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Journal articles on the topic 'Poliomyelitis – Pakistan'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Addy, Doug. "Poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan." Archives of Disease in Childhood 97, no. 12 (November 19, 2012): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-303240.

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2

Katz, Samuel L. "Editorial Commentary: Poliomyelitis in Pakistan." Clinical Infectious Diseases 62, no. 2 (September 28, 2015): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ835.

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3

Wyatt, H. V. "Unnecessary Injections and Poliomyelitis in Pakistan." Tropical Doctor 26, no. 4 (October 1996): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559602600415.

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4

Chernyavskaya, O. P., and N. I. Briko. "PROBLEMS OF FINAL PHASE POLIOMYELITIS ERADICATION PROGRAMME." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-4-75-81.

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Never before has the world community were not so close to the goal - poliomyelitis eradication. In 2016, the world recorded only 37 cases in the three endemic countries: Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. Despite the great progress in the final stages of poliomyelitis eradication have problems: the emergence and circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus and related diseases, vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, social and political factors affecting of vaccination.
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5

Naseem, Sajida. "The global polio eradication initiative in Pakistan: Lessons learnt and prospects for success." Journal of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32593/jstmu/vol2.iss2.71.

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Poliomyelitis commonly called polio is a highly infectious disease caused by three sero types of polio virus 1, 2 and 3, which attacks the nervous system. The virus is transmitted mostly through feco-oral route, less often it is transmitted through polluted food or water. Since there is no treatment or cure to poliomyelitis, this disease can be prevented only. The World Health Assembly in 1988 set the target to eradicate polio globally by the year 2000 through multiple doses of childhood vaccinations that protect a child for whole life.
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6

Naqvi, AttaAbbas, SyedBaqir Shyum Naqvi, Fatima Zehra, Rizwan Ahmad, and Niyaz Ahmad. "The cost of poliomyelitis: Lack of cost-of-illness studies on poliomyelitis rehabilitation in Pakistan." Archives of Pharmacy Practice 7, no. 4 (2016): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2045-080x.191988.

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7

Mbaeyi, Chukwuma, Shahzad Baig, Zainul Khan, Hamish Young, Millhia Kader, Jaume Jorba, Muhammad Rana Safdar, Hamid Jafari, and Richard Franka. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2020–July 2021." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 70, no. 39 (October 1, 2021): 1359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7039a1.

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8

Farag, Noha H., Mufti Zubair Wadood, Rana Muhammad Safdar, Nabil Ahmed, Sabrine Hamdi, Rudolph H. Tangermann, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2014–September 2015." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 64, no. 45 (November 20, 2015): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6445a4.

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9

Hsu, Christopher H., Abdirahman Mahamud, Rana Muhammad Safdar, Jamal Ahmed, Jaume Jorba, Salmaan Sharif, Noha Farag, Maureen Martinez, Rudolph H. Tangermann, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2015–September 2016." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65, no. 46 (November 25, 2016): 1295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6546a4.

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10

Elhamidi, Youness, Abdirahman Mahamud, Muhammad Safdar, Wasan Al Tamimi, Jaume Jorba, Chukwuma Mbaeyi, Christopher H. Hsu, Zubair Wadood, Salmaan Sharif, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2016–September 2017." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66, no. 46 (November 24, 2017): 1276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6646a4.

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11

Hsu, Christopher, Abdirahman Mahamud, Muhammad Safdar, Joanna Nikulin, Jaume Jorba, Kelley Bullard, John Agbor, et al. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2017–September 2018." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67, no. 44 (November 9, 2018): 1242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6744a5.

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12

Hsu, Christopher H., Milhia Kader, Abdirahman Mahamud, Kelley Bullard, Jaume Jorba, John Agbor, Malik Muhammad Safi, Hamid S. Jafari, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2018–September 2019." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68, no. 45 (November 15, 2019): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a5.

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13

Hsu, Christopher H., Muhammad Shafiq-ur Rehman, Kelley Bullard, Jaume Jorba, Milhia Kader, Hamish Young, Muhammad Safdar, Hamid S. Jafari, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2019−September 2020." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69, no. 46 (November 20, 2020): 1748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6946a5.

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14

Mbaeyi, Chukwuma, Shahzad Baig, Muhammad Rana Safdar, Zainul Khan, Hamish Young, Jaume Jorba, Zubair M. Wadood, Hamid Jafari, Muhammad Masroor Alam, and Richard Franka. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2021–July 2022." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 71, no. 42 (October 21, 2022): 1313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7142a1.

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15

Peel, Margaret M. "Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20053.

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Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.
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16

Ahmad, Tahir, Sania Arif, Nazia Chaudry, and Sadia Anjum. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Poliomyelitis during the 21st century (2000-2013)." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v3i3.4686.

