Relevant bibliographies by topics / Police questioning Sex differences

Academic literature on the topic 'Police questioning Sex differences'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Police questioning Sex differences"

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Moreno-Begines, María de las Nieves, Almudena Arroyo-Rodríguez, Álvaro Borrallo-Riego, and María Dolores Guerra-Martín. "Intersexuality/Differences of Sex Development through the Discourse of Intersex People, Their Relatives, and Health Experts: A Descriptive Qualitative Study." Healthcare 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040671.

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Intersex/differences of sex development (DSD) conditions are divergences among genitalia, gonads, and chromosome patterns. These variances have been present for millennia and socially defined according to the cultural system established. The aim of this study is to describe the perspectives of adult intersex/DSD people, their relatives, and intersex/DSD expert professionals in Spain. A descriptive qualitative study design was adopted. The study was carried out in several locations in Spain. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted and addressed to 12 participants (4 intersex/DSD people, 3 relatives, and 5 professional experts). A total of 4 spheres, 10 categories, and 26 subcategories were obtained. The number of verbatims obtained in each of the spheres described were intersex/DSD as a community (n = 54), health sphere approach (n = 77), law sphere approach (n = 12), and psychosocial approach (n = 73). Regarding intersex/DSD as a community sphere, there is a clear need of promoting education on sex and body diversity. With respect to the health sphere, it is mentioned the inadequacy of services and how this has a negative impact on the health of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the law sphere, it is highlighted the need of designing legislations at a national level which protect and defend the rights of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the psychosocial sphere, these people suffer from social isolation, secrecy, shame, self-identity questioning, and mental disorders that negatively impact their quality of life.
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Pollock, Wendi, Willard Oliver, and Scott Menard. "Measuring the Problem." Criminal Justice Review 37, no. 2 (March 12, 2012): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016811436335.

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This research examined socioeconomic variables, offending behavior, and prior police contact, as predictors of self-reported police contact (questioning or arrest). Utilizing multilevel models and eight waves of National Youth Survey Family Study data, the predictors were examined in a national sample of individuals, over 24 years. Results indicate that police contact is predominately predicted by sex, delinquent peers, and offending behavior. This suggests that several of the variables commonly discussed in police contact literature, including race, are not predictors of police contact at the national level in the United States. Implications of national-level findings on police policy are discussed.
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Gomez-Garcia, Antonio Ramón, Juan Cornelio Jara Costales, and Richard Oswaldo Valenzuela-Mendieta. "Attributable road traffic injury mortality: differences in statistical systems in Ecuador." Universidad Ciencia y Tecnología 26, no. 117 (November 23, 2022): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/uct.v26i117.655.

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This paper aims to estimate the differences in mortality from road traffic injuries according to the records present in the information sources in the Republic of Ecuador, 2017 - 2019. Methodologically, the cases of deaths and mortality rates are compared between police records and death certificates by age group and sex. During the study period, 7291 traffic fatalities were recorded in police records, compared to 9509 in medical certificates. Mortality rates vary significantly by age and sex between data sources, with police records showing a decreasing trend, but no significant change according to medical death certificates. The study reveals that there is no consistency between data sources, possibly to mask weaknesses in police actions inroad traffic policing.
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Shoko, Munatsi, Kerry Vermaak, and Annika Rudman. "Role of the police in access to justice for sexual and gender-based violence perpetrated against diverse women in Zimbabwe." Stellenbosch Law Review 33, no. 1 (2022): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/slr/2022/i1a6.

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Bound by the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe (“Zimbabwean Constitution”), as informed by regional human rights law, Zimbabwean police should facilitate access to justice for everyone. This article interrogates the lived realities of diverse women in terms of how the police in Zimbabwe respond when they report cases of sexual and gender-based violence (“SGBV”). Using qualitative data this article also interrogates institutional practices questioning the alignment of laws and actions to the Zimbabwean Constitution. The findings show that the reluctance of the police to efficiently and appropriately engage with SGBV cases reported by diverse women is encouraged by the homophobic context in which these take place. The ability of the police to provide justice to diverse women who experience SGBV can be strengthened by repealing the laws that criminalise same-sex relations and sodomy and by implementing regional human rights law as interpreted through Resolution 275 of the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights.
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DeSteno, David A., and Peter Salovey. "Evolutionary Origins of Sex Differences in Jealousy? Questioning the “Fitness” of the Model." Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (November 1996): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00391.x.

