Journal articles on the topic 'Policy network size'
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Beine, Michel, Frédéric Docquier, and Çağlar Özden. "DISSECTING NETWORK EXTERNALITIES IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION." Journal of Demographic Economics 81, no. 4 (December 2015): 379–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2015.13.
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Abstract:Migrant networks play an important role in explaining the size and structure of migration flows. They affect the private costs and benefits of migration (assimilation channel) and lower legal entry barriers through family reunification programs (policy channel). This paper presents a micro-founded identification strategy allowing to disentangle the relative importance of these two channels. Our empirical analysis exploits US immigration data by metropolitan area and country of origin. We first find that the elasticity of migration flows to network size is around one. More interestingly, we show that the policy channel accounted at most for a quarter of this elasticity in the 1990s, and the magnitudes of the total network effect and the policy channel are greater for low-skilled migrants. Our results are strongly robust to sample selection, identification assumptions, and treatment for unobserved bilateral heterogeneity. Furthermore, the policy channel was stronger in the 1990s than in the 1980s, possibly reflecting the changes in the US family reunification policies. We conclude that the government capacity to curb the migration multiplier exists, but is limited.
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Fast, Janet, Norah Keating, Pam Otfinowski, and Linda Derksen. "Characteristics of Family/Friend Care Networks of Frail Seniors." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 23, no. 1 (2004): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800016780.
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ABSTRACTThis paper tests assumptions often made by policy makers and practitioners that networks of family, friends, and neighbours are able to provide sustained care to frail elderly Canadians. Using national survey data, we examined characteristics of the care networks of 1,104 seniors living with a long-term health problem. Care networks were found to vary considerably in size, relationship composition, gender composition, age composition, and proximity, and these network characteristics were found to help explain variations in the types and amounts of care received. As a result, network characteristics that might place seniors at risk of receiving inadequate care (including small size and higher proportions of non-kin, male, and geographically distant members) were identified. These risk factors appear to be poorly reflected in most existing policy.
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Tang, Chaoying, Linna Ye, Stefanie Naumann, and Xiaoyang Lu. "Outstanding and ordinary scientists’ co-authorship networks in the early career phase." Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science 26, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol26no1.3.
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How do scientists’ ego-centered co-authorship networks affect their research productivity and impact during the early career phase? Do co-authorship networks evolve differently for outstanding scientists vs. ordinary scientists? Our study responded to these questions by demonstrating that scientists’ co-authorship network size and betweenness centrality of their co-authorship network positively affected both their research productivity and research impact. Scientists’ tie strength diversity of their co-authorship network moderated the relationship between their ego-network size and their research performance. Their co-authorship network’s degree centralization moderated the relationship between their betweenness centrality and research performance. Further, the size and betweenness centrality of the co-authorship network were significantly different between the two groups of scientists since their fourth working year. Outstanding scientists had a larger co-authorship network and their positions in the co-authorship network were more central than those of ordinary scientists. Implications for scientists and policy makers in science and higher education are discussed
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Rehman, Obaid ur, Irshad Ahmed Abbasi, Hythem Hashem, Khalid Saeed, Muhammad Faran Majeed, and Sikandar Ali. "SS-Drop: A Novel Message Drop Policy to Enhance Buffer Management in Delay Tolerant Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (June 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9773402.
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A challenged network is one where traditional hypotheses such as reduced data transfer error rates, end-to-end connectivity, or short transmissions have not gained much significance. A wide range of application scenarios are associated with such networks. Delay tolerant networking (DTN) is an approach that pursues to report the problems which reduce communication in disrupted networks. DTN works on store-carry and forward mechanism in such a way that a message may be stored by a node for a comparatively large amount of time and carry it until a proper forwarding opportunity appears. To store a message for long delays, a proper buffer management scheme is required to select a message for dropping upon buffer overflow. Every time dropping messages lead towards the wastage of valuable resources which the message has already consumed. The proposed solution is a size-based policy which determines an inception size for the selection of message for deletion as buffer becomes overflow. The basic theme behind this scheme is that by determining the exact buffer space requirement, one can easily select a message of an appropriate size to be discarded. By doing so, it can overcome unnecessary message drop and ignores biasness just before selection of specific sized message. The proposed scheme Spontaneous Size Drop (SS-Drop) implies a simple but intelligent mechanism to determine the inception size to drop a message upon overflow of the buffer. After simulation in ONE (Opportunistic Network Environment) simulator, the SS-Drop outperforms the opponent drop policies in terms of high delivery ratio by giving 66.3% delivery probability value and minimizes the overhead ratio up to 41.25%. SS-Drop also showed a prominent reduction in dropping of messages and buffer time average.
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Vittoria, Maria Patrizia, and Pasquale Persico. "Knowledge Economy and Regional Innovation Policy Milieu." Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (June 2014): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.614.
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The emergence of the knowledge economy has resulted in a new definition of regional policy milieu. Under the current EU policy framework the concepts of region and city are the result of an inductive, exploratory cognitive process. Interpreting, assessing and designing successful territorial milieux constitute a methodological challenge for analysts. This paper discusses the methodological capacity of a hybrid theoretical approach to discovery and design of smart specialization. Analysis of strategic network formation (why the network takes a particular form) demonstrates the competitive positioning of specific homogeneous communities within the global value chain and can be considered central to the regional policy milieu. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabella normale"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;}
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Chu, Jie, and Zhao Li. "Design and Implementation of the Firewall Policy Audit Based on Improved Policy Tree." Applied Mechanics and Materials 736 (March 2015): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.736.179.
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Firewall plays an important role in today's network security, and its rule configuration is reasonable or not directly related to the security of network environment. With the increasing size of the network, firewall configurations are becoming increasingly complex, and the firewall policy audit should be born in order to better play the protective properties of the firewall. Firstly, this paper studies the relationship between firewall rules in detail, analyzes some common types of rules abnormal of audit programs and reviews existing policies. Next, this paper proposes a improved audit program based on the tree structure, discusses and achieves the audit process of the program in detail. Finally, this paper shows a graphical reports and detailed audit findings of the prototype system, and does a comparison and verification between the results of the improved audit program and the traditional strategy tree.
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Ashida, Sato, Lena Thompson, and Erin L. Robinson. "STRENGTHENING PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY DISASTER SUPPORT NETWORKS OF OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2166.
