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Journal articles on the topic 'Poliomyelitis – Afghanistan'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Addy, Doug. "Poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan." Archives of Disease in Childhood 97, no. 12 (November 19, 2012): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-303240.

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2

Chernyavskaya, O. P., and N. I. Briko. "PROBLEMS OF FINAL PHASE POLIOMYELITIS ERADICATION PROGRAMME." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-4-75-81.

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Never before has the world community were not so close to the goal - poliomyelitis eradication. In 2016, the world recorded only 37 cases in the three endemic countries: Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. Despite the great progress in the final stages of poliomyelitis eradication have problems: the emergence and circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus and related diseases, vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, social and political factors affecting of vaccination.
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3

Sadigh, Katrin S., Irfan Elahi Akbar, Mufti Zubair Wadood, Hemant Shukla, Jaume Jorba, Sumangala Chaudhury, and Maureen Martinez. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication ― Afghanistan, January 2020–November 2021." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 71, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7103a3.

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4

Mbaeyi, Chukwuma, Akif Saatcioglu, Rudolf H. Tangermann, Stephen Hadler, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Afghanistan, January 2014‒August 2015." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 64, no. 41 (October 23, 2015): 1166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6441a2.

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5

Mbaeyi, Chukwuma, Hemant Shukla, Philip Smith, Rudolf H. Tangermann, Maureen Martinez, Jaume C. Jorba, Stephen Hadler, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Afghanistan, January 2015‒August 2016." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65, no. 43 (November 4, 2016): 1195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6543a4.

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6

Martinez, Maureen, Hemant Shukla, Joanna Nikulin, Mufti Zubair Wadood, Stephen Hadler, Chukwuma Mbaeyi, Rudolph Tangermann, Jaume Jorba, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Afghanistan, January 2016–June 2017." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66, no. 32 (August 18, 2017): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6632a5.

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7

Martinez, Maureen, Hemant Shukla, Meiland Ahmadi, Joanna Inulin, Mufti Sabari Widodo, Jamal Ahmed, Chukwuma Mbaeyi, Jaime Jabra, and Derek Gerhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Afghanistan, January 2017–May 2018." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67, no. 30 (August 3, 2018): 833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6730a6.

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8

Martinez, Maureen, Hemant Shukla, Joanna Nikulin, Chukwuma Mbaeyi, Jaume Jorba, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Afghanistan, January 2018–May 2019." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68, no. 33 (August 23, 2019): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6833a4.

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9

Martinez, Maureen, Irfan Elahi Akbar, Mufti Zubair Wadood, Hemant Shukla, Jaume Jorba, and Derek Ehrhardt. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Afghanistan, January 2019–July 2020." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69, no. 40 (October 9, 2020): 1464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6940a3.

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10

Mohamed, Abdinoor, Irfan Elahi Akbar, Sumangala Chaudhury, Mufti Zubair Wadood, Fazal Ather, Jaume Jorba, and Maureen Martinez. "Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication ― Afghanistan, January 2021–September 2022." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 71, no. 49 (December 9, 2022): 1541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7149a1.

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11

Peel, Margaret M. "Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20053.

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Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.
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12

Peel, Margaret M. "Corrigendum to: Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20053_co.

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Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.
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13

Lambert, M. L., I. Francois, C. Salort, V. Slypen, F. Bertrand, and R. Tonglet. "Household survey of locomotor disability caused by poliomyelitis and landmines in Afghanistan." BMJ 315, no. 7120 (November 29, 1997): 1424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7120.1424.

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14

Ahmad, Tahir, Sania Arif, Nazia Chaudry, and Sadia Anjum. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Poliomyelitis during the 21st century (2000-2013)." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v3i3.4686.

