Academic literature on the topic 'Polictics'

Desde el triunfo de Fidel Castro en Cuba en 1959, las relaciones de Estados Unios con la isla caribeña fueron caracterizadas durante más de medio siglo por una alta hostilidad y conflictividad. Eso cambió durante el segundo mandato de Barak Obama con una serie de medidas que parecieron señalar el despegue de una nueva época de cooperación entre ambos países. Esa estrategia de descongelamiento de las relaciones bilaterales terminó, sin embargo, con lavictoria electoral de Donald Trump y su estrategia favorita América first, que instrumentalizó de manera extrema la política externa para fines de la política interna. Para satisfacer a sus adherentes, entre ellos los cubanoamericanos en el Estado de Florida, Trump revertió paso por paso una gran parte de la política de apertura de su antecesor con efectos económicos negativos tanto para los cubanos como, aunque menos, para empresas y ciudadanos estadounidensesy empeoró sustancialmente la imagen de Estados Unidos y de su gobierno tanto en la región como en Europa. Un cambio generacional en la comunidad cubana en Miami, protestas de la Unión Europea y de ciertos sectores económicos en Estados Unidos despiertan por otra parte dudas si la política rígida de sanciones de la administración Trump sobreviva realmente a las próximas elecciones en Estados Unidos en 2020. Como conceptos analíticos nos sirven el neorealismo, el socialconstructivismo y el concepto intermestic polictics.

The article discusses ethical aspects and thoroughness of scientific research on the example of German excavations in Troy, conducted in 1988 by a team from Tübingen University. The author demonstrates how archaeologists became entangled in various relationships with polictical and economic circles, which subsequently yielded an interpretation of findings which ensured financial and media support. The text is an emphatic call for independence and objectivity of scientific investigations that should remain free of any pressure. Although the paper relies on an example from the milieu of archaeologists. historians and classical philologists, the appeal of the authors is a universal one.

AbstractThe thesis of a ruling class in France, today or yesterday, is not validated by the empirical evidence. The arguments against such a thesis are the following: the overwhelming proportion of elite positions are not transmitted hereditarily; the elite circulation at the highest level is considerable; the professionalization of political careers, which is widespread, is incompatible with the concept of a ruling class; the recruitment of elites is marked by a shift from notables to a meritocracy; the elite configuration consists in multiple spheres and sector partitioning; the selective schools, based on academic competition, generate new elites at each generation; there is fault line between capitalists and the other elite categories; the number of entrepreneurs who have built themselves their company is enormous; the isolation of the cultural elite is astonishing; the subordination of the military elites is an historical fact; the periodical beheading of the ruling elites marks French history. Nonetheless, at the apex of power, a triad, composed of outstanding polictical leaders, of corporate managers and of highers State administrators — called "mandarins" — operates the wheelwork of the heterogeneous and complex French society and State

