Dissertations / Theses: 'Policies'

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Moldovan, Ioana Ruxandra. "Countercyclical tax policies." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3229595.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2006.
"Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 5, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-08, Section: A, page: 3090. Adviser: Eric M. Leeper.

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梁少達 and Carmelo Leung. "Internal audit policies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263276.

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Leung, Carmelo. "Internal audit policies /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12316660.

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Lim, Yow Tzu. "Evolving security policies." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1612/.

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As computer system size and complexity grow, formulating effective policies require more sophistication. There are many risk factors that need to be considered, some of which may be in conflict. Inevitably, unpredictable circumstances that demand decisions will arise during operation. In some cases an automated response may be imperative; in other cases these may be ill-advised. Manual decisions are often made that override the current policy and serve effectively to redefine it. This matter is further complicated in highly dynamic operational environments like mobile ad-hoc networks, in which the risk factors may be changing continually. Thus, security policies must be able to change and adapt to the operational needs. This study investigates the potential of evolutionary algorithms as a tool in determining the optimal security policies that suit such environments. This thesis reviews some fundamental concepts in related domains. It presents three applications of evolutionary algorithms in solving problems that are of direct relevance. These include the inference of security policies from decision examples, the dynamic adaptation of security policies, and the optimisation of security policies for a specific set of missions. The results show that the inference approaches based on evolutionary algorithms are very promising. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the work done, the extent to which the work justifies the thesis hypothesis and some possible directions on how evolutionary algorithms can be applied to address a wider range of relevant problems in the domain of concern.

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Szczerbowicz, Urszula. "Unconventional monetary policies." Doctoral thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0065.

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Politiques monétaires non-conventionnelles sont un phénomène relativement récent et il y a de vifs débats sur le plan théorique et empirique visant à établir quelles politiques et sous quelles conditions sont souhaitables. Cette thèse apporte une contribution à ce débat et son objectif est double. Tout d'abord, nous apportons de nouvelles données sur l'efficacité des mesures non-conventionnelles et contribuons à leur meilleure compréhension. En outre, nous construisons un cadre théorique qui prend en compte une probabilité perçue par les investisseurs d’arrivée d’un désastre économique, une caractéristique particulière qui était à la base de l'intervention politique monétaire non-conventionnelle. Cette thèse met l'accent sur la diversité des stratégies non-conventionnelles et sur l'importance des caractéristiques spécifiques à chaque pays pour leur conception et leur efficacité. Nous concluons que les achats des titres à long terme réduisent les taux d'intérêt à long terme, en particulier en présence de risque pays élevé. Les achats d'obligations souveraines semblent avoir un impact sur les anticipations d'inflation dans la mesure où l’augmentation de la base monétaire est perçue comme permanente. Nous constatons également que les dispositifs de liquidité n’ont qu'un faible impact sur les tensions de marchés monétaires. Nous concluons que les banques centrales ont pris le rôle de l'intermédiation interbancaire ce qui a rendu le marché interbancaire moins pertinent pour le refinancement des banques. Enfin, nous construisons un modèle d’équilibre général néo-keynésien dans laquelle une augmentation de probabilité de désastre conduit à la récession auto-réalisatrice
Unconventional monetary policies are relatively recent phenomenon and there are vivid debates on theoretical and empirical level aiming to establish which policies and under what conditions are desirable. This thesis makes a contribution to this debate and its objective is twofold. First, we bring new evidence on the effectiveness of unconventional measures and contribute to their better understanding. Furthermore, we build a theoretical framework that accounts for a disaster probability perceived by investors, a particular feature that prepares the background for unconventional monetary policy intervention. This thesis emphasizes the diversity of unconventional monetary policy strategies and the importance of country-specific characteristics for their design and effectiveness. We conclude that direct asset purchases have important effect on long-term interest rates reduction, especially in the presence of high country default risk. The government bond purchases seem to have an impact on inflation expectations as long as the monetary base is perceived to be permanent. We also find that liquidity provisions had only small impact on interbank market strains. We conclude that the central banks took the role of interbank intermediation making interbank market less relevant for the bank refinancing. Finally, we built a New Keynesian model that accounts for agents' perception of higher disaster risk which leads to self-fulfilling recession. This is a privileged framework to evaluate efficacy of unconventional monetary policies

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Szczerbowicz, Urszula. "Unconventional monetary policies." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201015.

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Unconventional monetary policies in the United States (2007- 2010) in the light of the Japanese experience (1999-2006). Were the Fed’s unconventional monetary policies effective during the 2007-2010 crisis? Have the ECB unconventional monetary policies lowered market borrowing costs for banks and governments? Disaster Risk in a New Keynesian Model.

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Lopian, Jonathan Bernard. "Crime, police and punishment, 1918-1929 : Metropolitan experiences, perceptions and policies." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250900.

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Watson, Gabrielle. "Respect and criminal justice : the policies and practices of policing and imprisonment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e79bcd49-5a0f-4542-8144-0328bbaa6280.

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Respect is a value whose importance in contemporary criminal justice many would endorse in principle. It is well-established that every person, by virtue of his or her humanity, has a claim to respect that need not be negotiated and cannot be forfeited. As the principal means by which to recognise a person's intrinsic worth, respect is attitudinal but also requires a degree of expressive action. The core claim of the thesis is that at two defining points in the criminal process - policing and imprisonment - there is an overwhelming preoccupation with instrumental outcomes, with the result that respect is understood reductively and, at best, as a weak side-constraint on the pursuit of those outcomes. The thesis takes the form of a sustained critique of the respect deficit in policing and imprisonment. It is especially concerned with the ways in which both institutions are merely constrained and not characterised by respect. Respect shows great flexibility as a concept of critical enquiry, in particular, in its striking capacity to sharpen our critique of a diverse range of policies and practices. It swiftly emerges, for example, that both institutions appeal to the word 'respect' - relying on its inclusive ethos in official documentation when it is expedient to do so - but rarely and only superficially address the prior question of what it is to respect and be respected. Despite much criminological activity on the 'democratic design' of these institutions in recent decades, respect is more akin to a slogan than a foundational value of criminal justice practice. Yet respect is not only of analytic merit. It is also a matter of material significance. The dominant institutional approach to respect would prove difficult to correct, sustained as it is by intuitive understandings, convenient fictions and a preoccupation with outcomes. With a sense of modest realism, the thesis concludes by considering how best to embed respect in policing and imprisonment, anticipating the challenges - as well as the advances that could be made - in inscribing respectful relations between state and subject.

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Collins, Lisette. "Sustaining Policies- A Case Study Comparison of University Implementation of Sustainability Policies." Thesis, Department of Government and International Relations, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8278.

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We are now more than halfway through the UN‟s “Decade for Education for Sustainability.” Universities around the world are working to teach and exemplify sustainable modes of thinking. This thesis is a case study comparison of two universities in Sydney, Australia who have declared a commitment to becoming more sustainable with a view to systemic transformation. The thesis outlines the different implementation paths of the University of Sydney and Macquarie University and concludes with the presentation of a model to explain the differences in implementation. Through inductive research, based on open-ended interviews, it is understood that the universities have achieved different levels of fulfilment in „groundwork factors‟ of Vice-Chancellor (VC) support, position in university structure and financial support. These factors are shown to affect the ability of sustainability teams to communicate and promote sustainability „visibility‟ on campus. Further analysis uncovers that Macquarie University has entered a „positive‟ capacity cycle that requires the sustainability team to be adaptive in their implementation while the University of Sydney is caught in a „negative‟ capacity cycle which stalls implementation.