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<p>Poliovirus is the pathogenic agent of paralytic poliomyelitis that belongs to the picornaviridae family. Poliomyelitis has an extended history dating over to the Egyptian eighteenth dynasty. It was recognized as distinct disease in the late nineteenth century when the world was ravaged by large number of outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. Paralytic Polio, the rarest but the most severe form of the disease, is characterized by acute flaccid paralysis of any or rarely both of the limbs. Increasing epidemics during the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries lead to the initiation of a worldwide global effort for polio eradication in 1988, super headed by WHO and various other organizations. The launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative together with the introduction of two polio vaccines resulted in 99% reduction of wild poliovirus cases worldwide while the total number of polio-endemic countries dropped from 24 countries in the year 2000 to only three countries in 2012; Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. This review will focus on the general biology of poliovirus, some historic and geographic epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis eradication during the year 2000-2012 and also on the major failing factors associated with the efficiency of the vaccines to eradicate polio in Pakistan.</p>
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15

Ahmad, Tahir, Sania Arif, Nazia Chaudry, and Sadia Anjum. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Poliomyelitis during the 21st century (2000-2013)." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v3i3.4686.

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<p>Poliovirus is the pathogenic agent of paralytic poliomyelitis that belongs to the picornaviridae family. Poliomyelitis has an extended history dating over to the Egyptian eighteenth dynasty. It was recognized as distinct disease in the late nineteenth century when the world was ravaged by large number of outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. Paralytic Polio, the rarest but the most severe form of the disease, is characterized by acute flaccid paralysis of any or rarely both of the limbs. Increasing epidemics during the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries lead to the initiation of a worldwide global effort for polio eradication in 1988, super headed by WHO and various other organizations. The launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative together with the introduction of two polio vaccines resulted in 99% reduction of wild poliovirus cases worldwide while the total number of polio-endemic countries dropped from 24 countries in the year 2000 to only three countries in 2012; Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. This review will focus on the general biology of poliovirus, some historic and geographic epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis eradication during the year 2000-2012 and also on the major failing factors associated with the efficiency of the vaccines to eradicate polio in Pakistan.</p>
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16

Stanikzai, Mohammad Aqa. "Poliomyelitis and its Health Consequences in the Whole Community in Kabul City, Afghanistan." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 5, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.05.04.art050.

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17

Ghafoor, Shazia, and Nadeem Sheikh. "Eradication and Current Status of Poliomyelitis in Pakistan: Ground Realities." Journal of Immunology Research 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6837824.

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Pakistan is among the last three countries along with Afghanistan and Nigeria, where polio virus is still endemic. More or less, with some fluctuations, numbers of reported cases in the past few years have shown a rising trend. Year 2014 pushed the country into the deep sea of difficulties, as number of cases rose to red alert level of 328. Security situation has adversely affected the whole immunization coverage campaign. In a country where 40 polio vaccinators have been killed since 2012, such a big number of cases is not a surprising outcome. Worse perception of parents about polio vaccine as in Karachi and FATA, the high risk zones, makes 100% coverage a dream. Minor and perhaps delayed payments to polio workers make them frustrated, resulting in decline of trained manpower for vaccination. Strong implementation of policies is required and those found guilty of attack on polio workers need to be punished. Targeted community awareness programme, strong surveillance network, and involvement of influential religious entities can help to root out polio disease from country. Present review is aimed at analyzing all barriers on the road to success in eradication of polio from Pakistan.
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18

Normasari, Normasari, and Andi Yasmon. "Literature Review: Tantangan Eradikasi Polio." Jurnal Biotek Medisiana Indonesia 10, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jbmi.v10i2.5823.

