Relevant bibliographies by topics / Policy implications and action research

Academic literature on the topic 'Policy implications and action research'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Policy implications and action research"

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Stanworth, John, and Colin Gray. "Enterprise Education: Action-Based Research with Training Policy Implications." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 10, no. 2 (January 1992): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026624269201000201.

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PRO ROFSSORJOHN STANWORTI-I AND Colin Gray are director-general and deputy director-general respectively of thle [Jnited Kingdom's independent rcs strch body, the Small Business Researc h T rust. This paper reports oni a i-tuinber of related action-research based projcC ts undertaken by the authors inxvolvixtg the SBRT and major UK (Gover-iment bodies, such as the I)epartimient of Edtication and Science an-d thie then Training Agency. A key goal uLnderi lirig all of the work reported her c hias heett that of channelling educational and traiiiing aid to the small businesses imiost likely to benefit, and centres par-tictilarlv around the issue of matiagemnenit training in 'growth c orridor' businesses employing 5-50 personnel. The principal objective has been to gain an in-depth understan-ding of the management of firms in in the 5-20 personnel size-band with the relatively poor performance of those in the 20-50 band. The former appears to be asubstantial net job creator and the latter a net job loser. The hypothesis being investigated is that the relatively disappointing performance of firms in the 20-50 size segment is essentially pre-bureaucratic structure tjo one based and delegation.
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Adugu, Emmanuel. "Contextualizing Action Research." International Journal of Adult Education and Technology 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaet.2021040103.

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This article focuses on designing and conducting action research in diverse settings. Action research is a collaborative approach to problem solving. It involves consultative problem identification, reflects context, encourages reflexive examination, and ultimately encourages and empowers beneficiaries for desirable change. In that regard, it puts all stakeholders at the core of the change process. The process of change from research project conceptualization to analysis and policy implications is thus made more understandable and meaningful to community actors (beneficiaries). The chapter features three empirical models from diverse parts of the world. These are Model 1: Photo-voice as a form action research depicting an underused footbridge in Barbados; Model 2: DANIDA Community Water and Sanitation Project, Ghana; and REACH After School Enrichment Program, USA.
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Montgomery, Anthony, Karolina Doulougeri, and Efharis Panagopoulou. "Implementing action research in hospital settings: a systematic review." Journal of Health Organization and Management 29, no. 6 (September 21, 2015): 729–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-09-2013-0203.

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Purpose – Health care organizations and hospitals in particular are highly resistant to change. The reasons for this are rooted in professional role behaviors, hierarchical structures and the influence of hidden curricula that inform organizational culture. Action research (AR) has been identified as a promising bottom-up approach that has the potential to address the significant barriers to change. However, to date no systematic review of the field in health care exists. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Studies were reviewed with regard to the four stages of AR; problem identification, planning, implementation and evaluation. Findings – Only 19 studies were identified that fit the inclusion criteria. Results revealed significant heterogeneity with regard to theoretical background, methodology employed and evaluation methods used. Research limitations/implications – Only studies published and written in the English language were included. Practical implications – The field of AR interventions would benefit from a theoretical framework that has the ability to guide the methodology and evaluation processes. Originality/value – This is the first systematic review of AR in hospitals.
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Isotalo, Jukka. "Spring Load Restrictions in Finland: Current Policy and Research Implications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1615, no. 1 (January 1998): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1615-04.

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Roads in Finland are exposed to seasonal strength variation. Because of industrial policy, the maximum weight of heavy trucks is 60 metric tons all year. The policies applied by the Finnish National Road Administration (Finnra) to mitigate the effects of seasonal road strength variations on public roads, and the current research on the topic in Finland, are investigated. It has been estimated that the annual cost of road repairs because of spring damages is about $10 million under the present load restriction policy. The costs for road repairs would be $35 million without restrictions. The annual additional cost for all heavy transport is estimated at $15 million. An internal Finnra survey revealed that $80 million to $100 million is needed to repair all known frost-susceptible road sections. Finnra load restrictions are intended to prevent damage to roads by heavy vehicles during spring thaw. The restrictions will reduce and possibly eliminate increases in annual road maintenance costs. On the other hand, the restrictions will allow a minimum standard for vital transport. Finnra’s Road Structures Research Programme (TPPT) studies improvements in the durability, strength, and economy of road structures. A key part of the TPPT project concerns problems associated with frost, especially durability against frost action. The most important factors of frost action on roads are the freezing index, duration of frost and thaw seasons, surface temperature, and ground water level. Methods for testing and calculating frost effects are discussed, as are the questions that must be answered before more precise models can be published.
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Currie, Melissa A., and Janni Sorensen. "Upscaling Action Research and implications for community organizing practice." Action Research 18, no. 4 (April 19, 2017): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476750317704892.

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Case studies are an effective vehicle for telling important stories that may have broader implications, but how is the research study made relevant, or generalizable, to other places or events? This paper discusses the upscaling of Action Research where Action Research was the starting point at the local level that led to additional layers with larger, regional scale implications. The story behind the development process and resulting built form of Windy Ridge, a relatively new subdivision in Charlotte, North Carolina dubbed a “Neighborhood Built to Fail,” presents a compelling story. We trace the development of knowledge around three topics originating in Action Research and how we scaled those topics up to have policy implications: (1) owner occupancy and absentee landlords; (2) stability, instability, and neighborhood resiliency; and (3) zoning changes and environmental justice issues. We reflect on implications for practitioners and academics based on several years of neighborhood partnership and how Action Research can reveal structural issues at work within communities. Action Research findings provided a research- and evidence-based platform from which to advocate for neighborhood change and the motivation for the extended research. This approach produced an expanding research model emanating from Action Research data and questions originating with residents.
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Sidorenko, Alexandre. "Adjusting to population ageing: evidence for policy action." Population Horizons 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pophzn-2015-0008.