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King, Brett. "Optimal mine scheduling policies." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8458.

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Sraieb, Mohamed Mounir. "Policies for development aid." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209091.

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My dissertation is an advocacy of the idea that if aid proved to be ineffective, it is partly because of the donor and not only the recipient as it is usually argued. The thesis contributes to the theoretical and empirical literature on aid effectiveness and explores the ability of aid to achieve its goals in the presence of both incentives and informational problems.

The thesis consists of three essays dealing with a particular aspect of donor policies that may impact the effectiveness of aid: i) the drivers of aid allocation among recipient countries, ii) ex-post conditionality and the role of reputation in inducing compliance with aid contracts; iii) and finally, the optimal choice of aid modalities.

The first chapter investigates the drivers of U.S. aid policy.

I find considerable evidence that the pattern of aid is dictated as much by political and strategic considerations, as by the economic needs and merit of the recipients. Most importantly, inertia seems to impact heavily the aid allocation process. Any of these motivations, when excessive, would lead to a time inconsistency situation where the donor is not credible in his conditionality. With such an impact on aid allocation, the question arises on the effectiveness of conditioning aid provision on political, social, or economic reforms. This is precisely the scope of chapter 2.

The second chapter investigates the conditions under which reputation can serve as commitment device in order to induce donors of development aid to enforce aid contracts and recipients to comply with such contracts. The idea is that the success of conditionality rests solely on the availability of a commitment technology that ties the hands of the donor. Reputation concerns could create the required incentives and overcome the altruism effect on the donor side.

Notwithstanding that incentive creation must not be driven by the volume of aid only, but also by the way it is channelled, i.e. aid modality. This is particularly relevant for recipients with certain characteristics. Depending on the preference alignment of the donor and the recipient, the information structure in place, the optimal aid modality can change. The characteristics of the optimal aid package are investigated in chapter 3. Optimality imposes a mix of fixed project and financial transfer to recipient countries. The transfer can be negative for countries exhibiting a high willingness or ability to redistribute to the poor. This is interpreted as a contribution to the financing of the infrastructure project. The extent of the project (large or small size) is determined by the interest of government for the poor in the recipient country.

Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Slechten, Aurelie. "Policies for climate change." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209493.

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In my thesis, I address two important issues: (i) the creation of a price signal through the use of carbon markets (or cap-and-trade schemes) and (ii) the necessity to reach a global agreement on greenhouse gas emission reduction policies. It consists of three separate papers. Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis emphasize theoretically and empirically the fact that achieving international cooperation on climate change is very difficult. Chapter 3 suggests that the global nature of the climate change problem and the design of climate agreements (i.e. the means available to reduce CO2 emissions) may explain this failure. Chapter 2 shows theoretically that asymmetric information between countries may exacerbate the free-rider problem. These two chapters also provide some possible solutions to the lack of international cooperation. To address the issue of information asymmetry, chapter 2 proposes the creation of institutions in charge of gathering and certifying countries' private information before environmental negotiations. If achieving international cooperation is still not possible, chapter 3 suggests that regional cooperation may supplement global treaties. Chapter 1 presents an example of such a regional agreement to reduce CO2 emissions. The EU emissions trading system is a cornerstone of the European Union's policy to combat climate change. However, as it is highlighted in chapter 1, the design of such regional carbon markets really matters for their success in reducing carbon emissions. This chapter shows the interactions between intertemporal permit trading and the incentives of firms to undertake long-term investments in abatement technologies.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Kirchen, Abegg Ladina. "Sex, policies and payroll." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23600.

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In this thesis I examine the efficacy of the three major governmentally supported systems that address gender inequalities in the labour market in Canada, i.e. the pay equity system, the maternity and parental benefits system within the employment insurance system and the minimum wage system. I compare these systems to alternative concepts like a living wage and a basic income which are the most commonly discussed options for resolving gender inequalities in the labour market. I conclude that all the reviewed systems fail to provide women equal access on the labour market and that the main cause for this is their role as mothers. In order to stop this erosion of the labour market position I propose to encourage women to maximally engage in the labour market as early as possible after giving birth. An important step toward this goal might be achieved with a governmentally funded and regulated childcare service which is free of charge for everybody who is working.

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Lang, Ulrich. "Access policies for middleware." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619792.

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Teng, Joshua Chen-Yuan. "Happiness and economic policies." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533720.

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Some modern happiness economists, such as Layard and Frank, propose a policy of collectively reducing hours at work, based on the assumption that concern about status is a fundamental property of human nature. However, psychologists who subscribe to the self-determination theory (SDT) and personality studies find that the attitude of social comparison is inherently incompatible with the psychological process of happiness, and suggest that people should change their competitive attitudes. In line with these psychologists, the political philosopher Rawls and the political economist Frey argue that fair and just institutions could cultivate non-envious attitudes, which can then enhance happiness. Their policies are compatible with psychological theories, since these policies provide people psychological needs proposed by the SDT- autonomy, competence and relatedness. I therefore conclude in my psychological analysis of happiness policies in Chapter 2 that Rawls's and Frey's policy can increase happiness while Layard's policy cannot help extreme status lovers, but can help those caring about status moderately. I then test my argument empirically in Chapter 3. The results support my argument developed in Chapter 2. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting the mechanism through which Layard's policy improves happiness is not attainable for extreme status seekers: status lovers have lower quality of family life. To the contrary, the results suggest that the mechanism through which Rawls's and Frey's policy promotes happiness is plausible. Assuming that status seekers have negative marginal utility of family hours, I establish theoretical models to show the possible inefficacy of Layard's policy in Chapter 4. The model can also demonstrate that Rawls's and Frey's policy of cultivating non-envious attitude can promote happiness effectively.

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Benmerzouga, Ali. "Optimal group replacement policies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1055518922.

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Aka, Mian. "Joint inventory/replacement policies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1057092535.

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Deschamps, Pierre. "Discrimination and public policies." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0016/document.