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Abstract The Ecological Model posits a multilevel approach to understanding of and strengthening social networks of community based older adults. We present findings from our intervention, network analysis, and efforts at influencing policy making at the state level to better prepare them for pre and post disaster and emergency situations. At the individual-level, we implemented the Disaster PrepWise program to help community-based older adults develop personal disaster plans. We found increases in personal emergency network size by an average of three non-familial individuals. At the community-level, we evaluated two disaster management networks in Eastern Iowa counties. We found strong collaborations in disaster planning and response among 44 governmental and community-based organizations, but weaker collaborations in supporting older residents, suggesting a need in this area. At the policy-level, we are developing a state-level network of organizations to address policy barriers to effectively support older Iowans.
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Zimmerman, Monica A., David Barsky, and Keith D. Brouthers. "Networks, SMEs, and International Diversification." Multinational Business Review 17, no. 4 (November 11, 2009): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1525383x200900031.
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Despite changes in international trade agreements and the introduction of new technologies that facilitate international business, many firms, especially SMEs, still do not diversify into international markets. In this paper, we suggest that an important factor that can influence the international diversification decision is social networks. We hypothesize that both the strength of the ties to international firms and the size of a SME’s international network influence its decision to diversify internationally. Our analysis suggests that the strength of international network ties significantly influences SME international diversification, but that the size of the international network does not. These results have important implications for researchers, managers, and public policy makers.
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Caraiani, Petre, and Alexandru Lazarec. "Using Entropy to Evaluate the Impact of Monetary Policy Shocks on Financial Networks." Entropy 23, no. 11 (November 6, 2021): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111465.
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We analyze the changes in the financial network built using the Dow Jones Industrial Average components following monetary policy shocks. Monetary policy shocks are measured through unexpected changes in the federal funds rate in the United States. We determine the changes in the financial networks using singular value decomposition entropy and von Neumann entropy. The results indicate that unexpected positive shocks in monetary policy shocks lead to lower entropy. The results are robust to varying the window size used to construct financial networks, though they also depend on the type of entropy used.
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von Wolff, Michael, Claus Yding Andersen, Teresa K. Woodruff, and Frank Nawroth. "FertiPROTEKT, Oncofertility Consortium and the Danish Fertility-Preservation Networks – What Can We Learn From Their Experiences?" Clinical Medicine Insights: Reproductive Health 13 (January 2019): 117955811984586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179558119845865.
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Fertility preservation is an increasingly important discipline. It requires close coordination between reproductive medicine specialists, reproductive biologists, and oncologists in various disciplines. In addition, it represents a particular health policy challenge, since fertility-protection measures are to be understood as a treatment for side effects of gonadotoxic treatments and would therefore normally have to be reimbursed by health insurance companies. Therefore, it is inevitable that fertility-preservation activities should organise themselves into a network structure both as a medical-logistic network and as a professional medical society. The necessary network structures can differ significantly at regional, national, and international level, as the size of the regions to be integrated and the local cultural and geographical conditions, as well as the political conditions are very different. To address these issues, the current review aims to point out the basic importance and the chances but also the difficulties of fertility-protection networks and give practical guidance for the development of such network structures. We will not only discuss network structures theoretically but also present them based on three established, different sized networks, such as the Danish Network ( www.rigshospitalet.dk ), representing a centralised network in a small country; the German-Austrian-Swiss network FertiPROTEKT® ( www.fertiprotekt.com ), representing a centralised as well as decentralised network in a large country; and the Oncofertility® Consortium ( www.oncofertility.northwestern.edu ), representing a decentralised, internationally oriented network, primarily serving the transfer of knowledge among its members.
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Yin, Miaomiao, and Asghar Jahanshahi. "Developing Knowledge-Based Resources: The Role of Entrepreneurs’ Social Network Size and Trust." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 3380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103380.
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Entrepreneurs’ social networks play a crucial role in developing knowledge-based resources for their new ventures. Although most studies in an entrepreneurship context find that trust is very important when entrepreneurs develop social networks, limited research examines how trust can explain the variation in the relationship between an entrepreneur’s social networks and a firm’s knowledge-based resources. Therefore, the major objective of the paper is to understand the effects of the size of an entrepreneur’s social network on his or her firm’s knowledge-based resources with high and low levels of trust. Our data were collected from surveys administered to 476 entrepreneurs in China in 2018. Our multiple regression analysis indicates that social networks reinforce knowledge-based resources in a situation where entrepreneurs highly trust their major networks partners in their business environment (e.g., family, close friends, consultants, suppliers, peers, etc.). However, with a low level of trust, the relationship between social network and knowledge-based resources is curvilinear (inverse U-shaped). Our empirical validations showed that the relationship between social network and a firm’s knowledge-based resources is highly contingent to the level of trust among network members.
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Shepard, Jun U., Bas J. van Ruijven, and Behnam Zakeri. "Impacts of Trade Friction and Climate Policy on Global Energy Trade Network." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 6171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176171.
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The trade impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine have raised questions about the role of trade and climate policies in energy security and global emissions. This study updates a widely used integrated assessment model (IAM), MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM, to represent complex trade networks to explicitly draw energy flows from their origins to their destination. It then examines the effects of (1) energy trade tariff policies and (2) a global carbon emissions tax on the global energy trade network. Results indicate that trade tariff policies have marginal effects on the network. While high import tariffs significantly reduce emissions due to reduced fossil fuel imports in the importing region, this effect does not translate to significant emission reductions as trade policies only impact downstream of the energy supply chain. However, an emission tax dramatically alters the trade network, by (1) reducing its size by up to 50% and (2) forming trade linkages that allow for a more complex and diverse network of suppliers. This diversity under the emissions tax scenario improves the energy security of major energy-importing regions.
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Sedighi, Tabassom. "Using Dynamic and Hybrid Bayesian Network for Policy Decision Making." International Journal of Strategic Engineering 2, no. 2 (July 2019): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijose.2019070103.
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The Bayesian network (BN) method is one of the data-driven methods which have been successfully used to assist problem-solving in a wide range of disciplines including policy making, information technology, engineering, medicine, and more recently biology and ecology. BNs are particularly useful for diverse problems of varying size and complexity, where uncertainties are inherent in the system. BNs engage directly with subjective data in a transparent way and have become a state-of-the-art technology to support decision-making under uncertainty.
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Reese, Laura A., and Minting Ye. "Minding the Gap: Networks of Animal Welfare Service Provision." American Review of Public Administration 47, no. 5 (January 3, 2016): 503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074015623377.
