Journal articles on the topic 'Poliomyelitis – Prevention'
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HENNEKENS, CHARLES, and JULIE E. BURING. "Need for Large Sample Sizes in Randomized Trials." Pediatrics 79, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.4.569.
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Prevention is an area of relevance and concern to all health professionals, in particular, pediatricians. This concept encompasses primary prevention of disease (such as diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and poliomyelitis) among healthy individuals as well as secondary prevention or the reduction in risks of complications, recurrences, or mortality among those already affected. It is unlikely that a new measure will have as dramatic an effect as did the poliomyelitis vaccine, a prevention measure, which reduced the incidence of paralytic disease in the vaccinated group more than 50% compared with children given placebo. Analogously, virtually none of the new therapeutic measures of promise is likely to have as clear-cut an effect as did penicillin, which decreased mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia approximately sixfold (from about 95% to 15%).
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Larin, V. F., L. I. Zhukova, V. V. Lebedev, and G. K. Rafeyenko. "INTERFERENCE INTERACTION OF VIRUSES IN THE REGULATION OF AN EPIDEMIC PROCESS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40639.
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A long-term trend in the incidence of viral hepatitis A (VHA) in relation to vaccine prevention of this disease and poliomyelitis were analyzed in the Krasnodar Territory. There were lower VHA morbidity rates, which coincided with the period of additional mass immunization of children against poliomyelitis. Comparison of the frequency of polio vaccination and the trend in VHA incidence suggests that the viral interference phenomenon is involved in the regulation of its epidemic process, as a result of which vaccine poliomyelitis virus suppresses naturally circulating hepatitis virus A.
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Chernyshova, L. I. "Strategic directions for the prevention of poliomyelitis (lecture)." SOVREMENNAYA PEDIATRIYA, no. 5(69) (September 30, 2015): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/sp.2015.69.14.
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Wright, Peter F., and David T. Karzon. "Minimizing the Risks Associated with the Prevention of Poliomyelitis." New England Journal of Medicine 332, no. 8 (February 23, 1995): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199502233320809.
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RIDGWAY, D. "The logic of causation and the risk of paralytic poliomyelitis for an American child." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 1 (February 2000): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003350.
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Beginning in January 1997, American immunization policy allowed parents and physicians to elect one of three approved infant vaccination strategies for preventing poliomyelitis. Although the three strategies likely have different outcomes with respect to prevention of paralytic poliomyelitis, the extreme rarity of the disease in the USA prevents any controlled comparison. In this paper, a formal inferential logic, originally described by Donald Rubin, is applied to the vaccination problem. Assumptions and indirect evidence are used to overcome the inability to observe the same subjects under varying conditions to allow the inference of causality from non-randomized observations. Using available epidemiologic information and explicit assumptions, it is possible to project the risk of paralytic polio for infants immunized with oral polio vaccine (1·3 cases per million vaccinees), inactivated polio vaccine (0·54 cases per million vaccinees), or a sequential schedule (0·54–0·92 cases per million vaccinees).
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Liu, Xiaoyi, and Tianchen Yao. "The Intervention and treatment of the Poliomyelitis." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 8 (August 17, 2022): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v8i.1142.
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Polio comes from a wild polio-virus that infects children and has a high mortality rate. Once infected, there is no cure. So in the face of polio, more attention is paid to prevention measures and the follow-up treatment of survivors of polio disease. It covers the background to polio, the international response, and what has been achieved over the years in polio control. Polio prevention is divided into a vaccine component and daily protection, with the Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and Oral polio vaccine (OPV), OPV being an oral vaccine and IPV requiring a medical professional to administer it. The two are most effective when used together. Next is the daily protection, such as isolating close contacts and paying attention to human hygiene, etc. For the follow-up treatment of polio survivors that is, post-poliomyelitis patients. A variety of methods are used in this treatment, and the final clinical results show that non-pharmacologic treatment is more conducive to improving patients' lives and active treatment.
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Celebi, G., R. Kurt, and V. Lok. "PREVENTION OF NEUROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN EXTENSION OSTEOTOMY OF THE TIBIA IN POLIOMYELITIS." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 11, no. 6 (November 1991): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-199111000-00070.
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Celebi, G., R. Kurt, V. Lok, A. Sebik, E. Barin, and B. Zeren. "Prevention of neurovascular complications in extension osteotomy of the tibia in poliomyelitis." International Orthopaedics 15, no. 1 (April 1991): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00210529.
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Plotkin, Stanley A. "Developed countries should use inactivated polio vaccine for the prevention of poliomyelitis." Reviews in Medical Virology 7, no. 2 (July 1997): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1654(199707)7:2<75::aid-rmv192>3.0.co;2-o.
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Henderson, D. A. "Developed countries shouldnot use inactivated polio vaccine for the prevention of poliomyelitis." Reviews in Medical Virology 7, no. 2 (July 1997): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1654(199707)7:2<83::aid-rmv193>3.0.co;2-q.
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Seguljev, Zorica, Vladimir Petrovic, Gorana Cosic, Predrag Djuric, Mladen Petrovic, and Svetlana Ilic. "Effects of the immunization program in Vojvodina." Medical review 60, no. 11-12 (2007): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0712553s.
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Introduction. With the widespread use of active immunization, significant results have been achieved in the control and prevention of numerous communicable diseases. The Expanded Programme on Immunization of the World Health Organization is intended to strengthen national programs for the reduction in the incidence and mortality rates and global elimination or eradication of communicable diseases. The aim of this paper is to analyze results of the immunization program in Vojvodina. Material and methods. The results of the immunization program were analyzed on the basis of the incidence rates, since the introduction of the mandatory reporting system, till 2006. The analysis included immunization coverage against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis and measles as well as reported cases of missed opportunities in the period from 1997 to 2006. Results. Poliomyelitis has not been reported in Vojvodina since 1963, diphtheria since 1978 and measles in the period from 2001 to 2006. Sporadic cases of pertussis have been reported in unimmunized children of the youngest age, and tetanus in unimmunized elderly population. Vaccination coverage against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was above 96%. Vaccination coverage against measles was lower (95% vaccination, 87% revaccination). The highest proportion of missed opportunities was caused by not responding to immunization calls (46.6%). Conclusion. These results can be maintained by up-to-date (UTD) immunization and high vaccination coverage without territorial and population differences. Data on the total number of children without up-to-date vaccination cannot be obtained on the basis of administrative coverage follow-up. It is necessary to establish follow-up mechanisms for UTD immunization, which would reveal the number of children at risk from vaccine preventable diseases and characteristics of unimmunized population.
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Judelsohn, Richard. "Changing the US Polio Immunization Schedule Would Be Bad Public Health Policy." Pediatrics 98, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.98.1.115.