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>R</span><span>ESUMO </span></p><p><span>O debate travado entre o filósofo Jürgen Habermas e o cardeal Joseph Ratzinger publicado, no Brasil, com o nome </span><span>Dialética da Secularização: </span><span>sobre razão e religião, é inspirador. Enquanto, em uma posição liberal, Habermas defende o império da razão prática como âncora do pluralismo entre religiosos e entre não religiosos e religiosos, Ratzinger propugna pela anterioridade do criador a qualquer projeto humano, e pela existência de um </span><span>ethos </span><span>ocidental que correlacione razão com religião. Longe das perspectivas liberal e conservadora, Giorgio Agamben pensa uma nova forma de relacionamento humano. Reflete sobre a possibilidade da inoperosidade ou da despotencialização/desativação da política violenta imposta pelo Estado e pelo mercado. Em </span><span>O Reino e a Glória </span><span>denuncia a centralidade do elemento religioso nas formas de vida política, jurídica e material do mundo ocidental e, em </span><span>Profanações</span><span>, propõe a subversão da vinculação da religião com as formas institucionais de poder. Neste artigo coloca-se, lado a lado, o pensamento liberal do formulador da teoria do agir comunicativo, o conservador - de Bento XVI - e, por fim, o anárquico, do jusfilósofo italiano, tendo por objeto o problema da religião na sua conexão com as instituições políticas, jurídicas e econômicas. </span><span>P</span><span>ALAVRAS</span><span>-C</span><span>HAVE</span><span>: </span><span>Secularização. Religião. Poder. Política. Linguagem. </span></p><p><span>A</span><span>BSTRACT </span></p><p><span>The debate between philosopher Jürgen Habermas and Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger - entitled The Dialectics of Secularization: On Reason and Religion - is inspiring. While Habermas liberally defends practical reason as the anchor of pluralism among religious people and among religious and non-religious people, Ratzinger advocates the creator’s precedence to any human project and the existence of a Western Ethos that correlates reason with religion. Far from liberal and conservative perspectives, Giorgio Agamben considers a new type of human relationship. He reflects on the possibility of the inoperosity or disempowerment/decommissioning of the violent policts imposed by the State and by the market. In The Kingdom and the Glory, Agamben criticizes the centrality of the religious element in the political, legal, and material aspects of life in the Western world, and, in </span>Profanations, he proposes the subversion of associating religion with institutional forms of power. This study compares the liberal point of view of the formulator of the theory of communicative action, the conservative thought of Pope Benedict XVI, and the anarchic thinking of the Italian, legal philosopher, considering the issue of religion and its relationship with political, legal and economic institutions.</p><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>K</span><span>EYWORDS</span><span>: </span><span>Secularization. Religion. Power. Policy. Language. </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div>

The aim of this thesis is to establish, from a historical and religious perspective, that the Presbyterian ethos and environment in which John Buchan was reared was the predominating influence in the writing of his novels. Presbyterianism was not the only influence on Buchan that determined the character of his stories. Buchan was by temperament a romantic, and this had considerable influence on his literature. His novels are romances, peopled by romantic figures who pursue romantic adventures. There are the signs of Buchan's romantic nature in the contents of the novels: creative imagination, sensitivity to nature, and expectations of the intrusion of other worlds, with destiny-determining events to follow. But Buchan had also an acquired classicism. His studies at Glasgow and Oxford Universities brought him in touch with a whole range of the master-pieces of classical literature, especially the works of Plato and Virgil. This discipline gave him clarity and conciseness in style, and balanced the romantic element in him, keeping his work within the bounds of