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<p>Poliovirus is the pathogenic agent of paralytic poliomyelitis that belongs to the picornaviridae family. Poliomyelitis has an extended history dating over to the Egyptian eighteenth dynasty. It was recognized as distinct disease in the late nineteenth century when the world was ravaged by large number of outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. Paralytic Polio, the rarest but the most severe form of the disease, is characterized by acute flaccid paralysis of any or rarely both of the limbs. Increasing epidemics during the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries lead to the initiation of a worldwide global effort for polio eradication in 1988, super headed by WHO and various other organizations. The launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative together with the introduction of two polio vaccines resulted in 99% reduction of wild poliovirus cases worldwide while the total number of polio-endemic countries dropped from 24 countries in the year 2000 to only three countries in 2012; Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. This review will focus on the general biology of poliovirus, some historic and geographic epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis eradication during the year 2000-2012 and also on the major failing factors associated with the efficiency of the vaccines to eradicate polio in Pakistan.</p>
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17

Ahmad, Tahir, Sania Arif, Nazia Chaudry, and Sadia Anjum. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Poliomyelitis during the 21st century (2000-2013)." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v3i3.4686.

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<p>Poliovirus is the pathogenic agent of paralytic poliomyelitis that belongs to the picornaviridae family. Poliomyelitis has an extended history dating over to the Egyptian eighteenth dynasty. It was recognized as distinct disease in the late nineteenth century when the world was ravaged by large number of outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. Paralytic Polio, the rarest but the most severe form of the disease, is characterized by acute flaccid paralysis of any or rarely both of the limbs. Increasing epidemics during the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries lead to the initiation of a worldwide global effort for polio eradication in 1988, super headed by WHO and various other organizations. The launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative together with the introduction of two polio vaccines resulted in 99% reduction of wild poliovirus cases worldwide while the total number of polio-endemic countries dropped from 24 countries in the year 2000 to only three countries in 2012; Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. This review will focus on the general biology of poliovirus, some historic and geographic epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis eradication during the year 2000-2012 and also on the major failing factors associated with the efficiency of the vaccines to eradicate polio in Pakistan.</p>
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18

Shabbir, Haroon, Sajeel Saeed, Muhammad Farhan, Khawar Abbas, Mohammad Ebad ur Rehman, Fahad Gul, and Jawad Basit. "Poliomyelitis in Pakistan: Challenges to polio eradication and future prospects." Annals of Medicine and Surgery 80 (August 2022): 104274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104274.

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19

Shafique, Farheen, Mahreen Ul Hassan, Hina Nayab, Noreen Asim, Nazia Akbar, Nuzhat Shafi, Sadaf Manzoor, Freek Van Eeden, and Shaukat Ali. "Attitude and perception towards vaccination against poliomyelitis in Peshawar, Pakistan." Revista de Saúde Pública 55 (December 8, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003478.

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OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to quantitatively assess the general public's awareness, attitude and perception of polio and its vaccination in Peshawar KPK, Pakistan. METHODS: We conducted a survey-based study to understand the surge in polio cases from 2015 to 2019 in the Peshawar city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. A pre-tested questionnaire-based study was conducted in 2019 to assess the attitude and general perception of residents of Peshawar KPK towards polio vaccination. RESULTS: Out of 241 country-wide polio cases, 63 (26.1%) polio cases were reported in Peshawar city from 2015–2019. The questionnaire revealed that individuals between 18–30 years of age had sufficient knowledge (65.1%) about polio. Male and female participants had equal awareness (~ 43%). Participants with higher education (45.9%), those with better financial status (49.5%), individuals with children < 5 years of age (46.4%), and those who had experience of a polio patient (63.1%) had better knowledge. Participants inhabiting the central city were better aware (50.5%) of polio than individuals living in the outskirts. CONCLUSION: The data indicated that poor knowledge and negative attitudes of people towards polio vaccination are the main causes of the polio eradication program's failure. Moreover, religious beliefs, unchecked migration between the Pak-Afghan border, and lack of knowledge about polio vaccination are identified as critical barriers to polio eradication.
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20

Alexander, J. P., M. Zubair, M. Khan, N. Abid, and E. Durry. "Progress and Peril: Poliomyelitis Eradication Efforts in Pakistan, 1994-2013." Journal of Infectious Diseases 210, suppl 1 (October 14, 2014): S152—S161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu450.

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21

Ghafoor, Shazia, and Nadeem Sheikh. "Eradication and Current Status of Poliomyelitis in Pakistan: Ground Realities." Journal of Immunology Research 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6837824.

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Pakistan is among the last three countries along with Afghanistan and Nigeria, where polio virus is still endemic. More or less, with some fluctuations, numbers of reported cases in the past few years have shown a rising trend. Year 2014 pushed the country into the deep sea of difficulties, as number of cases rose to red alert level of 328. Security situation has adversely affected the whole immunization coverage campaign. In a country where 40 polio vaccinators have been killed since 2012, such a big number of cases is not a surprising outcome. Worse perception of parents about polio vaccine as in Karachi and FATA, the high risk zones, makes 100% coverage a dream. Minor and perhaps delayed payments to polio workers make them frustrated, resulting in decline of trained manpower for vaccination. Strong implementation of policies is required and those found guilty of attack on polio workers need to be punished. Targeted community awareness programme, strong surveillance network, and involvement of influential religious entities can help to root out polio disease from country. Present review is aimed at analyzing all barriers on the road to success in eradication of polio from Pakistan.
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22

Peel, Margaret M. "Corrigendum to: Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20053_co.