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ABSTRACT Polio is one of the most feared infectious diseases which can cause paralysis and death. Due to this reason, WHO created the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1998 to achieve a polio-free world. However, it is nearly 33 years, the polio disease has not been successfully eradicated, although the incidence of polio cases is reduced by >99.9%. The world has been declared free from wild poliovirus types 2 and 3, but not free from wild poliovirus type 1 that remains endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Apart from safety, politic, and refusal of vaccination which hampers polio eradication in the endemic countries, malnutrition also contributes to the failure of OPV vaccination. Besides, the use of the OPV vaccine as the primary vaccine in polio eradication could raise other problems, namely vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) as well as the emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) that is virulent and circulating in the environment, thereby causing polio cases in free-polio countries. Keywords: polio eradication, OPV, VAPP, VDPV ABSTRAK Polio merupakan salah satu penyakit menular yang ditakuti karena dapat menyebabkan paralisis dan kematian. Oleh karena itu, gerakan eradikasi polio dimulailah sejak tahun 1988 melalui prakarsa oleh WHO dengan tujuan akhir menciptakan dunia bebas dari polio. Namun hampir 33 tahun, gerakan eradikasi ini belum berhasil mencapai tujuan akhir tersebut, walaupun telah berhasil menurunkan jumlah kasus polio >99,9%. Seluruh dunia sudah dinyatakan bebas virus polio liar tipe 2 dan 3, namun virus polio liar tipe 1 masih menjadi endemik di Afghanistan dan Pakistan. Selain faktor keamanan, politik dan penolakan vaksinasi yang mengambat eradikasi di negara endemis tersebut, faktor malnutrisi juga berkontribusi terhadap kegagalan vaksinasi OPV. Selain itu, penggunaan vaksin OPV sebagai vaksin utama dalam eradikasi polio memunculkan permasalahan lain, yaitu terjadinya kasus ikutan pasca imunisasi (KIPI) polio, yaitu paralisis pasca imunisasi (vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis/VAPP), dan munculnya virus turunan vaksin (vaccine derivated poliovirus/VDPV) yang virulen dan bersirkulasi di lingkungan, menyebabkan kasus polio pada daerah yang sudah bebas polio tipe liar. Kata kunci: eradikasi polio, OPV, VAPP, VDPV
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19

Tariq, Tooba, Maham Ahsan, Mubashar Rehman, Neelum Wazir, and Tanveer Ahmed Khan. "A Bird's Eye of the Situation of Poliomyelitis in World: Past, Present and Future Strategies towards Polio Eradication from Pakistan." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review V, no. I (December 30, 2020): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).03.

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Humanity has faced numerous calamities, natural disasters, and even the outbreaks of numerous communicable diseases since the dawn of time, and poliomyelitis is one of these diseases. The first cases of the disease occurred in the 1940s, alerting the health authorities and experts to create a vaccine to improve children's immunity to the virus. Since then, polio workers all across the globe are trying their best to create awareness about the importance of polio vaccination which is especially needed in the tribal areas of Pakistan because the people living there are mostly backward and illiterate who do not vaccinate their children due to safety concerns as well as religious and general misbeliefs about the vaccine. The focus of these campaigns is to make sure that every child in Pakistan and Afghanistan is properly vaccinated to stop the transmission of the virus by the year 2022.
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20

Maryam Riaz Tarar. "Update on Pakistan Polio Eradication Initiative." Journal of Shalamar Medical & Dental College - JSHMDC 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53685/jshmdc.v3i1.100.

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The global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) was established in 1988 as a result of the declaration of commitment by the World Health Assembly. In Pakistan, National Emergency Action Plan [NEAP] coined the strategies under government directives to play a pivotal role in line with international requirements to make poliomyelitis extinct. At the program’s initiation, there were around 350,000 cases of polio reported annually. The incidence has fallen by 99% due to the immunization of more than 2.5 billion children worldwide. Poliovirus has three serotypes; two have already been eradicated (the last case of poliovirus type 2 was reported in 1999 and of poliovirus type 3 in 2012). Poliovirus transmission has ceased with the exception of Pakistan and Afghanistan. In April 2022, two cases of acute flaccid paralysis due to poliovirus type 1 have been reported in KPK province. In this communication, insight is provided regarding the issues that have contributed to this wild poliovirus resurgence after a 15-month gap and the way forward.
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Iqbal, Zafeer Ulhassan, Hira Ashraf, and Bisma Farooq. "AWARENESS OF GENERAL PUBLIC TOWARDS POLIO IMMUNIZATION IN RURAL PUNJAB PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Public Health 8, no. 1 (May 16, 2018): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v8i1.86.