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Abstract This article discusses the contribution of research evidence to shifting the focus of international policy planning on ageing from predominantly humanitarian aspects to predominantly developmental aspects. Opposing views on the implications of population change for societal development are delineated. Particular attention is paid to efforts aimed at linking research and policy processes in the area of population ageing. The role of international cooperation in developing/strengthening national capacity for evidence informed policy on ageing is reviewed.
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Carlisle, Sandra, and Stephen Cropper. "Investing in lay researchers for community-based health action research: implications for research, policy and practice." Critical Public Health 19, no. 1 (March 2009): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09581590802225712.

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Coleman, Gill, and Liz Wiggins. "Bringing humanity into view: action research with Qatar’s ambulance service." Journal of Health Organization and Management 31, no. 5 (August 21, 2017): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-10-2016-0208.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to argue for the widening of attention in healthcare improvement efforts, to include an awareness of the humanity of people who work in the sector and an appreciation of the part human connection plays in engagement around good quality work. Theoretical frameworks and research approaches which draw on action-based, interpretive and systemic thinking are proposed, as a complement to current practices. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the early stages of an action research (AR) project, which used the appreciative inquiry “4D” framework to conduct participative inquiry in Hamad Medical Corporation’s ambulance service in Qatar, in which staff became co-researchers. Findings The co-researchers were highly motivated to work with improvement goals as a result of their participation in the AR. They, and their managers, saw each other and the work in new ways and discovered that they had much to offer. Research limitations/implications This was a small-scale pilot project, from which findings must be considered tentative. The challenges of establishing good collaboration across language, culture and organisational divides are considerable. Practical implications Appreciative and action-oriented inquiry methods can serve not only to find things out, but also to highlight and give value to aspects of humanity in the workplace that are routinely left invisible in formal processes. This, in turn, can help with quality improvement. Originality/value This paper is a challenge to the orthodox way of viewing healthcare organisations, and improvement processes within them, as reliant on control rather than empowerment. An alternative is to actively include the agency, sense-making capacity and humanity of those involved.
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Ruggiero, Dana. "Persuasive Games as Social Action Agents." International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 5, no. 4 (October 2013): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.2013100104.

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Persuasive games are an interdisciplinary area covering a range of fields. This article examines persuasive games through current trends in research as potential agents of social action. The implications of persuasive games for learning are analyzed through education and communication theories, suggesting that persuasive techniques are of primary importance and that procedures and ethos connect learners to experiences. The article first provides a historical overview of persuasive games, highlighting key background and influences. It then defines persuasive games through learning and communication theories, and discusses the implications of persuasive games as social action agents in research, policy, and practice.
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Umansky, Ilana M., and Lorna Porter. "State English learner education policy: A conceptual framework to guide comprehensive policy action." education policy analysis archives 28 (January 27, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.28.4594.

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Given the role of the state as the primary governing level tasked with U.S. public education, combined with the rapid rise in the proportion of students who are identified as English learners (ELs), this manuscript puts forth a framework for state EL education policy. The framework is organized around three core principles of understanding students, providing high quality instruction, and supporting effective systems. Drawing on recent decades of policy research, the framework identifies nine key areas for comprehensive state policy action: (1) addressing diversity in EL skills and needs, (2) EL assessment, (3) classification and reclassification, (4) core content access, (5) English language development instruction, (6) bilingual education, (7) EL funding, (8) teacher preparation and skills, and (9) pre-K through postsecondary alignment. Along with synthesizing policy research in each of the nine areas, we present relevant policy implications. We outline how this framework can be used – and adapted – by policymakers and scholars to examine state EL education policy contexts and to guide future research and policymaking.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Policy implications and action research"

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Kim, InSul. "Art as a Catalyst for Social Capital: A Community Action Research Study for Survivors of Domestic Violence and its Implications for Cultural Policy." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1293723512.

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Kelly, Anne. "Can action research evaluate and enhance policy implementation?" Thesis, Swansea University, 2008. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42547.

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This thesis aims to advance understanding of how to evaluate processes of policy implementation. It has been found that policy implementation may falter due to characteristics of interactions between parties responsible for its implementation. Yet, over simplification of interpretations of policy implementation appear to have produced a limited study of the process, and little theory regarding variations m implementation practice. Indeed, some believe that policy implementation is a 'black box' characterised by a 'black hole of understanding. Interest in ways in which policy is implemented did not develop until the 1970s, when it became clear that many post war policies had not performed to plan. Until this time, policy analysis had been primarily concerned with the 'front end' of policy processes, that is, the rationality of policy decisions. Burgeoning interest in poor policy performance led to an interest in the delivery end of the policy process. This interest has giown in direct proportion to tighter fiscal situations and a need to demonstrate efficiency and effectiveness in relation to government investment. Systems frameworks are most commonly used for policy evaluation, but there is debate about their ability to provide a clear picture of outcomes, as there is no methodology for linking service outputs to outcomes of policy implementation. This is particularly the case, when policy is expected to bring about behavioural change, as in recent child and family policy m the UK. This debate has resulted in a consensus view that a more eclectic approach to policy implementation analysis should be adopted. Some conclude that policy implementation should be analysed by deconstructing the process, others, that barriers to policy implementation should be identified. There is growing support for the need of learning from the implementation process, as this reveals more about policy outcomes. Consequently, a number of policy implementation theorists suggest action research as a means of evaluation. This study tests the use of action research in evaluating the implementation of recent changes in child and family policy, as there are criticisms that the policy is poorly implemented. In Wales, policy has been devolved from the Welsh Assembly, with the express intention of it being implemented by local authorities. The policy, however, consists of a 'volte face' on the part of the government from traditional minimalist libertarian family policy, to a form of interventionist policy not previously used m the UK. 'New' policy has therefore placed heavy demands upon local authorities expected to reduce child poverty through processes of community and social development. Action research has been described as a means of understanding people and engaging them in a process of planned change, thus people can be empowered to work collaboratively and become involved in processes of democratic development. In short it is a process of combining research with social action. In the case of this study the use of action research revealed that there were many barriers to policy implementation at the micro-level of management. The use of action research assisted m identifying barriers, engaging policy implementers in a process of overcoming them, and devising a model of policy implementation which increased understanding and improved implementation of the broad thrusts of policy. Potentially, this improved the policy outcomes for children and their families and stemmed a waste of resources resulting from poor policy implementation.
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Suwarno, Bambang. "Indonesian language policy and the views of language teachers in Yogyakarta: Implications for action." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/119.

