Journal articles on the topic 'Police questioning Sex differences'
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Moreno-Begines, María de las Nieves, Almudena Arroyo-Rodríguez, Álvaro Borrallo-Riego, and María Dolores Guerra-Martín. "Intersexuality/Differences of Sex Development through the Discourse of Intersex People, Their Relatives, and Health Experts: A Descriptive Qualitative Study." Healthcare 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040671.
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Intersex/differences of sex development (DSD) conditions are divergences among genitalia, gonads, and chromosome patterns. These variances have been present for millennia and socially defined according to the cultural system established. The aim of this study is to describe the perspectives of adult intersex/DSD people, their relatives, and intersex/DSD expert professionals in Spain. A descriptive qualitative study design was adopted. The study was carried out in several locations in Spain. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted and addressed to 12 participants (4 intersex/DSD people, 3 relatives, and 5 professional experts). A total of 4 spheres, 10 categories, and 26 subcategories were obtained. The number of verbatims obtained in each of the spheres described were intersex/DSD as a community (n = 54), health sphere approach (n = 77), law sphere approach (n = 12), and psychosocial approach (n = 73). Regarding intersex/DSD as a community sphere, there is a clear need of promoting education on sex and body diversity. With respect to the health sphere, it is mentioned the inadequacy of services and how this has a negative impact on the health of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the law sphere, it is highlighted the need of designing legislations at a national level which protect and defend the rights of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the psychosocial sphere, these people suffer from social isolation, secrecy, shame, self-identity questioning, and mental disorders that negatively impact their quality of life.
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Pollock, Wendi, Willard Oliver, and Scott Menard. "Measuring the Problem." Criminal Justice Review 37, no. 2 (March 12, 2012): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016811436335.
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This research examined socioeconomic variables, offending behavior, and prior police contact, as predictors of self-reported police contact (questioning or arrest). Utilizing multilevel models and eight waves of National Youth Survey Family Study data, the predictors were examined in a national sample of individuals, over 24 years. Results indicate that police contact is predominately predicted by sex, delinquent peers, and offending behavior. This suggests that several of the variables commonly discussed in police contact literature, including race, are not predictors of police contact at the national level in the United States. Implications of national-level findings on police policy are discussed.
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Gomez-Garcia, Antonio Ramón, Juan Cornelio Jara Costales, and Richard Oswaldo Valenzuela-Mendieta. "Attributable road traffic injury mortality: differences in statistical systems in Ecuador." Universidad Ciencia y Tecnología 26, no. 117 (November 23, 2022): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/uct.v26i117.655.
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This paper aims to estimate the differences in mortality from road traffic injuries according to the records present in the information sources in the Republic of Ecuador, 2017 - 2019. Methodologically, the cases of deaths and mortality rates are compared between police records and death certificates by age group and sex. During the study period, 7291 traffic fatalities were recorded in police records, compared to 9509 in medical certificates. Mortality rates vary significantly by age and sex between data sources, with police records showing a decreasing trend, but no significant change according to medical death certificates. The study reveals that there is no consistency between data sources, possibly to mask weaknesses in police actions inroad traffic policing.
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Shoko, Munatsi, Kerry Vermaak, and Annika Rudman. "Role of the police in access to justice for sexual and gender-based violence perpetrated against diverse women in Zimbabwe." Stellenbosch Law Review 33, no. 1 (2022): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/slr/2022/i1a6.
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Bound by the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe (“Zimbabwean Constitution”), as informed by regional human rights law, Zimbabwean police should facilitate access to justice for everyone. This article interrogates the lived realities of diverse women in terms of how the police in Zimbabwe respond when they report cases of sexual and gender-based violence (“SGBV”). Using qualitative data this article also interrogates institutional practices questioning the alignment of laws and actions to the Zimbabwean Constitution. The findings show that the reluctance of the police to efficiently and appropriately engage with SGBV cases reported by diverse women is encouraged by the homophobic context in which these take place. The ability of the police to provide justice to diverse women who experience SGBV can be strengthened by repealing the laws that criminalise same-sex relations and sodomy and by implementing regional human rights law as interpreted through Resolution 275 of the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights.
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DeSteno, David A., and Peter Salovey. "Evolutionary Origins of Sex Differences in Jealousy? Questioning the “Fitness” of the Model." Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (November 1996): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00391.x.
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Evolutionary psychology has become a popular framework for studying jealousy Much of this popularity can be attributed to work by Buss and his colleagues showing an apparent relation between an individual's sex and jealousy for certain types of infidelity (i e, sexual vs emotional) that is consistent with evolutionary theory (Buss, Larsen, Westen, & Semmelroth, 1992) In two studies, we take issue with these findings and argue that the relation between sex and jealousy reported by Buss and his colleagues is more properly explained by considering individuals' beliefs concerning the covariation between sexual and emotional infidelity
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Mays, Vickie M., and Susan D. Cochran. "Ethnic and Gender Differences in Beliefs about Sex Partner Questioning to Reduce HIV Risk." Journal of Adolescent Research 8, no. 1 (January 1993): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074355489381006.
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Ransdell, Lynda B., and Christine L. Wells. "Sex Differences in Athletic Performance." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 8, no. 1 (April 1999): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.8.1.55.
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Do women out-perform men in endurance sports? Are women as strong, pound for pound, as men? Many questions have been raised about the ability of women and men to perform physical tasks equally well. The issue of sex differences and similarities in performance has considerable significance today as women seek physically demanding careers in police-work, fire-fighting, the military, industry, and athletics. As more women participate in recreational and career opportunities formerly open only to men, knowledge about sex differences in response to physical exertion and training becomes increasingly important. In this paper we describes differences between the sexes in athletic performance.Most performance differences are due to variations in morphological (structural) or physiological characteristics typical of women and men (Wells, 1991). Nevertheless, variations in these characteristics are often as large or larger within each sex as they are between the sexes. The same is true of physical performance. Thus, when the entire population is considered, there are extensive differences in performance within each sex, and considerable overlap in performance between the sexes.We will base our examination of performance differences on the most outstanding performances of each sex: those exemplified by World Records in athletic events. We seek to answer such questions as: How large are sex differences in world record performances? Can existing performance differences be explained entirely by biological differences between the sexes? Or, are a large portion of these performance differ-ences attributable to sociocultural factors?We will analyze sex differences in performance relative to the human energy system. This system allows an extraordinary range of mechanisms for neuromuscular coordination and metabolism. Because of this, the human has a virtually unlimited movement repertoire and is capable of movements requiring large bursts of energy over very brief periods of time, as well as movements requiring low levels of energy production over very long periods of time. We will progress from sports that require very high intensity and explosive quality movements such as jumping and power lifting, through the “energy spectrum” to feats of endurance such as marathon running, ultra-distance triathlon, and open-water distance swimming.Due to our desire to focus this paper on a reasonable amount of data, our analysis will be limited as follows:1) for sex differences in high intensity-brief duration, explosive per-formance, we will discuss the high jump, long jump, and various mea-sures of strength (powerlifting),2) for sex differences in high intensity-short duration performance, we will present data on sprint running (100m, 400m) and swimming (100m),3) for sex differences in moderate intensity-moderate duration performance, we will discuss middle-distance running (1500m, 5000m, 10,000m), and swimming (1500m), and4) for differences in low intensity-long duration performance, we will discuss the marathon, the "Ironman Triathlon," and open ocean distance swimming.
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Singer, Ming S., and Alan E. Singer. "Sex Differences in the Perception of Male and Female Police Officers in New Zealand." Journal of Psychology 119, no. 1 (January 1985): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1985.9712606.
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Corral, Daniel. "The Relationship Between Immigration Enforcement and Educational Attainment: The Role of Sanctuary Policies." AERA Open 7 (January 2021): 233285842110372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23328584211037253.