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This research focuses on public service provision in the context of an important emerging urban policy issue: increasing numbers of roaming animals in distressed cities in the United States. The case of urban animal welfare policy illustrates a policy domain that relies heavily on informal networks of nonprofit organizations for service provision. How these networks function and the interaction between nonprofit and public entities says much about how cities will be able to respond to increasingly changing policy environments. Based on survey and network analysis of organizations involved in animal welfare service provision in Detroit, the following conclusions are drawn: Urban animal welfare services are much broader than simple animal “control” and encompass the physical, behavioral, and emotional well-being of animals; less common aspects of animal welfare services evidence the highest levels of cooperation; a fragmented network of nonprofit rescues and public entities is providing animal welfare services in the City of Detroit although nonprofit providers dominate; and collaborative service networks vary greatly in size, density, and composition depending on different aspects of services provided.
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Sathiyamoorthi, V. "A Novel Cache Replacement Policy for Web Proxy Caching System Using Web Usage Mining." International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 11, no. 2 (April 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitwe.2016040101.
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Network congestion remains one of the main barriers to the continuing success of the internet and Web based services. In this background, proxy caching is one of the most successful solutions for civilizing the performance of Web since it reduce network traffic, Web server load and improves user perceived response time. Here, the most popular Web objects that are likely to be revisited in the near future are stored in the proxy server thereby it improves the Web response time and saves network bandwidth. The main component of Web caching is it cache replacement policy. It plays a key role in replacing existing objects when there is no room for new one especially when cache is full. Moreover, the conventional replacement policies are used in Web caching environments which provide poor network performance. These policies are suitable for memory caching since it involves fixed sized objects. But, Web caching which involves objects of varying size and hence there is a need for an efficient policy that works better in Web cache environment. Moreover, most of the existing Web caching policies have considered few factors and ignored the factors that have impact on the efficiency of Web proxy caching. Hence, it is decided to propose a novel policy for Web cache environment. The proposed policy includes size, cost, frequency, ageing, time of entry into the cache and popularity of Web objects in cache removal policy. It uses the Web usage mining as a technique to improve Web caching policy. Also, empirical analyses shows that proposed policy performs better than existing policies in terms of various performance metrics such as hit rate and byte hit rate.
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Xu, Shenghe, Shivendra S. Panwar, Murali Kodialam, and T. V. Lakshman. "Deep Neural Network Approximated Dynamic Programming for Combinatorial Optimization." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (April 3, 2020): 1684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i02.5531.
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In this paper, we propose a general framework for combining deep neural networks (DNNs) with dynamic programming to solve combinatorial optimization problems. For problems that can be broken into smaller subproblems and solved by dynamic programming, we train a set of neural networks to replace value or policy functions at each decision step. Two variants of the neural network approximated dynamic programming (NDP) methods are proposed; in the value-based NDP method, the networks learn to estimate the value of each choice at the corresponding step, while in the policy-based NDP method the DNNs only estimate the best decision at each step. The training procedure of the NDP starts from the smallest problem size and a new DNN for the next size is trained to cooperate with previous DNNs. After all the DNNs are trained, the networks are fine-tuned together to further improve overall performance. We test NDP on the linear sum assignment problem, the traveling salesman problem and the talent scheduling problem. Experimental results show that NDP can achieve considerable computation time reduction on hard problems with reasonable performance loss. In general, NDP can be applied to reducible combinatorial optimization problems for the purpose of computation time reduction.
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RICHEY, SEAN, and KEN'ICHI IKEDA. "The Influence of Political Discussion on Policy Preference: A comparison of the United States and Japan." Japanese Journal of Political Science 7, no. 3 (October 26, 2006): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109906002362.
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This research tests if political discussion influences policy preference. The literature greatly stresses the non-rational nature of political decision-making. Rational policy preferences require learning specific details in a competitive political environment. Yet, research shows that most people do not have the skills to understand policy. Social networking is one way to help people understand policy. Social network influence on policy preferences, however, is mostly ignored. We show that the likelihood of supporting a policy increases when one's social network supports a party that advocates that policy. We control for the political knowledge of the respondent, network size, partisanship, ideology, socioeconomic, and policy-specific determinants. Examining data from the 2000 American National Election Study and Japanese Election Study 3, we find strong results in the United States, but mixed results in Japan. Additional research we perform shows a stronger social network influence in Japan.
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Poongodi, C., and A. M. Natarajan. "Optimized Replication Strategy for Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 8, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jbdcn.2012010101.
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Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks (ICMNs) are wireless networks where due to mobility of nodes and lack of connectivity, there may be disconnection among the nodes. Hence, the routing path from source to destination is not always available. In this case, Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) protocols will not be utilized. In these networks, messages are to be flooded or multiple replications are needed to withstand the maximum delay and achieve the high delivery ratio. But multiple replication based protocols result in increased network overhead and high resource consumption because of uncontrolled replication. In this paper, the authors introduce a new simple scheme which applies knapsack policy based replication strategy in replicating the messages. The number of replication is reduced by appropriately selecting only limited messages based on the number of duplications of its own and its size. The messages are selected for forwarding to relay node based on the goodness of the relay node in contacting the destination and the buffer size of the relay node. Therefore, only limited messages will be replicated in the network and it will reduce the network overhead, resource consumption, delivery delay and increases the delivery ratio.
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Fan, Ruguo, and Rongkai Chen. "Promotion Policies for Electric Vehicle Diffusion in China Considering Dynamic Consumer Preferences: A Network-Based Evolutionary Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 5290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095290.
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An improved understanding of how policies can promote the diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) is critical to achieving sustainable development. Previous studies of EV diffusion dynamics have paid insufficient attention to consumer preferences. In this paper, a network-based evolutionary game model considering dynamic consumer preference is constructed to study EV diffusion. Through numerical experiments, the evolutionary processes and results of various promotion policies, including carbon taxes, production subsidies, purchase subsidies, and information policy on EV diffusion, are simulated. In particular, this paper explores the differentiated effects of supply-side policies and demand-side policies. The simulation results indicate that: (1) The effectiveness of promotion policies is sensitive to the size of the manufacturer network, and large networks can dampen periodical fluctuations in diffusion rates. (2) Supply-side carbon taxes and subsidies facilitate a steady diffusion of EVs. However, compared with the sustained effectiveness of subsidies, carbon taxes may inhibit the rapid penetration of EVs. (3) Implementing purchase subsidies in the early stages of diffusion is more effective than production subsidies, but the potential uncertainty of demand-side subsidies should be noted. (4) The impact of information policy on the evolutionary trend of EV diffusion is pronounced but is a longer-term impact, requiring a long enough implementation horizon.