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Last October, a 10-member advisory committee to the United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) voted to change the US government's well-established polio immunization policy. The current polio immunization schedule, consisting of a regimen of four doses of oral poliovaccine (OPV), is widely credited with effectively eradicating polio in the US and the western hemisphere. In fact, the last naturally occurring case of polio occurred in the US in 1979 and in the western hemisphere in 1991. Because OPV contains a live but weakened virus, it has, on very rare occasions, been associated with paralytic polio. In the hope of preventing some of the 8 to 10 cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) diagnosed each year, the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended a combined immunization schedule of two doses of inactivated polio virus (IPV), which is delivered by injection, followed by two doses of OPV.
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Kovpak, Anastasia A., Anastasia N. Piniaeva, Oleg A. Gerasimov, Irina O. Tcelykh, Mayya Y. Ermakova, Anna N. Zyrina, Dmitry V. Danilov, Yury Y. Ivin, Liubov I. Kozlovskaya, and Aydar A. Ishmukhametov. "Methodology of Purification of Inactivated Cell-Culture-Grown SARS-CoV-2 Using Size-Exclusion Chromatography." Vaccines 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060949.
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Various types of COVID-19 vaccines, including adenovirus, mRNA, and inactivated ones, have been developed and approved for clinical use worldwide. Inactivated vaccines are produced using a proven technology that is widely used for the production of vaccines for the prevention and control of infectious diseases, including influenza and poliomyelitis. The development of inactivated whole-virion vaccines commonly includes several stages: the production of cellular and viral biomass in cell culture; inactivation of the virus; filtration and ultrafiltration; chromatographic purification of the viral antigen; and formulation with stabilizers and adjuvants. In this study, the suitability of four resins for Size-Exclusion Chromatography was investigated for the purification of a viral antigen for the human COVID-19 vaccine.
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Chechotina, S. Yu, A. H. Sydorenko, R. V. Lutsenko, Zh P. Kundiy, and N. M. Deviatkina. "Topical Issues of Vaccination of Health Professionals." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 4 (September 18, 2021): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.04.126.
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Vaccination is one of the most successful and economically effective measures of the prevention of infectious diseases among all other measures which exist nowadays. The decrease of the level of community immunity leads to the risk of the recurrent disease progressing in adults and teenagers and also the deterioration of epidemiological situation. The issues of the control of infectious diseases among health care professionals have recently become significant. The purpose of the study is to investigate the level of vaccination rate of recipients of the first (Bachelor degree) of higher education in specialty 223 «Nursing», who work in medical institutions and to analyze legal framework of immune prevention of health professionals. Materials and methods. With the help of Google-platform, we conducted a survey among recipients of higher education, who follow online higher education at Educational and Scientific Medical Institute of Poltava State Medical University, who were divided into two groups. Results. All recipients of both two groups received Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine. Recipients of higher education of the 1st group also were vaccinated against hepatitis B virus. Among recipients of the 2nd group this index is high and is 75%. All 12 recipients of higher education of the 2nd group were vaccinated against poliomyelitis and measles, against diphtheria – 11 respondents, 10 and 9 correspondingly against tetanus and rubella. Among 6 responders of the 1st group against measles, rubella, diphtheria and tetanus 4 recipients of higher education were vaccinated, and 5 ones – against poliomyelitis. Members of the 2nd group by 2.5 times are more often vaccinated against seasonal grippe that proves the high level of responsibility for both their health and patients’. All members of the survey confirmed positive attitude to the vaccination. The article has been concerned with the analysis of World Health Organization recommendations, Center for Disease Control and orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine about vaccination of medical professionals. Conclusion. Therefore, among respondents, who work in medical institutions, there is enough high level of vaccination rate. Immunological prevention of health care workers is topical one, because they are in the risk group of the vaccination. Considering peculiarities of profession, contact with patients and potentially sick people, health professionals must be vaccinated and be the source of accurate information for patients
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Dennehy, Penelope H. "Active Immunization in the United States: Developments over the Past Decade." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 872–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.4.872-908.2001.
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SUMMARY The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified immunization as the most important public health advance of the 20th century. The purpose of this article is to review the changes that have taken place in active immunization in the United States over the past decade. Since 1990, new vaccines have become available to prevent five infectious diseases: varicella, rotavirus, hepatitis A, Lyme disease, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Improved vaccines have been developed to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcus, pertussis, rabies, and typhoid infections. Immunization strategies for the prevention of hepatitis B, measles, meningococcal infections, and poliomyelitis have changed as a result of the changing epidemiology of these diseases. Combination vaccines are being developed to facilitate the delivery of multiple antigens, and improved vaccines are under development for cholera, influenza, and meningococcal disease. Major advances in molecular biology have enabled scientists to devise new approaches to the development of vaccines against diseases ranging from respiratory viral to enteric bacterial infections that continue to plague the world's population.
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Sutter, Roland W., Sunil Bahl, Jagadish M. Deshpande, Harish Verma, Mohammad Ahmad, P. Venugopal, J. Venkateswara Rao, et al. "Immunogenicity of a new routine vaccination schedule for global poliomyelitis prevention: an open-label, randomised controlled trial." Lancet 386, no. 10011 (December 2015): 2413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00237-8.
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Feldblyum, I. V., V. V. Romanenko, M. G. Menshikova, I. A. Okuneva, A. E. Makarov, N. V. Isaeva, and M. G. Radzivi. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY INACTIVATED VACCINE FOR POLYOMIELITIS PREVENTION (NETHERLANDS) AND VACCINE «IMOVAX POLIO» (FRANCE) IN CHILDREN USING TRIPLE IMMUNIZATION." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology 1, no. 3 (August 25, 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-3-53-60.
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Aim is comparative evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) «Bilthoven Biologicals B.V.» (Netherlands) and «Imovax Polio» (France) with subcutaneous and intramuscular modes of administration. Materials and methods. In a doubleblind, comparative clinical randomized multicenter study, 120 children at the age of 3 months participated as volunteers. They were divided into 4 groups: 1 and 2 groups were given IPV intramuscular (group 1) and subcutaneous (group 2) mode of administration, children of groups 3 and 4 were given the vaccine «Imovax Polio». Results. IPV is characterized by a high safety profile and immunogenicity both in subcutaneous and intramuscular modes of administration and it is comparable in its characteristics with the vaccine «Imovax Polio». Conclusion. Vaccine IPV (Netherlands) is recommended for registration in the territory of the Russian Federation and its further using in the National Vaccination Schedule.
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Pottie, Kevin, Alain D. Mayhew, Rachael L. Morton, Christina Greenaway, Elie A. Akl, Prinon Rahman, Dominik Zenner, et al. "Prevention and assessment of infectious diseases among children and adult migrants arriving to the European Union/European Economic Association: a protocol for a suite of systematic reviews for public health and health systems." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e014608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014608.