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This study explores the association between sanctuary policies and the high school completion and college enrollment of Hispanic undocumented youth. Sanctuary policies, which city, county, and/or state governments implement, prohibit local political leaders and police officials from cooperating with federal immigration enforcement officers regarding the questioning, detention, and deportation of undocumented immigrants. This study uses data from the American Community Survey and applies a difference-in-differences design. On average, my preferred specification detected no association with high school completion or college enrollment. These findings suggest that although these policies may help counteract immigration enforcement, they may not reduce uncertainty enough to have a significant relationship with educational outcomes.
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Skye, Megan, Stephanie Craig, Caitlin Donald, Allyson Kelley, Brittany Morgan, Kavita Rajani, Michelle Singer, Tosha Zaback, and William Lambert. "Are American Indian/Alaska Native Adolescent Health Behaviors Different? A Review of AI/AN Youth Involved in Native STAND Curriculum, 2014–2017 United States." Maternal and Child Health Journal 25, no. 12 (October 27, 2021): 1893–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03256-7.
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Abstract Objectives To explore health behavior profiles of AI/AN youth involved in native students together against negative decisions (STAND), a national culture-based curriculum. Methods We analyzed data from 1236 surveys conducted among AI/AN youth at 40 native STAND implementation sites located in 16 states throughout the US from 2014 to 2017. Health profiles included demographics, sexual orientation, sexual activity, STI testing, cigarette use, and suicide attempts in the past 12-months. We used t-tests and chi square tests of independence to compare risk behavior prevalence among the sample. Results Health behavior profiles of AI/AN youth indicate that 45.6% of youth did not use condoms the last time they had sex, and 82.7% have never been tested for STIs. Differences in cigarette smoking were observed in questioning youth (questioning: 80.3%, straight/heterosexual: 63.8%, LGBTQ2S + : 49.9%, p = 0.03). Conclusions for Practice Health behaviors related to sex, substance, violence and self-harm, are at least as common for AI/AN youth as those observed in other US teens. Future research should consider similarities and differences in health profiles of AI/AN youth when designing interventions that affect them. Further, our findings underscore the need for culturally-relevant curricula like native STAND, not because their health behavior is different, but because their socio-ecologic environment is different.
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Khalil, Athar, Radhika Dhingra, Jida Al-Mulki, Mahmoud Hassoun, and Neil Alexis. "Questioning the sex-specific differences in the association of smoking on the survival rate of hospitalized COVID-19 patients." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0255692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255692.
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Introduction In the absence of a universally accepted association between smoking and COVID-19 health outcomes, we investigated this relationship in a representative cohort from one of the world’s highest tobacco consuming regions. This is the first report from the Middle East and North Africa that tackles specifically the association of smoking and COVID-19 mortality while demonstrating a novel sex-discrepancy in the survival rates among patients. Methods Clinical data for 743 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was retrospectively collected from the leading centre for COVID-19 testing and treatment in Lebanon. Logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age and stratified by sex were used to assess the association between the current cigarette smoking status of patients and COVID-19 outcomes. Results In addition to the high smoking prevalence among our hospitalized COVID-19 patients (42.3%), enrolled smokers tended to have higher reported ICU admissions (28.3% vs 16.6%, p<0.001), longer length of stay in the hospital (12.0 ± 7.8 vs 10.8 days, p<0.001) and higher death incidences as compared to non-smokers (60.5% vs 39.5%, p<0.001). Smokers had an elevated odds ratio for death (OR = 2.3, p<0.001) and for ICU admission (OR = 2.0, p<0.001) which remained significant in a multivariate regression model. Once adjusted for age and stratified by sex, our data revealed that current smoking status reduces survival rate in male patients ([HR] = 1.9 [95% (CI), 1.029–3.616]; p = 0.041) but it does not affect survival outcomes among hospitalized female patients([HR] = 0.79 [95% CI = 0.374–1.689]; p = 0.551). Conclusion A high smoking prevalence was detected in our hospitalized COVID-19 cohort combined with worse prognosis and higher mortality rate in smoking patients. Our study was the first to highlight potential sex-specific consequences for smoking on COVID-19 outcomes that might further explain the higher vulnerability to death from this disease among men.
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SZELIGA – DUCHNOWSKA, ANNA, and MIROSŁAWA SZEWCZYK. "THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FEMALES AND MALES IN THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF COUNTERPRODUCTIVE WORK BEHAVIOR (A CASE STUDY OF THE POLICE FORCE)." sj-economics scientific journal 29, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v29i2.131.
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The article deals with the problem of perception of counterproductive behaviors at work. The basic aim of the research carried out by the authors was to examine whether there exists a dependence between the sex and the level of observed counterproductive behaviors in the police force – a most specific professional environment.
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Kattari, Shanna K., Brittanie Atteberry-Ash, Christopher Collins, Leonardo Kattari, and Vern Harner. "Increased Prevalence, Predictors, and In-Group Differences of Forced Sex and Physical Dating Violence among Trans/Gender Diverse Youth." Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10060236.
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Forced sex and dating violence are too common among young people and rates are higher for young transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. However, the TGD youth population has differential experiences across gender, race, age, sexual orientation, and other identity factors. This study, using data from the 2015 Healthy Kids Colorado Survey, explores these differential within-group experiences of forced sex and dating violence. Findings indicate that sexual minorities who are also TGD are 2.45–3.73 times more likely to experience forced sex and physical dating violence than their TGD heterosexual peers. Individuals who are transfeminine (4.49 times), transmasculine (2.52 times), and nonbinary (3.86 times) are more likely to experience forced sex, as well as physical dating violence (transfeminine (4.01 times), transmasculine (2.91 times), and nonbinary (4.77 times)), as compared to those individuals questioning their gender. Black individuals (3.93 times) and Multiracial individuals (2.39 times) are more likely to experience dating violence than their White counterparts. Age was related to increased experience of forced sex, with individuals being 1.34 times more likely to have experienced this per year increase of age. These findings indicate the need for more trans-inclusive youth programing around sexual violence and dating violence, as well as taking a more intersectional and personalized approach to prevention work.
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Davis, Hank. "Is there a comparative psychology of implicit mathematical knowledge?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 2 (June 1996): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00042448.
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AbstractGeary suggests that implicit mathematical principles exist across human cultures and transcend sex differences. Is such knowledge present in animals as well, and is it sufficient to account for performance in all species, including our own? I attempt to trace the implications of Gearys target article for comparative psychology, questioning the exclusion of “subitizing” in describing human mathematical performance, and asking whether human researchers function as cultural agents with animals, elevating their implicit knowledge to secondary domains of numerical performance.
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Caetano, Gabriela, Laura Kervezee, Fernando Gonzales-Aste, Philippe Boudreau, and Diane Boivin. "296 Sex differences in sleep and wakefulness of police officers working shifts: evidence from a field study." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.295.
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Abstract Introduction National reports of work-related injuries found the excess risk of work injury attributed to shift work to be significantly higher among women. The Working Time Society (WTS) concluded that male sex is one of the few factors that is “consistently associated with perceived or actual shift work tolerance”. However, it is unclear if physiological parameters are involved. Laboratory-controlled studies report sex differences in circadian rhythms (body temperature, melatonin). In sleep deprivation protocols, alertness and cognitive performances were affected by sex, menstrual cycle phase and hormonal contraceptives [HC] use. Nevertheless, field studies that compare male and female shift workers are scarce. Methods An observational study including 76 police officers working on patrol: 56 males and 20 females (11 using [HC], 6 not using [non-HC] and 3 with unknown use of hormonal contraception) aged 32.0 ± 5.3 years. Participants were followed throughout a month-long work cycle (1,457 morning, evening, night, or other shifts, plus rest days). They filled out time-stamped questionnaires (Samn-Perelli, KSS, Visual Analogue Scales, ~5/day; sleep and work-related information, ~1–2/day), completed 5-min Psychomotor Vigilance Tasks (PVT, ~2/day), and wore an actigraph to collect activity data. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the effects of group, time awake and time-of-day on fatigue, sleepiness, alertness, mood and PVT measures. Results Self-reported measures and psychomotor performance significantly varied with time awake and time-of-day. Fatigue and sleepiness levels were significantly higher among female compared to male police officers, both with time awake and across the 24-h day. These variations were similar between non-HC females and the other groups. Compared to males, HC females were more fatigued and less alert, both with time awake and across the 24-h day, and sleepier with time awake. Having children at home did not explain these differences. Conclusion The results of this study expand our knowledge on the sex differences in the sleep and circadian physiology and demonstrate a critical effect of HC on women fatigue, sleepiness and alertness when working shifts. Sex and hormonal parameters must be considered in occupational medicine as well as in future laboratory and field studies on shift workers and circadian rhythms. Support (if any) IRSST, FRQS.