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MONNICKENDAM-GIVON, YISCA, DAFNA SCHWARTZ, and BENJAMIN GIDRON. "NETWORK NOT UTILIZED: THE CASE OF ULTRA-ORTHODOX FEMALE MICRO-ENTREPRENEURS IN ISRAEL." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 21, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946716500060.
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The study examines the role of social networks in the Ultra-Orthodox community in Israel as a tool for promoting micro-entrepreneurial success. To date, research has shown that social network structure is a salient factor in the successful management of micro-businesses. We explored network size, number of strong, weak and betweenness ties of Ultra-Orthodox female micro-entrepreneurs, a distinct social-religious enclave that remains largely unexplored. Contrary to literature, our findings show that Ultra-Orthodox female micro-entrepreneurs have a narrow network in all parameters explored. Although they have a far-reaching social network, it is virtually unutilized in promoting their micro-businesses. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
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Guadalupe, Sónia, and Henrique Testa Vicente. "Social network typologies of older people: A cross-national literature review." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 26, suppl 3 (October 2021): 5133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320212611.3.23072019.
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Abstract This article presents an issue narrative non-systematic review about social network typologies for the older population. We analysed 18 studies with large samples from 14 countries worldwide. The position of family ties, network composition, network size, frequency of contacts and community participation are central to social network typologization in the older population. Restricted and diverse networks emerged in typologies associated, respectively, with less and more effective social support features, and are good predictors of well-being, health, mental health, social support and social participation. Cross-nationally, there is an unequal distribution of the construction of network typologies. The different typologies, that should be culturally grounded, provide guidelines to intervention planning, inform social service providers about emerging needs and contribute to social policy debate.
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Nguyen-Van, Phu, Anne Stenger, and Tuyen Tiet. "Social incentive factors in interventions promoting sustainable behaviors: A meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): e0260932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260932.
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Based on a meta-analysis, this paper highlights the strength and relevance of several social incentive factors concerning pro-environmental behaviors, including social influence, network factors (like network size, network connection and leadership), trust in others, and trust in institutions. Firstly, our results suggest that social influence is necessary for the emergence of pro-environmental behaviors. More specifically, an internal social influence (i.e., motivating people to change their perceptions and attitudes) is essential to promote pro-environmental behaviors. Secondly, network connection encourages pro-environmental behaviors, meaning that the effectiveness of a conservation policy can be improved if connections among individuals are increased. Finally, trust in institutions can dictate individual behaviors to shape policy design and generate desired policy outcomes.
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Robinson, S. E., M. G. Everett, and R. M. Christley. "Recent network evolution increases the potential for large epidemics in the British cattle population." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 15 (February 6, 2007): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.0214.
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Following the foot and mouth disease epidemic in Great Britain (GB) in 2001, livestock movement bans were replaced with mandatory periods of standstill for livestock moving between premises. It was anticipated that these movement restrictions would limit each individual's contact networks, the extent of livestock movements and thus the spread of future disease outbreaks. However, the effect of behaviour changes on the global network in adapting to these restrictions is currently unknown. Here, we take a novel approach using GB cattle movement data to construct week-by-week contact networks between animal holdings (AH) to explore the evolution of the network since this policy was introduced, the first time network theory has been used for this purpose. We show that the number of AH moving cattle as part of the giant strong component (GSC), representing the region of maximal connectivity, has been increasing linearly over time. This is of epidemiological significance as the size of the GSC indicates the number of holdings potentially exposed to disease, thus giving a lower bound of maximum epidemic size. Therefore, despite restriction of cattle movements, emergent behaviour in this self-organizing system has potentially increased the size of infectious disease epidemics within the cattle industry.
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Dai, J. G., and Mark Gluzman. "Queueing Network Controls via Deep Reinforcement Learning." Stochastic Systems 12, no. 1 (March 2022): 30–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsy.2021.0081.
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Novel advanced policy gradient (APG) methods, such as trust region policy optimization and proximal policy optimization (PPO), have become the dominant reinforcement learning algorithms because of their ease of implementation and good practical performance. A conventional setup for notoriously difficult queueing network control problems is a Markov decision problem (MDP) that has three features: infinite state space, unbounded costs, and long-run average cost objective. We extend the theoretical framework of these APG methods for such MDP problems. The resulting PPO algorithm is tested on a parallel-server system and large-size multiclass queueing networks. The algorithm consistently generates control policies that outperform state-of-art heuristics in literature in a variety of load conditions from light to heavy traffic. These policies are demonstrated to be near optimal when the optimal policy can be computed. A key to the successes of our PPO algorithm is the use of three variance reduction techniques in estimating the relative value function via sampling. First, we use a discounted relative value function as an approximation of the relative value function. Second, we propose regenerative simulation to estimate the discounted relative value function. Finally, we incorporate the approximating martingale-process method into the regenerative estimator.
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Gao, Zi Long, Lian Fen Huang, Jing Wang, and Yan Yao. "Available Data Packet Size Policy for Unsolicited Grant Service in the Power Saving Multi-Channel MAC Protocol." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.733.
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With Multi-channel MAC protocols, transmission pairs can send data packet simultaneously. Hence, higher network throughput can be achieved. The developing of 802.11s standard provides the power saving model multi-channel MAC protocol (PSM-MMAC) framework, which divides into negotiation phase and data phase. All the users select appropriate channels to transmit data in dedicated channel during negotiation phase, then the users will switch the transceivers to the selected channel to transfer data packet by RTS/CTS handshake. While taking the size of data window constraints, therefore how to design the data packet size is the key issue of PSM-MMAC in saturation network case. In this paper, we propose a new policy that can adjust the size of data packet based on the channel occupancy and the fairness of user access for unsolicited Grand Service, which has strict requirements on the delay jitter and maximum reserved traffic rate. We also develop the probabilistic statistical analysis model to compare the performance of previous policy and our proposed policy. Simulation results verify our analysis model, and show our policy has the superior performance of the PSM-MMAC to the previous scheme.
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SCHNETTLER, SEBASTIAN, and THOMAS WÖHLER. "No children in later life, but more and better friends? Substitution mechanisms in the personal and support networks of parents and the childless in Germany." Ageing and Society 36, no. 7 (June 9, 2015): 1339–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15000197.