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Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.
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23

Maryam Riaz Tarar. "Update on Pakistan Polio Eradication Initiative." Journal of Shalamar Medical & Dental College - JSHMDC 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53685/jshmdc.v3i1.100.

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The global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) was established in 1988 as a result of the declaration of commitment by the World Health Assembly. In Pakistan, National Emergency Action Plan [NEAP] coined the strategies under government directives to play a pivotal role in line with international requirements to make poliomyelitis extinct. At the program’s initiation, there were around 350,000 cases of polio reported annually. The incidence has fallen by 99% due to the immunization of more than 2.5 billion children worldwide. Poliovirus has three serotypes; two have already been eradicated (the last case of poliovirus type 2 was reported in 1999 and of poliovirus type 3 in 2012). Poliovirus transmission has ceased with the exception of Pakistan and Afghanistan. In April 2022, two cases of acute flaccid paralysis due to poliovirus type 1 have been reported in KPK province. In this communication, insight is provided regarding the issues that have contributed to this wild poliovirus resurgence after a 15-month gap and the way forward.
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24

Hennessey, Karen A., Arthur Marx, Rehan Hafiz, Humayun Ashgar, Stephen C. Hadler, Hamid Jafari, and Roland W. Sutter. "Widespread Paralytic Poliomyelitis in Pakistan: A Case‐Control Study to Determine Risk Factors and Implications for Poliomyelitis Eradication." Journal of Infectious Diseases 182, no. 1 (July 2000): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315675.

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25

Ahmed, Qanta A., Sania Nishtar, and Ziad A. Memish. "Poliomyelitis in Pakistan: time for the Muslim world to step in." Lancet 381, no. 9877 (May 2013): 1521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60764-3.

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26

ISOMURA, SHIN, AGBOATWALLA MUBINA, AKRAM DURE-SAMIN, YUICHI ISIHARA, KENJI SAKAE, TERUO YAMASHITA, OSAMU NISHIO, and AKHTAR AHMED. "Epidemiology of poliomyelitis in Karachi, Pakistan: Prospective studies during 1990-93." Pediatrics International 38, no. 6 (December 1996): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1996.tb03728.x.

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27

Anwar, Eman, Mohammad Fawad Saeeduddin, Yasmeen Mahar, Sahal Salman, and Rabia Javed. "The Impact of Religious and Cultural Beliefs Towards Immunization in Pakistan." Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College 11, no. 02 (April 5, 2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51985/axmh2383.

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Pakistan is one of the only two countries in the world where poliomyelitis virus is still not eradicated. Efforts from government such as Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI), which has received ample international funding, have not been successful as some sub-sections of population have a negative attitude towards vaccinations. These people generally belong to areas with a lack of education as well as strong influence of religious leaders, who are known to perpetuate misconceptions that the purpose of vaccinations is to sterilize future generations, they are not made from halal products, or are an agenda by Western intelligence agencies to gather information. Also, there are other cultural and social barriers, such as lack of female vaccinators and concerns about their handling. The stance of local people is compared with Muslim leaders and laws of other Islamic countries. Furthermore, a global vaccine confidence survey is discussed to evaluate Pakistan’s position in the broader context.
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28

Iqbal, MS, MW Iqbal, MZ Iqbal, and MB Bahari. "Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Polio (Poliomyelitis) among General Public in Pakistan." Value in Health 18, no. 7 (November 2015): A591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.1519.

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29

Khan, Abdul Waheed, and Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson. "Major shift in national health policy towards poliomyelitis in Pakistan reaps rewards." Infection, Disease & Health 22, no. 3 (September 2017): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2017.06.001.

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30

Tariq, Tooba, Maham Ahsan, Mubashar Rehman, Neelum Wazir, and Tanveer Ahmed Khan. "A Bird's Eye of the Situation of Poliomyelitis in World: Past, Present and Future Strategies towards Polio Eradication from Pakistan." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review V, no. I (December 30, 2020): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).03.

