patients on 14 territories of the Russian Federation in 1998-2017. Materials and methods: We investigated nearly 3000 stool samples from paralytic patients and contact persons. Isolation and identification of polioviruses were performed according to WHO recommendations with the help of cell lines RD and L20B. We conducted the sequencing of the genome fragments VP3-VP1, VP1-2A and full sequencing of genome region VP1 of 45 poliovirus strains. Results: From 1998 till 2017 1257 cases of acute flaccid paralysis were registered on 14 territories of Russia, 15 cases of which (1,2%) were classified as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. From these patients 9 children were non vaccinated and 6 children received from one to four doses of oral poliomyelitis vaccine. The percentage of the detection of polioviruses from the patients and contact persons in different years was not equal and constituted from 3, 4±0,89% to 9, 5±0,79%. All in all from the patients with acute flaccid paralysis and contact persons we isolated 191 polioviruses, 60 of them belonged to type 1, 55 polioviruses were identified as types 2 and 76 as type 3. Some cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis are described in the article; polioviruses were isolated from all these patients. The sequencing of the genome fragments of 45 poliovirus strains showed that the majority of them had the nucleotide substitutions including neurovirulent substitutions. Conclusion: In order to prevent the risk of the appearance of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis it is necessary to maintain the high quality of surveillance of poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis, to ensure the 95% coverage of children with poliomyelitis vaccine, to minimize the cases of groundless delays of vaccination according to medical recommendations and parents’ refusals to vaccinate children against poliomyelitis and to respect strictly the National calendar of vaccination.

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Seguljev, Zorica, Vladimir Petrovic, Gorana Cosic, Predrag Djuric, Mladen Petrovic, and Svetlana Ilic. "Effects of the immunization program in Vojvodina." Medical review 60, no. 11-12 (2007): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0712553s.

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Introduction. With the widespread use of active immunization, significant results have been achieved in the control and prevention of numerous communicable diseases. The Expanded Programme on Immunization of the World Health Organization is intended to strengthen national programs for the reduction in the incidence and mortality rates and global elimination or eradication of communicable diseases. The aim of this paper is to analyze results of the immunization program in Vojvodina. Material and methods. The results of the immunization program were analyzed on the basis of the incidence rates, since the introduction of the mandatory reporting system, till 2006. The analysis included immunization coverage against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis and measles as well as reported cases of missed opportunities in the period from 1997 to 2006. Results. Poliomyelitis has not been reported in Vojvodina since 1963, diphtheria since 1978 and measles in the period from 2001 to 2006. Sporadic cases of pertussis have been reported in unimmunized children of the youngest age, and tetanus in unimmunized elderly population. Vaccination coverage against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was above 96%. Vaccination coverage against measles was lower (95% vaccination, 87% revaccination). The highest proportion of missed opportunities was caused by not responding to immunization calls (46.6%). Conclusion. These results can be maintained by up-to-date (UTD) immunization and high vaccination coverage without territorial and population differences. Data on the total number of children without up-to-date vaccination cannot be obtained on the basis of administrative coverage follow-up. It is necessary to establish follow-up mechanisms for UTD immunization, which would reveal the number of children at risk from vaccine preventable diseases and characteristics of unimmunized population.

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Melnick, J. L. "Vaccination against poliomyelitis: present possibilities and future prospects." American Journal of Public Health 78, no. 3 (March 1988): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.78.3.304.

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Cesaro, Simone, Mareva Giacchino, Francesca Fioredda, Angelica Barone, Laura Battisti, Stefania Bezzio, Stefano Frenos, et al. "Guidelines on Vaccinations in Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Patients." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/707691.