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ABSTRACTGiven increases in childlessness, we ask if and how the permanently childless substitute for adult children in their later-life support networks. Previous research finds that they are disadvantaged on several network and support indicators. Yet, the role of different substitution mechanisms remains unclear. We examine two substitution mechanisms: substitution through adjustments of network size/composition and through higher efficiency of personal ties. Data are from the German Ageing Survey (childless: N = 1,886; parents without/with residentially proximate children: N = 4,437/8,337). Our descriptive and regression results on network size/composition and the number of potential informational and emotional supporters show that both mechanisms play a role: the childless have more friends and extended kin, and they are more likely to consider them as potential supporters, than parents. Across cohorts or age groups, the relative effect size of network size/composition versus tie efficiency changes. Parents with no children nearby constitute a mixed type that shows similarities to the childless on some indicators of social support and to parents with at least one child nearby on other indicators. Our findings provide a foundation for better predicting how current demographic trends affect future scenarios of social support in later life and for identifying the future need for formal care services. Thus, they are relevant for social scientists and policy makers alike.
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Tatarnikova, Anna Ivanovna. "Tomsk Villages in the 1900s-1920s: Dynamics of Population and Size." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 10 (October 2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.10.38988.
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The article gives a comparative description of the development of the rural settlement network of the Tomsk county/district in three time slices: for 1904, 1911 and 1926. The object of the study is a network of rural settlements of the named sub–region, the subject is their number, typical structure and size in terms of the number of yards and the number of inhabitants. The author uses historical-comparative, historical-typological and problem methods of research, as well as the method of graphical visualization of the statistical data obtained on the development of the Tomsk settlement network. The influence of political, socio-economic and other factors on the state of the network of rural settlements is traced. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the "Lists of Populated places", which have become the main source for studying rural settlements of the county/district under consideration, the dynamics of their number, number and population are investigated, qualitative changes in the structure of the settlement network are revealed. The conclusion is made about the gradual expansion of the scale of the rural settlement network in the Tomsk subregion, the reduction of the yard and the population of the Tomsk village by 1926, its unbundling. Attention is focused on structural changes in the settlement network caused by the new agrarian and resettlement policy of the state, as well as the economic and socio-cultural modernization of the country and its individual territories.
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Liu, Renbin, and Zhaohui Deng. "The Steady-State System Size Distribution for a Modified D-Policy Geo/G/1 Queueing System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/345129.
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This paper examines a discrete-time modified D-policy Geo/G/1 queue with Bernoulli feedback. Using a decomposition method, the steady-state system size distribution at epochn+is obtained. Moreover, the steady-state system size distributions at epochsn-andnare also derived. Two special cases are given. Finally, a wireless local area network is numerically presented to validate the applicability of steady-state system size distribution and its important application in system capacity design.
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Zhang, Xiaohu, Scott Melbourne, Chinmoy Sarkar, Alain Chiaradia, and Chris Webster. "Effects of green space on walking: Does size, shape and density matter?" Urban Studies 57, no. 16 (February 13, 2020): 3402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098020902739.
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The role of the built environment in improving public health through fostering physical activity has come under increased scrutiny in recent years. This study investigates relationships between walking activity and the configuration of green spaces in Greater London. Pedestrian activity for N = 54,910 walking trip stages is gathered through the London Travel Demand Survey (LTDS), with routes between origin and destination mapped onto the street network from the Integrated Transport Network of Ordnance Survey. Green spaces were extracted from UKMap and agglomerated to form London’s hundreds of parks. Regressions of pedestrian activity on park configuration, controlling for built environment metrics, revealed that catchments around smaller parks have more walking trips. Irregularity of park shape has the opposite effect. Park density, measured as number of parks inside a catchment, is insignificant in regression. Parks adjacent to retail areas were associated with pronounced increases in walking. The study contributes to landscape, urban management, environmental policy and urban planning and design literature. The evidence provides implications for performance-oriented policy and design decisions that configure a city’s green spaces to improve citizens’ public health through enhancing walkability.
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Pahlevan Sharif, Saeed. "Development and psychometric evaluation of the breast size satisfaction scale." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 30, no. 8 (October 9, 2017): 717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-12-2016-0190.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and evaluate psychometrically an instrument named the Breast Size Satisfaction Scale (BSSS) to assess breast size satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach The present scale was developed using a set of 16 computer-generated 3D images of breasts to overcome some of the limitations of existing instruments. The images were presented to participants and they were asked to select the figure that most accurately depicted their actual breast size and the figure that most closely represented their ideal breast size. Breast size satisfaction was computed by subtracting the absolute value of the difference between ideal and actual perceived size from 16, such that higher values indicate greater breast size satisfaction. Findings Study 1 (n=65 female undergraduate students) showed good test-retest reliability and study 2 (n=1,000 Iranian women, aged 18 years and above) provided support for convergent validity using a nomological network approach. Originality/value The BSSS demonstrated good psychometric properties and thus can be used in future studies to assess breast size satisfaction among women.
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B., Sowmya K., and Thejaswini A. "Systematising troubleshooting of disputes in network." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v10.i1.pp32-36.
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With the growing network size, virtualization everywhere, it is getting more difficult to configure and manage the network devices. Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a way to address these problems. Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) is the Cisco’s solution to SDN, with centralized automation and policy-driven application profiles. If there is any bug in the network or problem with the expected functionality of the network, ACI cases are opened in the Technical Assistance Centre (TAC) for troubleshooting the issue. Engineers currently troubleshoot ACI cases manually by using Command Line Interface (CLI) and trace for different events triggered by the policy pushes by logs generated at different stages of the ACI and from different servers responsible for this, which indeed is a very tedious, time consuming task and is prone to manual errors. This paper describes a way to automate the entire ACI troubleshooting process with the user-friendly GUI which can show the entire information needed for troubleshooting by extracting relevant information at every layer. By making use of FSM models the proposed solution can be extended to other areas which involve log analysis using CLI to extract relevant information and is not just limited to ACI.
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Hamouda, Essia. "An Optimal Flow Admission and Routing Control Policy for Resource Constrained Networks." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 6566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226566.