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This study critically examined Indonesian language policy and planning (ILPP) together with the views of Javanese language teachers of the impact of ILPP on heritage languages and the implications for policy review. It was found that ILPP might not be effective to stem language shift or be congruent with the Indonesian Constitution. Models were conceived for policy revision, one from the teachers’ views while another from language policy theory and Indian language policy.
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Alcaine, Jose G. "FACTORS AFFECTING INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE AT HIGH AND VERY HIGH RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES: POLICY IMPLICATIONS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4275.

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Higher education institutions in the Unites States (U.S.) are under stress. Universities and colleges in the U.S. face competing demands marked by steeply declining state and local appropriations and increased competition for research dollars and prestige. This stress is felt most acutely at high and very high research universities who must face these funding challenges while at the same time must serve a multiplicity of missions and stakeholders. This study examines factors that influence institutional performance at high and very high research universities in the U.S. These high and very high research universities, as classified by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching under the 2010 Basic Classifications, represent doctorate granting institutions with the highest levels of research activity. Drawing from systems theory and neoliberalism, the study employs a non-experimental quantitative research design using secondary analysis of data collected primarily through the U.S. Department of Education’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), the Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM), and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The data was analyzed for the years 2008 through 2012. Given a competitive environment marked by decreasing resources, the findings suggest that universities, whether public or private, will continue to pursue strategies and policies that will favor entrepreneurial activities with clear revenue implications as well as attracting top students in an effort to increase institutional performance. The need for further research into institutional factors and performance models is identified as well as the need for comprehensive institutional data. The concept of policy alignment is introduced as a way to cope with demands at all levels of policy. To the extent that high and very high research universities continue to face a competitive environment with decreasing state and federal resources, greater understanding of institutional factors that can impact revenues will become important as competition for revenues increase. Performance models such as the one explored in this study can help universities, policy makers, and stakeholders make decisions and set policies that can bolster the institutions’ activities given environmental challenges.
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com, suheureux@gmail, and Susan Wong. "Regional Development and Telecommunications Policy in Western Australia: Accessing knowledge to inform policy through complexity and action research." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070427.120905.

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This study explores how governments use knowledge to inform telecommunications policy-making and policy-implementation in regional development. It focuses on epistemological aspects and assumptions made within the parameters of Enlightenment thinking or the Newtonian paradigm, also known as the classical scientit1c paradigm. It argues that lmowledge formed within this paradigm, usually generated at a distance, has been individ,uated, detached, segmented and abstracted. 'Individuation' focuses on individuals and things rather than communities and processes. 'Detachment' separates the subjective mind from the objective environment to produce reliable information. 'Segmentation' produces validity of information by parsing the objective environment from its social and historical context. 'Abstraction' allows objectivity and systematisation of information. When used to inform policy, such knowledge creates a narrow 'standardising gaze' that 'disciplines' communities to conform to dominant social behaviour and beliefs. Case studies are used to demonstrate that the two major models of development, as products ofthis paradigm, employ this gaze rendering replicability difficult ifnot impossible. These models are the top-down and bottom-up approach that are epitomised by the Silicon Valley model and telecentre moveluent respectively. How this gaze inhibits/facilitates development in policy implementation is then examined in the Goldfields Esperance region in Western Australia. An holistic approach using cotnplex adaptive systems is used to understand the multidisciplinary aspects involved in development. This is combined with action research, a reflexive methodology. Action research has the ability to access local knowledge to provide data and evaluation in situ rather than on a post hoc basis. The findings demonstrate that complex systems analysis and action research provide a modus operandi that: a) recognises the interplay of various factors (such as power relations, economic cycle, social and political institutions) at different levels of the system; b) recognises time, context and path-dependence of regional development; c) provides a filter that minimises the 'standardising gaze' and d) gives an access to knowledge and insight to local issues, which can facilitate policy implementation of development that is sympathetic to regional communities.
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Shaw, Barbara Ann Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "Ecodevelopment and local action: feminist participatory research in Goa, India." Ottawa, 1992.

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Swift, Hannah J. "The social, psychological and behavioural consequences of ageism : implications for research and policy." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580360.

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Wong, Susan. "Regional development and telecommunications policy in Western Australia: accessing knowledge to inform policy through complexity and action research." Thesis, Wong, Susan (2006) Regional development and telecommunications policy in Western Australia: accessing knowledge to inform policy through complexity and action research. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/455/.