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Kozieł, Sławomir, Marek Kociuba, Raja Chakraborty, Aneta Sitek, and Zofia Ignasiak. "FURTHER EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LOW SECOND-TO-FOURTH DIGIT RATIO (2D:4D) AND SELECTION FOR THE UNIFORMED SERVICES: A STUDY AMONG POLICE PERSONNEL IN WROCŁAW, POLAND." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 4 (August 22, 2017): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000438.
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SummaryMales and females differ in their preference for occupations and sporting activities, and differ also in risk-taking attitudes. In addition to other explanations, prenatal hormone exposure has been implicated in these gender-associated differences. The ratio of the relative lengths of the second-to-fourth digits (2D:4D) is a proxy indicator of prenatal exposure to testosterone relative to oestrogen. The 2D:4D ratio has been found to be associated with choice of occupation, particularly among females. This study investigated whether 2D:4D differed between police officers and a control group of civilians in Wrocław, Poland. Participants were 147 male and 55 female police officers and 91 male and 75 female civilian controls. The police officers had to undergo rigorous physical ability tests during recruitment and their job bore relatively higher risk, whereas the controls had a normal civilian lifestyle. Height, weight, hand grip strength and lengths of the second and fourth digits were measured. Analyses of variance and covariance were employed to assess the significance of difference in digit ratio between groups (police officers and civilians) allowing for interaction with sex. The policewomen, compared with the female controls, were taller and had stronger hand grip strength, but had lower 2D:4D in the right hand and average 2D:4D of both hands. However, male and female police officers slightly differed only in the right hand digit ratio but not in the left hand ratio or the average for the two hands. However, the control group showed significant sex differences in all digit ratios with higher (feminine) mean values in females. The study provides further evidence that prenatal testosterone exposure, as reflected in the 2D:4D ratio, might have an association with choice of occupation, particularly among females.
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Koropanovski, Nenad, Filip Kukić, Radivoje Janković, Dag Kolarević, Dane Subošić, and Robin M. Orr. "Intellectual Potential, Personality Traits, and Physical Fitness at Recruitment: Relationship with Academic Success in Police Studies." SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 215824402210799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079932.
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This study investigated whether intellectual potential, personality, and physical fitness at recruitment predicted study success in police students (future officers), and whether biological sex influenced these factors. The intellectual potential (high school success and Serbian language test), personality traits (Big Five), and physical abilities (standing long jump, push-ups in 10-seconds, 30-seconds sit-ups, 12-min Cooper running test, and a whole body contract-extend test) of 115 students were assessed on their day of recruitment. Academic success (time-to-graduate and grade point average) were collected at graduation. An independent sample t-test and linear regression were used to determine between-sex differences and predict academic success. Between-sex differences occurred in Serbian language test, the extraversion personality trait, standing long jump, 10-second push-ups, 30-second sit-ups, running, and grade point average. Recruitment measures significantly predicted ( p < .05) grade point average in male ( R2 = 0.344) and female ( R2 = 0.636) students. High school success was the most significant predictor in males, while high school success, Serbian language test, and 10-seconds push-ups were significant predictors in females. Personality traits and physical abilities may differ between male and female police students, but individually they do not significantly predict the academic success, regardless of sex. However, higher prediction power in academic success in female students may reduce the cost of training and improve workforce employment, while higher levels in physical abilities may reduce the dropout rate, improve health, and provide the potential their ability to complete physically demanding tasks.
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Villaran, Manuel V., Angela Bayer, Kelika A. Konda, Carlos Mendoza, Hilda Quijandria, Julia S. Ampuero, Moises Apolaya, et al. "Condom Use by Partner Type Among Military and Police Personnel in Peru." American Journal of Men's Health 6, no. 4 (March 7, 2012): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988311431628.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the rates of condom use among military and police populations in Peru, focusing on differences in use by type of partner. A Knowledge Attitudes and Practices survey was conducted among 6,808 military and police personnel in 18 Peruvian cities between August–September 2006 and September–October 2007. A total of 90.2% of the survey respondents were male; mean age was 37.8 years and 77.9% were married/cohabiting. In all, 99.5% reported having had sex; 89% of the participants had their last sexual contact with their stable partner, 9.7% with a nonstable partner, and 0.8% with a sex worker. Overall, 20.4% used a condom during their most recent sexual contact. Reasons for nonuse of condoms included the following: perception that a condom was not necessary (31.3%) and using another birth control method (26.7%). Prevention efforts against sexually transmitted diseases should focus on strengthening condom use, especially among individuals with nonstable partners.
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Holloway, Josanne. "Management of adult sex offenders." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 4, no. 2 (March 1998): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.4.2.70.
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The true incidence and prevalence of sexual abuse against children is difficult to ascertain. Differing sampling methods, definitions of sexual abuse and methods of information-gathering have a significant effect on the rates reported. General population studies (Morrison et al, 1994) in the USA and Europe reveal a rate between 0.7 and 1.83 per 1000 children. Data from prevalence studies (Morrison et al, 1994) highlight large differences, with rates varying from 7 to 62%; meanwhile, only between 2 and 17% of sexual assaults are reported to the police. Many of the reported offenders are not prosecuted because of difficulties with the child's statement. Some offenders are cautioned, others are charged with specimen charges or have their charges downgraded. Despite an increase in the reporting of sexual offences since the 1970s, they account for only approximately 3% of all offenders on probation and 8% of male offenders in prison even though the number and length of prison sentences for sex offenders has increased since the 1970s. Convicted female offenders remain a very small group with only 23 convicted female sex offenders in custody in 1989.
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Beagley, Marin C., Zoë D. Peterson, David R. Strasshofer, and Tara E. Galovski. "Sex differences in posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in police officers following exposure to violence in Ferguson." Policing: An International Journal 41, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-01-2017-0007.
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PurposeWomen comprise a significant and growing proportion of the law enforcement population. Despite this, their potentially unique reactions to job-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depression have been underrepresented in the relevant literature, particularly within the context of exposure to community violence. Also understudied is the role of empathy in the development of post-trauma reactions, which has been a risk factor for the development of posttraumatic distress in previous studies. With the recent endorsement of empathy training by the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, it is important to examine ways in which empathy may contribute to differences in PTSS and depression for male and female officers. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachMale and female police officers (n=189) exposed to violence during the 2014 Ferguson protests completed a battery of measures designed to assess demographic information, prior trauma history, and mental health outcomes.FindingsModeration analyses showed that empathy moderated the relationships between exposure and PTSS and exposure and depression in female officers, such that exposure was associated with higher posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms only for female officers with high levels of empathy. These relationships were not found for men.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine sex differences and the role of empathy in the mental health effects of law enforcement secondary to violence during community protests against policing.
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ten Bensel, Tusty, Benjamin Gibbs, and Chris Rush Burkey. "Female Sex Offenders: Is There a Difference Between Solo and Co-Offenders?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 19 (October 18, 2016): 4061–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516674202.
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Studies on female sex offending have been limited for a number of reasons, such as societal perceptions that females are incapable of engaging in such behaviors because of their role as caretakers and nurturers in society. However, over the past few decades, studies examining female sex offenders have increased, revealing that females do commit sexual offenses and differ from their male counterparts. We examined offender, victim, and offense characteristics of female sex offenders who were convicted from 1995 to 2013 ( N = 223) in Arkansas and were sentenced to serve time in prison or placed on probation. We focused on the similarities and differences of solo and co-female sex offenders because we know from previous studies that the pathway of offending can differ between solo and co-female offenders, yet few studies have exclusively compared the similarities and differences among female sex offenders. Our data were collected from offender files that included basic personal offender information, offender survey and social history, criminal history, incident reports while incarcerated, court records, police investigation reports, initial offender and victim statements (prior to offender incarceration), and probation/parole reports. We believe the results of this study will provide further insight into the types of female sex offenders as well as the possible differences between co- and solo-offenders in relation to their victim preferences, risk levels, rehabilitation amenability, and recidivism propensities.