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Overloaded network devices are becoming an increasing problem especially in resource limited networks with the continuous and rapid increase of wireless devices and the huge volume of data generated. Admission and routing control policy at a network device can be used to balance the goals of maximizing throughput and ensuring sufficient resources for high priority flows. In this paper we formulate the admission and routing control problem of two types of flows where one has a higher priority than the other as a Markov decision problem. We characterize the optimal admission and routing policy, and show that it is a state-dependent threshold type policy. Furthermore, we conduct extensive numerical experiments to gain more insight into the behavior of the optimal policy under different systems’ parameters. While dynamic programming can be used to solve such problems, the large size of the state space makes it untractable and too resource intensive to run on wireless devices. Therefore, we propose a fast heuristic that exploits the structure of the optimal policy. We empirically show that the heuristic performs very well with an average reward deviation of 1.4% from the optimal while being orders of magnitude faster than the optimal policy. We further generalize the heuristic for the general case of a system with n (n>2) types of flows.
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Xiaobo, Tao, and Jin Ziniu. "A Social Network Structure Analysis of Former Smokers in Emerging Markets Using China’s Twitter." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 2286–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.1.1.
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Objectives: Social networks are widely used for proping the process of tobacco control in emerging markets, but their formation and effects are not well understood. Using the micro blogging platform Sina (Sina Weibo, China’s Twitter) as an example, this article conducts a multi-agent simulation analysis of the Netlogo platform to analyze the micro-level behavioral characteristics of former smokers and macro-evolutionary law in the formation of social networks in emerging markets. The results show that the tobacco control in use of social networks have two characteristics: limitations on the size of the network and the in-degree and out-degree of its nodes as well as heterogeneous attributes of the nodes. This kind of network is better at simulating a real social network than small-world and scale-free networks.
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Sharma, Anil, Saket Anand, and Sanjit K. Kaul. "Reinforcement Learning Based Querying in Camera Networks for Efficient Target Tracking." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 29 (May 25, 2021): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v29i1.3522.
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Surveillance camera networks are a useful monitoring infrastructure that can be used for various visual analytics applications, where high-level inferences and predictions could be made based on target tracking across the network. Most multi-camera tracking works focus on re-identification problems and trajectory association problems. However, as camera networks grow in size, the volume of data generated is humongous, and scalable processing of this data is imperative for deploying practical solutions. In this paper, we address the largely overlooked problem of scheduling cameras for processing by selecting one where the target is most likely to appear next. The inter-camera handover can then be performed on the selected cameras via re-identification or another target association technique. We model this scheduling problem using reinforcement learning and learn the camera selection policy using Q-learning. We do not assume the knowledge of the camera network topology but we observe that the resulting policy implicitly learns it. We evaluate our approach using NLPR MCT dataset, which is a real multi-camera multi-target tracking benchmark and show that the proposed policy substantially reduces the number of frames required to be processed at the cost of a small reduction in recall.
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Wang, Rongxiu. "Queue Size Distribution on a New ND Policy Geo/G/1 Queue and Its Computation Designs." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (October 22, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6364352.
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This paper examines a new ND policy in the discrete-time Geo/G/1 queue. Under this ND policy, the idle server restarts its service when the N and D policies are simultaneously satisfied. By two classifications of the customers, the probability-generating function and the probabilistic analysis, the steady-state queue size distributions at a departure time and an arbitrary time t + are studied. Finally, the theoretical results are applied to the power-saving problem of a wireless sensor network. To improve model universality and numerical slowness, some computation designs are carried out. Under the N, D, and two ND policies, the numerical experiments are presented to obtain the optimal policy thresholds and the corresponding minimum power consumptions are compared.
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Ame, Atia Sharmin, Lavlu Mozumdar, Mohammad Amirul Islam, and Sumitra Saha. "Social Networks and Reproductive Healthcare-Seeking Behaviour of Garo and Mandai Women in Bangladesh." South Asian Survey 29, no. 2 (September 2022): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09715231221124724.
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The reproductive healthcare system is meagre in the ethnic communities of Bangladesh. Notwithstanding the availability of studies on the healthcare-seeking behaviour of ethnic groups in Bangladesh, studies explicitly focused on the social networks of ethnic women, and their likely influences on reproductive health in this context are rare. We analyse how social networks impact ethnic women’s reproductive healthcare-seeking behaviour in Bangladesh. A total of 205 married ethnic—Garo and Mandai—women were selected purposively from Madhupur Upazila in the Tangail district. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics show that the average score of reproductive healthcare-seeking behaviour of Garo and Mandai women is low (40 out of 70), and the average network size of that women is slightly small (2.58). Results from hierarchical multiple regression models show that, next to years of schooling, reproductive health-related training and membership status, network size is positively related, while reproductive health constraints are negatively related, and ethnicity is not statistically associated with reproductive healthcare-seeking behaviour of Garo and Mandai women. This study reveals that social networks of ethnic women may improve their reproductive healthcare-seeking behaviour in Bangladesh. Hence, the policy recommendation is that social network agents are more equipped with reproductive health-related knowledge and information.
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Xue, Wentao, Hangxing Wu, Hui Ye, and Shuyi Shao. "An Improved Proximal Policy Optimization Method for Low-Level Control of a Quadrotor." Actuators 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11040105.
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In this paper, a novel deep reinforcement learning algorithm based on Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is proposed to achieve the fixed point flight control of a quadrotor. The attitude and position information of the quadrotor is directly mapped to the PWM signals of the four rotors through neural network control. To constrain the size of policy updates, a PPO algorithm based on Monte Carlo approximations is proposed to achieve the optimal penalty coefficient. A policy optimization method with a penalized point probability distance can provide the diversity of policy by performing each policy update. The new proxy objective function is introduced into the actor–critic network, which solves the problem of PPO falling into local optimization. Moreover, a compound reward function is presented to accelerate the gradient algorithm along the policy update direction by analyzing various states that the quadrotor may encounter in the flight, which improves the learning efficiency of the network. The simulation tests the generalization ability of the offline policy by changing the wing length and payload of the quadrotor. Compared with the PPO method, the proposed method has higher learning efficiency and better robustness.
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Liu, Renbin, and Zhaohui Deng. "On the Steady-State System Size Distribution for a Discrete-Time Geo/G/1 Repairable Queue." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/924712.
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This paper studies a discrete-time N-policy Geo/G/1 queueing system with feedback and repairable server. With a probabilistic analysis method and renewal process theory, the steady-state system size distribution is derived. Further, the steady-state system size distribution derived in this work is extremely suitable for numerical calculations. Numerical example illustrates the important application of steady-state system size distribution in system capacity design for a network access proxy system.
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Quinn, Rand, Amanda Barrett Cox, and Amy Steinbugler. "Social Position or School Participation? Access and Mobilization of Social Capital in a School-Based Network." Educational Researcher 49, no. 1 (January 2020): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x19898700.