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Background: Poliomyelitis is the acute viral infections of children under the age of five years. Pakistan is among the three countries, along with Nigeria and Afghanistan that are endemic to polio. In 2012, government of Pakistan approved a National Emergency Action Plan (NEAP) for polio eradication. Parents are reluctant towards immunization due to some religious beliefs. In current study we are accessing the attitude and behavior of general population towards polio vaccination. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted during 2017 in 4 district of Punjab (Faisalabad, Sheikhpura, Kasur and Lahore) Pakistan. The pretested, piloted and validated instrument with a 20 items structured questionnaire was used for this research. The response rate was 84% during the course of Study. Results: In study population 79% of the respondents were well aware of the term Polio. The positive response towards polio immunization was analyzed for only 62% of the parents. 70.46% of the parents strongly agreed with the medical therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of the disease whereas 29.54% of the respondents were found to believe that polio might be caused due to the evil effects Conclusion: Study concluded that the general public is well informed about polio vaccination and giving vaccine to their children on regular basis.
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22

Konecka-Szydełko, Bożena. "The Impact of Health Threats on the Security of Peacekeeping and Stabilization Missions." Security Dimensions 36, no. 36 (July 19, 2021): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0486.

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Soldiers are currently one of the largest professional groups treated as long-term travelers. They are stationed in difficult environmental conditions for many months. The purpose of this article is to present the scale of health threats faced by participants in peacekeeping and stabilization missions / operations. Today's security challenges encompass a huge mass of complexes and evolving threats such as pandemics, international terrorism, organized crime, cyber threats, environmental degradation and natural disasters. The thesis of the article is that in the era of modern threats, health problems of soldiers include transmission diseases, zoonoses, combat and non-combat injuries. The Central and South Asian region has the highest rate of infectious and invasive diseases in the world. Afghanistan and Pakistan are the reporting countries for poliomyelitis. Taking into account the following issues, it is extremely important to monitor the scale of health threats to participants in military operations, to conduct appropriate risk assessments so that control measures reflect the latest scientific knowledge in the field of protection against the risk of infection, disease or injury management. A comprehensive emergency preparedness plan enables military operations to be better prepared for a swift, coordinated and effective response, while tailoring resources to the specific situation.
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23

O'Reilly, Kathleen M., Elias Durry, Obaid ul Islam, Arshad Quddus, Ni'ma Abid, Tahir P. Mir, Rudi H. Tangermann, R. Bruce Aylward, and Nicholas C. Grassly. "The effect of mass immunisation campaigns and new oral poliovirus vaccines on the incidence of poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 2001–11: a retrospective analysis." Lancet 380, no. 9840 (August 2012): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60648-5.

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24

Mukherjee, Dipankar. "Towards a Polio free World – the End Game Plan." Journal of Comprehensive Health 4, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v04i02.002.