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Humanity has faced numerous calamities, natural disasters, and even the outbreaks of numerous communicable diseases since the dawn of time, and poliomyelitis is one of these diseases. The first cases of the disease occurred in the 1940s, alerting the health authorities and experts to create a vaccine to improve children's immunity to the virus. Since then, polio workers all across the globe are trying their best to create awareness about the importance of polio vaccination which is especially needed in the tribal areas of Pakistan because the people living there are mostly backward and illiterate who do not vaccinate their children due to safety concerns as well as religious and general misbeliefs about the vaccine. The focus of these campaigns is to make sure that every child in Pakistan and Afghanistan is properly vaccinated to stop the transmission of the virus by the year 2022.
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ISOMURA, SHIN, AGBOATWALLA MUBINA, AKRAM DURE-SAMIN, YUICHI ISIHARA, KENJI SAKAE, TERUO YAMASHITA, OSAMU NISHIO, and AKHTAR AHMED. "Virological and serological studies on poliomyelitis in Karachi, Pakistan. I. Outbreaks in 1990-91." Pediatrics International 35, no. 5 (October 1993): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1993.tb03077.x.

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32

Imran, Muhammad, Jamal Abdul Nasir, and Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi. "INFANT POLIO IMMUNIZATION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 04 (April 10, 2015): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.04.1337.

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Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease but preventable by effective vaccines.Children under five year of age affected by this disease as a result a permanent paralysis.Objectives: To uncover the trend of infant polio immunization coverage through modeling isa significant concern to formulate an adequate vaccination strategies and program after theoutbreak of new cases of polio in a recent year in Pakistan. Design: The reported data ofmonthly infant polio immunization coverage to National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistanfrom January 2008 to July 2013 for the present study has been taken from Pakistan bureau ofstatistics with total time series entities 67. National Institute of Health, Islamabad took the recordof per month number of doses administered ( 0-11 months )children by the registered healthcentre in pakistan. Period: January 2008 - July 2013. Setting: Pakistan bureau of statistics(Statistics House) Methods: A set of various short term time series forecasting models namelyBox-Jenkins, single moving average, double moving average, single parameter exponentialsmoothing, brown, Holts and winter models were carried out to expose the infant polioimmunization coverage trend. Results: Among the several forecasting models ARIMA modelsare chosen due to lower measure of forecast errors namely root mean square error (RMSE),mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). ARIMA (2,1,1), ARIMA(1,0,2), ARIMA (0,1,2) and ARIMA (2,1,1) models are established as an adequate models for theprediction of OPV-0, OPV-1, OPV-2 and OPV-3 respectively. Conclusions: With the exceptionof OPV-1 the infant polio immunization coverage is expected to rise in Pakistan.
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Iqbal, Zafeer Ulhassan, Hira Ashraf, and Bisma Farooq. "AWARENESS OF GENERAL PUBLIC TOWARDS POLIO IMMUNIZATION IN RURAL PUNJAB PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Public Health 8, no. 1 (May 16, 2018): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v8i1.86.

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Background: Poliomyelitis is the acute viral infections of children under the age of five years. Pakistan is among the three countries, along with Nigeria and Afghanistan that are endemic to polio. In 2012, government of Pakistan approved a National Emergency Action Plan (NEAP) for polio eradication. Parents are reluctant towards immunization due to some religious beliefs. In current study we are accessing the attitude and behavior of general population towards polio vaccination. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted during 2017 in 4 district of Punjab (Faisalabad, Sheikhpura, Kasur and Lahore) Pakistan. The pretested, piloted and validated instrument with a 20 items structured questionnaire was used for this research. The response rate was 84% during the course of Study. Results: In study population 79% of the respondents were well aware of the term Polio. The positive response towards polio immunization was analyzed for only 62% of the parents. 70.46% of the parents strongly agreed with the medical therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of the disease whereas 29.54% of the respondents were found to believe that polio might be caused due to the evil effects Conclusion: Study concluded that the general public is well informed about polio vaccination and giving vaccine to their children on regular basis.
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34

Saleem, Ali F., Ondrej Mach, Mohammad T. Yousafzai, Asia Khan, William C. Weldon, M. Steven Oberste, Syed S. Zaidi, et al. "Immunogenicity of Different Routine Poliovirus Vaccination Schedules: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in Karachi, Pakistan." Journal of Infectious Diseases 217, no. 3 (November 6, 2017): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix577.

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Abstract Background We assessed immunity against polioviruses induced with a new Pakistani poliovirus immunization schedule and compared it to alternative poliovirus immunization schedules. Methods Newborns were randomized to undergo vaccination based on 1 of 5 vaccination schedules, with doses administered at birth and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Arm A received inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) at all time points. Arm B received bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) at all time points. Arms C and D received bOPV at the first 3 time points and bOPV plus IPV at the final time point (the current schedule). Arm E received trivalent OPV (tOPV) at all time points. At 22 weeks of age, all children received 1 challenge dose of tOPV, and children in arm D received 1 additional IPV dose. Sera were analyzed for the presence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies at birth and 14 and 22 weeks of age. Results Seroconversion for poliovirus type 1 (PV1) at 22 weeks of age was observed in 80% of individuals in arm A, 97% in arm B, 94% in arm C, 96% in arm D, and 94% in arm E; for PV2, seroconversion frequencies were 84%, 19%, 53%, 49%, and 93%, respectively; and for PV3, seroconversion frequencies were 93%, 94%, 98%, 94%, and 85%, respectively. Conclusions The current immunization schedule in Pakistan induced high seroconversion rates for PV1 and PV3; however, it induced PV2 seroconversion in only half of study subjects. There is a growing cohort of young children in Pakistan who are unprotected against PV2; and this creates an increasing risk of a large-scale outbreak of poliomyelitis caused by circulating vaccine-derived PV2.
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Khan, Abdul Waheed, Shahid Ali, and Syed Shujait Ali. "Pakistan as a major obstacle in global end to poliomyelitis program: background and 2016 update." Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 20, no. 5 (September 2016): 518–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2016.07.009.