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Evolutionary psychology has become a popular framework for studying jealousy Much of this popularity can be attributed to work by Buss and his colleagues showing an apparent relation between an individual's sex and jealousy for certain types of infidelity (i e, sexual vs emotional) that is consistent with evolutionary theory (Buss, Larsen, Westen, & Semmelroth, 1992) In two studies, we take issue with these findings and argue that the relation between sex and jealousy reported by Buss and his colleagues is more properly explained by considering individuals' beliefs concerning the covariation between sexual and emotional infidelity
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Mays, Vickie M., and Susan D. Cochran. "Ethnic and Gender Differences in Beliefs about Sex Partner Questioning to Reduce HIV Risk." Journal of Adolescent Research 8, no. 1 (January 1993): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074355489381006.

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Ransdell, Lynda B., and Christine L. Wells. "Sex Differences in Athletic Performance." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 8, no. 1 (April 1999): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.8.1.55.

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Do women out-perform men in endurance sports? Are women as strong, pound for pound, as men? Many questions have been raised about the ability of women and men to perform physical tasks equally well. The issue of sex differences and similarities in performance has considerable significance today as women seek physically demanding careers in police-work, fire-fighting, the military, industry, and athletics. As more women participate in recreational and career opportunities formerly open only to men, knowledge about sex differences in response to physical exertion and training becomes increasingly important. In this paper we describes differences between the sexes in athletic performance.Most performance differences are due to variations in morphological (structural) or physiological characteristics typical of women and men (Wells, 1991). Nevertheless, variations in these characteristics are often as large or larger within each sex as they are between the sexes. The same is true of physical performance. Thus, when the entire population is considered, there are extensive differences in performance within each sex, and considerable overlap in performance between the sexes.We will base our examination of performance differences on the most outstanding performances of each sex: those exemplified by World Records in athletic events. We seek to answer such questions as: How large are sex differences in world record performances? Can existing performance differences be explained entirely by biological differences between the sexes? Or, are a large portion of these performance differ-ences attributable to sociocultural factors?We will analyze sex differences in performance relative to the human energy system. This system allows an extraordinary range of mechanisms for neuromuscular coordination and metabolism. Because of this, the human has a virtually unlimited movement repertoire and is capable of movements requiring large bursts of energy over very brief periods of time, as well as movements requiring low levels of energy production over very long periods of time. We will progress from sports that require very high intensity and explosive quality movements such as jumping and power lifting, through the “energy spectrum” to feats of endurance such as marathon running, ultra-distance triathlon, and open-water distance swimming.Due to our desire to focus this paper on a reasonable amount of data, our analysis will be limited as follows:1) for sex differences in high intensity-brief duration, explosive per-formance, we will discuss the high jump, long jump, and various mea-sures of strength (powerlifting),2) for sex differences in high intensity-short duration performance, we will present data on sprint running (100m, 400m) and swimming (100m),3) for sex differences in moderate intensity-moderate duration performance, we will discuss middle-distance running (1500m, 5000m, 10,000m), and swimming (1500m), and4) for differences in low intensity-long duration performance, we will discuss the marathon, the "Ironman Triathlon," and open ocean distance swimming.
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Singer, Ming S., and Alan E. Singer. "Sex Differences in the Perception of Male and Female Police Officers in New Zealand." Journal of Psychology 119, no. 1 (January 1985): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1985.9712606.

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Corral, Daniel. "The Relationship Between Immigration Enforcement and Educational Attainment: The Role of Sanctuary Policies." AERA Open 7 (January 2021): 233285842110372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23328584211037253.

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This study explores the association between sanctuary policies and the high school completion and college enrollment of Hispanic undocumented youth. Sanctuary policies, which city, county, and/or state governments implement, prohibit local political leaders and police officials from cooperating with federal immigration enforcement officers regarding the questioning, detention, and deportation of undocumented immigrants. This study uses data from the American Community Survey and applies a difference-in-differences design. On average, my preferred specification detected no association with high school completion or college enrollment. These findings suggest that although these policies may help counteract immigration enforcement, they may not reduce uncertainty enough to have a significant relationship with educational outcomes.
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Skye, Megan, Stephanie Craig, Caitlin Donald, Allyson Kelley, Brittany Morgan, Kavita Rajani, Michelle Singer, Tosha Zaback, and William Lambert. "Are American Indian/Alaska Native Adolescent Health Behaviors Different? A Review of AI/AN Youth Involved in Native STAND Curriculum, 2014–2017 United States." Maternal and Child Health Journal 25, no. 12 (October 27, 2021): 1893–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03256-7.