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Objective.Vaccinations are the most important tool to prevent infectious diseases. Chemotherapy-induced immune depression may impact the efficacy of vaccinations in children.Patients and Methods. A panel of experts of the supportive care working group of the Italian Association Paediatric Haematology Oncology (AIEOP) addressed this issue by guidelines on vaccinations in paediatric cancer patients. The literature published between 1980 and 2013 was reviewed.Results and Conclusion. During intensive chemotherapy, vaccination turned out to be effective for hepatitis A and B, whilst vaccinations with toxoid, protein subunits, or bacterial antigens should be postponed to the less intensive phases, to achieve an adequate immune response. Apart from varicella, the administration of live-attenuated-virus vaccines is not recommended during this phase. Family members should remain on recommended vaccination schedules, including toxoid, inactivated vaccine (also poliomyelitis), and live-attenuated vaccines (varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella). By the time of completion of chemotherapy, insufficient serum antibody levels for vaccine-preventable diseases have been reported, while immunological memory appears to be preserved. Once immunological recovery is completed, usually after 6 months, response to booster or vaccination is generally good and allows patients to be protected and also to contribute to herd immunity.

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Galina, N. P. "Analysis of the Attitude Towards Immunization of Doctors of Various Specialties." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 17, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-3-74-79.

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The adherence of population and health workers to vaccination is currently one of the most important aspects to achieve high effectiveness of immunization programs. Goal. Study of the attitude of doctors to the need for vaccination. Materials and methods. A survey was conducted on the questions of the attitude to immunization of 512 doctors of different specialties. Results. Analysis of questionnaires has shown that 80% of respondents positive attitude to vaccination. More than 84% of respondents believe that vaccination reduces the incidence, but only 54% noted that they have enough information about it. Even with a positive attitude towards immunization in general, there are different opinions about vaccinations against some infections. More than 90% of the respondents vaccinated their children against diphtheria and tetanus, poliomyelitis. Against measles 88%, tuberculosis 87%, pertussis 85%, hepatitis B 80%, epidemic mumps 77%. The inadequate adherence of doctors to vaccination against influenza (57%), pneumococcal infection (43%), Heamopfilus Influenzae infection (31%) and varicella (29%). Conclusion. The adherence of doctors to immunization is deficient. The reasons for this are a low level of knowledge and a lack of reliable information on vaccination. It is necessary to use all possible variants of informing health workers.

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Le Cosquer, Guillaume, Lionel Grangeon, Pauline Rivière, Arthur Berger, Frank Zerbib, David Laharie, and Florian Poullenot. "A single dedicated vaccination visit improves vaccination coverage of patients with inflammatory bowel disease." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 15 (January 2022): 175628482210828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562848221082879.

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Introduction: Patients treated with biologics for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of severe infections. Real-life vaccination coverage in this population remains low despite international vaccination guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a dedicated vaccination visit on vaccination coverage. Methods: A dedicated vaccination visit was offered to all patients admitted for an infusion of a biologic in a tertiary IBD center during a 4-week period. At baseline, vaccination status was collected. Patients received specific information on recommended vaccinations. Perceived utility of both vaccination and the dedicated visit were assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS). Vaccination coverage was reassessed 6 months later by phone call. Results: Among the 207 patients analyzed (1 patient declined), rates of vaccination at baseline and 6 months later against diphtheria were 52.7% and 68.6% ( p < 0.001), tetanus 55.1% and 70% ( p < 0.001), poliomyelitis 51.7% and 68.6% ( p < 0.001), pertussis 33.3% and 51.2% ( p < 0.001), hepatitis B virus (HBV) 61.4% and 66.7% ( p < 0.01), pneumococcus 15.5% and 42.0% ( p < 0.001), influenza 29.5% and 36.2% ( p < 0.01), and meningococcus C 11.6% and 13.0% ( p = 0.083), respectively. A quarter of the patients declined at least one recommended vaccination after the visit. The main reason for this refusal was distrust toward one or more vaccines. Conclusion: A single visit dedicated to vaccination significantly increases rates of vaccination in patients with IBD treated with biologics.

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Wassilak, S., G. Oblapenko, and S. Dittmann. "Progress in Europe towards the goal of poliomyelitis eradication." Eurosurveillance 2, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.02.05.00163-en.

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In 1988, the World Health Assembly set a target of global eradication of poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus by the year 2000. The strategies of the campaign are: reach and maintain high levels of routine vaccination coverage throughout the population; p

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&NA;. "Poliomyelitis vaccination in the US: time for a change?" Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1039 (June 1996): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199610390-00002.