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This study explores how governments use knowledge to inform telecommunications policy-making and policy-implementation in regional development. It focuses on epistemological aspects and assumptions made within the parameters of Enlightenment thinking or the Newtonian paradigm, also known as the classical scientit1c paradigm. It argues that lmowledge formed within this paradigm, usually generated at a distance, has been individ,uated, detached, segmented and abstracted. 'Individuation' focuses on individuals and things rather than communities and processes. 'Detachment' separates the subjective mind from the objective environment to produce reliable information. 'Segmentation' produces validity of information by parsing the objective environment from its social and historical context. 'Abstraction' allows objectivity and systematisation of information. When used to inform policy, such knowledge creates a narrow 'standardising gaze' that 'disciplines' communities to conform to dominant social behaviour and beliefs. Case studies are used to demonstrate that the two major models of development, as products ofthis paradigm, employ this gaze rendering replicability difficult ifnot impossible. These models are the top-down and bottom-up approach that are epitomised by the Silicon Valley model and telecentre moveluent respectively. How this gaze inhibits/facilitates development in policy implementation is then examined in the Goldfields Esperance region in Western Australia. An holistic approach using cotnplex adaptive systems is used to understand the multidisciplinary aspects involved in development. This is combined with action research, a reflexive methodology. Action research has the ability to access local knowledge to provide data and evaluation in situ rather than on a post hoc basis. The findings demonstrate that complex systems analysis and action research provide a modus operandi that: a) recognises the interplay of various factors (such as power relations, economic cycle, social and political institutions) at different levels of the system; b) recognises time, context and path-dependence of regional development; c) provides a filter that minimises the 'standardising gaze' and d) gives an access to knowledge and insight to local issues, which can facilitate policy implementation of development that is sympathetic to regional communities.
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Wong, Susan. "Regional development and telecommunications policy in Western Australia : accessing knowledge to inform policy through complexity and action research /." Wong, Susan (2006) Regional development and telecommunications policy in Western Australia: accessing knowledge to inform policy through complexity and action research. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/455/.

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This study explores how governments use knowledge to inform telecommunications policy-making and policy-implementation in regional development. It focuses on epistemological aspects and assumptions made within the parameters of Enlightenment thinking or the Newtonian paradigm, also known as the classical scientit1c paradigm. It argues that lmowledge formed within this paradigm, usually generated at a distance, has been individ,uated, detached, segmented and abstracted. 'Individuation' focuses on individuals and things rather than communities and processes. 'Detachment' separates the subjective mind from the objective environment to produce reliable information. 'Segmentation' produces validity of information by parsing the objective environment from its social and historical context. 'Abstraction' allows objectivity and systematisation of information. When used to inform policy, such knowledge creates a narrow 'standardising gaze' that 'disciplines' communities to conform to dominant social behaviour and beliefs. Case studies are used to demonstrate that the two major models of development, as products ofthis paradigm, employ this gaze rendering replicability difficult ifnot impossible. These models are the top-down and bottom-up approach that are epitomised by the Silicon Valley model and telecentre moveluent respectively. How this gaze inhibits/facilitates development in policy implementation is then examined in the Goldfields Esperance region in Western Australia. An holistic approach using cotnplex adaptive systems is used to understand the multidisciplinary aspects involved in development. This is combined with action research, a reflexive methodology. Action research has the ability to access local knowledge to provide data and evaluation in situ rather than on a post hoc basis. The findings demonstrate that complex systems analysis and action research provide a modus operandi that: a) recognises the interplay of various factors (such as power relations, economic cycle, social and political institutions) at different levels of the system; b) recognises time, context and path-dependence of regional development; c) provides a filter that minimises the 'standardising gaze' and d) gives an access to knowledge and insight to local issues, which can facilitate policy implementation of development that is sympathetic to regional communities.
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Nichols, Lucy, Katherine Abbate, Catherine W. O'Neal, and Mallory Lucier-Greer. "Mobilizing family research: Evaluating current research and disseminating practical implications to families, helping professionals, and policy makers." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2019/schedule/16.

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In this interactive presentation attendees will learn about processes used to mobilize research into practical applications. Attendees will learn about the five processes used by the Military REACH team to accomplish this goal, which extends beyond the realms of military research (e.g., social science research). The Military REACH team will discuss how research is identified, evaluated, translated, archived, and distributed to families, helping professionals, and policy makers through various avenues. The goal of this presentation is to demonstrate a systematic approach for making research visible and available to those outside of higher education. Foundational to the process utilized is an emphasis on connecting research to intended audiences (families, helping professionals, and policy makers) in a manner that is inviting, easily understood, and meaningful for their everyday context. This emphasis is demonstrated in our processes through the importance placed on identifying and highlighting implications of the research for specific target audiences.
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Books on the topic "Policy implications and action research"

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1971-, Fernández José, and University of Kent at Canterbury. Personal Social Services Research Unit., eds. Equity and efficiency policy in community care: Needs, service productivities, efficiencies, and their implications. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.

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Communities, Commission of the European. Programme of research and action on the development of the labour market: Local employment initiatives : local enterprise agencies in Great Britain : a study of their impact, operational lessons and policy implications. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1985.

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Gonsiorek, John, and James Weinrich. Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483325422.

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Metropolis National Conference on Immigration (14th : 2012 : Toronto, Ont.), ed. Immigrant integration: Research implications for future policy. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press Inc., 2014.

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Goldstein, Jeffrey H. Children and advertising: Policy implications of scholarly research. London: Advertising Association, 1994.

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Sen, Amartya Kumar. Hunger and entitlements: Research for action. Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research, United Nations University, 1987.

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Positive industrial policy: The implications for R&D. [Toronto]: Ontario Economic Council, 1985.