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IntroductionThe European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control is developing evidence-based guidance for voluntary screening, treatment and vaccine prevention of infectious diseases for newly arriving migrants to the European Union/European Economic Area. The objective of this systematic review protocol is to guide the identification, appraisal and synthesis of the best available evidence on prevention and assessment of the following priority infectious diseases: tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis (polio),Haemophilus influenzadisease, strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis.Methods and analysisThe search strategy will identify evidence from existing systematic reviews and then update the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness evidence using prospective trials, economic evaluations and/or recently published systematic reviews. Interdisciplinary teams have designed logic models to help define study inclusion and exclusion criteria, guiding the search strategy and identifying relevant outcomes. We will assess the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.Ethics and disseminationThere are no ethical or safety issues. We anticipate disseminating the findings through open-access publications, conference abstracts and presentations. We plan to publish technical syntheses as GRADEpro evidence summaries and the systematic reviews as part of a special edition open-access publication on refugee health. We are following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols reporting guideline. This protocol is registered in PROSPERO: CRD42016045798.
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Pons-Salort, Margarita, M. Steven Oberste, Mark A. Pallansch, Glen R. Abedi, Saki Takahashi, Bryan T. Grenfell, and Nicholas C. Grassly. "The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 12 (March 5, 2018): 3078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721159115.
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Nonpolio enteroviruses are diverse and common viruses that can circulate year-round but tend to peak in summer. Although most infections are asymptomatic, they can result in a wide range of neurological and other diseases. Many serotypes circulate every year, and different serotypes predominate in different years, but the drivers of their geographical and temporal dynamics are not understood. We use national enterovirus surveillance data collected by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 1983−2013, as well as demographic and climatic data for the same period, to study the patterns and drivers of the seasonality of these infections. We find that the seasonal pattern of enterovirus cases is spatially structured in the United States and similar to that observed for historical prevaccination poliomyelitis (1931−1954). We identify latitudinal gradients for the amplitude and the timing of the peak of cases, meaning that those are more regularly distributed all year-round in the south and have a more pronounced peak that arrives later toward the north. The peak is estimated to occur between July and September across the United States, and 1 month earlier than that for historical poliomyelitis. Using mixed-effects models, we find that climate, but not demography, is likely to drive the seasonal pattern of enterovirus cases and that the dew point temperature alone explains ∼30% of the variation in the intensity of transmission. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of enteroviruses, demonstrates important similarities in their circulation dynamics with polioviruses, and identifies potential drivers of their seasonality.
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Casto, Daniel T., and Philip A. Brunell. "Safe Handling of Vaccines." Pediatrics 87, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.1.108.
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The development of safe and effective vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases associated with high mortality or morbidity is among the most significant accomplishments in medicine. The ultimate goal of eradication of a disease through immunization is an elusive one, having been achieved for only one disease—smallpox. However, a significant reduction in the number of childhood cases of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, and rubella has been realized through the use of modern immunizing agents. Recent introduction of vaccines for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae will hopefully provide similar results in the near future. The success of a vaccine in preventing disease is dependent on both the quality of the immunizing agent and the degree to which it is utilized. Obviously, the safest and most effective vaccine in the world will contribute nothing to the decline of a disease without clinicians' efforts to immunize at-risk individuals and without a willingness on the part of these at-risk individuals (or their parents) to receive the vaccine. This critical issue of vaccine utilization deservingly receives attention in the medical literature with some frequency.1,2 Similarly, the quality of vaccines is frequently addressed in publications concerning aspects such as reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and overall efficacy.3-6 One important factor that can influence efficacy, however, is rarely discussed—how vaccines are handled during shipment and storage. Discussions concerning preservation of vaccine potency through proper storage and maintenance of the "cold chain" may seem more pertinent to developing countries of the world, where refrigeration is not readily available and exposure of stored product to extreme environmental conditions can be expected.7-9
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Prevots, D. Rebecca, and Peter M. Strebel. "Poliomyelitis Prevention in the United States: New Recommendations for Routine Childhood Vaccination Place Greater Reliance on Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine." Pediatric Annals 26, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-19970601-09.
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Varotto, Elena, Andrea Cossarizza, and Francesco M. Galassi. "The Contribution of Poliomyelitis to President Roosevelt’s Heart Failure. A Lesson on the Importance of Vaccinations for Cardiovascular Prevention." High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 25, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40292-018-0287-7.
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Arnold, Jana Nele, Nils Gundlach, Irina Böckelmann, and Stefan Sammito. "Impfstatus von jungen Arbeitnehmern – Eine Erhebung bei Berufsanfängern der Bundeswehr." ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2020, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-2012-8715.
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Vaccination status of young employees: A survey of entrants in the Bundeswehr (German Federal Armed Forces) Objectives: In addition to the recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert-Koch-Institut, there are also jobrelated vaccination recommendations for special occupational groups. This applies equally to soldiers, but there is insufficient scientific data on vaccination rates. For this reason, the following study examined the extent of the vaccination gaps among young people entering the armed forces. Methods: As part of a cross-sectional study at Rotenburg (Wümme), Lower Saxony, the existing vaccination rates among soldiers in relation to tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were recorded and compared statistically between the three recruitment quarters (II/ to IV/2016). Results: The vaccination booklets of 247 recruits (age: 20.5 ± 2.7 years) from three quarters were recorded. The rate of unavailable vaccination booklets was 23.1 %. The vaccination rates were between 2 % for TBE and 75 % for measles. Whilst low vaccination protection rates were identified for TBE and hepatitis A/B in particular, the rates were also found to be as low as 44–60 % for the „typical“ tetanus, poliomyelitis and diphtheria vaccinations. There were high numbers of „expired“ full protection: these ranged from 19 % (diphtheria) to 50 % (hepatitis B). Conclusions: The results of the study indicate a clear lack of vaccination protection in a random sample of German citizens with an average age of 20 who started their service in the Bundeswehr as young professionals. Although, as expected, this was very low for vaccinations that are not standard STIKO vaccinations (hepatitis A, TBE), there were also significant vaccine deficiencies in the vaccinations recommended by STIKO in the young adults examined here. Keywords: military – vaccination – prevention – infection disease
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Namazova-Baranova, L. S., M. V. Fedoseenko, P. R. Grinchik, A. A. Girina, S. V. Kovalev, A. V. Mazokha, E. D. Makushina, et al. "Immunization and Immunization Coverage According to National Immunization Schedule for Children Population: Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Study." Pediatric pharmacology 18, no. 2 (June 13, 2021): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v18i2.2218.
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Background. Monitoring of documented vaccination is one of the indicators of the epidemiological supervision quality of preventive vaccination. It is crucial for epidemical situation prevention. Objective. The aim of the study is to estimate immunization and immunization coverage levels according to National Immunization Schedule (NIS) for children population in Russia. Methods. Immunization rates were estimated according to preventive vaccination cards (form №063/y) and children development cards (form №112/y) among children aged from 6 months to 15 years in 8 towns of Russia. Immunization was determined by the ratio of people who has fully performed all the vaccines from NIS (version of the year 2014), while immunization coverage – by the ratio people who has received at least one dose of corresponding vaccine. Results. The study has included data from 2,687 vaccinated children. The highest levels of immunization and immunization coverage were against tuberculosis (98.1% each), hepatitis B (85.9% and 96.5%), measles, mumps and rubella (84.4% and 93.9%). Immunization against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus significantly differed from their immunization coverage (60.5% and 94.9%), as well as for poliomyelitis (65.0% and 94.9%). Relatively low immunization and immunization coverage levels were observed for pneumococcal infection (27.6% and 47.1%) and influenza (5.8% and 30.5%). The increase in the immunization level with age was observed for all vaccines, except pneumococcal vaccine. Conclusion. Immunization and immunization coverage against infections included in NIS vary significantly. The highest immunization and immunization coverage levels for all age groups were revealed for tuberculosis vaccine, and the lowest — for influenza vaccine.