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Janzen, B. L., Nazeem Muhajarine, and I. W. Kelly. "Work-Family Conflict, and Psychological Distress in Men and Women among Canadian Police Officers." Psychological Reports 100, no. 2 (April 2007): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.2.556-562.
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The present study examined the relations among sex, work-family conflict, and psychological distress in 78 Canadian police officers (50 men and 28 women). The average age of the officers was 36.1 yr. ( SD= 8.0), and nearly one-third of the respondents had been in policing 16 years or more. Ordinary least-squares regression was conducted to examine the association of Psychological Distress scores, as measured by the K6, with four types of work-family conflict: Time-based Work-to-Family Conflict, Time-based Family-to-Work Conflict, Strain-based Work-to-Family Conflict, and Strain-based Family-to-Work Conflict. Being single and having higher perceived Strain-based Work-to-Family Conflict were associated with greater scores on Psychological Distress. No statistically significant sex differences emerged in the self-reported type or direction of work-family conflict or in the factors associated with Psychological Distress.
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Paoline, Eugene A., and Jacinta M. Gau. "An Empirical Assessment of the Sources of Police Job Satisfaction." Police Quarterly 23, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611119875117.
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Dissatisfied workers are at risk for negative occupational behaviors such as job turnover, poor performance, work avoidance, decreased morale among coworkers, and physical or legal liability. Relying heavily on demographic (e.g., sex, race, education) and occupational (e.g., rank, experience, assignment) explanatory factors, early empirical studies failed to effectively model the statistical correlates of police officer job satisfaction. Recent inquiries have found more success in explaining the variation in job satisfaction by examining a variety of work-related attitudes. The current study adds to this burgeoning area of research by assessing the role of internal and external dimensions of the work environment, as well as views of fairness and effectiveness, on the job satisfaction of police officers. Based on survey data from a midsized municipal police department in Florida, the multivariate analysis reveals a number of successful predictors of job satisfaction, especially for those officers with a street-level assignment. A second analysis, based on qualitative coding of open-ended survey questions, finds differences in positive and negative features of the occupation across varying levels of satisfied and dissatisfied respondents. Implications of these findings for police practitioners and researchers are discussed.
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Iwanicka, Ewelina, Paweł Więch, Magdalena Magoń, Edyta Guty, Grzegorz Kucaba, and Marek Muster. "Influence of selected socio-demographic factors on the cardiopulmonary resuscitation effectiveness." Emergency Medical Service 9, no. 1 (2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/emems202201105.
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Aim: To assess the influence of selected socio-demographic factors on the CPR effectiveness performed by the police officers during the service. Material and methods: An observational, pilot study was conducted on a group of 90 police officers working in Rzeszów poviat. Each officer performed a 2-minute CPR on a dedicated Resusci Anne QCPR training phantom. The obtained parameters for chest compressions and ventilation were recorded using a dedicated SimPad SkillReporter tablet. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 13.1 software. Results: The analysis of the obtained results concerning the influence of sociodemographic variables on the quality of CPR showed that both age, sex and work seniority significantly differentiated the selected parameters of chest com¬pressions. Being an older man predisposed to deeper chest compressions. Women performed chest relaxation more ef¬fectively. Younger policemen provided chest compressions at a frequency recommended by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines. The above variables did not differentiate the groups in terms of ventilation. Conclusions: The age, sex and work seniority of the surveyed policemen significantly influenced the performance of chest compressions with no differences in ventilation parameters.
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Constantinos, Togas, Mavrogiorgi Fotini, Stylianoudaki Aikaterini, and Maniou Maria. "The Greek version of the Perceptions Of Sex Offenders Scale." Kriminologija & socijalna integracija 30, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/ksi.30.2.2.
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This study presents a preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Greek version of the Perceptions of Sex Offenders scale (PSO) in a community sample in Greece and examines the sociodemographic differences in its score. The participants were 452 people between 18 and 74 years old (mean age: 38). There were 141 men (31.27%) and 310 women (68.73%). The results supported a two-factor structure for the Greek PSO (factor I = Sentencing and Management and factor II = Stereotype Endorsement), while the third factor of the original PSO (“Risk Perception”) was not supported. These subscales demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha was .88 for the full scale with 18 retained items, .90 for the Sentencing and Management subscale and .83 for the Stereotype Endorsement subscale). There was also preliminary evidence for adequate construct validity. The older participants and those with lower educational levels asked for harsher managing and sentencing of sex offenders and had more stereotypes. The Greek version of the PSO is reliable, easy to administer and can be used for research and clinical purposes in men and women. This highlights the necessity for the cultural adaptation of the PSO in many other languages and countries. Future studies could use the PSO in specific samples like students, social workers, psychologists, correctional or judicial employees, police officers etc. to evaluate the possible differences between these groups.
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Kukic, Filip, Nenad Koropanovski, Radivoje Jankovic, Aleksandar Cvorovic, Jay Dawes-J, Robert Lockie-G, Robin M. Orr, and Milivoj Dopsaj. "Association of Sex-Related Differences in Body Composition to Change of Direction Speed in Police Officers While Carrying Load." International Journal of Morphology 38, no. 3 (June 2020): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022020000300731.
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Roberts, Dorothy E. "Is Race-Based Medicine Good for Us?: African American Approaches to Race, Biomedicine, and Equality." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 3 (2008): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.302.x.
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Public discourse on race-specific medicine typically erects a wall between the scientific use of race as a biological category and the ideological battle over race as a social identity. Scientists often address the potential for these therapeutics to reinforce a damaging understanding of “race” with precautions for using them rather than questioning their very development. For example, Esteban Gonzalez Burchard, an associate professor of medicine and biopharmaceutical sciences at the University of California, San Francisco, states, “We do see racial differences between populations and shouldn’t just close our eyes. Unfortunately, race is a politically charged topic, and there will be evildoers. But the fear should not outweigh the benefit of looking.” Although it is recognized that ideology influences the social meaning of race, it is usually assumed that there is a separate, prior scientific understanding of race that is not contaminated by politics.
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Nair, AJ, M. Nandini, S. Adappa, and C. Mahabala. "Carbon monoxide exposure among police officers working in a traffic dense region of Southern India." Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, no. 1 (August 19, 2016): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233716654071.
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Currently, in India, air pollution is widespread in urban areas where vehicles are major contributors. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of exposure in traffic police officers exposed to vehicle exhaust for less than 8 h/day. The specific objective of the study was to determine the levels of carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) in these officers. The effect of exposure for 8 h/day is known, but shorter durations of chronic exposure need to be investigated, and there is a need to explore the policy options in this exposed population. This cross-sectional study, included non-smoking traffic police officers between 30 and 50 years of age working for more than 2 years in busy traffic junctions. The cases were sex matched with controls of same age group, working in offices at a teaching hospital. Venous blood was collected at the end of 3 h of duty for estimation of COHb among both the groups. The COHb levels were expressed as percentage values. Differences between the COHb levels among the traffic police officers and office workers were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test and considered significant at p < 0.05. Traffic police officers had significantly elevated COHb levels compared with the controls; 76.5% of traffic police officers had COHb >2.5% compared with no office workers at this level and 41.2% of the police officers had COHb levels >4%. Overall, 53.8% of officers with COHb >2.5% reported headaches compared with 15.8% of officers with COHb <2.5%.
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Fortowsky, Alyson. "St. Patrick’s Day." After Dinner Conversation 3, no. 4 (2022): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/adc20223433.
