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Journal articles on the topic 'Policy comparison'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Affandi, Faisal, Rahmad Bahagia, and zhari Akmal Tarigan. "MONETARY POLICY: COMPARISON OF MASUDUL ALAM CHOUDHURY ANDMILTON FRIEDMANECONOMIC THOUGHT." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis (EK&BI) 5, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37600/ekbi.v5i1.478.

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This study aims; 1) to describe Masudul Alam Choudhury and Milton Friedman version of monetary policy, 2) to describe the comparison of Masudul Alam Choudhury and Milton Friedman thoughts on monetary policy, 3) to describe the relevance of Masudul Alam Choudhury and Milton Friedman version of monetary policy to monetary policy in Indonesia. The research method used is a qualitative method with a literature review type. The results showed that; 1) Choudhury put forward the endogenous theory of money in Islam, where the central bank as the monetary authority only facilitates the circulation of the money supply volume so that the amount is accordance with actual spending and not spending demand expectation, 2) Friedman argues that money only affects inflation and does not affect economic growth, therefore monetary policy must be directed only affects at controlling inflation and not directed at influencing real economic activity, 3) The relevance of Choudhury and Friedman economic thinking regarding monetary policy on monetary policy in Indonesia can be seen from the implementation monetary policy implemented by Bank Indonesia.

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2

Hutcheson, Cathy. "Interlibrary Loan Borrowing Policy Comparison." Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Information Supply 8, no. 3 (May 7, 1998): 7–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j110v08n03_02.

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3

Šafus, P., and J. Přibyl. "Comparison of long-term selection responses of breeding policy in dairy herds." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 10 (December 11, 2011): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4246-cjas.

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Genetic and economic responses to genetic gain were evaluated for these breeding arrangements: single use of bulls under testing; single and repeated use of proved bulls for two years and for three years (in combination with selection intensity 1%, 5% or 10% of the best bulls for the use of proved bulls); negative selection of cows in the herd – 10%, 20% or 30% of animals are discarded from reproduction and the animals are left in the herd and used for breeding by beef bulls; negative selection of first-calvers in the herd – 10%, 20% or 25% of animals are discarded for slaughter; discarding of heifers and purchase of animals with higher breeding value, and embryo transfer – a group of selected recipients accounts for 10%, 20% or 30% of the cows with lover breeding value in the dairy herds. Simulations for single use of breeding arrangements and their consequences over a fifty-year period were carried out for the above models using the gene flow method. Only minimum changes will occur since the 25<sup>th</sup> year of observation. A comparison of the particular models showed the highest gain of proved bulls selected from 1% of the best bulls whose cumulative genetic gain was 41.558 kg of milk proteins on average per cow for the whole observed period. Single use of bulls under testing in the herd resulted in the second highest cumulative genetic gain. Use of proved bulls selected with lower selection intensity (5% or 10%) had worse results. Culling of cows and discarding of first-calvers for slaughter led to lower genetic and economic contribution. The gain of embryo transfer was also lower; moreover, it is not economically advantageous for its very high costs, so it should not be used in production herds generally. High genetic and economic gain was recorded for replacement of all heifers by animals with higher breeding value from other populations.  

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4

Anglund, Sandra M. "Policy Feedback: The Comparison Effect and Small Business Procurement Policy." Policy Studies Journal 27, no. 1 (February 1999): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1999.tb01950.x.

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5

Hyunjeong Lee, Hanbyul Kim, 박형국, Jeon, Jong-Ho, Seon-Mee Shin, and 이정의. "International Comparison of e-Learning Policy." Korean Journal of Human Resource Development Quarterly 10, no. 3 (October 2008): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18211/kjhrdq.2008.10.3.011.

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6

Yashiro, Naohiro. "Japan's Fiscal Policy: An International Comparison." Japanese Economic Studies 16, no. 1 (October 1987): 34–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jes1097-203x160134.

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7

Trebby, James P., and Relmond P. Van Daniker. "Relationship of Budgeting And Accounting Implication For Public Policy." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v2i4.6555.