reason. At the heart of Buchan's life and work, however, was his deeply religious nature and this, while influenced by romanticism and classicism, was the dominant force behind his work. Buchan did not accept in its entirety the Presbyterian doctrine conveyed to him by his father and his Church. He was moderate by temperament and shrank from excesses in religious matters, and, being a romantic, he shied away from any fixed creeds. He did embrace the fundamentals of Christianity, however, which he learned from his father and his Church, even if he did put aside the Rev. John's orthodox Calvinism. The basic Christianity which underlies all Buchan's novels has the stamp of Presbyterianism upon it, and that stamp is evident in his characters and their adventures. The expression of Christianity which Buchan embraced was the Christian Platonism of seventeenth century theologians, who taught and preached at Cambridge University, They gave prominence to the place of reason and conscience in man's search for God, They believed that reason and conscience were the ‘candle of the Lord’ which was existed every one. It was their conviction that, if that light was followed, it would lead men and women to God. They were against superstition and fanaticism in religion, against all forms of persecution for religious beliefs, and insisted that God could only be known by renouncing evil and setting oneself to live according to God’s will. This teaching Buchan received, but the stamp of his Presbyterianism was not obliterated. The basic doctrines which arose from his father's Presbyterianism and are to be found in Buchan's novels are as follows: a. the fear (or awe) of God, as life's basic religious attitude; b. the Providence of God as the ultimate determinative force in the outcome of events; c. the reality, malignity and universality of evil which must be forcefully and constantly resisted; d. the dignity of human beings in bearing God's image; e. the conviction that life has meaning and that its ultimate goal, therefore, is a spiritual one - as opposed to the accumulation of wealth, the achieving of recognition from society, and the gaining access to power; f. the necessity of challenge in life for growth and fulfilment, and the importance of fortitude in successfully meeting such challenge; g. the belief that, in the purpose of God, the weak confound the strong. These emphases of Presbyterianism are to be found in all Buchan's novels, to a greater or lesser degree. All his characters are serious people, with a moral purpose in life. Like the pilgrims of the Bible, they seek a country: true fulfilment. This quest becomes more spiritual and more dearly defined as Buchan grows in age and maturity. The progress is to be traced from his early novels, where fulfilment is sought in honour and self-approving competence, as advocated by classicism; to the novels of his middle years, where fulfilment is sought in adventures suggested by romanticism. In his final novel Sick Heart River. Buchan appears to have moved somewhat from his earlier classicism and his romanticism as the road to fulfilment. In this novel, Buchan expresses what, for him, is ultimate fulfilment: a conversion to God that produces self-sacrificing love for others. The terminally-ill Edward Leithen sets out on a romantic adventure that will enable him to die with dignity, and so, in classic style, justify his existence. He has a belief in God, but in a God who is almighty, distant and largely irrelevant to Leithen's life. In the frozen North of Canada, where he expects to find his meagre beliefs in God's absolute power confirmed by the icy majesty of mountain and plain, he finds instead God's mercy and it melts his heart. In a Christ-like way, he brings life to others through his death, believing that, through death, he will find life. There is sufficient evidence to give plausibility to the view that Buchan is describing in Leithen his own pilgrimage. If so, it means that Buchan found his way back to the fundamental experience of the Christian life, conversion, so strongly emphasised in his orthodox Presbyterianism home and Church. However, Buchan reaches this conclusion in a Christian Platonist way, through the natural world, rather than through the more orthodox pathway of Scripture.