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Mikhailov, M. I., K. K. Kyuregyan, E. Yu Malinnikova, and A. D. Polyakov. "Hepatitis E, to the 40th anniversary of the discovery of the virus by academician of the RAMS M.S. Balayan." Journal Infectology 13, no. 3 (October 9, 2021): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-3-153-158.
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2021 marks the 40th anniversary of the discovery of the hepatitis E virus by an outstanding Russian virologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Mikhail Surenovich Balayan. This date is an occasion to remember this remarkable scientist and person, to analyze the current state of the problem of viral hepatitis E, to sum up the research results and to correct the prospects of scientific directions, the development of which is largely related to the basic foundations laid by M.S. Balayan.The scientific heritage of M.S. Balayan is associated with the study of poliomyelitis, hepatitis A and hepatitis E. The main contribution of Mikhail Surenovich Balayan to world science was the discovery of the hepatitis E virus. This is, in first place, associated with the significance of the results obtained and the high moral value of the experimental selfinfection with hepatitis E.The paper presents data on the study of virology, epidemiology, clinical course, diagnosis and prevention of hepatitis E. The main concepts and directions of studying hepatitis E are overviewed.
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Talukdar, Rounik. "Relevance of developing public health service cadres alongside a more prevention oriented Indian health system: an overview." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20215021.
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The relevance of public health has been emphasized in the wake of the global epidemic COVID-19. There are several success stories that we often tend to forget, such as the fight against various infectious illnesses like smallpox, poliomyelitis, and current human-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention, to name a few, public health has played a significant impact. Diarrheal diseases, for example, which contributes significantly to India's under-five mortality rate and is one of the leading causes of malnutrition, can be effectively handled by improving access to safe water and sanitation. Because public health encompasses more than just health, we require a workforce with managerial and leadership skills as well as training in public health as a specialty. This paper explores some of the successes and lessons learned from systematic investments in public health in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, namely The Tamil Nadu model and other countries, as well as the system's flaws. In India, a feasible framework for establishing dedicated public health cadres has also been explored. Evidence was acquired from PubMed, Google Scholar, newspaper stories, and publicly released government orders and papers. The recruitment of cadres may resemble that of the Indian economic/statistical services (IES/ ISS) by the UPSC. Another area to emphasize for health professionals interested in public health is training. Starting from frontline workers, block level workers to district and state we need dedicated public health workforce. Moreover, the need of the hour is to establish such a system which will work alongside pre-existing clinical fields.
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Kidd, Sarah, James L. Goodson, Javier Aramburu, Alda Morais, Abou Gaye, Kathleen Wannemuehler, Joanna Buffington, Sue Gerber, Steven Wassilak, and Amra Uzicanin. "Poliomyelitis outbreaks in Angola genetically linked to India: Risk factors and implications for prevention of outbreaks due to wild poliovirus importations." Vaccine 29, no. 21 (May 2011): 3760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.034.
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Iqbal, Zafeer Ulhassan, Hira Ashraf, and Bisma Farooq. "AWARENESS OF GENERAL PUBLIC TOWARDS POLIO IMMUNIZATION IN RURAL PUNJAB PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Public Health 8, no. 1 (May 16, 2018): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v8i1.86.
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Background: Poliomyelitis is the acute viral infections of children under the age of five years. Pakistan is among the three countries, along with Nigeria and Afghanistan that are endemic to polio. In 2012, government of Pakistan approved a National Emergency Action Plan (NEAP) for polio eradication. Parents are reluctant towards immunization due to some religious beliefs. In current study we are accessing the attitude and behavior of general population towards polio vaccination. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted during 2017 in 4 district of Punjab (Faisalabad, Sheikhpura, Kasur and Lahore) Pakistan. The pretested, piloted and validated instrument with a 20 items structured questionnaire was used for this research. The response rate was 84% during the course of Study. Results: In study population 79% of the respondents were well aware of the term Polio. The positive response towards polio immunization was analyzed for only 62% of the parents. 70.46% of the parents strongly agreed with the medical therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of the disease whereas 29.54% of the respondents were found to believe that polio might be caused due to the evil effects Conclusion: Study concluded that the general public is well informed about polio vaccination and giving vaccine to their children on regular basis.
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Ahmed, Mohammed. "Etiology and Clinical Features of Acute Flaccid Paralysis among Children in Gadarif, Sudan." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 1, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/023.
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Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is a rare but a serious neurological condition characterized by sudden weakness or paralysis of one or more extremities, the respiratory or bulbar muscles and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause. Death occurs in about 7.5% of AFP affected patients worldwide. AFP is the most common sign of acute polio. Therefore, AFP studies are important for surveillance during polio outbreaks to differentiate polio cases from AFP cases. There is a lack of information about the clinical features & causative factors of AFP among children in Gadarif, Sudan. The identification of AFP cases and its causative factors are important in the management & prevention of the disease. This study assessed the etiology and the clinical features of AFP among children in Gadarif, Sudan aiming at effective management & prevention of the disease. It was a prospective cross sectional study conducted at Gadarif Pediatrics Teaching Hospital during the period of January 2017-December 2019. It comprised 73 children with confirmed AFP, ages 6 months to < 15 years old. Our study revealed that Poliomyelitis was not the cause of AFP. AFP was significantly affected children with youngest ages 0-5 years old and from the rural areas. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was the leading cause of AFP followed by meningitis, traumatic neuritis and hypokalemia and we believed that infections were the main triggers of GBS. Gender did not affect the prevalence of the AFP. Fever and paraplegia were the most prevalent clinical signs at onset of the weakness. Over 50% of the AFP victims showed symmetric paralysis. It is obviously that AFP-based awareness, provision of high-quality health services and fighting of illiteracy and poverty in the rural areas of Sudan are urgently needed for effective management of AFP.
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Shcherbina, A. Yu. "SIGNIFICANCE OF CONGENITAL IMMUNITY DEFECTS IN THE STUDY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 101, no. 2 (April 15, 2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2022-101-2-8-11.