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The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between budgeting and accounting and the need for reporting on the budget to actual comparison in terms of the public policy. Comparison information is necessary for both internal comparisons and external reporting that lead to policy decisions. However, both internal and external reporting are hampered by differences in perspectives, philosophies, bases and definition of the entity between budgeting and accounting.

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8

De Nooij, R. J. W., H. W. M. Hendriks, R. S. E. W. Leuven, H. J. R. Lenders, and P. H. Nienhuis. "Evaluation of floodplain rehabilitation: a comparison of ecological and policy-based biodiversity assessment." Large Rivers 15, no. 1-4 (December 19, 2003): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/15/2003/413.

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9

Noyes. "From Cultural Forms to Policy Objects: Comparison in Scholarship and Policy." Journal of Folklore Research 52, no. 2-3 (2015): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jfolkrese.52.2-3.299.

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10

Albab, Ulul. "Comparison of Education Policy USA & Indonesia." International Journal of Social Service and Research 2, no. 4 (April 29, 2022): 258–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v2i4.97.

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In public policy, both from Feldman's and Heidenheimer's definitions of CPP (Comparative Public Policy), we can conclude that there are 3 elements (elements) that are keywords that are the center of attention of CPP. In Feldman's terms, the 3 keywords are "process," "output," and "outcomes," while the keywords used by Heidenheimer are "haw," "why," and "to what effect." There are at least 3 reasons and objectives for comparing existing public policies between certain countries and other countries, or between existing policies in our country and policies in other countries. Namely: To get an overview and lessons on how to design a good policy. To gain a more profound and better understanding of how the role of government institutions and political processes (as they should be) is primarily related to the formulation and resolution of concrete problems that develop in society. To review various existing policies across the national level. Qualitative analysis method using SWOT. This is based on a qualitative study, not a quantitative one. This analysis refers to the results of studies and references on the existing Decentralization of education, including relevant books and publications. The comparison of public policies results includes Choices of Scope, Choices of Policy Instruments, Choices of Distribution, Choices of Restraints, and Innovation. In the United States, the education decentralization policy has proven to be an option to make it easier for the Government to deal with problems in detail and create alternative options for further improvement of education policy with innovations that vary from district to district. In Indonesia, the education decentralization policy has been able to help the central Government more quickly and in detail solve problems that arise in the education sector

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11

Blakkisrud, Helge. "Governance in Russian Regions: A Policy Comparison." Nordisk Østforum 33 (2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noros.v33.1943.

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12

Frederick, Howard H. "Entrepreneurship policy development: New Zealand in comparison." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 1, no. 3/4 (2004): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2004.005661.

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13

Simpson, Fiona, and Michael Chapman. "Comparison of urban governance and planning policy." Cities 16, no. 5 (October 1999): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(99)00032-3.

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14

Zhu, Xufeng, and Youlang Zhang. "Comparison of Policy Experiments: Practices in Asia." Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 22, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2019.1711059.

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15

Volante, Louis. "Canadian Policy Responses to International Comparison Testing." Interchange 44, no. 3-4 (December 2013): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10780-014-9205-7.

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16

King, Hannah. "A Comparison of Youth Policy in England and Wales under New Labour." Social Policy and Society 15, no. 3 (July 14, 2015): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746415000354.

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Although there has been a divergence in the development of youth policy across the UK, no country comparisons have been undertaken and a gap exists in the literature. This article focuses on the emergence of youth policy in England and Wales under New Labour (1997–2010), providing a cross-national comparison of policy developments in both countries. It critically explores the impact of the context for policy development and the policy content of both countries' key youth policies. The research found significant differences between the two, despite their common goals, with implications for future policy makers. This article identifies these differences, and the key similarities, providing a theoretical understanding of them and indicating lessons to inform future youth policy.

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17

IMAMURA, Hiroko. "NORTH KOREAN ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT POLICY: A COMPARISON WITH CHINESE ECONOMIC REFORM POLICY." Bulletin of the Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies 42, no. 1 (2005): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5760/jjce2002.42.41.

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18

Ribero, Valerie Aponte, Monica Daigl, Yasmina Martí, Ksenija Gorni, Rachel Evans, David Alexander Scott, Anadi Mahajan, Keith R. Abrams, and Neil Hawkins. "How does risdiplam compare with other treatments for Types 1–3 spinal muscular atrophy: a systematic literature review and indirect treatment comparison." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 11, no. 5 (April 2022): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cer-2021-0216.