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Dans les trois chapitres de cette thèse, j’étudie l’effet des préjugés et des préférences discriminatoires sur le marché du travail. Je m’intéresse aussi à l’efficacité de politiques publiques qui ont pour objectif d’atténuer les effets négatifs de ces préférences. Dans mon premier chapitre, je m’appuie sur un arrêt célèbre qui a changé le pouvoir de monopsone des entreprises pour voir si, comme l’avait prédit Becker, les défaillances du marché ont un impact sur la discrimination salariale. Mes résultats montrent que lorsque le pouvoir de monopsone diminue, la discrimination salariale disparaît. Ce résultat montre que les préjugés ne doivent pas nécessairement se traduire par une discrimination salariale. Dans le deuxième chapitre, j’analyse l’effet d’une autre politique publique, une réforme de 2015 qui a imposé des quotas de genre dans les comités de sélection académique en France. L’objectif de cette réforme était d’améliorer les classements des femmes en augmentant la part des celles-ci dans les comités. En évaluant la réforme, je trouve l’effet inverse ; les femmes sont moins bien classées par les comités de recrutement après la réforme. Cependant, ce résultat ne montre pas que les femmes ont une préférence pour les hommes. L’effet négatif de la réforme ne se trouve que dans les commissions dirigées par des présidents de jury masculins, ce qui suggère que le comportement des hommes a peut-être lui aussi changé suite à la réforme. Ce chapitre démontre qu’il est nécessaire d’évaluer les politiques publiques, afin d’éviter que des réformes bien intentionnées ne causent plus de mal que de bien. Dans le troisième et dernier chapitre, je m’intéresse aux choix de localisation des individus. Je m’intéresse tout particulièrement à la question suivante : Les travailleurs préfèrent-ils habiter dans une ville avec une proportion plus importante de résidents du même groupe ethnique qu’eux, ceteris paribus ? J’utilise un modèle d’équilibre spatial qui permet de répondre à cette question. En contrôlant pour les salaires, les loyers, les revenus de transfert et les réseaux des individus, ces préférences sont comparables aux salaires réels dans les choix de localisation des villes des individus. Je simule ensuite le modèle pour essayer de voir quel est l’impact de ces préférences sur les écarts de salaires entre travailleurs blancs et noirs aux États-Unis
In all three chapters of this dissertation, I try to see whether discrimination and own-group preferences exist, in different contexts, and what kind of public policies could mitigate or balance the negative effect of these preferences. In my first chapter, I rely on a famous ruling that changed the monopsony power of firms to see whether, as predicted by Becker, market failures have an impact on wage discrimination. I find that as monopsony power decreases, firms are no longer able to act on their prejudice, and wage discrimination disappears. This result shows that labour market context is essential in evaluating public policies, and that prejudice need not necessarily translate into wage discrimination. In the second chapter, I analyse the effect of another public policy, a 2015 reform that imposed gender quotas in academic recruitment committees. The reasoning of the policymakers was that increasing the share of women evaluators would improve the outcomes for women. I find the opposite instead; women are ranked worse by hiring committees after the reform. However, this result does not show that women discriminate against women. There is some evidence that this result is caused by the reaction of male jurors to the reform, since the negative effect of the reform is found only in committees that are helmed by male jury presidents. This chapter shows that it is necessary to evaluate public policies, lest reforms that are well-meaning in intention turn out to cause more harm than good. In the third and final chapter, I show two stylised facts: When cities decline, they tend to become more black, and black residents are disproportionately located in cities that pay low wages. One explanation for this could be that living in cities with a larger share of black residents is a positive amenity for black workers. I try to see whether workers have preferences for living in cities that have a larger share of co-ethnic residents, when controlling for wages, rents, transfers and network amenities. I find that these preferences are significant, and then try to see what share of the wage gap these preferences, and the imperfect sorting they imply, could explain

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Wilson, Daniel T. "Recreational Marijuana| Exploring Attitudes of Colorado Police about Department Policies and Colleagues." Thesis, Capella University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10750261.

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Drug addiction and abuse in the United States has reached epidemic levels, and marijuana is the most used and abused illegal drug. With the legalization of marijuana for recreational use in Colorado, marijuana use has increased even further. Even though the legalization of medical marijuana occurred in November, 2000, and legalization of recreational marijuana use has occurred even more recently, November 2012, the full effect of the implementation of recreational marijuana on police agencies in Colorado remains unknown. Although Colorado law enforcement organizations will soon face the challenge of hiring officers with a history of past marijuana use, many Colorado departments have not modified recruitment and hiring policies. Coleman and Goodman’s snowballing sampling technique resulted in a sample of 20 Colorado police officers who discussed department policies that allow for the hiring of officers with a history of prior marijuana use. This discussion included their attitudes toward coworkers hired under such policy and factors that may influence those feelings. Data were collected through direct interaction by in-depth, one-on-one, informal and unstructured interviews. Participant interviews were transcribed, uploaded to NVivo 11, and coded. Results of data analysis showed participants did not have adverse thoughts or feelings about the departmental policies that allowed for the hiring of an individual with a history of marijuana use, as long as those individuals met departmental standards and recreational marijuana policy. However, some factors may influence their perception of the police officer, such as how long the police officer used marijuana, how long the police officer had gone without using marijuana, and the nature in which the police officer used marijuana (experimental, recreational/social, or chronic). Knowledge of these perceptions may help departments create new hiring policies or modify those that already exist.

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Wilson, Birdella Lorraine. "Examining Alignment Between Canadian Municipal Police Performance Evaluation Policies and Officer Perceptions." Thesis, Walden University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10172362.

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A lack of alignment between police performance evaluation policy purposes and officer performance evaluation perceptions has implications for the organizations’ resource management, officer morale, and public safety. A literature review points towards a gap existing between policy purpose statements and employee perceptions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the policy purposes of police performance evaluations and the officers’ perceptions of those evaluation experiences in 4 Ontario municipal police services. DiMaggio and Powell’s (1983) Institutional theory was the foundation for this study. Data for this study were collected from 4 police services in Ontario, Canada. The data consisted of police performance evaluation policies and in-person interviews with 12 officers. Data were inductively coded, and then the coded data were subjected to content analysis. Three policy purpose themes and 13 officer perception themes emerged that indicate that: 1) there seems to be a lack of alignment between the policy purpose theme of assessing work performance and eight of the perception themes; 2) officers perceived performance evaluations as negatively impacting their morale: and, 3) healthy relationships with supervisors were more useful to officers than performance evaluations in terms of performance and career outcomes and progression. Consistent with Institutional theory, officers perceived performance evaluations to be necessary even with limited utility. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to police executives to consider alternative processes in tandem with performance evaluations to improve morale, in turn creating better opportunities for improved public and officer safety.

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Wilson, Birdella. "Examining Alignment Between Canadian Municipal Police Performance Evaluation Policies and Officer Perceptions." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2913.

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A lack of alignment between police performance evaluation policy purposes and officer performance evaluation perceptions has implications for the organizations' resource management, officer morale, and public safety. A literature review points towards a gap existing between policy purpose statements and employee perceptions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the policy purposes of police performance evaluations and the officers' perceptions of those evaluation experiences in 4 Ontario municipal police services. DiMaggio and Powell's (1983) Institutional theory was the foundation for this study. Data for this study were collected from 4 police services in Ontario, Canada. The data consisted of police performance evaluation policies and in-person interviews with 12 officers. Data were inductively coded, and then the coded data were subjected to content analysis. Three policy purpose themes and 13 officer perception themes emerged that indicate that: 1) there seems to be a lack of alignment between the policy purpose theme of assessing work performance and eight of the perception themes; 2) officers perceived performance evaluations as negatively impacting their morale: and, 3) healthy relationships with supervisors were more useful to officers than performance evaluations in terms of performance and career outcomes and progression. Consistent with Institutional theory, officers perceived performance evaluations to be necessary even with limited utility. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to police executives to consider alternative processes in tandem with performance evaluations to improve morale, in turn creating better opportunities for improved public and officer safety.

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Bachmann, Veit. "Geopolitical influences on German development policies in Africa and AIDS policies in Kenya." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1792.

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KARAFILI, Elona. "Cluster Policies in Transition Economies - The case of Albania." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487892.