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1934-, Nagel Stuart S., and Policy Studies Organization, eds. Policy theory and policy evaluation: Concepts, knowledge, causes, and norms. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.

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Frederick, Springer J., ed. Applied policy research: Concepts and cases. New York: Garland Pub., 1998.

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Barlow, Joy. Substance misuse: The implications of research, policy, and practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Policy implications and action research"

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Järvensivu, Timo, Katri Nykänen, and Rika Rajala. "A Holistic Model of Innovation Network Management: Action Research in Elderly Health Care." In Practice-Based Innovation: Insights, Applications and Policy Implications, 369–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21723-4_19.

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Dominelli, Lena. "Gendering Climate Change: Implications for Debates, Policies and Practices." In Research, Action and Policy: Addressing the Gendered Impacts of Climate Change, 77–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5518-5_6.

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Fitzgerald, Louise, Sue Dopson, Ewan Ferlie, and Louise Locock. "Knowledge to Action? The Implications for Policy and Practice of Research on Innovation Processes." In Organizing and Reorganizing, 180–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230583207_14.

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Hargreaves, Desley. "Gender and Climate Change: Implications for Responding to the Needs of Those Affected by Natural Disasters and Other Severe Weather Events." In Research, Action and Policy: Addressing the Gendered Impacts of Climate Change, 277–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5518-5_20.

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Viswasam, Nikita, Justice Rivera, Carly Comins, Amrita Rao, Carrie E. Lyons, and Stefan Baral. "The Epidemiology of HIV Among Sex Workers Around the World: Implications for Research, Programmes, and Policy." In Sex Work, Health, and Human Rights, 15–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64171-9_2.

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AbstractGlobally, sex workers of all genders and identities continue to face disproportionately high burdens of HIV, demonstrating the need for programmes better tailoring services to their unmet needs. The reasons for this high burden are complex, intersecting across behavioural, social, and structural realities experienced by sex workers. Here, we build on systematic reviews of HIV among sex workers and case studies rooted in sex workers’ lived experience to describe: (1) the global HIV burden among sex workers; (2) the factors and determinants that influence the HIV burden; (3) intervention coverage and gaps to reduce HIV-related inequities faced by sex workers, over the past decade.Sex workers living with HIV have not benefited enough from significant increases in HIV treatment among the general population. Engagement in this HIV treatment cascade is hindered by structural factors including stigma, migration, policing, criminalisation, and violence, as well as substance use, which present increasingly concurrent risks with HIV among sex workers.Emerging biomedical HIV prevention innovations exist to support the health and human rights of sex workers and reduce onward transmission risk, but persistent data gaps remain, and should be addressed via community-driven implementation research. Epidemiologic research engaging sex workers who are cismen and transgender persons is similarly crucial. Community empowerment approaches have reduced the odds of HIV infection, highlighting the case for greater investments in structural interventions. These investments, combined with filling data gaps and national action towards sex work decriminalisation alongside legal protections, are critical to achieving reductions in sex workers’ HIV burden.
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Parsanoglou, Dimitris. "Crisis Upon Crisis: Theoretical and Political Reflections on Greece’s Response to the ‘Refugee Crisis’." In IMISCOE Research Series, 241–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11574-5_12.

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AbstractIn this chapter, I reflect upon the theoretical and political implications of the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ both in terms of governance and sovereignty. The analysis that follows is based on empirical material, namely in-depth semi-structured interviews with different relevant stakeholders, i.e. representatives of authorities, such as the former Ministry of Migration Policy and the Asylum Service, representatives of EU agencies, such as Frontex and DG ECHO, as well as volunteers and activists from Greece and other countries, like Turkey, Spain and the United States of America. I focus on pre-existing and emerging internal contradictions between different actors who have been dealing with refugees. In other words, I try to capture the contingent character of new geographies of control that occurred with the establishment of the ‘hotspot approach,’ in correlation with the shifts in state sovereignty as it has been repositioned through the active involvement of non-state actors – from non-governmental organisations to international organisations and EU agencies – in the refugee/migration management.
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Burns, Anne, Emily Edwards, and Neville John Ellis. "From implications to application." In Sustaining Action Research, 31–44. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429265273-2.

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Burns, Anne, Emily Edwards, and Neville John Ellis. "From research to implications." In Sustaining Action Research, 1–29. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429265273-1.

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Ekland-Olson, Sheldon, and William R. Kelly. "Conclusions and Policy Implications." In Research in Criminology, 120–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9517-1_8.

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Canales, Claudia, and Robin Fears. "The Role of Science, Technology, and Innovation for Transforming Food Systems in Europe." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 763–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_40.

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AbstractEuropean farming systems are diverse, and food has traditionally played a central role in the shaping of individual and cultural identities. In this chapter, taking a food systems approach, we examine European issues for the interrelationships among agriculture, environmental sustainability, nutrition, and health, considering all steps in the food value chain from growing through to consumption and recycling. There are multiple policy objectives and instruments to coordinate, but, although the challenges are unprecedented, so too are the scientific opportunities. A wide range of issues are covered, including those for: agroecology and the implications for ecosystem assessment, other new production systems, linking soil structure and health both with environmental sustainability and novel products of the bioeconomy, and microbiomics. There are major opportunities for developing climate-resilient food systems while, at the same time, reducing the contribution that agriculture makes to climate change, along with accompanying implications for food policy. Recommendations for ambitious action include: promoting transdisciplinary research to fill present knowledge gaps; continuing to strengthen the research enterprise in the EU, recognising that EU scientists have crucial roles to play in building global critical mass in food system science; and reaffirming the use of science to inform innovation, policy and practice. In particular, for the EU, the Farm-to-Fork (F2F) policy has important objectives, but must be fully informed by the scientific evidence, well aligned with biodiversity, the circular economy and bioeconomic strategies, and transparent in communicating the consequences both for the domestic consumer and for the rest of the world.
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Conference papers on the topic "Policy implications and action research"

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Wolfenden, Freda, Deborah Cooper, Saraswati Dawadi, Zahid Majeed, Munir Ibrahimi, and Sushil Shrestha. "Promoting Inclusion at Scale with School Leader Network Communities Supported by Open Resources: Researching Participant Needs and Priorities." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.6304.