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Aim: To conduct indirect treatment comparisons between risdiplam and other approved treatments for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Patients & methods: Individual patient data from risdiplam trials were compared with aggregated data from published studies of nusinersen and onasemnogene abeparvovec, accounting for heterogeneity across studies. Results: In Type 1 SMA, studies of risdiplam and nusinersen included similar populations. Indirect comparison results found improved survival and motor function with risdiplam versus nusinersen. Comparison with onasemnogene abeparvovec in Type 1 SMA and with nusinersen in Types 2/3 SMA was challenging due to substantial differences in study populations; no concrete conclusions could be drawn from the indirect comparison analyses. Conclusion: Indirect comparisons support risdiplam as a superior alternative to nusinersen in Type 1 SMA.

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19

Berzel, Alexander. "Trade-offs zwischen Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspolitik – Policy-Präferenzen von Landesregierungen im Vergleich." Politische Steuerung von Transformation ‒ Das Beispiel der Energiepolitik 12, no. 2-2019 (December 12, 2019): 434–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.v12i2.13.

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Komplexe Problemstellungen erfordern häufig Aktivitäten nicht nur in einem, sondern in mehreren Politikfeldern. Gleichzeitig ist das Policy-Making zwischen einzelnen Politikfeldern konfliktbelastet. In dem Beitrag geht es deshalb darum, anhand der beiden Politikfelder Arbeitsmarkt- und regionale Wirtschaftspolitik zu klären, welche unterschiedlichen Präferenzen Landesregierungen zwischen zwei Politikfeldern wieso entwickeln. Als Annäherung wird die Mittelzuweisung der Länder beim Europäischen Sozialfonds (ESF) – als Proxy für Arbeitsmarktpolitik – und beim Europäischen Fonds für Regionale Entwicklung (EFRE) – für Wirtschaftspolitik – analysiert. Im Ergebnis zeigen sich deutliche Varianzen zwischen den Ländern, deren Bestimmungsfaktoren mittels Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) untersucht werden. Insbesondere zwei Erkenntnisse sind hervorzuheben: (1) Hoher arbeitsmarktbezogener Problembedarf impliziert keine höheren Arbeitsmarktinvestitionen, da er meist mit geringer Innovationsfähigkeit einhergeht. Die regionalwirtschaftlichen Problembedarfe scheinen wichtiger als die individuell-arbeitsmarktbezogenen – die Problembedarfe eines Politikfelds überstimmen die Bedarfe eines anderen. (2) Für verstärkte Arbeitsmarktinvestitionen stellen Handlungsspielräume (hier: geringer arbeitsmarktbezogener Problembedarf kombiniert mit einem eigenständigen Arbeitsministerium) eine wichtige Voraussetzung dar.

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20

Burau, Viola. "Transforming health policy and services: Challenges for comparative research." Current Sociology 60, no. 4 (June 22, 2012): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392112438340.

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Over the last 20 years or so the comparative study of health policy and services has become a well-established field of research. However, over this same period, health policy and services themselves have undergone significant transformations, and this has changed the business of comparison itself. Comparisons have become more diverse in terms of geographical and substantive scope, in the inclusion of practice in addition to policy, and at the level of analysis with greater interest for sub-national levels. This transformation results in a range of challenges related to ensuring comparability, to comparing beyond the nation-state and to finding appropriate data for comparison. Importantly, although the challenges are not necessarily greater now, they are different ones. Also, as this monograph issue demonstrates, the appeal of a comparative perspective remains strong as does the richness of insights offered.

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21

Sopoligová, Martina, and Drahomíra Pavelková. "Cluster policy in Europe and Asia: A comparison using selected cluster policy characteristics." Journal of International Studies 10, no. 3 (October 2017): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-3/3.

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22

Parag, Yael, Stuart Capstick, and Wouter Poortinga. "Policy attribute framing: A comparison between three policy instruments for personal emissions reduction." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 30, no. 4 (July 15, 2011): 889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.20610.