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Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are conditions caused by genetic defects in the immune system. Their main manifestation is an infectious syndrome (recurrent severe infections caused by common pathogens, with gross defects in immunity). However, as the PID study progressed, descriptions of patients with hypersensitivity to rare and opportunistic infections, mycobacterioses, including BCG infection, with severe/atypical course of common viral infections, including COVID-19, emerged. Due to the inability of the immune system of patients to control the oncogenic potential of various viruses, with defects in some immune mechanisms, these patients develop various tumors (Kaposi's sarcoma, EBV-associated smooth muscle tumor) or an increase in the frequency of, for example, EBV-associated lymphomas. The creation of the Russian register of PIDs makes it possible to predict the development of certain rare/opportunistic infectious and infectious diseases in the Russian Federation. The most important is the prevention of the development of rare/opportunistic infections by early detection of patients with PID and their pathogenetic treatment, including immunomodulatory, replacement therapy with human normal immunoglobulin preparations, as well as radical therapy – hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In addition, an important epidemiological aspect of the study of PID is that patients are often unable to eliminate infectious pathogens for a long time and serve as a reservoir of various infections (vaccinal and wild strains of poliomyelitis, COVID-19).
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Fedoseenko, Marina V., Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova, Firuza Ch Shakhtakhtinskaya, M. V. Fominykh, Tatiana A. Kalyuzhnaya, Tatiana E. Privalova, Dina S. Rusinova, A. M. Sel’vyan, and Svetlana V. Tolstova. "Analysis of Vaccination Background in Children Undergone SARS-CoV-2 Infection." Pediatric pharmacology 17, no. 6 (January 27, 2021): 508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v17i6.2200.
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Nowadays all news about the new coronavirus disease type arouses interest and concern among specialists around the world. Children often are not exposed to the COVID-19 virus or they just have mild course of the disease according to currently available data. These data may also explain why children have much lower incidence of COVID-19 in comparison to adults. The results of epidemiological observations performed by different researchers’ groups on the likely “protective” effect of routine vaccine prevention programs against new type of coronavirus disease led to initiation of clinical studies. This article presents the analysis of the vaccinal status and characteristics of vaccination and any other background in 143 Moscow children undergone SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, the general vaccination background in children who have undergone COVID-19 is characterized with low vaccination level and mismatch with the National Immunization Schedule. The most unfavorable vaccination background was mentioned in infants. The vaccination rate in all children of the first year of life (in 100% of cases) had gap to the routine schedule. The lowest rate of appropriate vaccination was recorded in case of viral poliomyelitis (in 30% of children) in reconvalescents new type of coronavirus disease. The vast majority of children undergone COVID-19 were not vaccinated against flue, only a few were vaccinated against pneumococcal infection. Now there are several studies focused on determining the protective role of vaccines in relation to the new type of coronavirus disease morbidity and course severity.
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Ueda, Eunice Mitiko Ogido, Cássia Cilene Dezan, Wanda Terezinha Garbelini Frossard, Fernanda Salomão, and Maria Celeste Morita. "Prevalence of dental caries in 3- and 5-year-old children living in a small Brazilian City." Journal of Applied Oral Science 12, no. 1 (March 2004): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572004000100007.
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Despite the reduction in the prevalence of dental caries, very little is known about the prevalence of the disease, especially in deciduous teeth, in small Brazilian cities (<20,000 inhabitants). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries in children aged 3 and 5 years of age in the city of Cambira - State of Parana. All children that participated in the national vaccination campaign against poliomyelitis in 2002 at the two basic health units of the city were examined. The campaign covered 99.5% of the population aged 1 to 5 years. Two previously trained and calibrated dentists performed the clinical examinations after the children brushed their teeth and recorded their caries experience by means of the dmf index. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the disease between the male and female genders and between the rural and urban zones. At the age of 3, 68.50% of the children were caries-free, compared to 31.10% at the age of 5. In the total population, 11.19% of the children accounted for 50.86% of the teeth affected by dental caries. The dmf index at 3 and 5 years in the study population was 2.10 and 3.51, respectively. These data showed that the city has not yet reached the goals proposed by the WHO for the year 2000, what indicates the need for greater investment in programs aimed to prevention and control of the disease.
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Sarkar, Probir Kumar, Nital Kumar Sarker, Sharmim Doulah, and Tajul Islam A. Bari. "Expanded Programme on Immunization in Bangladesh: A Success Story." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 39, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v39i2.31540.
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Infections are responsible for the majority of loss of life in children and vaccination has made enormous contribution to public health, including the eradication of one dreaded disease, small pox, and elimination of poliomyelitis from all but a handful of countries. Globally, immunization currently averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year. In Bangladesh it has prevented an estimated 2 million deaths from 1987- 2000, and continues to prevent approximately 200,000 deaths each year. WHO introduced EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization) in 1977 at Alma-Ata, the capital of Kazakhastan for the underdeveloped countries. Subsequently Bangladesh has launched EPI programme. Recently AD (Auto Disable) syringes and vaccination against Hepatitis B, H. Influenzae, Measles-Rubella (MR) and Pneumococcus has been introduced in vaccination programme. In Bangladesh, immunization coverage of DPT/PENTA3 was only 16% in 1988 increased significantly to 69% in 1990, 81% in 2000, 90% in 2011and 92% in 2013 which was higher than global coverage of 84% in 2013 and comparable to first world countries. In Pakistan fully immunization coverage in 2010 was only 50%.9 Indian national full immunization coverage was 56% in 1990, 59% in 2000, 74% in 2010 and 74% in 2012 whereas in our country it was 52% in 1991, 53% in 2000, 79% in 2010, 80% in 2011and 81% in 2013 which signifies our excellent success for prevention of communicable diseases in successive years. So, EPI in Bangladesh has been recognized for its sustained high coverage and great contribution to the reduction of childhood morbidity and mortality and it received two GAVI best performance award in 2009 and 2012.Bangladesh J Child Health 2015; VOL 39 (2) :93-98
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Mehmood, Khalid, Inaam Qadir Javed Hashmi, Asif Zaman Rashid, Riaz Anwar Bashir, Zubair Ahmed Khosa, Shizza Khalid, and Khadeeja Tul Kubra Hashmi. "POLIO VACCINATION;." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 05 (December 14, 2018): 1026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.05.2540.
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Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about poliomyelitis(polio) vaccination in District Abbottabad, province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan,to identify reasons of failure of polio vaccination/ eradication campaign and to makerecommendations in the light of the study. Setting: District Abbottabad, province KPK, Pakistanincluding both urban and rural areas. Period: Three months from 1st June to 31st August2012. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive explorative study was conducted in DistrictAbbottabad, of province KPK, Pakistan. A structured questionnaire was submitted to people inthe urban and rural population using convenient sampling. Out of 200, only 142 questionnaireswere filled by interviewing parents and guardians of the children followed by focused groupdiscussions with the community heads and the parents of the children. Results: Majority(61.78%) of respondents were of low income category with the mean age of 31 years. Amongstthose (75%) were earning Rs.7,000-12,000 per month. Literacy rate was low with 45.77%. Outof which 40.67% fathers and 59.33% mothers were illiterate. Therefore a few respondentswere aware about the mode of transmission of polio. Majority (80%) said that polio could beprevented by polio drops and about 86% said that this vaccine had no side effects. About45% respondents refused to cooperate with polio teams, and 28% respondents believed, thatAbbottabad Operation had bad effect on anti-polio campaign. Regarding the use of boileddrinking water, 95.8% respondents knew that it was good for health. While only 4.20% were usingboiled water for drinking. Advice of the health professionals (69.71%) and other family members(7.74%) was respected in making health care decisions, therefore it was an opportunity forthe government to involve these persons as well as media men in conveying message to thecommunity to achieve ultimate goal of polio free Pakistan. Conclusions: Unawareness amongthe population of District Abbottabad, especially the knowledge about the disease, mode oftransmission and its prevention are the most deficient areas. Secondly misconceptions aboutthe nature of polio drops, and religious misinterpretations in masses, created by general publicand religious leaders, are the major obstacles in the real success of vaccination campaign.