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RIDGWAY, D. "The logic of causation and the risk of paralytic poliomyelitis for an American child." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 1 (February 2000): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003350.

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Beginning in January 1997, American immunization policy allowed parents and physicians to elect one of three approved infant vaccination strategies for preventing poliomyelitis. Although the three strategies likely have different outcomes with respect to prevention of paralytic poliomyelitis, the extreme rarity of the disease in the USA prevents any controlled comparison. In this paper, a formal inferential logic, originally described by Donald Rubin, is applied to the vaccination problem. Assumptions and indirect evidence are used to overcome the inability to observe the same subjects under varying conditions to allow the inference of causality from non-randomized observations. Using available epidemiologic information and explicit assumptions, it is possible to project the risk of paralytic polio for infants immunized with oral polio vaccine (1·3 cases per million vaccinees), inactivated polio vaccine (0·54 cases per million vaccinees), or a sequential schedule (0·54–0·92 cases per million vaccinees).

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Shafique, Farheen, Mahreen Ul Hassan, Hina Nayab, Noreen Asim, Nazia Akbar, Nuzhat Shafi, Sadaf Manzoor, Freek Van Eeden, and Shaukat Ali. "Attitude and perception towards vaccination against poliomyelitis in Peshawar, Pakistan." Revista de Saúde Pública 55 (December 8, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003478.

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OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to quantitatively assess the general public's awareness, attitude and perception of polio and its vaccination in Peshawar KPK, Pakistan. METHODS: We conducted a survey-based study to understand the surge in polio cases from 2015 to 2019 in the Peshawar city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. A pre-tested questionnaire-based study was conducted in 2019 to assess the attitude and general perception of residents of Peshawar KPK towards polio vaccination. RESULTS: Out of 241 country-wide polio cases, 63 (26.1%) polio cases were reported in Peshawar city from 2015–2019. The questionnaire revealed that individuals between 18–30 years of age had sufficient knowledge (65.1%) about polio. Male and female participants had equal awareness (~ 43%). Participants with higher education (45.9%), those with better financial status (49.5%), individuals with children < 5 years of age (46.4%), and those who had experience of a polio patient (63.1%) had better knowledge. Participants inhabiting the central city were better aware (50.5%) of polio than individuals living in the outskirts. CONCLUSION: The data indicated that poor knowledge and negative attitudes of people towards polio vaccination are the main causes of the polio eradication program's failure. Moreover, religious beliefs, unchecked migration between the Pak-Afghan border, and lack of knowledge about polio vaccination are identified as critical barriers to polio eradication.

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Furer, Victoria, Christien Rondaan, Marloes W. Heijstek, Nancy Agmon-Levin, Sander van Assen, Marc Bijl, Ferry C. Breedveld, et al. "2019 update of EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215882.

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To update the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) published in 2011. Four systematic literature reviews were performed regarding the incidence/prevalence of vaccine-preventable infections among patients with AIIRD; efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of vaccines; effect of anti-rheumatic drugs on the response to vaccines; effect of vaccination of household of AIIRDs patients. Subsequently, recommendations were formulated based on the evidence and expert opinion. The updated recommendations comprise six overarching principles and nine recommendations. The former address the need for an annual vaccination status assessment, shared decision-making and timing of vaccination, favouring vaccination during quiescent disease, preferably prior to the initiation of immunosuppression. Non-live vaccines can be safely provided to AIIRD patients regardless of underlying therapy, whereas live-attenuated vaccines may be considered with caution. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination should be strongly considered for the majority of patients with AIIRD. Tetanus toxoid and human papilloma virus vaccination should be provided to AIIRD patients as recommended for the general population. Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and herpes zoster vaccination should be administered to AIIRD patients at risk. Immunocompetent household members of patients with AIIRD should receive vaccines according to national guidelines, except for the oral poliomyelitis vaccine. Live-attenuated vaccines should be avoided during the first 6 months of life in newborns of mothers treated with biologics during the second half of pregnancy. These 2019 EULAR recommendations provide an up-to-date guidance on the management of vaccinations in patients with AIIRD.