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Would you kill your best friend if you found out he raped someone? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the narrator is a sophomore in college who spends time with her friend, a drug dealing college student named Nate, and his law school friend Jack. They all get together to drink, smoke pot, and have long philosophical debates. One night at a party the narrator wakes up to find Jack having sex with her. She waits until the party is over and tells Nate that Jack raped her. Nate comforts her, and supporters her, although she opts not to press charges, she tells Nate she wants Jack dead When Jack calls her to say he had a good time, and ask her out on a date, she refuses. The group grows apart until a year later, word gets back that Jack was at a party at Nate’s house when he drank to much and died of alcohol poisoning. Oddly, the police find nothing when questioning Nate because this is the one party where Nate, a drug dealer, doesn’t have drugs in the house. They never talk again, but the narrator wonders if Nate followed through and killed Jack. She hopes he did.
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Bierie, David M., and Kristen M. Budd. "Romeo, Juliet, and Statutory Rape." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 3 (July 15, 2016): 296–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063216658451.
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Statutory rape is an important yet understudied topic. There is broad public support for the prosecution of older adults who engage in sexual relationships with minors regardless of perceptions of consent by either party. However, some scholars worry that expansive definitions within these laws have led to the widespread involvement of the justice system in the lives of similarly aged teenagers engaging in relatively normal sexual behavior, so called “Romeo and Juliet” liaisons. This, in turn, has called into question the legitimacy of national policies, such as sex offender registration, because of the presumption that registries are likely filled with these kinds of cases which may not represent the intent of legislatures and the public. Despite the importance of these debates, there is little research assessing the prevalence of Romeo and Juliet cases in official crime statistics or that analyze differences in characteristics of statutory rape as a function of victim–offender age differences. Drawing on more than 20 years of police data from over 6,000 police departments in the United States, this study found statutory rape cases were rare and Romeo and Juliet cases were even rarer. Multivariate models showed several distinctions between statutory rape cases as a function of the age differences between victim and offender. Of note, the odds that additional forms of sexual aggression occurred in the incident grew as the age difference expanded.
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Papadakis, Zacharias, Andreas Stamatis, Filip Kukic, and Nenad Koropanovski. "Moving Past the One-Size-Fits-All Education-Training Model of Police Academies to the Self-Prescribed Individualized Exercise Prescription Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 7, 2021): 11676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111676.
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Law enforcement agencies generally employ the “one-size-fits-all” education-training model. Its effectiveness compared to alternative training models has been under scrutiny. Physical fitness scores of Serbian male (n = 98) and female (n = 79) police cadets during their yearly evaluation were compared. Cadets trained for the first 3 years with the “one-size-fits-all” model. In the fourth year, they self-prescribed an individualized exercise program based on the obtained curriculum knowledge. A two-way MANOVA revealed a significant effect of academic years on combined variables (p < 0.001) and significant differences between academic years for deadlift, half squat, standing long jump, sit-ups and 12-min Cooper test time (p < 0.001). Sex also had a significant main effect on combined variables (p < 0.001) with males outscoring females on all of the fitness assessments. For pull-ups, there was a significant year * sex interaction (p = 0.01) with the third year to be pivotal for female and male performance, respectively. In conclusion, the use of a “one-size-fits-all” model, presented differences in physical fitness scores between the years one to three, pointing to its questionable effectiveness. On the contrary, the self-prescribed individualized exercise program of the fourth year elicited greater fitness scores, indicating the need to evaluate the applicability of such a training model more.
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Langenmayr, Arnold, and Harald Schmitz. "Learning Test on Expressive Phonetic Symbolism." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 1 (August 1996): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.1.227.
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We asked 249 students to learn three different vocabulary lists, each containing 19 word-pairs (Indonesian, Suaheli, and one mixed list composed of items from 13 different languages) in three versions: “normal” (factual classification), “reversed” (opposite classification), and “disarranged” (word meaning imputed in a completely different dimension). That those word-pairs with “normal” classification would lead to best learning was not generally confirmed but was corroborated for favourable learning conditions (items at the top of the list, items at the beginning of the questioning, easy to learn items), whereas the effect of phonetic symbolism combined with “normal” presentation proved rather abstruse. We assume that in the latter cases encoding worked rather automatically, and additional information used energy. The encoding process uses so much energy that further information is not useful under unfavourable learning conditions. We found a relation between performance on each mode of presentation and sex. Independent of presentation mode, learning depends on age, sex, membership in a seminar, and subject matter studied. Therefore, we examined the distribution of these in our nine groups (three languages by three versions). Since no statistically relevant differences in distribution arose, our results do not have to be qualified.
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Harris, Andrew J., Jill S. Levenson, Christopher Lobanov-Rostovsky, and Scott M. Walfield. "Law Enforcement Perspectives on Sex Offender Registration and Notification: Effectiveness, Challenges, and Policy Priorities." Criminal Justice Policy Review 29, no. 4 (June 7, 2016): 391–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403416651671.
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Since the 1990s, sex offender registration and notification (SORN) has assumed a prominent place on state and federal crime control agendas in the United States. Although researchers have examined many aspects of SORN policies and systems, relatively little is known about how SORN is used, perceived, and experienced by law enforcement professionals in the context of their work. This article presents findings from a mixed-method study, consisting of face-to-face interviews and a national online survey of police and sheriff agencies. We examined law enforcement views on SORN’s general functions and efficacy, barriers to SORN effectiveness, and recommendations for SORN-related policy. Results highlight the challenges associated with SORN’s various functions as a law enforcement information tool, as an offender monitoring mechanism, and as a conduit of public information. They also indicate differences between the perspectives of agency leadership and those on the front lines of registry enforcement and management, as well as a range of concerns associated with the reliability and utility of registry information, inter-system communication, registrant homelessness and transience, and the public’s capacity to understand registry information. Implications for policy reform and for SORN-related research are discussed.
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Alves, J. C., Ana Santos, Patrícia Jorge, Catarina Lavrador, and L. Miguel Carreira. "Comparison of clinical and radiographic signs of hip osteoarthritis in contralateral hip joints of fifty working dogs." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e0248767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248767.
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Objective This study aimed to compare the symmetry of clinical and radiographic signs of right and left pelvic limbs of dogs with bilateral hip osteoarthritis (OA) and evaluate the association of physical findings and radiographic abnormalities. Patients and methods One hundred pelvic limbs of police working dogs with bilateral hip OA were evaluated, following a screening program. Weight distribution, joint range of motion at flexion and extension, thigh girth, and radiographic signs were recorded and compared with the results of the contralateral limb and by breed, age, and sex with the Paired Samples T-Test and Pearson correlation coefficient, with p<0.05. Results The sample mean age was 6.5±2.2 years, and the bodyweight of 26.7±5.3kg. No significant differences were observed when comparing weight distribution, joint range of motion, and thigh girth of left and right limbs. Weight distribution and age showed a statistically significant correlation with joint extension. The right limbs showed a significantly higher frequency of circumferential femoral head osteophyte (CFHO) regarding radiographic signs. Limbs with CFHO or caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte had significantly larger joint flexion angle (p = 0.02) and smaller extension angle (p<0.01), respectively, compared to those that did not. Age showed a significant correlation with the presence of several radiographic findings, as did different breeds. Conclusion Clinical and radiographic signs occur symmetrically in naturally occurring hip OA in police working dogs. Several correlations were observed between the evaluations performed and differences between breeds, which can be useful in assessing and early diagnosis of hip OA.
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Vig, K. D., J. E. Mason, R. N. Carleton, G. J. G. Asmundson, G. S. Anderson, and D. Groll. "Mental health and social support among public safety personnel." Occupational Medicine 70, no. 6 (July 24, 2020): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa129.