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23

Weber, Dorothea, Katrin Jensen, and Meinhard Kieser. "Comparison of Methods for Estimating Therapy Effects by Indirect Comparisons: A Simulation Study." Medical Decision Making 40, no. 5 (July 2020): 644–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x20929309.

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Objective. In evidence synthesis, therapeutic options have to be compared despite the lack of head-to-head trials. Indirect comparisons are then widely used, although little is known about their performance in situations where cross-trial differences or effect modification are present. Methods. We contrast the matching adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC), simulated treatment comparison (STC), and the method of Bucher using a simulation study. The different methods are evaluated according to their power and type I error rate as well as with respect to the coverage, bias, and the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the effect estimate for practically relevant scenarios using binary and time-to-event endpoints. In addition, we investigate how the power planned for the head-to-head trials influences the actual power of the indirect comparison. Results. Indirect comparisons are considerably underpowered. None of the methods had substantially superior performance. In situations without cross-trial differences and effect modification, MAIC and Bucher led to similar results, while Bucher has the advantage of preserving the within-study randomization. MAIC and STC could enhance power in some scenarios but at the cost of a potential type I error inflation. Adjusting MAIC and STC for confounders that did not modify the effect led to higher bias and RMSE. Conclusion. The choice of effect modifiers in MAIC and STC influences the precision of the indirect comparison. Therefore, a careful selection of effect modifiers is warranted. In addition, missed differences between trials may lead to low power and partly high bias for all considered methods, and thus, results of indirect comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

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24

Ko, Kidong. "Empirical Analysis of Policy Ideas and Policy Choices: A Focus on a Comparison of Economic Policy Direction." Korean Journal of Public Administration 57, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 89–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24145/kjpa.57.3.4.

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25

Mann, Stefan, Iuliana Zaharia, and Linda Reissig. "Social Policy and Burnout: A Bi-national Comparison." International Journal of Health, Wellness, and Society 9, no. 4 (2019): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2156-8960/cgp/v09i04/63-75.

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26

Seong-Ha Hwang. "Comparison Study between Korea/Japan Child Welfare Policy." Japanese Language and Literature Association of Daehan ll, no. 54 (May 2012): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.18631/jalali.2012..54.026.

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27

Adshead, Maura. "Conceptualising Europeanisation: Policy Networks and Cross-National Comparison." Public Policy and Administration 17, no. 2 (April 2002): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095207670201700203.

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28

Huttunen, Suvi, Emmi Skytén, and Mikael Hildén. "Emerging policy perspectives on geoengineering: An international comparison." Anthropocene Review 2, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019614557958.

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29

Menacker, Julius, and Shunji Tanabe. "Education Law and Policy: An American-Japanese Comparison." Educational Forum 55, no. 3 (September 30, 1991): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131729109335648.

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30

Davies, Glenn, Andrew Kilpatrick, and David G. Mayes. "Fiscal policy simulations – a comparison of UK models." Applied Economics 20, no. 12 (December 1988): 1613–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036848800000092.

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31

Enright, Theresa. "Beyond Comparison in Urban Politics and Policy Analysis." PS: Political Science & Politics 53, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096519001367.

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32

J�nicke, Martin. "Conditions for environmental policy success: An international comparison." Environmentalist 12, no. 1 (March 1992): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01267594.

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33

Schwerhoff, Gregor, Jean Chateau, and Florence Jaumotte. "Climate Policy Options: A Comparison of Economic Performance." IMF Working Papers 2022, no. 242 (December 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9798400225239.001.

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34

Robinson, Jennifer. "Policy mobilities as comparison: urbanization processes, repeated instances, topologies." Revista de Administração Pública 52, no. 2 (April 2018): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220180126.