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This research studies cluster dynamics in transition economies, exploring the case of Albania. It analyses the effectiveness of policies adopted in cluster promotion, using complexity thinking and evolutionary economic geography approaches. Clusters are searched in relation to regional competitiveness and regional innovation systems, while discussing their features such as co-opetition, proximity and innovativeness, followed by a discussion on the role of institutions and policies in cluster development. Often developing countries, where the ‘model’ of the developed countries is seen as the endpoint of a trajectory that must be followed meticulously, implying a view on modernization as a linear and uniform process, tend to import policies from the developed countries regardless of their context and institutional capabilities, therefore more often than not such policies show little effectiveness. This research on cluster policies in Albania confirms this. For five industries selected based on the cluster mapping tool designed by European Cluster Observatory, a confrontation of the top-down and bottom-up cluster dynamics has been done, making use of the available documents, statistics and maps as well as through primary data gathered by questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The outcome of the analysis reveals a significant discrepancy among the two, with the bottom-up initiatives achieving slow but tangible results and the implemented territorial policies failing to inject any dynamism to cluster development, indicating the need for a new route for policies that seek to promote cluster development. This thesis suggests that in Albania there is a need to revise the way of thinking about clusters, considering them first and foremost as relational networks, instead of physically bound industrial districts. While there is a feeling of exhaustion from top down policies and the national innovation systems prerogative, the suggested model by this research, in line with some of the most recent policy frameworks, advocates the need for flexibility, bottom up initiatives and place-based approaches. By means of conclusion, the research comes up with an alternative model of territorial policies for cluster development, shifting from what can be called static towards dynamic planning.
Questo lavoro di ricerca studia le dinamiche dei cluster in economie in via di transizione. Più nello specifico esplora il caso albanese. La ricerca analizza l’effettività delle politiche utilizzate per la promozione dei cluster, adoperando approcci appartenenti ai rami del “Complexity thinking” e della “Evolutionary Economic Geography”. I cluster vengono studiati dalla prospettiva delle competitività regionali e dei sistemi regionali d'innovazione, mentre in parallelo sono discussi altri loro aspetti legati alla competitività, prossimità e spinta innovativa. Molto spesso i paesi in via di sviluppo guardano a quelli più sviluppati economicamente, come dei “modelli”, come ultimo fine di una traiettoria che va seguita meticolosamente. Per questo, tali paesi tendono spesso a importare meccanicamente politiche già adoperate senza le dovute considerazioni legate alle specificità del contesto e alle rispettive capacità istituzionali, portando così a risultati inconcludenti. Questa ricerca sulle politiche dei cluster in Albania, lo riconferma. Cinque industrie sono state selezionate sulla base di uno strumento preposto alla loro mappatura disegnato dall’ Osservatorio Europeo dei Cluster. I vari dati estratti dai documenti a disposizione, le statistiche, le mappature, assieme ai dati primari ricavati da questionari e interviste semi-strutturate, sono stati utili per effettuare un confronto delle dinamiche dei cluster createsi, sia quelli top-down che bottom-up. Il risultato di queste analisi rivela delle discrepanze molto pronunciate tra le due dinamiche. Le iniziative che partono dal basso hanno raggiunto risultati modesti ma tangibili, invece le politiche territoriali applicate dall’alto non sono riuscite a iniettare dinamismo nei cluster, e hanno dimostrato il bisogno di una nuova rotta nelle politiche indirizzate alla loro promozione. Questa tesi, suggerisce un nuovo modo di pensare ai cluster albanesi, considerandoli come vere e proprie reti relazionali piuttosto che statici distretti industriali. Ad oggi c’è un generale sentimento di diffidenza rispetto a politiche applicate dall’alto verso il basso e alle prerogative dei sistemi innovativi nazionali. Questa ricerca suggerisce un altro modello, allineato con le più recenti tendenze e politiche che sostengono il bisogno di più flessibilità, di iniziative dal basso verso l’alto, e approcci più contestuali. Con le conclusioni finali, la ricerca propone un modello alternativo di politiche territoriali per lo sviluppo dei cluster, in grado di discostarsi dagli attuali sistemi statici verso una pianificazione territoriale più dinamica.

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Timilsina, Anga. "Getting the policies right the prioritization and sequencing of policies in post-conflict countries /." Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 2007. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD222/.

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Croydon, Silvia. "Substitute Jurisdiction The Role of the Police in Establishing Prisioners'Rights Policies in Japan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517065.

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Lyle, Perry L. "Moonlighting police| Policies that regulate secondary employment -- Possible stress and job burnout issues." Thesis, Capella University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3712634.

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Secondary employment activities for police officers may have negative outcomes both for officers and their employers. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of secondary employment (also known as moonlighting, specials, side-jobs, off-duty employment, and multiple job holders) on operational stress, organizational stress, and burnout among police officers. The study was based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and on strain theory. The sample was 199 full-time sworn law enforcement officers from seven law enforcement agencies in the north-central and southeastern United States. Participants were ages 18-65 with a rank from officer to lieutenant. They completed the Operational and Organizational Police Stress Test developed by McCreary, D., & Thompson, M. (2006) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory, developed by Maslach, C., Leiter, M., & Jackson, S. (1995) as well as a demographic questionnaire. Three subscales where used to examine the effect of age, gender, and years of experience on organizational and operational stress, as well as the effect of stress on burnout. Multiple linear regression analyses showed no significant relationship between operational and organizational stress and the three variables of age, gender, and experience. Data analysis did reveal a significant relationship between burnout and both organizational and operational stress. Results of this study will help police departments improve their policies and procedures governing secondary employment, thus improving officer morale and effectiveness and also public safety.

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Fortenbery, Jay H. "An Exploratory Study on Physical Fitness Policies Among Police Departments in North Carolina." NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cahss_jhs_etd/4.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the existing state of physical fitness maintenance policies among police departments in North Carolina, and how those policies impact reported injuries among police officers. The research identified a sample of police departments with and without mandated physical fitness maintenance policies (n = 145) for years 2013-2015 and through collaboration with the North Carolina League of Municipalities, determined the number officer injuries per department for comparison. This information also included the cause of injury, costs, lost work days and claims by male and female for comparison. A cross-sectional analysis and purposive sampling method were used to compare agencies who self-reported their level of physical fitness maintenance. Agencies were classified as mandated fitness standards, mandated wellness standards, and no standards. Police departments with mandatory physical fitness standards (FS) were found to have significantly lower medical costs (X² (1) = 126.4, p = .001, C = .541) and lost work days (X² (1) = 6.68, p = .009, C = .980) in several analysis when compared to agencies without FS and agencies with WS alone. Police departments with mixed standards (FS or WS or both) were compared to agencies without standards and no statistical significance was found. Future studies are recommended to increase the generalizability of the study and to determine causes of the increases in medical costs observed in agencies that mandate wellness standards.

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Bosworth, Ryan Cole. "Demand for public health policies /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1192186841&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1176749188&clientId=11238.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-130). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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OKAMURA, Makoto, and Nobuhiro MORI. "Fiscal Efficiency of Government Policies." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17777.

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Chivi, Maya. "Policies, leadership, and private daycares." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95150.