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Abstract Background Social support may be a protective factor for the mental health of public safety personnel (PSP), who are frequently exposed to potentially psychologically traumatic events and report substantial post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms. Research examining perceived social support and its association with PTSD and MDD in different PSP categories (e.g. firefighters, paramedics) is limited. Aims To examine differences in perceived social support across PSP and determine whether perceived social support is associated with differences in rates of MDD and PTSD. Methods We asked Canadian PSP, including correctional workers and officers, public safety communications officials, firefighters, paramedics, municipal and provincial police officers, and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers, to complete an online anonymous survey that assessed socio-demographic information (e.g. occupation, sex, marital status, service years), social supports and symptoms of mental disorders, including PTSD and MDD. Analyses included ANOVA and logistic regression models. Results Perceived social support differed by PSP occupation. RCMP officers reported lower social support than all other PSP except paramedics. For most PSP categories, PSP who reported greater social support were less likely to screen positive for PTSD (adjusted odds ratios [AORs]: 0.90–0.93). Across all PSP categories, greater perceived social support was associated with a decreased likelihood of screening positive for MDD (AORs: 0.85–0.91). Conclusions Perceived social support differs across some PSP categories and predicts PTSD and MDD diagnostic status. Studies involving diagnostic clinical interviews, longitudinal designs and social support interventions are needed to replicate and extend our results.
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Chopin, Julien, and Eric Beauregard. "Elderly Sexual Abuse: An Examination of the Criminal Event." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 6 (April 23, 2019): 706–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219843899.
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The current study investigates the modus operandi specificities for the sexual abuse against the elderly. A comparison between sex crimes against adult and elderly victims is conducted following the criminal event approach. The comparison is based on the precrime, crime, and postcrime phases of the modus operandi, operationalized through 53 variables. The sample comes from a French national police database including a total of 1,829 cases—including 130 cases of elderly sexual abuse and 1,699 cases of sexual abuse against victims aged between 18 and 45 years. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are performed to examine the differences in the two groups. Several differences are observed between the two modus operandi. Findings indicate that the precrime phase is the most important to explain these differences, and this phase of the criminal event affects the rest of the decisions taken during the crime and postcrime phases. Specifically, we have highlighted that sexual crimes against the elderly are more violent and occur more often in the victim’s residence. This study suggests that offenders targeting the elderly use specific crime characteristics, and this allows to highlight practical implications in terms of investigation and offender management.
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Addington, Lynn. "Turning 75: Why Age Matters for Victims of Assaultive Violence Reported to Police." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.155.
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Abstract Americans are able to age in more active and engaged ways than previous generations. These changes bring many positive opportunities, but also might affect the risk of criminal victimization for older adults. In considering these risks, an initial question is how best to identify older adults. One common default is to use age 65 and older, which suggests older individuals are part of a homogenous group. The Census Bureau’s multiple category approach illustrates another option, which captures variations as Americans age. This study explores the risk and characteristics of non-fatal assaultive violence using a multiple-category age definition and uses police data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s 2016 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). These data were collected from 34 states and cover a range of crimes including aggravated and simple assaults. NIBRS data are well suited for this study as they collect details about the crime including victim and offender demographics and incident details such as victim-offender relationship, weapons, location and arrest. Preliminary results indicate that 34,689 assault victims were adults over the age of 65. Using a generic measure of older adult (age 65 and above) masks important variations in these assaults. Distinct patterns are observed between those aged 65 to 74, 75 to 84 and 85 and above. Within these age categories, differences also occur across racial and sex groups. The patterns observed can provide more nuanced guidance to challenge traditional assumptions about older adult crime victims and inform policies tailored to support these victims.
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Koropanovski, Nenad, Robin M. Orr, Milivoj Dopsaj, Katie M. Heinrich, J. Jay Dawes, and Filip Kukic. "Effects of Maximal and Submaximal Anaerobic and Aerobic Running on Subsequent Change-of-Direction Speed Performance among Police Students." Biology 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050767.
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Change-of-direction speed (CODS) directly impacts success in sports, police, and military performance. Movements requiring CODS are often preceded by aerobic or anaerobic running. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of maximal and submaximal anaerobic and aerobic running on subsequent CODS performance. A sample of 50 police students (42% female and 58% male) performed a maximal 300-yard shuttle run test (SR300y) and a 2.4-km Cooper test (CT2.4km) at maximal effort and also at 95, 90, 85, 80, and 75% of maximal effort. CODS was assessed using the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) immediately following each intensity level of each test at 12 separate testing sessions. To avoid fatigue, the period between each consecutive session was a minimum of 3 days. Paired samples t-tests were used to determine the differences between the two conditions (anaerobic lactic and aerobic) and for the IAT. A repeated measure analysis of variance with a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to analyze partial effects of different running intensities on the IAT. A significant reduction in speed was observed between the initial IATmax time and the IATmax time after performing the SR300y at intensities of 95, 90, 85, and 80% of maximal speed on this test. IAT performance was significantly slower when performed after the CT2.4km at 95 and 90% of maximal aerobic speed. The effects of the SR300y on the IAT were significantly greater than the effects of the CT2.4km. No significant differences were found by sex. Building up to 90% intensity, anaerobic running has a greater negative impact on subsequent CODS performance than does aerobic running.
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Houlton, Tobias MR, Nicolene Jooste, André Uys, and Maryna Steyn. "Lip height estimation in a southern African sample." South African Dental Journal 75, no. 8 (September 30, 2020): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2020/v75no8a1.
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INTRODUCTION: The South African Police Service frequently relies on craniofacial approximation and superimposition to assist in identifying unknown deceased individuals. Standards to estimate lip height are however limited. Findings from this study share medical applications. Aims and objectives: Establish reliable standards for estimating lip height using dentoskeletal measurements. METHODS: Cone-beam CTs comprising 124 black and 39 white southern African adults were assessed. A series of dimensions were recorded using a DICOM viewer with an inbuilt measuring tool. Relationships between hard tissue structures (maxillary, mandibular and total central incisor heights, their corresponding root lengths, face height (N-Gn), and nose height (N-Sn)) and respective overlaying soft tissues (upper, lower and total lip heights) were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Statistically significant differences were observed between population, sex and age groups. A selection of regression equations to estimate lip height was calculated that included population, sex and approximate age (20-39 and 40+ years) for improved goodness-of-fit (r2-value). Regression models using face height produced the strongest multiple correlation (r-value) and goodness-of-fit (r2-value). Validation testing indicated that regression models often improved upon mean measurements, while offering a degree of individuality that mean values do not.
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Felson, Richard B. "Academic Apartheid: Segregation in the Study of Partner Violence." Partner Abuse 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.1.1.61.
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The study of men’s violence against their intimate partners is segregated from the study of other forms of violence. Comparing intimate partner violence (IPV) to other violence, however, allows one to examine whether the motivation and the legal response are similar. I examine whether men’s assaults on partners are particularly likely to have a control motive, whether women’s assaults on partners are particularly likely to be motivated by self-defense, and whether intimate partner violence is less likely to be reported to the police and legally sanctioned. The evidence casts doubt on the feminist approach, which has dominated the study of IPV. I suggest that a theory of instrumental violence provides a better understanding of IPV. Such an approach recognizes a variety of motives and emphasizes the role of conflict in intimate relationships, sex differences in strength and violence, and the importance of chivalry. Finally, I suggest that social scientists who study IPV should be more careful in their descriptive terminology.
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Perales, Francisco, and Alice Campbell. "Early roots of sexual-orientation health disparities: associations between sexual attraction, health and well-being in a national sample of Australian adolescents." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 10 (July 21, 2019): 954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211588.
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BackgroundResearch documents substantial adolescent health disparities by sexual orientation, but studies are confined to a small number of countries—chiefly the USA. We provide first-time evidence of associations between sexual orientation and adolescent health/well-being in a new country—Australia. We also add to knowledge by examining health/well-being outcomes not previously analysed in national samples, considering adolescents reporting no sexual attractions, and rank-ordering sexual-orientation health disparities by magnitude.MethodsData from an Australian national probability sample of 14/15 years old (Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, n=3318) and regression models adjusted for confounding and for multiple comparisons were used to examine the associations between sexual attraction and 30 outcomes spanning multiple domains of health/well-being—including socio-emotional functioning, health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, health-related behaviours, social support, self-harm, suicidality, victimisation, self-concept, school belonging and global health/well-being assessments.ResultsLesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning adolescents displayed significantly worse health/well-being than their heterosexual peers in all outcomes (p<0.05). The magnitude of the disparities ranged between 0.13 and 0.75 SD, and was largest in the domains of self-harm, suicidality, peer problems and emotional problems. There were fewer differences between the heterosexual and no-attraction groups. Worse outcomes were observed among both-sex-attracted adolescents compared with same-sex-attracted adolescents, and sexual-minority girls compared with sexual-minority boys.ConclusionsConsistent with the minority stress model and recent international scholarship, sexual-minority status is an important risk factor for poor adolescent health/well-being across domains in Australia. Interventions aimed at addressing sexual-orientation health disparities within Australian adolescent populations are urgently required.