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Abstract Following on from calls to reformat comparative urban methods to support global urban studies, this paper draws inspiration from policy mobilities to explore how the genetic interconnectedness of urban processes and outcomes can be mobilised methodologically to critique and extend concepts in urban theory through comparison. What might be the scope and tactics for a practice of comparison through connections, which can start anywhere and build comparisons and analytical insights across a very great diversity of urban experiences? This paper explores three possible ways to take this forward. Firstly, tracing a specific connection, such as a policy link, from one context to another or across a number of different contexts contributes to understanding specific urbanization processes. Secondly, following connections brings into view the range and variety of processes and outcomes in different contexts. In the highly transnationalised world of urban policy this method potentially links a very wide variety of diverse urban contexts and draws attention to a multiplicity of repeated instances of urban forms. Finally, the paper considers the potential to work with the array of transnational processes shaping distinctive policy outcomes and development paths as they come together in one specific place - to explore how “elsewhere” is folded in to localised growth paths. Thus, comparative practices could follow policy mobilities to explore the potential of a more topological imagination of thinking across different contexts, and bringing a diversity of urban contexts into analytical conversation. Along these lines, the invention of concepts and understandings of the urban might emerge anywhere, and perhaps find wider relevance across different situations. Following the trajectories of policy mobilities is thus not only a pathway to inventing new methods but also potentially new grounds for theorizing the urban.

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35

Kaplan, Robert B., and Richard B. Baldauf. "Language policy spread." Language Problems and Language Planning 31, no. 2 (July 26, 2007): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.31.2.02kap.

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Except for a few large scale projects, language planners have tended to talk and argue among themselves rather than to see language policy development as an inherently political process. A comparison with a social policy example, taken from the United States, suggests that it is important to understand the problem and to develop solutions in the context of the political process, as this is where decisions will ultimately be made.

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36

Marmor, Theodore R., and Richard W. Smithey. "Health Policy in Historical Perspective, A Review Essay." Journal of Policy History 1, no. 1 (January 1989): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600004619.

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All social inquiry, history included, is both theoretical and comparative. This does not mean the analyst is self-conscious about either the theoretical approach or the comparative methods. But it does imply that there is no escaping a theoretical orientation—the concepts employed, the logic of explanation, the descriptive lens of characterization—and no alternative but to make comparisons over time, over space, or across topics. Both A Political Economy of Medicine by J. Rogers Hollingsworth and Health Policies, Health Politics by Daniel Fox raise questions about how one ought to undertake policy history and the comparison of national systems of medical care.

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37

Vogt, William F. "Physician clinical productivity comparison." Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 12, no. 1 (February 1989): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004479-198902000-00011.

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38

Kowerski, Mieczysław. "Payout Policy of European Companies." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 15, no. 3 (January 12, 2018): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.421.

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Despite Europe’s global importance, very little published research has examined payout policy on this continent. The rather scarce research which has been conducted in this field throughout European companies cover different countries, groups of companies and timeframes, which makes it very difficult to perform comparisons and formulate proper conclusions. The aim of this work is to analyze the payout policy of European companies with comparison to companies outside the European market. Research on the literature has been performed as well as own analyses. The most important tendencies of the European companies’ payout policy have been formulated. Companies in Europe have higher propensity to pay dividends than their counterparts outside Europe and increasing, yet still variable, payout values, both dividends and share repurchases. European companies transfer a substantially bigger part of their net profit to their shareholders than their counterparts from the other continents. An increment in the dividend payout ratio in Europe is clearly visible over the last couple of years. High dividend yields of European companies compensate low yields of governments and corporate bonds.

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39

González Núñez, Gabriel. "The shape of translation policy: a comparison of policy determinants in Bangor and Brownsville." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 64, no. 3 (2019): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1070539ar.

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40

Kim Seong Soo. "German regional innovation policy and policy integration : a German-Korean comparison of innovation clusters." Journal of European Union Studies ll, no. 30 (February 2012): 249–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18109/jeus.2012..30.249.

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41

Vukasovic, Martina, and Jeroen Huisman. "Europeanization, Policy Transfer or Domestic Opportunity? Comparison of European Impact in Higher Education Policy." Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 20, no. 3 (May 19, 2017): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2017.1320132.

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42

Henry, Colette, Barbara Orser, Susan Coleman, and Lene Foss. "Women’s entrepreneurship policy: a 13 nation cross-country comparison." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9, no. 3 (September 11, 2017): 206–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-07-2017-0036.