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Sofiyati Sofiyati. "HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG IMUNISASI POLIO DENGAN WAKTU PEMBERIAN IMUNISASI POLIO DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS KEDAWUNG KECAMATAN KEDAWUNG KABUPATEN CIREBON." Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2, no. 2 (August 15, 2022): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jikki.v2i2.483.
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Polio is a highly contagious and incurable viral infection. The virus attacks the entire body (including muscles and nerves) and can cause permanent muscle weakness and paralysis of one leg. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), polio has paralyzed around a thousand children every day in almost every country in the world. It is important for parents to know why, when, where, and how often their children should be immunized, including polio immunization. Giving immunizations to infants and children not only provides disease prevention to these children but also has a wider impact because it can prevent disease transmission to other children, therefore the knowledge and attitudes of parents, especially mothers, are very important to understand the benefits of immunization for Indonesian children. . Polio immunization is the act of giving polio vaccine (in oral form) or known as the oral polio vaccine (OPV) which aims to provide immunity from poliomyelitis disease. This polio immunization is expected to reduce the number of polio cases in Indonesia, so that people need to be provided with information so that their knowledge about polio immunization can be implemented, especially for mothers who have children under five. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge of mothers who have children under five about polio immunization with the time of giving polio immunization at the Kedawung Health Center, Kedawung District, Cirebon Regency. The level of knowledge of mothers who have children under five about polio immunization at the Kedawung Health Center was 44 respondents who were studied, the most respondents were respondents who had sufficient knowledge level. The results of this study prove that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge of mothers who have children under five about polio immunization with the time of giving polio immunization. The Puskesmas should further increase public understanding about polio immunization by providing education in the form of counseling or with other information media so that the information can be reached and accepted by the community so that no more children under five are not immunized against polio.
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Chen, Yushuo, Tianrui Yue, and Zixiao Zhang. "The Pathology of Poliomyelitis and the Vaccines and Nonvaccine Therapy." E3S Web of Conferences 308 (2021): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130802018.
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Poliomyelitis is an exclusively human disease that mainly affects children. Clinical features of poliomyelitis can be varied, from mild illness to the most severe paralysis, and the factor why poliomyelitis has different performances in individuals has been proved strongly correlated with membrane protein CD155. The nervous system shows a special protecting phenomenon against the invasion of poliovirus, and the mechanism is not very clear at present. Vaccines are the main means of preventing and controlling polio, and many different vaccines have been invented in the process of fighting polio. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) are the two main vaccines. IPV is known for its safety while OPV is widely used in developing countries because of its relatively low cost. This usage also leads to some side effects: vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Now, for polio eradication, the elimination of these two diseases has become particularly important. Thus, a new type of vaccine was created: sequential IPV-OPV with the safety of IPV and the low cost of OPV. This paper will talk about the different polio vaccines and their effects. An enormous difference between people who have gotten the vaccine and people who have not got the vaccine. Comparing the two kinds of people, people who get normal poliovirus, and people who get poliovirus after taking a vaccine, known as VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis), the former cannot get full recovery whole life and the latter has a very low possibility. In conclusion, people should take vaccines if it is affordable for them.
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Chernov, A. P. "Surgical treatment of paralytic instability and paralytic deformities of the knee joint." Kazan medical journal 72, no. 1 (January 15, 1991): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj97174.
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There were 2675 patients with the consequences of poliomyelitis, of which 773 (28.9%) had paralytic instability with deformity of the knee joint. Arthrodesis of the knee joint was performed in 316 patients, transplantation of the tibial flexors to the patella in 235 patients. For the treatment of paralytic deformities of the knee joint, operations should be used to restore the axis of the limb and aimed at preventing gonarthrosis. New ways of treating deformities developed by the author are described.
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Karnayeva, N. S., L. U. Ulukhanova, A. G. Gadzhimirzaevа, and S. G. Agaevа. "The main aspects of the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases in the Republic of Dagestan." CHILDREN INFECTIONS 18, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22627/2072-8107-2019-18-3-42-45.
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The analysis of the epidemiological situation of vaccine-preventable infections in the Republic of Dagestan. The introduction of mass vaccine prophylaxis had a positive effect on reducing the incidence of infections such as poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, rubella, and viral hepatitis B in the Republic of Dagestan. However, despite the ongoing routine immunization of the population for “controlled” infections, the incidence of measles and parotitis infection remains high in 2018, this is due to an increase in the number of people who refuse to receive preventive vaccinations, in most cases, for religious reasons.
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Raad, Issam I., Anne-Marie Chaftari, Rita Wilson Dib, Edward A. Graviss, and Ray Hachem. "Emerging outbreaks associated with conflict and failing healthcare systems in the Middle East." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 10 (August 13, 2018): 1230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.177.
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AbstractThe escalating conflicts in the Middle East have been associated with the rapid collapse of the existing healthcare systems in affected countries. As millions of refugees flee their countries, they become vulnerable and exposed to communicable diseases that easily grow into epidemic crises. Here, we describe infectious disease epidemics that have been associated with conflicts in the Middle East, including cholera, poliomyelitis, measles, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and diphtheria, that call for appropriate preventive measures. Local ongoing wars and failing healthcare systems have resulted in regional and global health threats that warrant international medical interventions.
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Karpova, E. V., К. А. Sarkisyan, A. A. Movsesyants, and V. A. Merkulov. "Preventive Vaccination against Poliomyelitis: Modern View." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 18, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2018-18-4-236-242.
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Poliomyelitis is a typical anthroponosis, in natural conditions it infects only humans. The only effective strategy for combating the infection is preventive vaccination. The polio vaccine induces long-lasting humoral and local immunity. The article presents a brief history of polio vaccine development, and compares live and inactivated vaccines currently licensed and used in Russia. It also dwells upon the benefits and shortcomings of each of these vaccines. The results of analysis demonstrated that all foreign-made and domestically-produced polio vaccines currently used in Russia meet international requirements in terms of main quality characteristics and comply with the WHO recommendations. The article looks into some issues arising from the use of live polio vaccine, in particular the development of vaccine-associated paralytic polio, and the appearance of vaccine-derived polioviruses. It reviews the main approaches of the current WHO polio eradication initiative, and summarises the outcomes of the 30-year period since the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The article describes the transition from live attenuated oral polio vaccine (types 1, 2 and 3) to bivalent vaccine (live attenuated oral polio vaccine, types 1 and 3). It discusses the necessity of using polio vaccines (both live and inactivated) at the final stage of polio eradication. The article presents the new National Immunisation Schedule.