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School Leaders’ role in promoting change for equity and inclusion in their schools and communities as pedagogical leaders is underutilised in many contexts. Although leaders may not see themselves as having agency or responsibility for inclusion there is potential to build on their local knowledge to take small actions from the bottom up: they can open or close doors for children marginalised from learning. // Our GPE KIX funded research In Pakistan, Nepal and Afghanistan explores the potential scalability of strengthening school leaders’ capacity for inclusion through collaboration in networked improvement communities with open and blended learning resources. // Despite significant disruptions from covid, regime change and other disruptions, in-country partners conducted research exploring local practices around inclusion, access to ICT, access to professional development, and the policy context related to inclusion in each of these contexts. This involved surveys of over 500 school leaders followed by semi-structured interviews (30) and detailed policy analysis of inclusion, leadership and ICT. // In this paper we share findings from this initial research and the implications of findings for supporting the design of the open resources to support localised enquiry-based collaboration to strengthen school leaders’ capacity to take action on education inclusion.
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SUKHAREV, Oleg, and Vladimir CHAPLYGIN. "ECONOMIC POLICY OF GROWTH: SELECTION OF INSTITUTES AND TECHNOLOGICAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.006.

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Purpose – to study the possibilities of institutional theory to establish a modern theory of economic growth, including the factors of institutions and technologies changes. These factors are a set of rules with high coercive force to the agents’ action form a particular mode/model of their adaptation, together with other institutions. Research Methodology – the neoclassical models of economic growth, which may include institutional factors and to study their impact on the growth and change of the factors, into the business practice are applied. The key scientific problem is to choose the right market Institute for a proper way of technological development. The authors use the micro-level analysis of the agents and institutions’ interaction in the process of new technologies appearance. Morphological and taxonomic analysis in order to highlight the models of technological development and economic growth had been applied. Findings – the research results may enrich an economic theory and practice in the area of business models applicability. The findings may assist a business community to influence the general technological development within the national institutional systems. Research limitations – due to the fact that different institutions, structures and technologies act on the economic dynamics at the same time, separating their influence is an independent scientific problem that is not solved in all cases. However, the set of considered institutional factors forms and provides a kind of “manufacturability” of economic growth. Practical implications – the so-called institutional macroeconomics as a practical discipline (which has a very close connection with behavioural macroeconomics) may assist to explore the economic growth from the point of view of changing institutions (firms, business community), labour markets and information – technical and technological changes. Originality/Value – the value of the research consists in the systematization of institutional factors affecting the economic growth, conducting a morphological structural analysis of growth types, which allow identifying eight main growth trajectories in business activity.
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Bicjutko, Tatjana, and Liga Belicka. "Implications of Student Linguistic Repertoires for Teaching English in University." In 80th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2022.39.

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Despite the emphasis on the promotion of pluricultural/plurilingual skills clearly stated in the European Union (EU) policy (EC 2007, 2018), there is no evident concern for plurilingual awareness in many universities. Although studies on active multilingualism initially dealt with general education (see, e. g. European Centre of Modern Languages activities), there has been a growing research and initiatives with the focus on tertiary education system and the emphasis on methodological interventions. Since intercultural education has long been an EU priority (EC 2002), it is pertinent to address linguistic repertoires of students currently enrolled in the tertiary programmes and their implications for teaching foreign languages. Thus, the research object is linguistic repertoires of students currently studying at the University of Latvia (UL). Using language portraits as a research method with students in medicine and biotechnology in the context of English for Specific Purposes, and 3 philological programmes in the context of language studies respectively, the research aims at answering the following questions: How do UL students position English among other languages in their repertoire? Is there any difference between the positioning of English for students in different programmes? What are methodological implications for teaching English at the tertiary level? The obtained data demonstrate instrumental significance of English and reveal variation in language repertoires of students in humanities and sciences as well as some minor differences among programmes. Overall, the results support the claim for addressing the so far underemployed plurilingual competence in teaching languages in university. The success of the language portrait activity as a tool to probe individual language biographies and intercultural dynamics of study groups as well as the discovered plurilingualism of the UL students suggest the necessity in modelling special tasks for raising and employing tertiary students’ plurilingual awareness in a professionally meaningful manner.
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VEGIENĖ, Rasa, and Edita LEONAVIČIENĖ. "EU INTEGRATED POLITICAL CRISIS RESPONSE SYSTEM WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE EU COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY: THE ROLE OF NEGOTIATION AS INSTRUMENT TO MANAGE CRISIS." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.631.