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D. White, Michael, Victor J. Mora, Carlena Orosco, and E. C. Hedberg. "Moving the needle: can training alter officer perceptions and use of de-escalation?" Policing: An International Journal 44, no. 3 (February 3, 2021): 418–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2020-0140.
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PurposeDe-escalation training for police has received widespread attention as a method for reducing unnecessary and excessive use of force. There is virtually no research on de-escalation, and as a result, there is little understanding about what it is, what it includes and whether it is effective. The current study compares attitudes about the importance and use of de-escalation among officers who were randomly assigned to participate (or not) in de-escalation training.Design/methodology/approachThe current study draws from a larger randomized controlled trial of de-escalation training in the Tempe, Arizona Police Department (TPD). Approximately 100 officers completed a survey in June–July 2019 and again in June–July 2020. TPD delivered the de-escalation training to half the patrol force in February–March 2020. The authors compare treatment and control officers' attitudes about the importance of specific de-escalation tactics, how often they use those tactics and their sentiments de-escalation training. The authors employ an econometric random-effects model to examine between-group differences post-training while controlling for relevant officer attributes including age, race, sex, prior training and squad-level pretraining attitudes about de-escalation.FindingsTreatment and control officers reported positive perceptions of de-escalation tactics, frequent use of those tactics and favorable attitudes toward de-escalation before and after the training. After receiving the training, treatment officers placed greater importance on compromise, and reported more frequent use of several important tactics including compromise, knowing when to walk away and maintaining officer safety.Originality/valueOnly a few prior studies have has examined whether de-escalation training changes officer attitudes. The results from the current study represent an initial piece of evidence suggesting de-escalation training may lead to greater use of those tactics by officers during encounters with citizens.
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Paleksić, Vesna. "Professional stressors in prison officers: A cross-sectional study." Scripta Medica 51, no. 3 (2020): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/scriptamed51-24550.
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Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the stressors on prison officers' workplace in facilities of closed and semi-open type and their differences and the interconnection between specific sociodemographic variables (sex, age, marital status, exposed working experience, education level) and stressors on workplaces. Methods: The cross-sectional study included 330 prison officers, between 19 and 65 years of age, who have been divided in two groups depending on the security level of the facility (semi-open and close facility type). The research was conducted during 2015, using the following questionnaires: sociodemographic questionnaire, the organisational police stress questionnaire (PSQ.org) and the operational police stress questionnaire (PSQ.op). Results: The results have shown significantly higher load with organisational and operative stress in facilities of closed type (p < 0.001) and that in both groups operative stress sources were slightly more represented than the organisational. The intensity of stress ranged from low to medium. Higher intensity of organisational stress was perceived regarding stressors related to work appreciation, than in regard to sources related to logistic support, while the lowest intensity of stress was in regard to interpersonal relations in the organisation. In closed facilities, divorced prison officers and those who were separated from their families for a longer time have experienced higher stress intensity. Total work experience and age of prison officers had a moderate and mild effect, respecitively, on organisational stressors in higher security facilities. "Fatigue", "traumatic event" and "favouritism" were the most important stressors. Conclusion: The prison officers are exposed to stress of low to medium intensity, the operational stress sources being more represented then organisational. In higher security facilities total work experience and age had an influence on organisational stressors.
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Archibald, Paul C., and Roland J. Thorpe, Jr. "Life Stressors and Sleep Problems as Predictors of the Likelihood of Lifetime Cannabis Use among Black Adults with Criminal Justice Contact." Ethnicity & Disease 31, no. 2 (April 14, 2021): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.2.187.
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Background: The criminal justice system is the second largest referral source to publicly funded marijuana use disorder treatment. Individuals with criminal justice contact (being unfairly treated or abused by the police, lifetime arrest, incarceration, or parole) have reported notably high levels of stress, sleep problems, and marijuana use. There are well-known race and sex disparities in marijuana use and criminal justice contact. However, understanding is limited on the role that stressors and sleep problems contribute to marijuana use among Black adults who experience criminal justice contact.Objectives: To determine whether life stressors and sleep problems contribute to lifetime marijuana use among Black adults with criminal justice contact and if there are sex differences.Methods: We performed multivariate logistic analysis, using nationally representative data of a non-institutionalized population sample (n=1508) of the National Survey of American Life from 2001 to 2003. We compared life stressors and sleep problems between Black adults with criminal justice contact who had lifetime marijuana use and those who did not have lifetime marijuana use. All analyses were stratified by sex.Results: In the sample of Black males with criminal justice contacts, individuals who reported financial stress (PR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12-1.60) had a higher prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black males who reported no financial stress. Black males who reported that they were spiritual (PR: .76, 95% CI: .61-.93) had a lower prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black males who indicated that they were not spiritual. Black females who reported family stress (PR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04-1.82) had a higher prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black females who reported no family stress.Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of considering sex differences in life stressors when developing etiologic models of marijuana use disorder for Black adults who have experienced criminal justice contact.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(2):187-196; doi:10.18865/ed.32.1.187
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Qin, Denning, and Jennissen. "Enforcement of Off-Road Vehicle Laws in Iowa." Safety 5, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5020022.
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Safety laws are among the most successful means of reducing injuries, but their effectiveness is strongly influenced by the level of enforcement. To characterize enforcement of off-road vehicle (ORV) laws statewide, analyses of citations were performed using Iowa Court Information System data. From 2005–2015, 5173 individuals were charged with 5643 citations issued. Citations averaged <5/county/year, decreased dramatically over time, and varied by county when normalized to registered all-terrain vehicles (ATVs). Over 90% of operators cited were male and Caucasian. One-fifth were <18 years old. The top five violations were: operation on a highway/snowmobile trail (51%), registration/identification number not documented/displayed (19%), prohibited use in a park/preserve (5.5%), and operation with more persons than the vehicle is designed to carry (4.4%). The Department of Natural Resources issued the highest percentage of citations, followed in decreasing order by Sheriff, Police, State Patrol, and Conservation officers. Significant differences were identified when citations were compared by sex, age, race, enforcement agency, disposition (guilty vs. not guilty), and when comparing counties with or without an ORV park. These characteristics suggest limited and variable enforcement of laws statewide that may reduce their potential to prevent deaths and injuries, and that improved strategies to support ORV law enforcement are needed.
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Vasiliadis, Helen-Maria, Alain Lesage, Carol Adair, and Richard Boyer. "Service Use for Mental Health Reasons: Cross-Provincial Differences in Rates, Determinants, and Equity of Access." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 10 (August 1, 2005): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370505001007.