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Through school-based networks, parents obtain information, practical help, and other resources. Because networks vary by size and structure, access to these resources is uneven. What accounts for differences in access to social ties and in the mobilization of those ties to provide resources? In this article, we analyze a network of mothers of eighth graders at a Philadelphia public school. With a near-complete census of network ties, we explore mothers’ access to and mobilization of information and practical help through social ties. We find that mothers’ school-based participation, rather than their race or class-based social position, is associated with resource access and mobilization. Importantly, greater levels of participation increase the likelihood that a mother will provide—but not obtain—information and practical help. Our results can help inform public policy and practice on family and community engagement in schools.
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Guan, Chenghua, and Ye Fan. "The Impact of Social Networks on the Operating Efficiency of Chinese Technology Business Incubators." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 2727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072727.
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Based on data reflecting 1202 technology business incubators (TBIs) in China from 2016 to 2018, this study measures the operating efficiency of TBIs in China through their use of the data envelopment analysis(DEA) and analyzes the impact of network tie strength, network size, and network centrality on the operating efficiency of TBIs through Tobit, while discussing differences among specific regions. The results demonstrate that the operating efficiency of TBIs in China is increasing. The average operating efficiency of TBIs in the eastern region has increased annually, reaching its highest levels in China in 2018. Moreover, the average operating efficiency of TBIs in the northeastern and western regions is low. Network size and network centrality have a significant positive impact on the overall operating efficiency of the TBI, and network tie strength has an inverted U-shape form of impact. The established time, size, nature, and reputation of TBIs have a significant positive impact on the operating efficiency of the TBI. In the western China, geographical location has a positive correlation with the operating efficiency of the TBI. However, in the northeastern region, the nature of the TBI has a negative correlation with the operating efficiency of the TBI. This is the first use of full sample data to study the operation efficiency of Chinese TBIs from the perspective of social networks.
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Wu, Sen Po, Zih Ping Ho, and Jung Hui Chiu. "3-D Networks for Mining Knowledge from Energy Policy Literatures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (February 2013): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.572.
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Data mining is a hot research topic over the last twenty years or more. In recent decades, network graphs that have represented knowledge of a focus topic have gained increasing attention. These maps include term network, concept map, topic map or knowledge map. A concept map is one of the visualization tools to show the relationships among concepts. It is a graphical tool for organizing and representing knowledge. Global warming poses a grave threat to the world’s ecological system. Economic development has led to a huge increase in energy demand and therefore energy efficiency and saving has become a key issue for most countries. In many countries, they tried hard to find renewable and sustainable energy supplies and sources. This study tries to analyze trends of energy policy literatures from the international literature database within last three years to be visualized in 3-D concept map layouts; besides, measuring keyword relation linkages though control variables of concept maps, such as size of node, linkage, relations and dynamic figure layout, are the main contributions to academics. This research adapts an IP (integer programming) model to maximize relation linkages for each node among a term network. The more linkages, the more useful information offered for mining knowledge from a term network. The 3-D concept map was demonstrated. Future research suggests applying this approach to other research literatures from international literature databases.
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Jacobs, P., and I. Coulter. "Estimation of Maximum Cut‐Set Size for Water Network Failure." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 117, no. 5 (September 1991): 588–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1991)117:5(588).
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Ocampo, Lanndon. "The Impact of Firm Size in the Formulation of Sustainable Manufacturing Strategy Infrastructural Decisions Under Uncertainty." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 2 (April 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2017040101.
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This paper adopts a fuzzy analytic network process approach in identifying the impact of the presence of firm size on the content of the manufacturing strategy infrastructural decisions that integrates the classical manufacturing strategy framework and the notion of sustainability. Linguistic variables with equivalent triangular fuzzy numbers were used to elucidate judgment of elements in pairwise comparison matrices within the context of the analytic network process. Analytic network process effectively handles the complexity of the decision-making problem resulting from the subjectivity and interrelationships inherent among decision components. Domain experts in manufacturing strategy and sustainability were asked to elicit judgment in pairwise comparisons. Results show that the content of the infrastructural decisions of manufacturing strategy remains constant regardless of the presences of firm size component. However, the priority of each decision to the goal which can be translated as the priority of implementation of each policy varies with the presence of firm size.
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Liu, Chuchu, and Xin Lu. "Network Evolution of a Large Online MSM Dating Community: 2005–2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 4322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224322.
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Due to multiple sexual partners and low rates of condom use, the HIV infection rate among MSM (men who have sex with men) is much higher than that of the general population. In order to analyze the characteristics of online activities of MSM, and to understand the evolution of their social networks, in this study we collect a comprehensive dataset, covering the period from January 2005 to June 2018, from the largest Chinese online community, Baidu Tieba. We build an online dating network for MSM-related individuals in the gay-bar community, and analyze the network from static and dynamic aspects. It is found that there is a strong homophily regarding the cities where users reside when developing interactions with others, and that most network measurements tend to be stable at the later stages of evolution, while the size of the largest community fluctuates. This is an indication that the network is formed of rapidly flexible interactions which changes quickly. In comparison with studies on heterosexual networks, we find that the MSM dating network shows differences in many aspects, such as the positive degree-degree correlation and high clustering coefficient, suggesting different thinking and measures should be taken in the policy making of public health management towards the MSM population.
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Hu, Ming, Zizhuo Wang, and Yinbo Feng. "Information Disclosure and Pricing Policies for Sales of Network Goods." Operations Research 68, no. 4 (July 2020): 1162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.2019.1950.
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Amazon and Apple, which sell tablet devices, have adopted different implicit information policies and developed distinct “reputations” about their tablets’ sales volume release. With Amazon, “even a number as basic, and presumably impressive, as how many Kindle e-readers the company sells is never released.” With Apple, iPhone and iPad sales numbers are always released, even if they are disappointing. In the paper “Information Disclosure and Pricing Policies for Sales of Network Goods,” the authors study the sales information release policy, disclosure versus nondisclosure, for selling network goods subject to market size uncertainty. They identify two countervailing effects, a prodisclosure “Matthew effect” and an antidisclosure saturation effect, that drive the firms’ sales information disclosure policies. In addition, the authors also study the situation where the firm can decide on an all-or-nothing information disclosure policy together with endogenized prices, including state-independent pricing, contingent preannounced pricing, and contingent pricing without commitment.