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Fiore, L., D. Genovese, E. Diamanti, S. Catone, B. Ridolfi, B. Ibrahimi, R. konomi, et al. "Antigenic and Molecular Characterization of Wild Type 1 Poliovirus Causing Outbreaks of Poliomyelitis in Albania and Neighboring Countries in 1996." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 7 (1998): 1912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.7.1912-1918.1998.

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Mass vaccination has led poliomyelitis to become a rare disease in a large part of the world, including Western Europe. However, in the past 20 years wild polioviruses imported from countries where polio is endemic have been responsible for outbreaks in otherwise polio-free European countries. We report on the characterization of poliovirus isolates from a large outbreak of poliomyelitis that occurred in Albania in 1996 and that also spread to the neighboring countries of Yugoslavia and Greece. The epidemics involved 145 subjects, mostly young adults, and caused persisting paralysis in 87 individuals and 16 deaths. The agent responsible for the outbreak was isolated from 74 patients and was identified as wild type 1 poliovirus by both immunological and molecular methods. Sequence analysis of the genome demonstrated the involvement of a single virus strain throughout the epidemics, and genotyping analysis showed 95% homology of the strain with a wild type 1 poliovirus strain isolated in Pakistan in 1995. Neutralization assays with both human sera and monoclonal antibodies were performed to analyze the antigenic structure of the epidemic strain, suggesting its peculiar antigenic characteristics. The presented data underline the current risks of outbreaks due to imported wild poliovirus and emphasize the need to improve vaccination efforts and also the need to implement surveillance in countries free of indigenous wild poliovirus.
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Molodecky, Natalie A., Isobel M. Blake, Kathleen M. O’Reilly, Mufti Zubair Wadood, Rana M. Safdar, Amy Wesolowski, Caroline O. Buckee, Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay, Hiromasa Okayasu, and Nicholas C. Grassly. "Risk factors and short-term projections for serotype-1 poliomyelitis incidence in Pakistan: A spatiotemporal analysis." PLOS Medicine 14, no. 6 (June 12, 2017): e1002323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002323.

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Akhtar, Ribqa, Nayab Mahmood, Muhammad Masroor Alam, Muhammad Naeem, Syed Sohail Zahoor Zaidi, Salmaan Sharif, Zainab Khattak, et al. "Genetic Epidemiology Reveals 3 Chronic Reservoir Areas With Recurrent Population Mobility Challenging Poliovirus Eradication in Pakistan." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 7 (October 26, 2019): e58-e67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1037.

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Abstract Background Pakistan is among 3 countries endemic for wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) circulation that are still struggling for eradication of poliomyelitis. Active clinical and environmental surveillance with meticulous laboratory investigations provide insights into poliovirus transmission patterns and genomic diversity to inform decisions for strategic operations required to achieve eradication. Methods We analyzed epidemiological and virological data to comprehend the current epidemiological status of WPV1 in Pakistan during 2015–2017. Stool specimens of patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and sewage samples collected from 60 environmental sites were tested. Viral culturing, intratypic differentiation by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid sequencing of the VP1 region of the poliovirus genome to determine genetic relatedness among WPV1 strains were applied. Results Poliovirus isolates were grouped into 11 distinct clusters, which had ≥95% nucleotide homology in the VP1 coding region. Most of the poliovirus burden was shared by 3 major reservoirs: Karachi, Peshawar, and Quetta block (64.2% in 2015, 75.4% in 2016, and 76.7% in 2017). Conclusions Environmental surveillance reveals importations and pockets of unimmunized children that dictate intensive target mop-up campaigns to contain poliovirus transmission. A decrease in the number of orphan isolates reflects effective combination of AFP and environmental surveillance in Pakistan. The genetic data reflect sustained transmission within reservoir areas, further expanded by periodic importations to areas of high immunity reflected by immediate termination of imported viruses. Improved immunization coverage with high-quality surveillance is vital for global certification of polio eradication.
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Iqbal, MS, MZ Iqbal, and MB Bahari. "Effect Of Sociodemographic Determinants And Socio-Economic Status On Poliomyelitis Immunization Among Under-Five Children In Pakistan." Value in Health 19, no. 7 (November 2016): A418—A419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.09.417.