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Purpose Government attention to women’s entrepreneurship has increased in the past two decades; however, there are few cross-cultural studies to inform policy development. This paper aims to draw on gender and institutional theory to report on the status of female-focused small and medium-sized enterprises/entrepreneurship policies and to ask how – and to what extent – do women’s entrepreneurship policies differ among countries? Design/methodology/approach A common methodological approach is used to identify gaps in the policy-practice nexus. Findings The study highlights countries where policy is weak but practice is strong, and vice versa. Research limitations/implications The study’s data were restricted to policy documents and observations of practices and initiatives on the ground. Practical implications The findings have implications for policy makers in respect of support for women’s entrepreneurship. Recommendations for future research are advanced. Originality/value The paper contributes to extant knowledge and understanding about entrepreneurship policy, specifically in relation to women’s entrepreneurship. It is also one of the few studies to use a common methodological approach to explore and compare women’s entrepreneurship policies in 13 countries.

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43

강지원. "Korea's Policy on Single-parent Households: An International Comparison." Health and Social Welfare Review 29, no. 2 (December 2009): 30–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15709/hswr.2009.29.2.30.

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44

Shastitko, A. Y., and N. S. Pavlova. "Bargaining Power and Market Power: Comparison and Policy Implications." Journal of the New Economic Association 34, no. 2 (2017): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2017-34-2-2.

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45

Krajewski, Piotr. "Comparison of Nominal and Real Rigidities: Fiscal Policy Perspective." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 17, no. 1 (April 25, 2014): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2014-0004.

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This paper examines the impact of nominal and real rigidities in the economy on the effects of fiscal policy. The study confirmed the hypothesis that both nominal and real rigidities enhance the impact of fiscal policy on the Polish economy. In the case of nominal price rigidity it was found that the impact of government spending on GDP depends on the conduct of monetary policy. On the other hand, under conditions of wage rigidity, the strength of fiscal multipliers depends on the slope of the labour supply curve. The study also examined two types of real rigidities - lack of access to the credit market, and consumer habits. Analyses show that the above rigidities result primarily in a strong positive relationship between government spending and the level of consumption.

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46

LAU, Patrick WC, and Eric CH CHAN. "Comparison of Australia, Singapore & Hong Kong Sport Policy." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.181863.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. The present study investigates the sport policy between Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong. The objective is to contrast current Hong Kong sport policy with Australia, Singapore through their respective sport administrative experiences, policy recommendations were made to provide references to the Hong Kong sport policy development in the next decade. The findings demonstrated that Australian and Singapore central sport agencies have worked closely with government departments, national sporting organizations and private sectors to deliver a wide range of sports to their citizens and elite training. Furthermore, based upon the Singapore experience, government’s strategic blueprint and new visions for the future sport development is imperative to the success of sport culture. Finally, sport industry is playing a significant role in both elite and mass sport development. Other policy suggestions are made in the study based upon the lessons from Australia and Singapore. 本文探討了澳洲、新加坡和香港的運動政策。目的是在運動管理系統、運動資金分配、競技運動與大眾運動參與等方面，分別將香港現行的運動政策與澳洲和新加坡的政策進行比較。最後藉著澳洲和新加坡的經驗，對香港未來十年的運動政策發展提出參考性的建議。研究發現澳洲和新加坡的主要管理機構都與政府部門、國家運動單項組織及私人機構長緊密合作，為國民提供了多元化的運動項目選擇和競技訓練。而且，新加坡的經驗進一步顯示政府的長遠規劃和新思維對運動成功發展具決定性影响。最後，運動產業化對競技運動和大眾運動參與的發揮了重要的作用。最後，文中亦基於澳洲和新加坡的經驗提出了其他政策建議。

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47

Bailey, Ian. "Industry Environmental Agreements and Climate Policy: Learning by Comparison." Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 10, no. 2 (June 2008): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15239080801928410.

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Jackson, Terence. "Management Ethics and Corporate Policy: A Cross-cultural Comparison." Journal of Management Studies 37, no. 3 (May 2000): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00184.

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Long, Susan Orpett. "Aging and Social Policy: A German-Japanese Comparison (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 30, no. 2 (2004): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2004.0071.

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Malik, Ali K. "A comparison of equilibrium under alternative monetary policy rules." Applied Economics Letters 19, no. 14 (September 2012): 1391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.631880.

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