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We analize a discrete type version of a common agency model with informed principals of Martimort and Moreira (2005) in the context of lobby games. We begin discussing issues related to the common values nature of the model, i.e.the agent cares directly about the principal’s utility function. With this feature the equilibrium of Martimort and Moreira (2005) is not valid. We argue in favor of one solution, although we are not able to fully characterize the equilibrium in this context. We then turn to an application: a modification of the Grossman and Helpman (1994) model of lobbying for tariff protection to incoporate assimetric information (but disconsidering the problem of common values) in the lobbies objective function. We show that the main results of the original model do not hold and that lobbies may behave less agressively towards the police maker when there is private information in the lobbies valuation for the tariffs.

In the construction of their media infrastructure, most of the Arab countries are spending millions of dollars on US and Western contracts. Regarded as one of the fastest growing and dynamic markets for media technologies in the world, the region may lack a clear media policy as a guideline to shed light upon the mega million investments on the industry. Some critics suggest that the advanced media technologies provided to the Arab world are mostly initiated by Western sales/marketing strategy rather than Middle Eastern choice and initiative. They see the process as a reaction to the Western media practices, rather than a pre-planned policy. This study is directed toward constructing a critical understanding of the development, and current status, of media policy and infrastructure in the Arab world. Being undertaken as the basis of a Ph. D. thesis in an inter-disciplinary department, the research is informed by a strong inter-disciplinary perspective, but with a clear political economy emphasis. The study seeks to examine whether there is a clear media policy in the Arab world, either at a national or regional level. Within this context, ARABSAT, perhaps the most popular media system in the Arab world, constitutes a specific case study. Inaugurated in 1985, the system has been the subject of extensive debate, sometimes heatedly discussing its pros and cons. Its long period of operation, the extensive contribution of most Arab/Muslim countries in the process of the creation and operation of ARABSAT, as well as the footprint coverage of the system including the Middle East, most parts of Asia, the Indian subcontinent and some parts of Europe, make the contribution of ARABSAT within the Middle East media environment of particular interest. Now, nearly 15 years after the advent of ARABSAT, established and supported by the overwhelming majority of the Arab states, a critical assessment of the system in terms of policy/strategy is timely.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Tis work is consequence of a research based on the participant observation method, complemented by a posture of observant participation, which objective was to understand, through an analysis of cultural and polictic-social activities organized by7 two collective actor in the anarchic punk scene in João Pessoa city, the processes through which these, inspired in the punk culture and in the anarchist ideology, build in their movement an alternative autonomist and contra cultural of organization that is contradiction to the hierarchical and bureaucratic models of the current official politics. Also it contradicts the industrial culture and its mass culture. . Trying to understand the peculiar style of organization of activities and events propagandized by collective actors in the mentioned scene, it was made a theoretic debate among urban sociologists and anthropologists that study young cultures and social movements, including some that wrote about movements anarchist, punk and anarch-punk. In this research it was also analyzed militancy source materials, such as informative bulletins, reports of anarchpunk meeting of the northeast region of Brazil and websites of anarch-punk organizations. Based in the research efforts, we realized that the style of organization of the anarch-punk acting in the João Pessoa scene, creates a new style of actuation influenced however different of the styles anarchist and punk. That happens because it is mixed in their activities cultural and polictic-social elements and aspects that before is only found separated or absent in each of these two styles of actuation.
Este trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa embasada no método da observação participante, complementado por uma postura de participação observante, que objetivou compreender, através de uma análise das atividades culturais e polícito-sociais organizadas por dois coletivos atuantes na cena anarco-punk da cidade de João Pessoa/PB, os processos através dos quais estes, inspirados na cultura punk e na ideologia anarquista, constroem em suas movimentações uma alternativa autonomista e contracultural de organização que se contrapõe aos modelos hierárquicos e burocráticos das políticas oficiais da sociedade vigente, contrapondo-se também à indústria cultural e sua cultura de massas. procurando compreender este estilo peculiar de organização das atividades e eventos protagonizados pelos coletivos atuantes na referida cena, realizei um debate teórico com sociólogos e antropólogos urbanos estudiosos das culturas juvenis e dos movimentos sociais, dentre estes alguns que escreveram sobre os movimentos anarquista, punk e anarco-punk. Nesta pesquisa ainda foram analisados materiais de militância como boletins informativos, relatórios de encontros anarcopunks da região nordeste do Brasil e sites de organizações anarco-punks. Com base nesses esforços de pesquisa, cheguei ao entendimento de que o estilo de organização dos anarco-punks atuantes na cena de João Pessoa, funda um "novo" estilo de atuação, influenciado, mas diferente dos estilos de atuação anarquista e punk, ao mesclar em suas atividades elementos e aspectos culturais e político-sociais que antes se encontravam separados ou ausentes em cada um desses dois estilos de atuação.