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Abstract Objectives To explore health behavior profiles of AI/AN youth involved in native students together against negative decisions (STAND), a national culture-based curriculum. Methods We analyzed data from 1236 surveys conducted among AI/AN youth at 40 native STAND implementation sites located in 16 states throughout the US from 2014 to 2017. Health profiles included demographics, sexual orientation, sexual activity, STI testing, cigarette use, and suicide attempts in the past 12-months. We used t-tests and chi square tests of independence to compare risk behavior prevalence among the sample. Results Health behavior profiles of AI/AN youth indicate that 45.6% of youth did not use condoms the last time they had sex, and 82.7% have never been tested for STIs. Differences in cigarette smoking were observed in questioning youth (questioning: 80.3%, straight/heterosexual: 63.8%, LGBTQ2S + : 49.9%, p = 0.03). Conclusions for Practice Health behaviors related to sex, substance, violence and self-harm, are at least as common for AI/AN youth as those observed in other US teens. Future research should consider similarities and differences in health profiles of AI/AN youth when designing interventions that affect them. Further, our findings underscore the need for culturally-relevant curricula like native STAND, not because their health behavior is different, but because their socio-ecologic environment is different.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Police questioning Sex differences"

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Bury, Krysten. "Can high levels of justification mediate sex differences in aggression : a study of the tactical choices of police officers /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR.PS/09ar.psb975.pdf.

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"Bad Lady Cops: Explaining Sex Differences in Police Officer Misconduct." Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.29659.

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abstract: Police misconduct is a relatively rare event, though typically, it is a male dominated event. As such, research on police misconduct has largely ignored women. Generally, research examines differences in misconduct by using sex as a control variable, or has focused on small samples of female officers using qualitative methods. Neither of these methods is able to explore or explain the possibility that factors related to officers' decisions to commit misconduct may differentially impact males and females. As a consequence, we are left with a shallow understanding of when and why women commit misconduct. This research fills this gap by a large sample (N=3,085) of matched police officers in the New York City Police Department, half of which committed career-ending misconduct between 1975 and 1996. Additionally, unlike previous research, this data includes a large sample (N=435) of females. Research has determined that some factors, such as having children or employment problems, are risk factors for misconduct regardless of sex; likewise, other factors, such as age and higher education, create protection against misconduct. Using logistic regression and split-sample z-score comparisons, analyses will focus on examining how the predictors differentially explain the likelihood of police misconduct for men and women. As expected, some predictors of misconduct that are salient for women, such as getting divorced, are not statistically significant for men; likewise, some variables that are significant for both men and women have a larger effect size for one sex, such as citizen complaints, which are of more predictive value for women than for men. These findings yield important theoretical, empirical, and policy implications. Notably, there is evidence that a gendered theory of police misconduct may be necessary. Additionally, conceptualizations within mainstream criminological theories may need to be rethought; for example, divorce was found to be a protective factor for women in this study, rather than a risk factor as both strain and life-course criminology would indicate. The findings also demonstrate the need for gender-specific models when studying police misconduct. Finally, the results of this study yield important policy implications, such as the utility of gender-specific hiring considerations and early-intervention "red flags."
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2015
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McLachlan, Katherine Jane. "Grounds for hope and disappointment victims'/surviviors' perceptions of South Australian police responses to rape /." 2007. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070824.131843/index.html.

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Schiff, Kerry-Gaye. "Discourses of workplace violence : painting a picture of the South African Police Service." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4844.

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Workplace violence is reported to be on the increase, and within the South African Police Service, the inherently stressful nature of policing leads to high rates of suicide and violent behaviour. Contemporary investigations of workplace violence reveal epistemological, methodological and theoretical biases towards positivistic, rational-empirical approaches resulting in partial understandings and limited scope. This study aimed to qualitatively explore workplace violence as a socially embedded act. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a primary participant and three others directly related to him in order to supplement existing understandings from a social constructionist perspective. Discourse analysis allowed for discovery of socio-historically located discursive networks, while an ethnographic or empathic technique was used to gain insight into the life worlds of participants. Discourses of organisational negligence, betrayal and concurrent discourses of group solidarity and cohesion and organisational culpability reveal a reliance on external locus of control and avoidance coping. Discourses of absolution due to another‟s involvement, retribution, justice, and innocence perverted by a stronger agency relied on strategies of justification, denial, disclaimer, excuse or apology to negotiate positive participant identities. Discourses of masculinity allowed for a corroboration, justification and maintenance of male violence in general, and social discourses of female subjugation and commodification were used as a means to deflect responsibility and as justifications for actions of violence towards women. Inherent in all discourses was a deep socially and historically embedded conception that facilitates violent action as an expression of maleness in all spheres of life. From an ethnographic or empathic perspective, participants‟ world views were polarised around masculinity and femininity, suggesting that an ability to remain unemotional in situations of turmoil is a highly-prized characteristic of maleness, especially in a hypermasculine setting such as the police. The implicit and explicit approbation for the expression of masculine stoicism, as opposed to feminine or „weaker‟ emotions, causes recruits to experience isolation and shame if unable to face traumatic situations with the requisite dispassion, leading to negative coping mechanisms, depression, and suicide or violence. The conclusion can be drawn that prevention of violence relies on extrication of the concept of violence from masculinity at ideological, cultural and social levels within the SAPS, and the concurrent reduction in justificatory discourses reliant on an external locus of control. This has considerable implications, including the radical transformation of the organisation through the development of a clear vision of the future that can be supported by management, members and the community; the empowerment of employees through active participation in decisions and development of skills through training; rigorous modification of the practices that generate inequitable social conditions; and the revolution of cultural practices that venerate and enforce gendered inequalities.
Psychology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Consulting Psychology)
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Books on the topic "Police questioning Sex differences"

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Christine, Skelton, ed. Reassessing gender and achievement: Questioning contemporary key debates. London: Routledge, 2005.