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This thesis examines the legal and ethical obligations of Quebec private daycare owners and directors, towards protecting the rights and safety of children in their care and the staff members who work with these children. Qualitative methodologies included forty-two questionnaires completed by educators and seven interviews conducted with the participating daycares' leaders. Interviews were thematically analyzed and confidentiality to participants was observed. Results disclosed that children and teachers' rights were violated and their safety compromised due to over-registered classrooms and abuse while in care. Educators, owners, and directors were found to have low levels of knowledge of children's rights to protection and provision; teachers' rights to fair treatment and due process; and daycare workers' obligations to report abuse in private daycares. The study concludes that teachers, owners, and directors need to be better informed of children and teachers' rights and ethically motivated, to successfully ensure the safety and wellbeing of children in their care.
La présente thèse étudie les obligations légales et éthiques des propriétaires et directeurs de garderies privées au Québec quant à la sécurité et la protection des droits des enfants et des employés. La méthodologie qualitative comprend quarante deux questionnaires remplis par les éducatrices et sept entrevues de dirigeants de garderies. Les entrevues, analysées thématiquement, assurent la confidentialité des participants. Les résultats montrent que les droits des enfants et des éducatrices ont été violés et leur sécurité compromise du fait de classes en sureffectif et d'abus à l'égard d'enfants. Les éducatrices, propriétaires et directeurs ont montré une faible connaissance en droit des enfants à la protection et au service; du droit des éducatrices à un traitement équitable et à l'application régulière des règles; et des obligations des employés à rapporter tout abus. L'étude conclut que les éducatrices, propriétaires et directeurs doivent être mieux informés sur le droit des enfants et des éducatrices et être éthiquement motivés pour assurer la sécurité et le bienêtre des enfants sous leur responsabilité.

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McDonald, Ian. "Critiquing sport : policies and practices." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486668.

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How do sport policies and practices work to sustain social relations of power and give succour to dominant ideologies? What are the limits and possibilities of sport in providing an alternative and an oppositional vision of cultural politics aild practice? Addressing these questions has been an enduring aim of the critical sociology of sport over the past thirty years. The research upon which this PhD by publication is based can be situated in this critical sociology of sport tradition. In different empirical contexts, drawing on varied (primarily qualitative) methodological approaches, and using diverse conceptual frameworks, my research has been oriented to the problematic of sport, social reproduction and transformation. \. I am not uncritical of the critical sociology of sport. This PhD overview represents a critique of this critical sociology of sport. Focusing on the limitations of the dominant interpretations of Marxist theorising, a distinctive theoretical position described as radical critique is outlined. It is a position that is premised on the irreformability of capitalism's fundamental structures on the one hand (hence the need for social revolution), while acknowledging the social significance of sport on the other (hence the necessity for an engaged critique of sport). It is a position that emerges out of the disjuncture between the revolutionary kernel of Marxist theory and the non-revolutionary history of sport as a social practice. The PhD overview is divided into three substantive sections. After the introduction and a commentary on methodological issues, the first section provides an overview of critique and focuses on the development of critical sociology and its relationship to political intervention. The second section focuses on disciplinary issues and traces the place of Marxism in the critical sociology of sport and outlines the distinctive approach that encapsulates the body of works submitted, namely radical critique. The third section is a commentary on the publications submitted and exemplifies to a greater or lesser extent the radical critique of sporting policies and practices.

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Cheng, Chun-hung, and 鄭振雄. "China's population policies since 1973." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31948947.

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Nguyen, Benoît. "Essays on unconventional monetary policies." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E048.

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Les trois chapitres de cette thèse ont pour objectif de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la manière dont les politiques non-conventionnelles affectent les prix d’actifs. Ils revisitent également de manière empirique la question de l’impact de l’offre sur les prix d’actifs, et plus généralement des limites imposées à l’arbitrage, des frictions dans la réallocation des portefeuilles. Chaque chapitre présente de nouvelles données permettant de quantifier les mécanismes à l’œuvre dans le cas du programme d’achat d’actifs de l’Eurosystème (APP). Le chapitre 1 propose un modèle de portefeuille simple permettant de penser les mesures non conventionnelles dans un cadre cohérent. Les exercices empiriques confirment l’existence de plusieurs canaux de transmission des prix et évaluent l’impact de l’APP. Le chapitre 2 jette un nouvel éclairage sur le canal du rééquilibrage de portefeuille. Les fortes frictions liées à la réallocation, la forte demande d’“habitat préféré” et le faible niveau de substituabilité entre actifs permettent d’avoir un impact sur les prix, tout en limitant possiblement les retombées sur l’économie. Le chapitre 3 suggère que l’eﬀet des achats de titres passe également si ce n’est en premier lieu par l’augmentation du coût d’emprunt de ces titres, ce qui a des répercussions sur la dispersion des taux du marché monétaire à court terme et pourrait rendre difficile à l’avenir la transmission de la politique monétaire conventionnelle si les taux autrefois considérés comme sans risque et contrôlables par la banque centrale ne pouvaient pas être contrôlés aussi précisément qu’auparavant
The three chapters contained in this PhD thesis aim at contributing to a better understanding of how unconventional monetary policies and in particular asset purchases affect asset prices. As such, they also revisit the question of the impact of bond supply on bond prices, and more broadly the questions of limits to arbitrage, frictions in portfolio reallocation and the role of intermediaries. Each chapter brings new original data to quantify the effect on bond prices, on the short term rates, and on the portfolio reallocation of investors. Chapter 1 built a simple portfolio model allows to think of them in a consistent framework, and suggests that the type of asset purchased, the degree of risk aversion or how assets covary are important. The empirical exercises confirm the existence of several transmission channels to prices and assess the impact of the European APP. Chapter 2 sheds a new light on portfolio rebalancing in terms of asset classes and shows it is more limited than previously thought. Heavy frictions to reallocation, strong “preferred habitat” demand and low level of substituability between assets allow for price impact of central bank asset purchases but at the same time possibly limit the spillovers on the economy. The main channel through which APP affects price might be even be more indirect that one thought: chapter 3 suggests that it might come from reducing asset supply and increasing the cost of borrowing them. This has repercussions on the dispersion of short term money market rates and might be challenging in the future if rates once considered as risk free and controllable by the central bank cannot be controlled as precisely as before. In other terms, controlling the long end of the yield curve might in part comes at the cost of loosing part of the control on the short end