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Kanduc, Darja, Candida Fasano, Giovanni Capone, Antonella Pesce Delfino, Michele Calabrò, and Lorenzo Polimeno. "Applying the Concept of Peptide Uniqueness to Anti-Polio Vaccination." Journal of Immunology Research 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/541282.

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Background. Although rare, adverse events may associate with anti-poliovirus vaccination thus possibly hampering global polio eradication worldwide.Objective. To design peptide-based anti-polio vaccines exempt from potential cross-reactivity risks and possibly able to reduce rare potential adverse events such as the postvaccine paralytic poliomyelitis due to the tendency of the poliovirus genome to mutate.Methods. Proteins from poliovirus type 1, strain Mahoney, were analyzed for amino acid sequence identity to the human proteome at the pentapeptide level, searching for sequences that (1) have zero percent of identity to human proteins, (2) are potentially endowed with an immunologic potential, and (3) are highly conserved among poliovirus strains.Results. Sequence analyses produced a set of consensus epitopic peptides potentially able to generate specific anti-polio immune responses exempt from cross-reactivity with the human host.Conclusion. Peptide sequences unique to poliovirus proteins and conserved among polio strains might help formulate a specific and universal anti-polio vaccine able to react with multiple viral strains and exempt from the burden of possible cross-reactions with human proteins. As an additional advantage, using a peptide-based vaccine instead of current anti-polio DNA vaccines would eliminate the rare post-polio poliomyelitis cases and other disabling symptoms that may appear following vaccination.

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Gautret, Philippe, and Annelies Wilder-Smith. "Vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis in adult travellers." Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 3 (May 2010): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.02.007.

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Julkunen, Ilkka, Pentti Ukkonen, Mirja Stenvik, Tapani Hovi, Laura Renkonen, and Olli M�kel�. "Proportions of immunoglobulin isotypes in paralytic poliomyelitis and after vaccination." Journal of Clinical Immunology 7, no. 4 (July 1987): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00915554.

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Grassly, Nicholas C. "The final stages of the global eradication of poliomyelitis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1623 (August 5, 2013): 20120140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0140.

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The global incidence of poliomyelitis has dropped by more than 99 per cent since the governments of the world committed to eradication in 1988. One of the three serotypes of wild poliovirus has been eradicated and the remaining two serotypes are limited to just a small number of endemic regions. However, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has faced a number of challenges in eradicating the last 1 per cent of wild-virus transmission. The polio endgame has also been complicated by the recognition that vaccination with the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) must eventually cease because of the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses. I describe the major challenges to wild poliovirus eradication, focusing on the poor immunogenicity of OPV in lower-income countries, the inherent limitations to the sensitivity and specificity of surveillance, the international spread of poliovirus and resulting outbreaks, and the potential significance of waning intestinal immunity induced by OPV. I then focus on the challenges to eradicating all polioviruses, the problem of vaccine-derived polioviruses and the risk of wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus re-emergence after the cessation of oral vaccination. I document the role of research in the GPEI's response to these challenges and ultimately the feasibility of achieving a world without poliomyelitis.

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Korotkova, Ekaterina A., Renee Park, Elena A. Cherkasova, Galina Y. Lipskaya, Konstantin M. Chumakov, Esfir V. Feldman, Olen M. Kew, and Vadim I. Agol. "Retrospective Analysis of a Local Cessation of Vaccination against Poliomyelitis: a Possible Scenario for the Future." Journal of Virology 77, no. 23 (December 1, 2003): 12460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.23.12460-12465.2003.

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ABSTRACT The global eradication of poliomyelitis will require substantial changes in immunization practices. One of the proposed scenarios includes cessation of vaccination with live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and the creation of an OPV stockpile for emergency response in case of the reintroduction of poliovirus into circulation. We describe here a retrospective analysis of the cessation of OPV usage in a region of the Byelorussian Republic of the former Soviet Union in 1963 to 1966. During this period, a widespread circulation and evolution of independent lineages of vaccine-derived polioviruses took place in the region. Some of these lineages appeared to originate from OPV given to 40 children in the community during this period of essentially no vaccinations. The data demonstrate very high risks associated with both the local cessation of OPV vaccination and the proposed use of OPV to control a possible reemergence of poliovirus in the postvaccination period. The high transmissibility of OPV-derived viruses in nonimmune population, documented here, and the known existence of long-term OPV excretors should be also considered in assessing risks of the synchronized global cessation of OPV usage.