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Deepe, G. S. "Prospects for the development of fungal vaccines." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 10, no. 4 (October 1997): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.10.4.585.
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In an era that emphasizes the term "cost-effective," vaccines are the ideal solution to preventing disease at a relatively low cost to society. Much of the previous emphasis has been on childhood scourges such as measles, mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. The concept of vaccines for fungal diseases has had less impact because of the perceived limited problem. However, fungal diseases have become increasingly appreciated as serious medical problems that require recognition and aggressive management. The escalation in the incidence and prevalence of infection has prompted a renewed interest in vaccine development. Herein, I discuss the most recent developments in the search for vaccines to combat fungal infections. Investigators have discovered several inert substances from various fungi that can mediate protection in animal models. The next challenge will be to find the suitable mode of delivery for these immunogens.
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Zainutdinov, S. S., G. F. Sivolobova, V. B. Loktev, and G. V. Kochneva. "Mucosal immunity and vaccines against viral infections." Problems of Virology 66, no. 6 (January 8, 2022): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-82.
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Mucosal immunity is realized through a structural and functional system called mucose-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). MALT is subdivided into parts (clusters) depending on their anatomical location, but they all have a similar structure: mucus layer, epithelial tissue, lamina propria and lymphoid follicles. Plasma cells of MALT produce a unique type of immunoglobulins, IgA, which have the ability to polymerize. In mucosal immunization, the predominant form of IgA is a secretory dimer, sIgA, which is concentrated in large quantities in the mucosa. Mucosal IgA acts as a first line of defense and neutralizes viruses efficiently at the portal of entry, preventing infection of epithelial cells and generalization of infection. To date, several mucosal antiviral vaccines have been licensed, which include attenuated strains of the corresponding viruses: poliomyelitis, influenza, and rotavirus. Despite the tremendous success of these vaccines, in particular, in the eradication of poliomyelitis, significant disadvantages of using attenuated viral strains in their composition are the risk of reactogenicity and the possibility of reversion to a virulent strain during vaccination. Nevertheless, it is mucosal vaccination, which mimics a natural infection, is able to induce a fast and effective immune response and thus help prevent and possibly stop outbreaks of many viral infections. Currently, a number of intranasal vaccines based on a new vector approach are successfully undergoing clinical trials. In these vaccines, the safe viral vectors are used to deliver protectively significant immunogens of pathogenic viruses. The most tested vector for intranasal vaccines is adenovirus, and the most significant immunogen is SARSCoV-2 S protein. Mucosal vector vaccines against human respiratory syncytial virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 based on Sendai virus, which is able to replicate asymptomatically in cells of bronchial epithelium, are also being investigated.
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Chandrasekar,, Keerthana, Tenzin Tsundue, and Ponnusankar S. "VACCINE-INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY: A CASE REPORT." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v12i1.25900.
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Vaccines are weakened or dead microbes injected for the development of an acquired immunity as a preventive measure, also including the use of microbial proteins. The spectrum of adverse events following vaccination has been increasing as well with increasing number of reports detailing the events following immunization. The rate of morbidity and mortality of many communicable diseases has significantly decreased with time with relieve to the quality of life as well as the overall pharma economic cost. In this case report vaccine-induced developmental delay was observed in a child of 16 months of age. The child was born with low birth weight despite which the child was administered with hepatitis B vaccine, poliomyelitis vaccine, and bacillus Calmette-Guerin within 24 h of birth. Consecutive clinical outcomes followed throughout the years, which induced a developmental delay in this child. This case clearly signifies the need for more evidence-based implementation for the management of various diseases at secondary care hospitals.
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Tsundue, Tenzin, and Ponnusankar S. "VACCINE-INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY: A CASE REPORT." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i1.25900.
Full textAbstract:
Vaccines are weakened or dead microbes injected for the development of an acquired immunity as a preventive measure, also including the use of microbial proteins. The spectrum of adverse events following vaccination has been increasing as well with increasing number of reports detailing the events following immunization. The rate of morbidity and mortality of many communicable diseases has significantly decreased with time with relieve to the quality of life as well as the overall pharma economic cost. In this case report vaccine-induced developmental delay was observed in a child of 16 months of age. The child was born with low birth weight despite which the child was administered with hepatitis B vaccine, poliomyelitis vaccine, and bacillus Calmette-Guerin within 24 h of birth. Consecutive clinical outcomes followed throughout the years, which induced a developmental delay in this child. This case clearly signifies the need for more evidence-based implementation for the management of various diseases at secondary care hospitals.
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Грицко, Р. Ю., С. М. Федоренко, Н. О. Іванченко, and О. Й. Снітовська. "Vaccination in Family Medicine Practice." Family Medicine, no. 1-2 (May 21, 2020): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2307-5112.1-2.2020.204399.
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Vaccination is the most effective measure against infectious diseases. Due to vaccinations, smallpox was eliminated, poliomyelitis and tetanus morbidity decreased dramatically. According to WHO, 12 million children around the world annually die from infectious diseases. Of these, 7.5 million lives are lost to diseases against which we do not yet have vaccines, but more than 4 million people die from preventable diseases. Immunization is currently considered to be one of the most effective and cost-effective medical interventions in the epidemic process. The more economically developed a country is, the more diseases is its population protected from with the help of immunoprophylaxis. In order to create herd immunity, WHO recommends that at least 95 % of individuals should be vaccinated. However, in the Lviv region andUkrainethere is a negative tendency to reduce the coverage of preventive vaccinations up to 45–53%, which is a danger of the emergence and epidemic spread of preve ntable diseases. The objective: was to analyze the legislative framework on immunoprophylaxis, the peculiarities of planning preventive vaccinations, the requirements for vaccination offices and modern contraindications for vaccination. Materials and methods. Legal documents on immunoprophylaxis were analysed, 210 family doctors were surveyed on immunoprophylaxis awareness. Conclusions. There is a necessity of continuous professional development of physicians on immunoprophylaxis, including training, theoretical improvement courses, internships in European countries and Ukrainian vaccination centers.
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Georgopoulou, Amalia, Panayotis Markoulatos, Niki Spyrou, and Nicholas C. Vamvakopoulos. "Improved Genotyping Vaccine and Wild-Type Poliovirus Strains by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis: Clinical Diagnostic Implications." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 12 (2000): 4337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.12.4337-4342.2000.