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Objectives: In 2002, Canada undertook its first national survey on mental health and well-being, including detailed questioning on service use. Mental disorders may affect more than 1 person in 5, according to past regional and less comprehensive mental health surveys in Canada, and most do not seek help. Individual determinants play a role in health resource use for mental health (MH) reasons. This study aimed to provide prevalence rates of health care service use for MH reasons by province and according to service type and to examine determinants of MH service use in Canada and across provinces. Methods: We assessed the prevalence rate (95% confidence interval [CI]) of past-year health service use for MH reasons, and we assessed potential determinants cross-sectionally, using data collected from the Statistics Canada Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2). We estimated models of resource use with logistic regression (using odds ratios and 95%CIs). Results: The prevalence of health service use for MH reasons in Canada was 9.5% (95%CI, 9.1% to 10.0%). The highest rates, on average, were observed in Nova Scotia (11.3%; 95%CI, 9.6% to 13.0%) and British Columbia (11.3%; 95%CI, 10.1% to 12.6%). The lowest rates were observed in Newfoundland and Labrador (6.7%; 95%CI, 5.3% to 8.0%) and Prince Edward Island (7.5%; 95%CI, 5.8% to 9.3%). In Canada, the general medical system was the most used for MH reasons (5.4%; 95%CI, 5.1% to 5.8%) and the voluntary network sector was the least used (1.9%; 95%CI, 1.7% to 2.1%). No difference was observed in the rate of service use between specialty MH (3.5%; 95%CI, 3.2% to 3.8%) and other professional providers (4.0%; 95%CI, 3.7% to 4.3%). In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for age and sex, the presence of a mental disorder was a consistent predictor of health service use for MH across the provinces. Conclusions: There is up to a twofold difference in the type of service used for MH reasons across provinces. The primary care general medical system is the most widely used service for MH. Need remains the strongest predictor of use, especially when a mental disorder is present. Barriers to access, such as income, were not identified in all provinces. Different sociodemographic variables played a role in service seeking within each province. This suggests different attitudes toward common mental disorders and toward care seeking among the provinces.
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Poirier, Sébastien, Noémie Allard-Gaudreau, Philippe Gendron, Julie Houle, and François Trudeau. "Health, Safety, and Wellness Concerns Among Law Enforcement Officers: An Inductive Approach." Workplace Health & Safety 71, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21650799221134422.
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Background: Although studies have assessed the impact of occupational risk factors on the health of law enforcement officers (LEO’s), few have involved (LEO’s) as informants in ways that allow their points of view to be heard directly. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore the occupational health, safety, and wellness (OHSW) concerns of (LEO’s). Methods: (LEO’s) working in Quebec, Canada were invited to answer an open-ended question regarding their OHSW concerns. Using a multi-stage content analysis, the collected answers were analyzed and coded by two members of the research team to identify the most recurrent concerns of (LEO’s). Findings: Five themes relating to the OHSW concerns of (LEO’s) were identified, namely, the work schedule, occupational stress, work equipment, workplace health promotion, and operational risks. Furthermore, our analyses highlighted differences in the concerns of (LEO’s) based on their level of experience and sex. Conclusions/Application to Practice: This study addresses a gap in the literature on the OHSW concerns from the perspective of (LEO’s). Overall, our results support that the work schedule and occupational stress associated with law enforcement are the two most recurrent concerns of (LEO’s). Thus, the results of this study further stress the need for police organizations to implement strategies and policies, which could mitigate the deleterious effects of these hazards on the overall wellness of (LEO’s).
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Eckardt, Paula, Jennifer M. Goldman, Jose A. Rodriguez Claramunt, Jianli Niu, and Courtney Edwards. "450. Evaluating First Responders for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Broward County, Florida." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.643.
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Abstract Background First responders (e.g., emergency medical technicians, firefighters and police) may be at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and potentially spreading it than the general population due to frequent and close exposure to others. Prevention of first responder infections is important for reducing secondary transmission and maintaining health system capacity. We aimed to evaluate the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection on first responders, identify risk factors for infection, and to provide health services to help control the current outbreak. Methods Memorial Healthcare System (MHS), a public healthcare system serving the South Broward Hospital District, together with the National Guard and Florida state governor, opened up a drive-through testing center for SARS-CoV-2 at C.B. Smith Park in Broward County, Florida. All first responders in Broward County, symptomatic or asymptomatic, were being tested. SARS-CoV-2 infection was made as a positive result of real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing on at least one nasal or nasopharyngeal swab. All first responders who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 were informed by test site staff and self-quarantined to limit the spread of the disease. Results A total of 3,375 individuals was tested during the period from April 1 to April 29, 2020. The median age was 42 years (IQR 33–52) and 1,464 (43%) were men. 473 (14%) were symptomatic and 2,902 (86%) were asymptomatic. 289 (8.5%) of 3,375 first responders were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. These included 54 of 473 symptomatic (11%) and 235 of 2,902 asymptomatic (8.1%) cases. The rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection were comparable in male vs female (8.1% vs 8.9%, p = 0.429) and in symptomatic vs asymptomatic (p = 0.173). There is no sex-, age-based differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among the first responders tested (Figure 1). Laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 among first responders between April 1 and April 30, 2020 in Broward County. Conclusion First responders carry a significant burden from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an infection rate of 8.5%, which was comparable in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. There is no sex-, age-based differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in first responders. High priority testing for SARS-CoV-2 must expand to include first responders, particularly asymptomatic individuals. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Selfridge, Marion, Kiffer G. Card, Alissa Greer, Sarah Ferencz, Nathan Lachowsky, and Scott Macdonald. "Respondent-Driven Sampling With Youth Who Use Drugs: A Mixed Methods Assessment." Contemporary Drug Problems 46, no. 4 (December 2019): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450919885412.
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Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) has been widely used for recruiting hard-to-sample populations, particularly men who have sex with men and people who inject drugs from large urban centers. The aim of this article was to examine the feasibility of using RDS among nonmetropolitan youth who use drugs. Between May 2017 and June 2018, RDS was used to recruit youth who use drugs, ages 16–30, in three nonmetropolitan Canadian cities. All participants completed a 1-hr interviewer-administered survey. Youth received $25 for the interview, up to five coupons to recruit peers and $5 per coupon returned. Crude and RDS-weighted descriptive statistics were produced using RDS-II weights as were homophily (the tendency for people to be similar) and network size estimates. Statistically significant differences between seeds and recruits were identified using logistic regression. A subsample of recruits participated in qualitative interviews ( n = 38). Data from these interviews were inductively analyzed to identify barriers that could be used to explain the challenges with chain-referral recruitment among this population. In total, 449 youth were recruited. Due to unproductive chains, 57.2% ( n = 257) of the sample was comprised of seeds and 322 (72%) did not have a single coupon returned. Barriers to recruiting other youth included logistical challenges, fear of police, concerns about confidentiality, stigma of substance use, and poor financial incentive. Our study shows that RDS can be used to reach younger participants but also highlights the need for formative research and flexibility in recruitment to help mitigate unsuccessful RDS among nonmetropolitan youth who use drugs.
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Formanova, Svitlana, and Tetiana Dombrovan. "A Sociolinguistic Experiment in Defining the Forms of Impoliteness." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 25, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2019-25-2-323-337.
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The importance of the study is determined by the need for a comprehensive analysis of the conducted sociolinguistic experiment in order to identify the forms and means of impoliteness and to clarify the linguistic status of the latter. The objective of the article is, by means of a survey, to find out the forms, types and means of impoliteness among the student youth. The investigation of social awareness of the anti-etiquette space based on the analysis of the SE participants’ answers has never before been in the focus of linguists. The object of the study is the sociolinguistic experiment, the subject being the characteristics of forms and means of impoliteness. The following scientific methods are employed: the method of observation – to fix linguistic and non-linguistic expressions of anti-etiquette forms; the descriptive method – to identify the characteristic features of forms and means of impoliteness; analysis and synthesis of factual material in order to systematize and classify the factual material; the field research method with a questionnaire as its most common technique – to collect the corpus; the quantitative method and the method of sociolinguistic analysis of the collected corpus – to process the revealed facts about the subject of the study; the psycholinguistic method – to process and analyze the speech data received from informants as a result of questioning, which helped to establish the forms, types and methods of impoliteness among students. Findings. The authors claim that a high degree of impoliteness in the speech of young people is a means of self-expression and self-establishment, a striving for violation of social taboo, a way to set up one’s own communicative rules. The use of the anti-etiquette forms of communication is influenced by a variety of factors such as age, sex, social status, area of residence, education, and profession. The survey has revealed certain differences in the regional use of the anti-etiquette forms in Ukraine. Being accurate and emotionally colored, those forms express a negative phenomenon which sometimes exists in the process of communication.