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SOUZA, CRISTON PEREIRA DE. "EFFICIENT WEB PAGE REFRESH POLICIES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15893@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Uma máquina de busca precisa constantemente revisitar páginas Web para manter seu repositório local atualizado. Uma política de revisitação deve ser empregada para construir um escalonamento de revisitações que mantenha o repositório o mais atualizado possível utilizando os recursos disponíveis. Para evitar sobrecarga de servidores Web, a política de revisitação deve respeitar um tempo mínimo entre requisições consecutivas a um mesmo servidor. Esta regra é chamada restrição de politeness. Devido ao porte do problema, consideramos que uma política de revisitação é eficiente se o tempo médio para escalonar uma revisitação é sublinear no número de páginas do repositório. Neste sentido, quando a restrição de politeness é considerada, não conhecemos política eficiente com garantia teórica de qualidade. Nesta pesquisa investigamos três políticas eficientes que respeitam a restrição de politeness, chamadas MERGE, RANDOM e DELAYED. Fornecemos fatores de aproximação para o nível de atualização do repositório quando empregamos as política MERGE ou RANDOM. Demonstramos que 0,77 é um limite inferior para este fator de aproximação quando empregamos a política RANDOM, e apresentamos uma conjectura de que 0,927 é um limite inferior para este fator de aproximação quando empregamos a política MERGE. As políticas também são avaliadas através da simulação da execução destas políticas para manter o nível de atualização de um repositório contendo 14,5 milhões de páginas Web. Um repositório contendo artigos da Wikipedia também é utilizado nos experimentos, onde podemos observar que a política MERGE apresenta melhores resultados que uma estratégia gulosa natural para este repositório. A principal conclusão desta pesquisa é que existem políticas simples e eficientes para o problema de revisitação de páginas Web, que perdem pouco em termos do nível de atualização do repositório mesmo quando consideramos a restrição de politeness.
A search engine needs to continuously revisit web pages in order to keep its local repository up-to-date. A page revisiting schedule must be defined to keep the repository up-to-date using the available resources. In order to avoid web server overload, the revisiting policy must respect a minimum amount of time between consecutive requests to the same server. This rule is called politeness constraint. Due to the large number of web pages, we consider that a revisiting policy is efficient when the mean time to schedule a revisit is sublinear on the number of pages in the repository. Therefore, when the politeness constraint is considered, there are no existing efficient policies with theoretical quality guarantees. We investigate three efficient policies that respect the politeness constraint, called MERGE, RANDOM and DELAYED. We provide approximation factors for the repository’s up-to-date level for the MERGE and RANDOM policies. Based on these approximation factors, we devise a 0.77 lower bound for the approximation factor provided by the RANDOM policy and we present a conjecture that 0.927 is a lower bound for the approximation factor provided by the MERGE policy. We evaluate these policies through simulation experiments which try to keep a repository with 14.5 million web pages up-to-date. Additional experiments based on a repository with Wikipedia’s articles concluded that the MERGE policy provides better results than a natural greedy strategy. The main conclusion of this research is that there are simple and efficient policies that can be applied to this problem, even when the politeness constraint must be respected, resulting in a small loss of repository’s up-to-date level.

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Sleeman, Catherine Anne. "Essays evaluating UK public policies." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708665.

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Fox, Thomas Charles 1960. "Evaluation of change interval policies." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277160.

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An intensive examination was conducted to test the credibility of current traffic signal change interval policies founded on a kinematic equation developed nearly 30 years ago. The investigation involved the review of relevant literature as well as an extensive collection of data. The literature review and data analysis revealed that current change interval policies rely on the disproven assumption that traffic decelerates at a constant rate. The data analysis also demonstrated that traffic approach speed and deceleration distance affect the manner in which deceleration occurs. Based on the data analysis, an alternative treatment of the kinematic equation is proposed using surrogate deceleration rates. The surrogate rates offer a pragmatic set of input for the kinematic equation. Therefore, rather than yielding a change interval based on an inaccurate assumption, agencies can implement change intervals which are responsive to local traffic.

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Pierluigi, Beatrice. "Monetary policies for open economies." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10908/.

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Hallett, Joseph. "Capturing mobile security policies precisely." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31341.

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The security policies of mobile devices that describe how we should use these devices are often informally specified. Users have preferences for some apps over others. Some users may avoid apps which can access large amounts of their personal data, whilst others may not care. A user is unlikely to write down these policies or describe them using a formal policy language. This is unfortunate as without a formal description of the policy we cannot precisely reason about them. We cannot help users to pick the apps they want if we cannot describe their policies. Companies have mobile security policies that definehowan employee should use smart phone devices and tablet computers from home at work. A company might describe the policy in a natural language document for employees to read and agree to. They might also use some software installed on employee's devices to enforce the company rules. Without a link between the specification of the policy in the natural language document and the implementation of the policy with the tool, understanding how they are related can be hard. This thesis looks at developing an authorisation logic, called AppPAL, to capture the informal security policies of the mobile ecosystem, which we define as the interactions surrounding the use of mobile devices in a particular setting. This includes the policies of the users, the devices, the app stores, and the environments the users bring the devices into. Whilst earlier work has looked on checking and enforcing policies with low-level controls, this work aims to capture these informal policy's intents and the trust relationships within them separating the policy specification from its enforcement. This allows us to analyse the informal policies precisely, and reason about how they are used. We show how AppPAL instantiates SecPAL, a policy language designed for access control in distributed environments. We describe AppPAL's implementation as an authorisation logic for mobile ecosystems. We show how we can check AppPAL policies for common errors. Using AppPAL we show that policies describing users privacy preferences do not seem to match the apps users install. We explore the differences between app stores and how to create new ones based on policy. We look at five BYOD policies and discover previously unexamined idioms within them. This suggests aspects of BYOD policies not managed by current BYOD tools.

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Viswanathan, S. "Integrated inventory and transportation policies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1056726685.

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Tomori, Françeska. "Environmental Policies in International Markets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672216.

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La hipòtesi estableix que a la llum de l'escàndol d'emissions de Volkswagen, una creença comuna que s'ha format és que la captura regulatòria en el control i establiment d'estàndards d'emissions ha portat a una menor reducció de la contaminació i una menor innovació ambiental en els motors de combustió de gasolina i dièsel. Els resultats indiquen que sota un monopoli multiproducte, la captura regulatòria només condueix a més emissions i menys esforç d'innovació. El contrari és cert en la competència d'oligopolis. Per tant, el que estableix la hipòtesi és fals. El segon assaig estudia el poder de mercat en el mercat de l'aigua de Califòrnia. Els resultats d'aquest estudi indiquen que sota els supòsits de el model de Cournot, el poder de mercat en aquest mercat d'aigües poc profundes és limitat. Les proves de robustesa demostren el mateix resultat. El tercer i últim assaig de la tesi ofereix una comparació de dos instruments de política, com els estàndards d'emissió i els impostos a l'adquisició, en presència d'empreses d'oligopoli multiproducte per al mercat de l'automòbil. Els resultats indiquen que els estàndards d'emissió ofereixen més incentius a la innovació que els impostos a les adquisicions. Els consumidors estan millor amb les normes d'emissió si no es distribueixen els ingressos fiscals. Altrament, preferirien els impostos sobre l'adquisició. A més, els fabricants estarien millor amb l'impost a les adquisicions.
Esta disertación comprende tres ensayos relacionados con las políticas ambientales en los mercados internacionales. Dos ensayos consisten en el análisis de modelos teóricos (específicamente para las políticas ambientales en la industria automotriz), y uno en el análisis de modelos teóricos y empíricos (específicamente para el mercado del agua). industria del automóvil. La hipótesis establece que a la luz del escándalo de emisiones de Volkswagen, una creencia común que se ha formado es que la captura regulatoria en el control y establecimiento de estándares de emisiones ha llevado a una menor reducción de la contaminación y una menor innovación ambiental en los motores de combustión de gasolina y diésel. Los resultados indican que bajo un monopolio multiproducto, la captura regulatoria solo conduce a más emisiones y menos esfuerzo de innovación. Lo contrario es cierto en la competencia de oligopolios. Por tanto, lo que establece la hipótesis es falso. El segundo ensayo estudia el poder de mercado en el mercado del agua de California. Los resultados de este estudio indican que bajo los supuestos del modelo de Cournot, el poder de mercado en este mercado de aguas poco profundas es limitado. Las pruebas de robustez demuestran el mismo resultado. El tercer y último ensayo de la tesis ofrece una comparación de dos instrumentos de política, como los estándares de emisión y los impuestos a la adquisición, en presencia de empresas de oligopolio multiproducto para el mercado del automóvil. Los resultados indican que los estándares de emisión ofrecen mayores incentivos a la innovación que los impuestos a las adquisiciones. Los consumidores están mejor bajo los estándares de emisiones si los ingresos fiscales no se redistribuyen. De lo contrario, preferirían un impuesto a las adquisiciones. Además, los fabricantes estarían mejor con los impuestos a las adquisiciones.
This dissertation comprises three essays related to environmental policies in the international markets. Two essays consist of the analysis of theoretical models (specifically for the environmental policies in the automobile industry), and one in the analysis of both theoretical and empirical models, (specifically for the water market). automobile industry. The hypothesis states that in the light of the Volkswagen emissions scandal, a common belief that has formed is that regulatory capture in the control and setting of emission standards has led to lower pollution abatement and less environmental innovation in gasoline and diesel combustion engines. The results indicate that under a multiproduct monopoly regulatory capture only leads to more emissions and less innovation effort. The opposite is true under oligopoly competition. Thus, what hypothesis states is false. The second essay studies the market power in Californian's water market. The results of this study indicate that under the assumptions of the Cournot model, market power in this thin water market is limited. The robustness tests prove the same result. The third and final essay of the thesis provides a comparison of two policy instruments such as emission standards and acquisition taxes in the presence of Counot model with with n firms and vertically differentiated products for the automobile market. The results indicate that emission standards offer greater innovation incentives than do acquisition taxes. Consumers are better off under emission standards if tax revenues are not redistributed. Otherwise, they prefer an acquisition tax. Also, manufacturers are better off under acquisition taxes.