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The combination of preventive vaccination and diagnostic typing of viral isolates from patients with clinical poliomyelitis constitutes our main protective shield against polioviruses. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) adaptation of the reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR methodology has advanced diagnostic genotyping of polioviruses, although further improvements are definitely needed. We report here on an improved RFLP procedure for the genotyping of polioviruses. A highly conserved segment within the 5′ noncoding region of polioviruses was selected for RT-PCR amplification by the UC53-UG52 primer pair with the hope that it would be most resistant to the inescapable genetic alteration-drift experienced by the other segments of the viral genome. Complete inter- and intratypic genotyping of polioviruses by the present RFLP method was accomplished with a minimum set of four restriction endonucleases (HaeIII, DdeI, NcoI, andAvaI). To compensate for potential genetic drift within the recognition sites of HaeIII, DdeI, orNcoI in atypical clinical samples, the RFLP patterns generated with HpaII and StyI as replacements were analyzed. The specificity of the method was also successfully assessed by RFLP analysis of 55 reference nonpoliovirus enterovirus controls. The concerted implementation of these conditional protocols for diagnostic inter- and intratypic genotyping of polioviruses was evaluated with 21 clinical samples with absolute success.
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APOSTOL, Mariana. "Acute flaccid paralysis in children in the post certification period of the Republic of Moldova as a country free of wild poliomyelitis." One Health & Risk Management 2, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.38045/ohrm.2021.2.12.
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Introduction. Monitoring acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a key strategy used by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in assessing the progress towards the global eradication goal.
Material and methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during the years 2002-2017. The current research was carried out within the National Agency for Public Health - Virology Laboratory. The study focused on a period of 15 years (2002-2017), during which the Republic of Moldova was included as a polio-free country.
Results. Thus, over 15 years (2002-2017) there were reported and registered 118 non-polio cases (AFP) on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. The data of our study determined the rate of non-polio cases for the period 2002-2017, which ranged between 0.3-2.3 per 100 000 children, cumulatively, the incidence being of 17.9 cases per 100 000 children. The rate of males diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis accounted for 54.2%. Most cases were registered in the Central areas, including Chisinau city (29.7%) and other localities involving the same area 28.8%.
Conclusion. The study results showed that the Republic of Moldova has feasible monitoring of the epidemiological situation on polio, including an action plan for further preventive measures and surveillance of poliomyelitis, where detection, registration and investigation of AFP is the "gold standard" aimed at providing a favourable epidemiological situation.
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Ren, Jia, Hairenguli Maimaiti, Xiaodong Sun, Zhuoying Huang, Jiechen Liu, Jianping Yang, Zhi Li, Qingrui Bai, and Yihan Lu. "Cost-Effectiveness of Three Poliovirus Immunization Schedules in Shanghai, China." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101062.
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In Shanghai, China, a polio immunization schedule of four inactivated polio vaccines (IPV) has been implemented since 2020, replacing the schedules of a combination of two IPVs and two bivalent live attenuated oral polio vaccines (bOPV), and four trivalent live attenuated oral polio vaccines (tOPV). This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of these three schedules in infants born in 2016, in preventing vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). We performed a decision tree model and estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Compared to the four-tOPV schedule, the two-IPV-two-bOPV schedule averted 1.2 VAPP cases and 16.83 disability-adjusted life years (DALY) annually; while the four-IPV schedule averted 1.35 VAPP cases and 18.96 DALY annually. Consequently, ICERVAPP and ICERDALY were substantially high for two-IPV-two-bOPV (CNY 12.96 million and 0.93 million), and four-IPV (CNY 21.24 million and 1.52 million). Moreover, net monetary benefit of the two-IPV-two-bOPV and four-IPV schedules was highest when the cost of IPV was hypothesized to be less than CNY 23.75 or CNY 9.11, respectively, and willingness-to-pay was hypothesized as CNY 0.6 million in averting one VAPP-induced DALY. IPV-containing schedules are currently cost-ineffective in Shanghai. They may be cost-effective by reducing the prices of IPV, which may accelerate polio eradication in Chinese settings.
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Qurat ul Ain Khalid, Imran Mahmood Khan, Wajeeha Amber, Aqmal Laeeq Chishti, and Khawaja Amjad Hassan. "Assessment of Complete Coverage of Expanded Program on Immunization in Children at Mayo Hospital Lahore, Pakistan." Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College 9, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35787/jimdc.v9i1.501.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Goal of the expanded program on immunization (EPI) is to ensure full immunization of children under one year of age to globally eradicate poliomyelitis, tetanus, measles-related deaths and to extend all new vaccines and preventive health interventions to children in all parts of the world. Demographic and health survey 2012-13 showed that in Pakistan complete immunization coverage is very low (54%) to achieve this goal. The objective of this study was to assess any improvement in terms of vaccination coverage in Pakistan in the last 3-4 years.Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at outpatient department of Pediatric Medicine of Mayo Hospital Lahore from May, 2016 till November, 2016. The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to include patients after taking informed consent. Demographic details were collected and parents were questioned about different vaccinations received and confirmed through vaccination card. Data analysis was done through SPSS version 20 and results were presented as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was applied for association among categorical variables.Results: Complete coverage of expanded program on immunization was achieved in 86% children. A statistically significant difference was noted between mother’s education and immunization coverage of children (P-value 0.013).Conclusions: Education of mother and socioeconomic status were two significant factors affecting immunization coverage. In order to meet target of 95% immunization coverage rate set by WHO, more awareness should be created among people with low socioeconomic status along with improvement of immunization facilities in these areas.Key words: Children, Expanded Program on Immunization, Immunization Coverage
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Makhmudova, Mukhabbat Madirimovna. "STUDYING THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 02, no. 05 (May 30, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-05-10.
Full textAbstract:
The article briefly highlights the history of the study of the health problem by Uzbek scientists in a certain period of time. The works of the authors are divided into groups based on their quality, nature and focus. Monographic and dissertation research is especially highlighted. Used methods of chronological and comparative analysis, particular attention is paid to the study of orientalists of Uzbekistan and publications of foreign authors. It is recognized that as a result of the implementation of the results of dissertation research by individual authors, there is an optimization of the structure of health care authorities and a decrease in the level of disease in the population. Over the years of independence, a health care reform program has been implemented. Much has been done to improve its quality and culture of timeliness and efficiency. A network of urgent emergency care, rural medical outpatient clinics and city polyclinics, multidisciplinary specialized clinics, scientific centers has been created. Medical care for women and children of the country is provided at the level of world standards, personnel training is carried out in 14 medical universities and one pharmaceutical institute, in 85 medical colleges. Advanced training and retraining of medical personnel is carried out in universities and an advanced training institute. At present, it is one of the most important branches of the country’s national economy. As a result of socio-economic and medical measures in Uzbekistan, medical care has become universal and publicly available, such dangerous diseases as cholera, plague, smallpox, parasitic typhus, trachoma have been eliminated, and the incidence of many others has been reduced. Over the past 10 years, the incidence of the population with such socially dangerous ailments as congenital defects by 32.4%, infectious diseases by 40%, the incidence of the upper respiratory tract has decreased by 4.2 times. The incidence of diphtheria, paratyphoid fever, poliomyelitis, malaria has been completely eradicated [1]. The health care system employs about 650 thousand people (this is almost 10 percent of the able-bodied population of the republic), including more than 84 thousand doctors and 500 thousand paramedical workers. An extensive network of medical institutions in Uzbekistan is capable of providing the necessary medical and preventive care to the entire population.