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Poliomyelitis, the dreaded cause of lameness, was ravaging the world in 1988; when more than 125 countries were endemic with the disease and about 350,000 new cases were reported every year. It could have been fanciful to consider eradicating the disease in any future. It was a resolve bold enough at the 41st World Health Assembly then to do it. The disease did provide epidemiological opportunities to make it a possible candidate for eradication and the idea was first realized soon in 1997; when the American region was certified as polio free; the last case being reported from Peru in 1994 (Louis Fermin Tenorio). Other regions did not fall short much; Mum Chanty of Cambodia was the last case from Western Pacific region in 1997 and the region was certified as polio free subsequently in the year 2000. Europe was the third region in the list; Melik Minas from Turkey had the disease in 1999; and the region got the same certificate in 2002.Meanwhile the story in India and South East Asian region was more protracted. Of the three types of polio viruses, the weakest one, wild type 2 was reported last from Aligarh in India in 1999. But it took another thirteen years to put a stop to the next type, wild type 3 (Pakistan in 2012). The last wild polio virus case of India and South East Asia region (onset on January 13) was found at Howrah in 2011 when poor Ruksar Khatun had contacted the disease. In 2012 India was declared no longer a polio endemic country. Later on the South East Asian region was certified as polio free on March 27, 2014. But in Africa and two countries of Eastern Mediterranean region ( Pakistan and Afghanistan ) transmission of wild polio virus continued. On July 24, 2014 last wild polio virus of Africa was detected in Nigeria. Subsequently the country interrupted wild polio virus transmission and was declared non endemic in 2015 leaving only two countries from the 125 when the journey had started. The latest of such glorious milestones was achieved when WHO certified that type 2 wild polio virus has been eradicated on September 20, 2015. The success story in India has been lauded greatly by the international community as technically speaking; the scenario had been most challenging in this country. But elsewhere, like in Afghanistan and Nigeria, things still pose problem – a huge number of children are still unreachable and the health workers being targeted with physical assaults even in 2012 and 2013.
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"Poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan." Archives of Disease in Childhood 98, no. 1 (December 19, 2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-303390.

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26

"Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication--Afghanistan, 1994-1999." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 17 (November 3, 1999): 1617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.17.1617.

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"Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication—Afghanistan, 1994-1999." JAMA 282, no. 17 (November 3, 1999): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.17.1617-jwr1103-4-1.

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28

"Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication—Pakistan and Afghanistan, January 2005–May 2006." JAMA 296, no. 4 (July 26, 2006): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.4.387.

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29

Muzammil, Muhammad, Sameen Zafar, Shazia Aziz, Muhammad Usman Bhutta, and Rafi Amir-Ud-Din. "Maternal Correlates of Poliomyelitis Vaccination Uptake: Evidence from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, August 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0327.

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Poliomyelitis (polio) is a communicable viral disease that mainly affects under-5 children. This study focuses on the impact of women’s empowerment and women’s working status on the uptake of polio vaccination of children in polio-endemic countries, including Pakistan and Afghanistan, and Nigeria, the latter of which has recently been declared polio-free. The polio vaccination status can be divided into no vaccination (NV), incomplete vaccination (IV), and complete vaccination. We used data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) rounds for this manuscript. Multinomial logistic regression-based estimates suggest that mothers’ working status, empowerment, age, education, father’s education, and household wealth status reduce the risk of NV and IV in the polio-endemic countries (Afghanistan and Pakistan) and Nigeria. In addition, the mothers’ working status, empowerment, age, education, and father’s education increase the child’s healthcare information that helps complete polio vaccination of the child. On the other hand, the children whose mothers work in the agriculture sector or are engaged in a blue-collar job are more likely to remain unvaccinated than women in white-collar jobs. Similarly, mothers engaged in government jobs are more likely to get their children fully vaccinated than unemployed mothers. Thus, as a child’s polio vaccination is strongly dependent on a mother’s working status and empowerment, the focus of public policy on empowering women and promoting their labor force participation may increase polio vaccination uptake, besides adopting other measures to increase immunization.
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"Household survey of locomotor disability caused by poliomyelitis and landmines in Afghanistan." BMJ 316, no. 7125 (January 10, 1998): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.116a.

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31

Kaye, Matthew B., Arnau Garcia-Clapes, Linda K. Hobday, Aishah Ibrahim, and Presa Chanthalavanh. "Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2021." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 46 (August 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2022.46.55.

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Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System, and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2021, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.31 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, thereby meeting the WHO’s performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. The non-polio enteroviruses coxsackievirus A4, coxsackievirus A10, coxsackievirus A13 and enterovirus A71 were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus and environmental surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2021, there were five cases of wild poliovirus reported from the two remaining endemic countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan. Including Afghanistan and Pakistan, 22 countries also reported cases of AFP due to circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.
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32

Kaye, Matthew B., Arnau Garcia-Clapes, Linda K. Hobday, Aishah Ibrahim, Presa Chanthalavanh, Leesa Bruggink, and Bruce R. Thorley. "Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2020." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 45 (October 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2021.45.56.