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Bonakdar, Tehrani Ali. "Federal Policies and Prescription Drugs." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4144.

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This dissertation comprises three discrete empirical papers, with an introductory essay that evaluates the impact of different federal policies on prescription drug prices, utilization, and spending. Two main databases are used: (a) Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data and (b) the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data. These two databases are designed to track Medicaid drug utilization and overall medical use and expenditures, respectively. The variables of interest in this dissertation are prescription drug price, prescription drug use and spending, and overall drug expenditures. The objective of the first paper (Chapter 2) is to examine whether oncology drug prices have significantly changed because the Medicaid rebate increased under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The analytic sample includes top-selling oncology drugs, both branded and generic, over an 8-year time period. The prices of top-selling oncology drugs in 2006 were followed through 2013 to find the extent to which drug prices have changed while controlling for state fixed-effect, package size, type of manufacturer, brand or generic, and drug strength. Thus, this study examines whether and to what extent oncology drug prices have changed after the increase in the Medicaid rebate under the ACA. The second paper’s objective (Chapter 3) is to study whether Medicare Part D has reduced racial disparities in diabetes drug use, coverage, and spending since its implementation in 2006. The analytic sample includes individuals aged 55 years and older who had diabetes from 2001 to 2010. Although the impact of Medicare Part D has been studied from different perspectives, its impact on racial disparities in drug use, coverage, and expenditures among diabetics has not been studied yet. The third paper (Chapter 4) focuses on the association between closing the Medicare doughnut hole and prescription drug utilization and spending for Medicare Part D beneficiaries with chronic diseases through 2013. The objective of the third paper is to determine whether the provisions of the ACA that close the coverage gap have affected prescription drug utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) spending among Medicare seniors with Part D coverage.

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Wan, Ziqi. "Scheduling Policies for Cloud Computing." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/328227.

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Computer and Information Science
M.S.
Cloud computing focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of the shared resources. Cloud resources are usually not only shared by multiple users but are also dynamically reallocated per demand. This can work for allocating resources to users. This leads to task scheduling as a core and challenging issue in cloud computing. This thesis gives different scheduling strategies and algorithms in cloud computing. For a common cloud user, there is a great potential to boost the performance of mobile devices by offloading computation-intensive parts of mobile applications to the cloud. However, this potential is hindered by a gap between how individual mobile devices demand computational resources and how cloud providers offer them. In this thesis, we present the design of utility-based uploads sharing strategy in cloud scenarios, which bridges the above gap through providing computation offloading as a service to mobile devices. Our scheme efficiently manages cloud resources for offloading requests to improve offloading performances of mobile devices, as well as to reduce the monetary cost per request of the provider. However, from the viewpoint of data centers, resource limitations in both bandwidth and computing triggers a variety of resource management problems. In this thesis, we discuss the tradeoff between locality and load balancing, along with the multi-layer topology of data centers. After that, we investigate the interrelationship between the time cost and the virtual machine rent cost, and formalize it as the parallel speedup pattern. We then design several algorithms by adopting the idea of minimizing the utility cost. Furthermore, we focus on the detail of MapReduce framework in Cloud. For different MapReduce phases, there are different resource requirements. We propose a new scheduling algorithm based on the idea of combining map shuffle pairs, which has better performance than the popular min-max time first algorithm in minimizing the average makespan of tasks in the job matrix. Directions for future research mainly focus on the large scale implementation of our proposed solution. There are a wide variety of open questions remaining with respect to the design of algorithms to minimize response time. Further, it is interesting and important to understand how to schedule in order to minimize other performance metrics.
Temple University--Theses