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How to indentify, interview & interrogate child abuse offenders. Eagle River, WI: Hahn Printing, 2006.

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Mercadillo, Roberto Emmanuele. Retratos del cerebro compasivo: Una reflexion en la neurociencia social, los policías y el género. México, D.F: Centro de Estudios Filosóficos, Políticos y Sociales Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 2012.

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Ryle, Robert. Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2014.

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Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2017.

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Ryle, Robyn R. (Rae). Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2012.

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Ryle, Robyn R. (Rae). Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2016.

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Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2014.

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Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. SAGE Publications, Inc, 2011.

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Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Police questioning Sex differences"

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Hodgson, Jacqueline S. "European Influences on the Pretrial Defense Role." In The Metamorphosis of Criminal Justice, 175–202. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199981427.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the changing ways in which the role of the criminal defense lawyer is structured and understood within different procedural traditions, and the challenges posed to individual legal cultures and practices by the growing influence of the ECtHR and the EU. It focuses on the earliest stages of the pretrial defense role, in part because of the determinative importance for the case of the initial police detention and questioning of the suspect, but also because this is where some of the most radical challenges to procedural values and shifts in role expectations have taken place, especially within inquisitorial-type procedures whose legal tradition centers on a model of judicial investigation rather than party-based argument. Pan-European measures and court decisions have sought to cut through procedural differences, focusing instead on effective defense as a fundamental part of the right to a fair trial and an essential component of the privilege against self-incrimination.
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Groff, Elizabeth, and J. Thomas McEwen. "Disaggregating the Journey to Homicide." In Geographic Information Systems and Crime Analysis, 60–83. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-453-8.ch004.

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This research examines the distance traveled by offenders and victims to their involvement in homicide. Key research topics include (1) the differences in distance traveled by offenders and victims by homicide motive, (2) the differences in distance traveled by offenders and victims by sex and age, and (3) the relationship between street distance and Euclidean distances by type of homicide. Findings indicate that there are clear differences in travel behavior between victims and offenders. In addition, travel distance to event location varies according to the demographic characteristics of the offender and victim. Related to the method of measurement, street distance is always longer than Euclidean distance and there is a strong and consistent linear relationship, making it possible to predict street distance from Euclidean distance. A Pareto-exponential function was determined to be a good model for representing the distances that offenders travel to their crimes. This research will assist police practitioners with respect to investigations (for example, aid in refining suspect lists) and homicide prevention (for example, by developing richer information about activity spaces of offenders and victims).
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Luk, Jeremy W., Stephen E. Gilman, Denise L. Haynie, and Bruce G. Simons-Morton. "Sexual Orientation and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents." In Pediatric Collections: LGBTQ+: Support and Care (Part 2: Health Concerns and Disparities), 12–21. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610025409-sexual.

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OBJECTIVES Sexual orientation disparities in adolescent depressive symptoms are well established, but reasons for these disparities are less well understood. We modeled sexual orientation disparities in depressive symptoms from late adolescence into young adulthood and evaluated family satisfaction, peer support, cyberbullying victimization, and unmet medical needs as potential mediators. METHODS Data were from waves 2 to 6 of the NEXT Generation Health Study (n = 2396), a population-based cohort of US adolescents. We used latent growth models to examine sexual orientation disparities in depressive symptoms in participants aged 17 to 21 years, conduct mediation analyses, and examine sex differences. RESULTS Relative to heterosexual adolescents, sexual minority adolescents (those who are attracted to the same or both sexes or are questioning; 6.3% of the weighted sample) consistently reported higher depressive symptoms from 11th grade to 3 years after high school. Mediation analyses indicated that sexual minority adolescents reported lower family satisfaction, greater cyberbullying victimization, and increased likelihood of unmet medical needs, all of which were associated with higher depressive symptoms. The mediating role of cyberbullying victimization was more pronounced among male than female participants. CONCLUSIONS Sexual minority adolescents reported higher depressive symptoms than heterosexual adolescents from late adolescence into young adulthood. Collectively, low family satisfaction, cyberbullying victimization, and unmet medical needs accounted for >45% of differences by sexual orientation. Future clinical research is needed to determine if interventions targeting these psychosocial and health care–related factors would reduce sexual orientation disparities in depressive symptoms and the optimal timing of such interventions.
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