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Chaves, Federico Quesada. "The springboard network: multinationals in Latin America." International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, no. 5 (November 29, 2018): 855–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-07-2016-0172.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence regarding the springboard regionalization strategy implemented by multinationals entering Latin America and the organizational networks developed to serve this end. Design/methodology/approach Using the organizational network approach, a typology is developed to explain the Springboard network. Quantitative analysis is used, in the form of logistic binary regression, to study these networks composition. Findings From a sample of 154 subsidiaries extracted from the AMADEUS intelligent database, three categories for multinational’s networks are created, with the Spanish subsidiary acting as the leader: strategic centers (SCs), administrative centers (ACs) and regional headquaters (RHQs). Findings provide evidence of cultural features, industry behavior and the multinational’s size and entry mode influence these networks organization. Research limitations/implications It is proposed that culture and historical ties have evolved together and management scholars should be aware of this phenomenon. Specific limitation that this study exhibits is the data provided by AMADEUS and the fact that R&D information for both the Spanish and the Latin American subsidiary were not available. Practical implications Staffing composition and expatriate corporate policy should consider the springboard effect to manage springboard networks. Social implications Industries and authorities in all countries involved should be aware of their role in MNC strategies for regional expansion. Originality/value It is argued that a network of subsidiaries within the multinational can participation in the springboard behavior, which is determined by the culture that the multinational originates from, as well as the Spanish culture, creating a particular type of leadership.
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Batjargal, Bat, Justin W. Webb, Anne Tsui, Jean-Luc Arregle, Michael A. Hitt, and Toyah Miller. "The moderating influence of national culture on female and male entrepreneurs’ social network size and new venture growth." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 26, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 490–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-04-2018-0057.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to disentangle individual-level gender differences and norm-based gender roles and stereotypes to provide a finer-grained understanding of why female and male entrepreneurs experience different growth returns from their social networks across different national cultures. Design/methodology/approach This research uses a survey of 637 (278 female and 359 male) entrepreneurs across four nations varying on relational culture (importance of social relationships) and gender egalitarianism (importance of gender equality or neutrality in social and economic roles). Findings The authors find evidence that male entrepreneurs in high relational cultures benefit the most in terms of growth in revenues from larger network size while women in low relational cultures benefit the least. In cultures with low gender egalitarianism, male entrepreneurs benefit more from their larger social networks than did the female entrepreneurs. Practical implications The study presents implications for female entrepreneurs’ behaviors to gain more benefits from their social networks, especially in cultural contexts where relationships are important or where there is equality in gender roles. In these contexts, they may need to develop other strategies and rely less on social networks to grow their ventures. Social implications This research suggests that female entrepreneurs still are disadvantaged in some societies. National policy may focus on developing more opportunities and providing more support to women entrepreneurs as a valuable contributor to economic growth of the nations. Originality/value The authors disentangle the effects of gender differences, norm-based gender stereotypes and networks on entrepreneurial outcomes.
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Epstein, Gil S., and Odelia Heizler (Cohen). "The formation of networks in the diaspora." International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 7 (October 3, 2016): 1136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2015-0115.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine possible types of network formation among immigrants in the diaspora and between those immigrants and the locals in different countries. The authors present the model by considering different possible interactions between immigrants and the new society in their host country. Spread of migrants from the same origin in the diaspora may well increase international trade between the different countries, depending on the types of networks formed. The authors present possible applications of network structure on the country of origin, such as on international trade. The authors find that when the size of the diaspora is sufficiently large, the natives in the different countries will be willing to bear the linking cost with the immigrants because the possible benefits increase with increasing size of the diaspora. Design/methodology/approach Developing a theoretical approach for the formation of networks in the diaspora. Findings Those that immigrated first determine the outcome. Policy maker can affect the type of network formed by allocating resources to the first immigrants. They can approve subsidies and tax reductions for international trade. The type of network formed (assimilation, integration, separation or marginalization) affects the level of, and benefits from international trade worldwide, as well as the composition of the imported products. The authors show how leadership is established and how leadership increases over time. More immigrants from the same origin become established all over the world, and new linkages are created with the first immigrant, increasing the possibilities for global trade. Originality/value The research in this paper is original.
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Staniszewski, Jakub, and Michał Borychowski. "The impact of the subsidies on efficiency of different sized farms. Case study of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 8 (August 24, 2020): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/151/2020-agricecon.
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The aim of the study is to determine the impact of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies on farm efficiency, depending on farm economic size. Although the impact of subsidies on efficiency is already relatively well recognised, earlier studies were focused on identifying this issue rather than explaining the variation in its intensity. Typically, the analysis of variation by type of production and country was conducted with microeconomic data. Our survey is based on data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) aggregated at the regional level, for farms representative for particular economic size classes. In the survey, we apply stochastic frontier analysis and "true" fixed-effects model. The results of the research confirm the hypothesis that the impact of subsidies on efficiency depends on the size of farms. Statistically significant, stimulating effect of subsidies was identified only in the group of the largest farms. Such results put into question the effectiveness of the CAP in stimulating the development of the European Model of Agriculture, and at the same time indicate that in its current form, the policy may interfere with market mechanisms and lead to the phenomenon of "rent seeking".
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Cui, Shaohua, Hui Zhao, Huijie Wen, and Cuiping Zhang. "Locating Multiple Size and Multiple Type of Charging Station for Battery Electricity Vehicles." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 3267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093267.
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As environmental and energy issues have attracted more and more attention from the public, research on electric vehicles has become extensive and in-depth. As driving range limit is one of the key factors restricting the development of electric vehicles, the energy supply of electric vehicles mainly relies on the building of charging stations, battery swapping stations, and wireless charging lanes. Actually, the latter two kinds of infrastructure are seldom employed due to their immature technology, relatively large construction costs, and difficulty in standardization. Currently, charging stations are widely used since, in the real world, there are different types of charging station with various levels which could be suitable for the needs of network users. In the past, the study of the location charging stations for battery electric vehicles did not take the different sizes and different types into consideration. In fact, it is of great significance to set charging stations with multiple sizes and multiple types to meet the needs of network users. In the paper, we define the model as a location problem in a capacitated network with an agent technique using multiple sizes and multiple types and formulate the model as a 0–1 mixed integer linear program (MILP) to minimize the total trip travel time of all agents. Finally, we demonstrate the model through numerical examples on two networks and make sensitivity analyses on total budget, initial quantity, and the anxious range of agents accordingly. The results show that as the initial charge increases or the budget increases, travel time for all agents can be reduced; a reduction in range anxiety can increase travel time for all agents.