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Normasari, Normasari, and Andi Yasmon. "Literature Review: Tantangan Eradikasi Polio." Jurnal Biotek Medisiana Indonesia 10, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jbmi.v10i2.5823.

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ABSTRACT Polio is one of the most feared infectious diseases which can cause paralysis and death. Due to this reason, WHO created the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1998 to achieve a polio-free world. However, it is nearly 33 years, the polio disease has not been successfully eradicated, although the incidence of polio cases is reduced by >99.9%. The world has been declared free from wild poliovirus types 2 and 3, but not free from wild poliovirus type 1 that remains endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Apart from safety, politic, and refusal of vaccination which hampers polio eradication in the endemic countries, malnutrition also contributes to the failure of OPV vaccination. Besides, the use of the OPV vaccine as the primary vaccine in polio eradication could raise other problems, namely vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) as well as the emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) that is virulent and circulating in the environment, thereby causing polio cases in free-polio countries. Keywords: polio eradication, OPV, VAPP, VDPV ABSTRAK Polio merupakan salah satu penyakit menular yang ditakuti karena dapat menyebabkan paralisis dan kematian. Oleh karena itu, gerakan eradikasi polio dimulailah sejak tahun 1988 melalui prakarsa oleh WHO dengan tujuan akhir menciptakan dunia bebas dari polio. Namun hampir 33 tahun, gerakan eradikasi ini belum berhasil mencapai tujuan akhir tersebut, walaupun telah berhasil menurunkan jumlah kasus polio >99,9%. Seluruh dunia sudah dinyatakan bebas virus polio liar tipe 2 dan 3, namun virus polio liar tipe 1 masih menjadi endemik di Afghanistan dan Pakistan. Selain faktor keamanan, politik dan penolakan vaksinasi yang mengambat eradikasi di negara endemis tersebut, faktor malnutrisi juga berkontribusi terhadap kegagalan vaksinasi OPV. Selain itu, penggunaan vaksin OPV sebagai vaksin utama dalam eradikasi polio memunculkan permasalahan lain, yaitu terjadinya kasus ikutan pasca imunisasi (KIPI) polio, yaitu paralisis pasca imunisasi (vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis/VAPP), dan munculnya virus turunan vaksin (vaccine derivated poliovirus/VDPV) yang virulen dan bersirkulasi di lingkungan, menyebabkan kasus polio pada daerah yang sudah bebas polio tipe liar. Kata kunci: eradikasi polio, OPV, VAPP, VDPV
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Khan, Aamir J., Hailemichael Gebreselassie, Edwin J. Asturias, Mubina Agboatwalla, Redda Teklehaimanot, Stephen P. Luby, Berhane Bayene, et al. "No evidence for prolonged excretion of polioviruses in persons with residual paralytic poliomyelitis in Ethiopia, Pakistan and Guatemala." Biologicals 34, no. 2 (June 2006): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.03.004.

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Yan, Dongmei, Dongyan Wang, Shuangli Zhu, Yong Zhang, Xiaolei Li, Haishu Tang, Jing Guan, and Wenbo Xu. "Immunogenicity of Oral Polio Vaccine and Salk Inactive Polio Vaccine Against Xinjiang Imported Type 1 Wild Poliovirus." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 9 (June 25, 2019): 1980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz549.

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Abstract Background An outbreak of an imported Type 1 wild poliovirus from Pakistan occurred in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China in 2011, although the local immunity status of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) was relatively satisfied. Methods Neutralizing antibody titers against the Xinjiang strain and Sabin 1 strain were measured in 237 sera from 3 groups of fully OPV-vaccinated persons and 1 group of infants fully vaccinated with the inactive polio vaccine (IPV). Additionally, 17 sera collected from 1 Xinjiang poliomyelitis case and his 16 contacts were also tested. Genomic sequencing was conducted the Xinjiang strain. Results The antibody titers against the Xinjiang strain in each of 237 sera were significantly lower than those against the Sabin 1 strain. Notably, 40.0% of children in Group 1 were seronegative against the Xinjiang strain, which indicated that they might play an important role in wild poliovirus transmission, although their antibody titers against the Sabin 1 strain varied between 1:8 and 1:512. Meanwhile, serological results of the Xinjiang poliomyelitis case and his contacts also provided evidence that a proportion of OPV-vaccinated children had indeed been involved in the transmission chain of the Xinjiang outbreak. Genomic sequencing indicated that the Xinjiang strain was greatly distinguishable from the Sabin 1 strain in neutralizing antigenic sites. Conclusion The lack of neutralizing antibodies against the Xinjiang strain in persons vaccinated by OPV may be associated with the transmission of Type 1 wild poliovirus in Xinjiang. Using Salk IPV along with OPV might be considered in a wild poliovirus outbreak response, especially in the countries which continued to have persistent wild poliovirus circulation.
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Qurat ul Ain Khalid, Imran Mahmood Khan, Wajeeha Amber, Aqmal Laeeq Chishti, and Khawaja Amjad Hassan. "Assessment of Complete Coverage of Expanded Program on Immunization in Children at Mayo Hospital Lahore, Pakistan." Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College 9, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35787/jimdc.v9i1.501.