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Purpose – examine the European Union (EU) integrated political crisis response system, within the scope of the EU common security and defence policy and the present value of negotiations as a tool. Research methodology – a systematic analysis of the scientific literature and descriptive methods were applied to analyse actual and recent theoretical scientific work on integrating the European Union security and defence policy. We were discussing the concept of security from the theoretical perspective of constructivism, presenting the essential features. The empirical part of the work proves how discourse theory may help develop both negotiations and constructivism methodology. Findings – Negotiation theory play an important role in crisis management, developed proposals for the theory and methodology of negotiations. Research limitations – research does not cover negotiations in the context of military actions; the research examines the only civil empirical case of COVID-19 crises. Practical implications – presented conclusions show how the development of negotiations theory may substantially increase responsiveness to any EU crisis. Originality/Value – this study as interdisciplinary combined mixed methodologies: constructivism methodology of threat identification was compared with discourse theory (Austin’s) speech act.
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Ainley, Janet, and Carlos Monteiro. "Comparing curricular approaches for statistics in primary school in England and Brazil: a focus on graphing." In Joint ICMI/IASE Study: Teaching Statistics in School Mathematics. International Association for Statistical Education, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.08201.

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Analysis of the curricula for primary schools in England and Brazil indicates that in both countries while there is emphasis given in policy documents to the importance of problem solving, the materials that are designed to support teachers’ implementation of the curriculum in their classrooms reflects a more passive approach to the teaching of graphing. We draw on research evidence from studies with primary school children and with student teachers to argue for the importance of active use of graphing for the emergence of transparency (Meira, 1998). We discuss the implications for initial teacher education in order to support teachers whose own confidence and experience in statistics is very limited.
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Pilsudski, Thibault, Si Ying Tan, Devisari Tunas, Fabien Clavier, Andrew Stokols, and Araz Taeihagh. "The shift towards smart cities in Southeast Asian cities." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/uvxt9843.

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Smart cities utilise technological and digital solutions to resolve urban issues, to enhance accessibility of services, and increase the quality of life (ASEAN, 2018). In 2018, Singapore leveraged its ASEAN presidency to initiate the ASEAN Smart Cities Network to develop a collaborative forum to improve translation of smart technologies between ASEAN cities by exploring potential synergies and complementarities, developing tailored action plans and sharing best practices. However, the translation, adoption and implementation of technologies across unique geographical, developmental and governance contexts vary substantially (Taeihagh, 2017). Without sufficiently understanding these variations, the translation process will likely fail. To understand these variations and their implications for city governance, we seek to unpack the different institutional forces that shape the adoption and implementation of such technologies. The paper aims therefore to identify key aspects of urban governance that guide the adoption and implementation of smart city technologies, by questioning (1) the drivers for smart city adoption, (2) the origin of policy ideas, (3) the factors hindering or facilitating their local translation, and (4) the impact of smart city development on city-level governance. This paper is part of an ongoing research on smart cities in Indonesia.
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Rahman, Fahmida. "EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING FOR STUDENT ADVANCEMENT: A STATE-OF-THE-ART IN HIGHER EDUCATION." In The Global Conference on Research in Education and Learning. R&R Knowledge Solutions, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56790/103.091022.

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When I stepped into teaching, I had a vision for teaching students to develop their learning skills and understand their learning capabilities. However, one of the most common questions students ask these days is “Which teacher gives more marks?” Despite, institutions and educators being responsible for developing students’ intellectual and interpersonal competences, the orthodox mode of memorizing for examinations and passing with the highest mark is a norm difficult to disentangle. Through this paper I am contemplating experiential learning as a state-of-the-art teaching and learning policy. Students, through such engagements, will become sensitized to the world around them, and especially the social, economic and environmental challenges that people face. Theoretical review was conducted in order to examine the need of experiential learning and how it is contributing to soft skills. The analysis revealed that experiential learning will reinforce the six outcomes: students will develop advanced learning skills; explore sustainable solutions; embrace diversity in their analytical thinking and lived practice; approach complex problems through an analysis of the interconnectedness of divergent sectors; foster creativity of thoughts and expressions through a critical appreciation of alternative practices; and display empathy and purpose through an examination of the ethical implications of their actions. Accordingly, experiential learning will help students become more analytical and skilled in solving complex problems through collaborative interventions. It will assist them in building confidence and develop a better understanding of themselves as part of a broader local and global community. Keywords: Experiential learning, Education, Students, Development, Traditional
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Penteado, Bruno Elias, Seiji Isotani, Ig Ibert Bittencourt, Rafael Ferreira Mello, and Ibsen Mateus Bittencourt. "An architecture for monitoring public educational policies based on big open linked data." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbie.2022.225738.

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Open government data (OGD) is increasingly being deployed in many countries. It is often considered a pillar of democracy by providing society with transparency and accountability for public policies and actions. However, the role of OGD in policy-making monitoring has been explored only marginally due to its complexity and inter-organizational boundaries. Big Open Linked Data (BOLD) is a recent technological approach where data from multiple institutions with different data governance policies must be integrated to achieve a common goal. In this approach, linked data is essential in providing tools and practices to merge and analyze these data. In this work, we present a BOLD infrastructure to support the monitoring of an educational public policy using a linked data approach. The design science research methodology (DSR-M) was followed in this study. We chose the PNE (National Education Plan) as an illustrative scenario since it sets out goals for national education at different levels and perspectives for ten years. We used its goals and indicators to elicit requirements and evaluate the architecture. As a result, we created an infrastructure based on virtual knowledge graphs at a municipality level and used it to generate detailed and transparent statistics on calculating the goals. Finally, we highlight some implications and future challenges of our approach.
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Zhdanov, Dmitry. "Electric vehicles: Policy and research implications." In 2012 International Conference on Smart Grid Technology, Economics and Policies (SG-TEP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sg-tep.2012.6642398.

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Melnikas, Borisas. "CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN ECONOMICS ENGINEERING: ECONOMIC GROWTH, DYNAMIC MANAGEMENT, AND TECHNOLOGICAL BREAK-THROUGHS." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.007.