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Rümke, H. C., P. M. Oostvogel, G. Van Steenis, and A. M. Van Loon. "Poliomyelitis in the Netherlands: a review of population immunity and exposure between the epidemics in 1978 and 1992." Epidemiology and Infection 115, no. 2 (October 1995): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800058416.

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SummaryAn overview of serologieal and virological studies on poliomyelitis in the Netherlands between two epidemics in 1978 and 1992 is given. Three unvaccinated patients acquired poliomyelitis abroad. In the Netherlands vaccination coverage with quadruple DPT–IPV vaccine is very high. The strong immunogenicity of inactivated poliovirus vaccine was confirmed in a cohort of children, reflected in age-stratified antibody profiles of the population. Adults born in the pre vaccination era appeared in general protected, but 10–25% of persons born between 1930 and 1945 lacked neutralizing antibodies. Revaccination induced a booster type of antibody response in 75–90% of such persons, indicating immunological memory and protection.Virological studies on adopted children from other countries, patients with indications for viral examination, and river waters showed that the Netherlands was regularly exposed to polio virus (PV), without signs of indigenous transmission. Persons found to carry PV or their close contacts had travelled to a PV endemic country. Most of 557 isolates were vaccine-derived, only 8% were wild type viruses. Despite their presence, up to 1992 the well-known susceptibles for PV in the Netherlands were shielded by the herd immunity of the Dutch population.

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Baldo, Vincenzo, Tatjana Baldovin, Silvia Cocchio, Roberta Lazzari, Elena Saracino, Chiara Bertoncello, Alessandra Buja, and Andrea Trevisan. "Seroepidemiology of Polioviruses among University Students in Northern Italy." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 8 (June 27, 2012): 1292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00054-12.

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ABSTRACTThe widespread use of poliovirus vaccination schemes has led to a marked decline in the incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis worldwide, but wild poliovirus is still endemic in some developing countries, and in 2009 a total of 23 countries reported at least 1 case of poliomyelitis caused by wild-strain polio viruses. A serological survey was thus conducted on the immunological status against polioviruses of 318 young adults, classified by their country of origin. Immunity to poliomyelitis was assessed by neutralizing antibody titration in tissues cultured on microplates. The rate of seronegativity (≤1:8) in the study population was 26.7% for poliovirus type 1, 7.2% for type 2, and 22.6% for type 3. In our sample of 318 individuals, 219 (68.9%) were Italian and 99 (31.1%) were from outside the European Union (EU). The proportion of cases found seropositive to polioviruses 1 and 3 decreased significantly with older age; this age-related decrease was more evident in the Italian group than among the non-EU subjects. Any risk of the wild virus recurring and causing paralytic poliomyelitis must be prevented, keeping Europe polio free by means of appropriate immunological protection, until polio has been conclusively eradicated all over the world. Judging from our findings, it may be worth considering administering a fifth dose of polio vaccine to adolescents.

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Jonville-Bera, AP, E. Autret, and J. Laugier. "Sudden infant death syndrome and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis vaccination status." Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 9, no. 3 (May 6, 1995): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.1995.tb00294.x.

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Duque-Marín, E., J. G. Vergaño-Salazar, I. Duarte-Gandica, and K. Vilches. "Mathematical modelling of some poliomyelitis vaccination and migration scenarios in Colombia." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1160 (January 2019): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1160/1/012021.

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Dinçer, Fitnat, Sevim Orkun, and Seyhan Sözay. "The Turkish experience of poliomyelitis before and after a vaccination campaign." Spinal Cord 34, no. 12 (December 1996): 748–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1996.137.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Poliomyelitis – Vaccination'

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