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Background: Goal of the expanded program on immunization (EPI) is to ensure full immunization of children under one year of age to globally eradicate poliomyelitis, tetanus, measles-related deaths and to extend all new vaccines and preventive health interventions to children in all parts of the world. Demographic and health survey 2012-13 showed that in Pakistan complete immunization coverage is very low (54%) to achieve this goal. The objective of this study was to assess any improvement in terms of vaccination coverage in Pakistan in the last 3-4 years.Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at outpatient department of Pediatric Medicine of Mayo Hospital Lahore from May, 2016 till November, 2016. The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to include patients after taking informed consent. Demographic details were collected and parents were questioned about different vaccinations received and confirmed through vaccination card. Data analysis was done through SPSS version 20 and results were presented as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was applied for association among categorical variables.Results: Complete coverage of expanded program on immunization was achieved in 86% children. A statistically significant difference was noted between mother’s education and immunization coverage of children (P-value 0.013).Conclusions: Education of mother and socioeconomic status were two significant factors affecting immunization coverage. In order to meet target of 95% immunization coverage rate set by WHO, more awareness should be created among people with low socioeconomic status along with improvement of immunization facilities in these areas.Key words: Children, Expanded Program on Immunization, Immunization Coverage
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Mehmood, Khalid, Inaam Qadir Javed Hashmi, Asif Zaman Rashid, Riaz Anwar Bashir, Zubair Ahmed Khosa, Shizza Khalid, and Khadeeja Tul Kubra Hashmi. "POLIO VACCINATION;." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 05 (December 14, 2018): 1026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.05.2540.

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Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about poliomyelitis(polio) vaccination in District Abbottabad, province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan,to identify reasons of failure of polio vaccination/ eradication campaign and to makerecommendations in the light of the study. Setting: District Abbottabad, province KPK, Pakistanincluding both urban and rural areas. Period: Three months from 1st June to 31st August2012. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive explorative study was conducted in DistrictAbbottabad, of province KPK, Pakistan. A structured questionnaire was submitted to people inthe urban and rural population using convenient sampling. Out of 200, only 142 questionnaireswere filled by interviewing parents and guardians of the children followed by focused groupdiscussions with the community heads and the parents of the children. Results: Majority(61.78%) of respondents were of low income category with the mean age of 31 years. Amongstthose (75%) were earning Rs.7,000-12,000 per month. Literacy rate was low with 45.77%. Outof which 40.67% fathers and 59.33% mothers were illiterate. Therefore a few respondentswere aware about the mode of transmission of polio. Majority (80%) said that polio could beprevented by polio drops and about 86% said that this vaccine had no side effects. About45% respondents refused to cooperate with polio teams, and 28% respondents believed, thatAbbottabad Operation had bad effect on anti-polio campaign. Regarding the use of boileddrinking water, 95.8% respondents knew that it was good for health. While only 4.20% were usingboiled water for drinking. Advice of the health professionals (69.71%) and other family members(7.74%) was respected in making health care decisions, therefore it was an opportunity forthe government to involve these persons as well as media men in conveying message to thecommunity to achieve ultimate goal of polio free Pakistan. Conclusions: Unawareness amongthe population of District Abbottabad, especially the knowledge about the disease, mode oftransmission and its prevention are the most deficient areas. Secondly misconceptions aboutthe nature of polio drops, and religious misinterpretations in masses, created by general publicand religious leaders, are the major obstacles in the real success of vaccination campaign.
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Pethani, Asma Sadruddin, Zaubina Kazi, Ujala Nayyar, Muhammad Shafiq-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Tahir Yousafzai, Mach Ondrej, and Ali Faisal Saleem. "Poliovirus excretion among children with primary immune deficiency in Pakistan: a pilot surveillance study protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e045904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045904.

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IntroductionChildren with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) are more susceptible to developing viral infections and are at a substantially increased risk of developing paralytic poliomyelitis. Such children, if given oral polio vaccines tend to excrete poliovirus chronically that may lead to the propagation of highly divergent vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Consequently, they may act as a reservoir for the community by introducing an altered virus potentially imposing a risk to global polio eradication. However, the risks of chronic and prolonged excretion are not well characterised in the study context. This study seeks to establish a pilot surveillance system for successful identification and monitoring of VDPV excretion among children with PID. It will assess whether the Jeffrey Modell warning signs of PID can be used as an appropriate screening tool for PID in Pakistan.Methods and analysisIn this pilot surveillance, recruitment of PID cases is currently done at participating hospitals in Pakistan. Potential children are screened and tested against the Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF) warning signs for immunodeficiency and their stool is collected to test for poliovirus excretion. Cases excreting poliovirus are followed until the two consecutive negative stool samples are obtained over a period of 6 months. The data will be analysed to calculate hospital-based proportions of total Immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) cases over a 2-year period and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the JMF signs.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was reviewed and approved by the WHO (WHO Reference-2018/811124-0), Aga Khan University (AKU ERC-2018-0380-1029) and National Bioethics Committee (Ref No. 4-87 NBC-308-Y2). The results will be published in an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal and presented to the iVDPV Working Group members, policy-makers, paediatric consultants and fellow researchers with the same domain interest. It may be presented in scientific conferences and seminars in the form of oral or poster presentations.
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Konecka-Szydełko, Bożena. "The Impact of Health Threats on the Security of Peacekeeping and Stabilization Missions." Security Dimensions 36, no. 36 (July 19, 2021): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0486.