Orientador: Claudete de Castro Silva Vitte
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: O desenvolvimento de políticas voltadas para a preservação do patrimônio no Brasil se trata de um fato recente, sobretudo as que tratam de sítios históricos urbanos, onde além da gestão das cidades, há o desafio de adaptar estas formas às novas funções, sem compromete-las enquanto memória do lugar. Na esteira dos novos sentidos que vem sendo atribuídos aos espaços das cidades, onde o "valor de uso" foi substituído pelo "valor de troca", esta pesquisa analisa a prática da preservação do patrimônio ambiental urbano em Ouro Preto enfocando a gestão patrimonia/, ou seja, as ações do Estado que repercutem de forma direta ou indireta sobre a proteção e a normatização do patrimônio e seus possíveis usos enquanto estrutura básica do território das cidades. Assim, por meio da análise do processo de produção do espaço urbano de Ouro Preto, procuramos destacar a emersão de seu patrimônio no contexto de desenvolvimento da política patrimonial brasileira, as "formas-conteúdo" da cidade, hoje reconhecidas como Patrimônio Cultural da Humanidade pela UNESCO. Pautados no desenvolvimento da política patrimonial brasileira, procuramos entender como se deu o processo de mercantilização do patrimônio, no qual se destaca a refuncionalização turística e o Programa Monumenta. Analisamos também os instrumentos da política urbana estabelecidos pelo Estatuto da Cidade, enfocando o Plano Diretor, para assim, averiguarmos até que ponto a preservação da mercadoria-patrimônio está inserida na gestão cotidiana da cidade
Abstract: The Politics of Development toward the preservation of the heritage in Brazil is a recent fact, especially the ones that deal with urban historical place, where beyond the management of the cities, it has the challenge to adapt these forms to the new functions, without compromising the place's memory. Recently, the cities have been granted with a new sense of space, where the "use value" was replaced by the "exchange value". The purpose of this research is to analyze the practical use of the urban heritage preservation in Ouro Preto focusing on the heritage management, in other words, the actions of the State that reflect direct or indirect over the protection and the rules of the heritage and its possible uses while basic structure of the cities territories. Thus, analyzing the production process of the urban space in Ouro Preto, we attempt to emphasize how its heritage emerge into the development context of the patrimomial Brazilian politics, the "form-content" of the city, today recognized as UNESCO's World Heritage. Based in the development of the patrimonial Brazilian politics, we try to understand how the merchandising process of the heritage happened, in which highlighted the touristic refunctionalization and the Monumenta Programo. We also analyze the instruments that the urban politics established by the City Statute, focusing on the Master Plan. For thus, we investigate up to where the preservation of the merchandise-heritage is inserted in the daily management of the city
Mestrado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Mestre em Geografia

博士
國立彰化師範大學
商業教育學系
95
“People” is the most important asset in the hotel industry. The international hotels must rely on the foresighted human resource management to create the advantages of competition. Thus, the purposes of the study were to explore how influential to deliver the organizational commitment and affect the employees’ working attitude from the perceptions of organizational politics and organizational culture of the selected international tourist hotels. It was adopted by the questionnaire to collect all the information and data. The surveys were issued to 750 potential respondents totally, and had 614 returns. 594 questionnaires were returned effectively. The rate of recovery was 86.33%, with 49.5% valid return rate. By using SPSS for Windows as a statistical analytical tool, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, test analysis, Post-Hoc Multiple comparison were performed after (one-way ANOVA). In order to prove the influencing relationships among the variables and overall model fit the Structural Equation Modeling has also been adopted. The empirical results of this study were indicated as the following: 1. For the employees in the international tourist hotels, there are highly recognized ways to deal with the perceptions of organizational politics, organizational culture, organizational commitment, working attitude and job performance. Among these variables, the highest recognized way is job performance and the lowest is working attitude. 2. For the international tourist hotels’ employees, there are obviously different views among the different marriage conditions, organizational departments, and job positions on the organizational politics issue. There are also different views among the different age groups on the organizational culture issue. 3. As for the organizational culture, the employees of international chain hotels have more positive views than the domestic brand hotels. Other than this, the size of hotel’s rooms and employee’s counts has no influence on the perceptions of organizational politics and organizational culture. 4. This study is to form the whole model of perceptions of organizational politics, organizational culture, organizational commitment, working attitude and job performance. The interchanging relationship is existing as the following: (a) Hotel employees would sense the perceptions of organizational politics a lot, but it didn’t affect their commitment to the hotel. On the other hand, it decreased their job satisfaction. (b) The more recognition of organizational culture for hotel employees, the stronger commitment they could show to the hotel. Thus, the job satisfaction would increase. (c) The stronger commitment hotel employees could show the higher job performance they would conduct. (d) The working attitude of hotel employees is not related with the job performance. (e) Organizational culture has direct impact on organizational commitment and job performance. Organizational commitment also plays an indirect role. Keywords: perceptions of organizational politics, organizational culture, organizational commitment, working attitude, job performance, International Tourist Hotel