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Dai, Zhixin. "Three essays on audit policies." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2018.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des politiques d'audit d’expériences de terrain et de laboratoire. En particulier, nous nous concentrons sur une règle d'audit particulière, nommée "crackdown", qui est la concentration de contrôles systématiques ou de haute fréquence dans une quantité limitée de temps, et/ou dans une zone géographique délimitée ou un sous-ensemble de la population. Même si elle a des implications évidentes et beaucoup d’applications, les économistes se sont peu intéressés à ce type de mesure. Nous étudions dans cette thèse l'efficacité de différents types de crackdowns. Le premier essai cherche à savoir s'il existe une alternative pour améliorer l'efficacité des crackdowns dans un jeu bien public dans lequel contribuer moins que la moyenne des autres membres du groupe est sanctionné et la probabilité d'un contrôle est inconnue. Nous constatons que, sous ambiguïté, un schéma du contrôle intermittent peut maintenir le même niveau de coopération par rapport à un régime du contrôle systématique tout en étant moins coûteux. Le deuxième essai offre une étude approfondie de l'efficacité relative de diverses politiques de crackdown à l'aide d'une expérience de laboratoire sur le terrain avec des passagers réels d'un service de transport public. Nous introduisons un jeu nouveau, le jeu de transport public, où les participants ont à décider, sur plusieurs périodes, s’ils souhaitent acheter ou non un billet sachant qu'il peut y avoir un contrôle. Le principal résultat est que les crackdowns durables sont moins efficaces que les contrôles aléatoires. Nous observons également que les fraudeurs réels fraudent plus que les non-fraudeurs. Le troisième essai développe un modèle étudiant l'efficacité de crackdowns endogènes, c’est-à-dire l’augmentation soudaine et dramatique de la probabilité d'audit déclenchée par un niveau de conformité détecté faible. Nous testons ce modèle expérimentalement. Nos résultats montrent que : (a) la conformité aux règles réagit rapidement à l'apparition des crackdowns ; (b) les participants déclarent plus de la moitié de leur revenu, même pendant les périodes sans crackdowns ; (c) les annonces de crackdown augmentent la conformité à la fois qu’elles soient ex ante ou ex post; (d) les participants parviennent à se coordonner rapidement pour mettre fin aux crackdowns
This thesis focuses on the study of audit policies in different contexts using both lab and field experiments. In particular, we focus on a special auditing rule, called “crackdown”, which is the concentration of high-frequency or systematic controls in a limited amount of time and/or on a delimited geographical area or subset of the population. Despite its frequent use and obvious implications, little attention has been received from economists. We study in this thesis the efficiency of various types of crackdowns, manipulating the degree of uncertainty of individuals about the probability of audits.The first essay investigates whether there is an alternative to improve the efficiency of crackdowns in a public goods game. We find that, under ambiguity, a less costly intermittent audit scheme can sustain the same level of cooperation compared to a systematic audit regime when contributing less than the average of the other group members is centrally sanctioned.The second essay offers a comprehensive investigation on the relative efficiency of various crackdown policies using a lab-in-the-field experiment with passengers of a public transport service. We introduce a novel game, the daily public transportation game, where subjects have to decide, over many periods, whether to buy or not a ticket, knowing that there might be a control. The main result is that concentrated crackdowns are less effective and efficient than random controls. We also find that real fare-dodgers fraud more in the experiment than non-fare-dodgers.The third essay develops a simple model to study endogenous crackdowns, i.e., a dramatic increase of the audit probability triggered by a low level of compliance. We test this model experimentally. We show that: (a) compliance reacts quickly to the occurrence of crackdowns; (b) subjects report more than half of their income even during non-crackdown periods; (c) announcements of crackdown increase significantly tax compliance both when crackdowns are pre-announced and when they are announced ex post; (d) subjects are able to coordinate quickly to end crackdowns

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44

Nakamura, Yui. "Economic policies in developing countries." Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136103.

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Bhatia, Namita. "Return policies for customer purchases." Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=790246201&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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46

Cheng, Chun-hung. "China's population policies since 1973." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12346044.

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Khambhammettu, Hemanth. "Enforcing complex policies in RBAC." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529765.

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Iyer, Anand 1968. "Operating policies for manufacturing cells." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290575.

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Manufacturing cells consisting of an empowered team of workers and the resources required to produce a family of related products have become popular in recent years. Such cells require significant changes in organizational policies for personnel, wage administration, accounting and scheduling. For example, there are usually fewer workers than machines and as a result cells are staffed by cross-trained workers. However, little is known about operating these cells since much of the research in this area has concentrated on the cell formation problem. This thesis discusses the issue of determining good operating policies for manufacturing cells. Operating policy refers to a protocol for setting lot sizes, transfer batch sizes, cell Work-In-Process limits and machine queue dispatching as well as worker assignment rules. Specific components of operating policies have been examined in isolation previously in different contexts. However, cell performance is determined not only by the individual components of policies but also by the nature of the interactions between them. Thus, it is imperative to study policies in an integrated manner in order to determine how best to utilize the limited resources of the cell. The initial part of the thesis is devoted to discussing a general framework which has been developed to parameterize operating policies. Specific policies can be recovered by assigning values to the parameters of the framework. A few examples illustrate the use of the framework. The remainder of the thesis focuses on the various ways in which the framework representation of policies can be used. This includes the development of a general purpose simulator using the Object-Oriented paradigm and analytical models for some policies. A comparison of various operating strategies using simulation and analytical models is also presented. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the insights gleaned from this work as well as directions for future work.

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Du, Zheng. "EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON ECONOMIC POLICIES." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/462.

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The Group of Twenty, or G20, is the premier forum for international cooperation on the most important aspects of the international economic and financial agenda. G20 brings together the world's major advanced and emerging economies. It together represents around 90% of global GDP, 80% of global trade, and two thirds of the world's population according to the report of G20 official website. The first essay investigates the effects of money supply on selected G20 economies. According to the Nobel Laureate Friedman, money shocks will effect output in the short-run and will effect prices in the long-run. Also, the increased monetary growth tends to lower interest rates at first, but later on, the resulting acceleration in spending and inflation produces a rise in demand for loans, which tends to raise interest rates. The purpose of this study is to test Friedman's proposition empirically for 12 selected countries from G20 during 1980 to 2010. Our findings suggest that both price level and output have similar responses to monetary innovation in most sample countries, which is not consistent with Friedman's proposition. However, the interest rates' responses of these countries validate the Friedman's proposition. In addition, we find that money Granger-causes output, prices, and interest rates in most countries. Although our results do not provide strong evidences about the responses of output and prices as Friedman stated, we find that money matters, and policy makers should be cautious to adopt expansionary monetary policy to stimulate economic growth in these countries. The second essay investigates the relationship between private sector and exchange rates in 15 selected countries from G20 during the period 1980-2010. In examining the determinants of exchange rate, many researchers have focused on the role of public sector only. However, we believe that private sector is also an important component of an economy, and private sector has influences on the exchange rate. This study investigates the relationships between private sector and exchange rates in 15 countries from G20 during the period 1980-2010. We note that private sector investment is important for exchange rates in most developed countries. Also, exchange rates are found to Granger-cause private sector investment. Thus, there are feedback relationships between private sector and exchange rates in most sample countries. The study provides vital information relevant for policy formulation and implementation. In order to stabilize the exchange rates, policymakers need to adjust strategies to control private capital inflows. To provide a sound environment for private sector development, governments should differentiate the types of exchange rates risk in order to design and implement consistent policy to deal with issues at hand. In addition, exports play a key role in the economies of most developing countries. Many economists such as Ram (1987) and Ekanayake (1999) prove that good exports performance make big contribution to economic growth. The third essay investigates the hypothesis whether exports volume of Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore, and Thailand are effected by exchange rate volatility of their main export receiving countries, i.e., U.S. and Japan. During the period 1980-2010, exports volume in Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore, and Thailand increased fast, and their main export receiving countries were the developed countries, i.e., U.S. and Japan. This study mainly investigates the effects of exchange rate volatility of U.S. and Japan on the exports volume of these exporting countries. Our findings suggest that there are impacts though exchange rate volatility of U.S. and Japan on exports volume of Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore, and Thailand. To investigate this topic is important to help exporters avoid risk and policymakers justify their policies and exchange rates.

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Dutra, Ana Luiza Perdigão Valadares. "Capital misallocation and mitigating policies." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16585.

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The purpose of this work is to study the role for government in mitigating capital misallocation. We develop an entrepreneurship model in which heterogeneous producers face collateral constraints on production, but can hedge idiosyncratic shocks. Hedging works as a tool for reallocating resources to states in which they are more productively deployed, and can alleviate the effect of the financial frictions and be a counteracting force to capital misallocation. Government incentives to hedging improve workers’ welfare in steady state through an increase in TFP and wages. The intervention leads to a reduction in the rate of return of entrepreneurs and an increase in wealth dispersion. These two effects cause entrepreneurial welfare to decrease.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Policies'

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