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Abstract:
Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2020, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance; Australia reported 1.09 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, thereby meeting the WHO’s performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. The non-polio enteroviruses coxsackievirus A10 and coxsackievirus A16 were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus surveillance and environmental surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2020, there were 140 cases of wild poliovirus reported from the two remaining endemic countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan. Another 28 countries reported cases of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.
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33

Roberts, Jason A., Linda K. Hobday, Aishah Ibrahim, and Bruce R. Thorley. "Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2018." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 44 (April 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.26.

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Abstract:
Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of AFP in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the WHO. Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2018, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.24 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Several non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus A4, coxsackievirus B1, echovirus 9, echovirus 30, enterovirus D68 and enterovirus A71, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus and environmental surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2018, 33 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.
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34

Roberts, Jason A., Linda K. Hobday, Aishah Ibrahim, and Bruce R. Thorley. "Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2017." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 44 (April 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.32.

Full text
Abstract:
Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2017, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.33 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Three non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus B1, echovirus 11 and enterovirus A71, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia established enterovirus and environmental surveillance systems to complement the clinical system focussed on children and an ambiguous vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 was isolated from sewage in Melbourne. In 2017, 22 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.
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35

Hobday, Linda K., Aishah Ibrahim, Matthew E. Kaye, Leesa Bruggink, Presa Chanthalavanh, Arnau Garcia-Clapes, Jason A. Roberts, and Bruce R. Thorley. "Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2019." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 44 (December 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.94.

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Abstract:
Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2019, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.34 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the World Health Organization’s performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. The non-polio enteroviruses coxsackievirus A2, coxsackievirus A16, echovirus 9, and enterovirus A71 were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus and environmental surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2019, 175 cases of wild polio were reported, with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.
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36

Roberts, Jason A., Linda K. Hobday, Aishah Ibrahim, Thomas Aitken, and Bruce R. Thorley. "Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2015." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 44 (April 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.24.

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Australia conducts surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the main method to monitor its polio-free status. Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2015, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.2 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Two non-polio enteroviruses, enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus B3, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia complements the clinical surveillance program with enterovirus and environmental surveillance for poliovirus. Two Sabin-like polioviruses were isolated from sewage collected in Melbourne in 2015, which would have been imported from a country that uses the oral polio vaccine. The global eradication of wild poliovirus type 2 was certified in 2015 and Sabin poliovirus type 2 will be withdrawn from oral polio vaccine in April 2016. Laboratory containment of all remaining wild and vaccine strains of poliovirus type 2 will occur in 2016 and the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory was designated as a polio essential facility. Globally, in 2015, 74 cases of polio were reported, only in the two remaining countries endemic for wild poliovirus: Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is the lowest number reported since the global polio eradication program was initiated.
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37

Roberts, Jason A., Linda K. Hobday, Aishah Ibrahim, and Bruce R. Thorley. "Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2016." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 44 (April 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.25.

Full text
Abstract:
Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2016, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.38 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Several non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus A6, enterovirus A71, enterovirus A74 and enterovirus D68, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. The global withdrawal of Sabin poliovirus type 2 from oral polio vaccine occurred in April 2016. This event represents the start of the polio endgame with an increased focus on the laboratory containment of all remaining wild and vaccine strains of poliovirus type 2. The National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory was designated as a polio essential facility as part of this process. In 2016, 37 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. Nigeria was declared polio-free in 2015, after 12 months without detection of wild poliovirus, but was reinstated as an endemic country after the reporting of four cases in August 2016. This is a salient reminder of the need to maintain sensitive surveillance for poliovirus until global eradication is certified.
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