博士
國立屏東教育大學
教育行政研究所
99
This research found that the key to the flaws or problems of indigenous language education policy at present lies in the discourses of indigenous language education. It, therefore, analyzed the system of indigenous language education discourses and conducted criticizing on the ideology and power relations of indigenous language education policy. The goals are as follows: 1. Describe the decision making process and execution problems for Taiwan indigenous language education policy. 2. Demonstrate the relationship between ideology and power of Taiwan indigenous language education policy discourses. 3. Explain the relationship between the discourse practice of Taiwan indigenous language education policy and social contexts. 4. Review the status quo and trends in the future for Taiwan indigenous language education policy development. This research followed Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis model to explore the discourse text, discourse practice, and social practice of Taiwan indigenous language education. It conducted text analysis, processing analysis, and social analysis. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The existing decision making and execution process for indigenous language education policy are lack of evaluation and monitoring. 2. The Indigenous language education has concealed ethnocentrism and power conflicts. 3. The indigenous subjectivism discourse has become the hegemony that manipulates present indigenous language education policy. 4. The existence of dialectic relationship among indigenous discourse practice, Taiwan ethnic consciousness and politics. 5. The indigenous language policy discourse system rebuilds the knowledge and belief of indigenous society. 6. Indigenous language education policy and indigenous ethnic identity should be detached from each other. 7. Review present indigenous language education policy from the perspective of post-colony discourses. Our suggestions are: 1. For indigenous language education policy a. Establish evaluation and monitoring mechanism for indigenous language policy. b. Honor the rights for language learning subjects and parents’ education options. c. Extend indigenous language speaking environment with flexible qualifications for students to attend indigenous language certification examinations. d. Reinstate negotiations between government departments and unhook indigenous language articles with advantageous school entering measures. e. Trace and guide indigenous students to receive higher schooling and see how they adapt. 2. For the following research The following research can deepen the selected study content, adopt other analysis patterns in the research like case study or history study, and increase the number of interviewing objects to enlarge the extent of the study. Keywords: Taiwan indigenous peoples, indigenous language education policy, education policy analysis, critical discourse analysis

碩士
銘傳大學
社會科學院兩岸關係與安全管理碩士在職專班
99
Mainland China reformed her economic policies in 1978. Since then, with step-by-step reformation of the economic policies, China has achieved her success in economy, which also brings a lot of opportunities for the traditional industries in Taiwan. China has signed FTA with ten countries in Eastern Asia. While Taiwan excluded herself from the union, the dependence on the cross-strait economy will be on the decrease. Taiwan had her first ruling parties rotation in 2000. DPP held a restrictive attitude towards the economic policies which resulted in the difficulty in upgrading the traditional industries. The second rotation look place in 2008. KMT held an open attitude to help the industries remarket and seek the new chance. The dissertation focuses on the influences on the traditions caused by the economic policies of the different political. It compares the restrictive and open economic policies between the political parties, analyzes how the cross-strait communication and the international trade influence the traditional industries in Taiwan, discusses the relationship of ECFA, MOU and the industries, and clarifies the differences between restrictive and open policies. It aims to better the cross-strait economic policies, enhance the co-operation and division of the industries, help the industries upgrade, seek the international market, and help lay the foundation stone of the prosperity of the traditional industries. Because of DPP’ s restrictive economic policies, the corporations in Taiwan made their investments in China, and this hindered the development of the domestic traditional industries. DPP’ s policies made financing and upgrading difficult for the traditional industries. However, KMT’ signed MOU with China, which helps the industries save cost and time. It also mades a platform for communication and finance. Although ECFA may cause some impact on the traditional industries, the government should take the obligation to help them seek new chances. In view of global trend of regionalized economy and competition of the open markets. Our government should help the traditional industries upgrade, and increase the additional benefits. With MOU, the traditional industries can thrive in China and prosper in the global markets.