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Soldiers are currently one of the largest professional groups treated as long-term travelers. They are stationed in difficult environmental conditions for many months. The purpose of this article is to present the scale of health threats faced by participants in peacekeeping and stabilization missions / operations. Today's security challenges encompass a huge mass of complexes and evolving threats such as pandemics, international terrorism, organized crime, cyber threats, environmental degradation and natural disasters. The thesis of the article is that in the era of modern threats, health problems of soldiers include transmission diseases, zoonoses, combat and non-combat injuries. The Central and South Asian region has the highest rate of infectious and invasive diseases in the world. Afghanistan and Pakistan are the reporting countries for poliomyelitis. Taking into account the following issues, it is extremely important to monitor the scale of health threats to participants in military operations, to conduct appropriate risk assessments so that control measures reflect the latest scientific knowledge in the field of protection against the risk of infection, disease or injury management. A comprehensive emergency preparedness plan enables military operations to be better prepared for a swift, coordinated and effective response, while tailoring resources to the specific situation.
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Chandir, Subhash, Vijay Kumar Dharma, Danya Arif Siddiqi, and Aamir Javed Khan. "Feasibility of using global system for mobile communication (GSM)-based tracking for vaccinators to improve oral poliomyelitis vaccine campaign coverage in rural Pakistan." Vaccine 35, no. 37 (September 2017): 5037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.026.

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48

O'Reilly, Kathleen M., Elias Durry, Obaid ul Islam, Arshad Quddus, Ni'ma Abid, Tahir P. Mir, Rudi H. Tangermann, R. Bruce Aylward, and Nicholas C. Grassly. "The effect of mass immunisation campaigns and new oral poliovirus vaccines on the incidence of poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 2001–11: a retrospective analysis." Lancet 380, no. 9840 (August 2012): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60648-5.

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49

Khan, Aamir J., Hailemichael Gebreselassie, Edwin J. Asturias, Mubina Agboatwalla, Redda Teklehaimanot, Stephen P. Luby, Berhane Bayene, et al. "Corrigendum to “No evidence for prolonged excretion of polioviruses in persons with residual paralytic poliomyelitis in Ethiopia, Pakistan and Guatemala” [Biologicals 34 (2006) 113–116]." Biologicals 35, no. 1 (March 2007): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.01.001.

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50

Sarkar, Probir Kumar, Nital Kumar Sarker, Sharmim Doulah, and Tajul Islam A. Bari. "Expanded Programme on Immunization in Bangladesh: A Success Story." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 39, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v39i2.31540.

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Infections are responsible for the majority of loss of life in children and vaccination has made enormous contribution to public health, including the eradication of one dreaded disease, small pox, and elimination of poliomyelitis from all but a handful of countries. Globally, immunization currently averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year. In Bangladesh it has prevented an estimated 2 million deaths from 1987- 2000, and continues to prevent approximately 200,000 deaths each year. WHO introduced EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization) in 1977 at Alma-Ata, the capital of Kazakhastan for the underdeveloped countries. Subsequently Bangladesh has launched EPI programme. Recently AD (Auto Disable) syringes and vaccination against Hepatitis B, H. Influenzae, Measles-Rubella (MR) and Pneumococcus has been introduced in vaccination programme. In Bangladesh, immunization coverage of DPT/PENTA3 was only 16% in 1988 increased significantly to 69% in 1990, 81% in 2000, 90% in 2011and 92% in 2013 which was higher than global coverage of 84% in 2013 and comparable to first world countries. In Pakistan fully immunization coverage in 2010 was only 50%.9 Indian national full immunization coverage was 56% in 1990, 59% in 2000, 74% in 2010 and 74% in 2012 whereas in our country it was 52% in 1991, 53% in 2000, 79% in 2010, 80% in 2011and 81% in 2013 which signifies our excellent success for prevention of communicable diseases in successive years. So, EPI in Bangladesh has been recognized for its sustained high coverage and great contribution to the reduction of childhood morbidity and mortality and it received two ‘GAVI best performance award’ in 2009 and 2012.Bangladesh J Child Health 2015; VOL 39 (2) :93-98
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