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Purpose – to prepare, disseminate and implement the new concept of economics engineering, the essence of which is an integrated approach to the problems of economic growth, innovation activities, technological progress, and break-throughs. Research methodology – systematic analysis and synthesis of various scientific ideas and approaches, formulation and analysis of new insights. Findings – a new concept of economics engineering is prepared. This concept provides an integrated approach to the so-lution of the problems of economic growth, innovation activities, technological progress, and breakthroughs, as well as of the application of dynamic management tools. The implementation of this concept in the practice of the economic activ-ities and research creates various preconditions for anticipation and realization of new opportunities for economic devel-opment and technological breakthroughs under contemporary conditions of globalization, European integration and the creation of knowledge-based society and knowledge economy. Research limitations – the proposed concept is limited to the cases of the macroeconomic analysis and preparation of the strategic economic decisions. Practical implications – the proposed concept is usable in various cases of economic policy decisions making. Originality/Value – the new insights and perspective ideas provided for the priorities of the economics engineering sci-ence and of the application of the dynamic management tools, are described and analyzed. Orientation to these insights and ideas highlights new significant trends in the scientific research of economic profile
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Reports on the topic "Policy implications and action research"

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Anderson, Colin, John Gaventa, Jenny Edwards, Anuradha Joshi, Niranjan Nampoothiri, and Emilie Wilson. Against the Odds: Action for Empowerment and Accountability in Challenging Contexts. Institute of Development Studies, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/a4ea.2022.001.

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How and under what conditions does citizen-led social and political action contribute to empowerment and accountability? What are the strategies used, and with what outcomes, especially in settings which are democratically weak, politically fragile and affected by legacies of violence and conflict? The A4EA programme has explored these questions in Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria and Pakistan over five years between 2016-2021. This paper presents the key findings and policy and practice implications from this research across the themes of space for citizen action; citizen-governance relations; women’s political participation and collective action; citizen-led strategies for empowerment and accountability; and enabling citizen action. It also shares important lessons drawn from A4EA experience on conducting and communicating research in complex political contexts like these, and for research consortia. Whilst the research conclusions are drawn from A4EA’s four focus countries, in an increasingly fragile and authoritarian world, the findings are becoming pertinent for more and more contexts across the globe.
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Chaney, Anthony W. Covert Action: Today's Policy - Future Implications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada341463.

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Maconachie, Roy, Neil Howard, and Rosilin Bock. Theorising ‘Harm’ in Relation to Children’s Work. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/acha.2020.003.

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A central and implicit issue that shapes the present political and institutional consensus surrounding child labour is the notion of harm. Although efforts to address children’s work rest firmly on assumptions about what is harmful, no coherent theory of harm exists. In this paper, we critically explore ‘harm’ in the context of children’s work and call for a more situated and nuanced approach, incorporating ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ dimensions. Such an approach has important implications for future research and policy action.
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Ahwireng-Obeng, Asabea Shirley, and Frederick Ahwireng-Obeng. Private Philanthropic Cross-Border Flows and Sustainable Development in Africa. Centre on African Philanthropy and Social Investment, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.47019/2021.ra1.

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The paper examines the simultaneous impact of private philanthropic cross-border funding from international foundations on the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in Africa. The vector error correction model (VECM) was used, and contrary to expectations drawn from past studies, funding from this source improves economic growth, advances human development, and enhances environmental quality. Causality test results also disconfirmed the assumption that interactions among the three dimensions were positive and complementary in the long term. The environment variable was found to be noncomplementary. Based on these unique results, theoretical propositions are made with an underlying mechanism of action. Practical and policy implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, Elizabeth Benninger, Janet McGrath, and Santiago Ripoll. The COVID-19 YPAR Project: Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) to Explore the Context of Ethnic Minority Youth Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in the United States and United Kingdom. Institute of Development Studies, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.072.

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Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in the US and UK, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minoritised and/or deprived communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 ‘vaccine hesitancy’ is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among young people (ages 12-18) in Cleveland, Ohio, US and the London borough of Ealing, UK. Whilst public discourse may label young people as ‘vaccine hesitant,’ we found that there were differences based on social location and place and this labelling may portray young people as ‘ignorant.’ We found the greatest vaccine hesitancy among older youth (15+ years old), particularly those from minoritised and deprived communities. Unvaccinated youth were also more likely to be from families and friend groups that were unvaccinated. While some expressed distrust of the vaccines, others reported that COVID-19 prevention was not a priority in their lives, but instead concerns over food security, livelihood, and education take precedence. Minoritised youth were more likely to report negative experiences with authorities, including teachers at their schools and police in their communities. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is embedded in a context that drives relationships of mistrust between minoritised and deprived communities and the state, with implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Young people’s attitudes toward vaccines are further patterned by experiences within their community, school, family, and friend groups.
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Diez, Elieth, Yajaira Freites, Mónica García-Pérez, Luis Ordóñez, José Pineda, Jaime Requena, and Sully Romero. Venezuelan Research Community Migration: Impacts and Public Policy Implications. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002776.

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Pick, Danial D. Humanitarian Intervention: Legality of NATO Action in Kosovo and Implications for U.S. Policy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407562.

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Selin, Steven, Lee K. Cerveny, Dale J. Blahna, and Anna B. Miller. Igniting research for outdoor recreation: linking science, policy, and action. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-987.

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Selin, Steven, Lee K. Cerveny, Dale J. Blahna, and Anna B. Miller. Igniting research for outdoor recreation: linking science, policy, and action. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-987.

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Katkow, Mark J. Transnational Crime: Legal and Policy Implications of Direct US Military Action Against Non-State Actors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404450.

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