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Journal articles on the topic 'Police Force'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Laycock, Gloria, and Roger Tarling. "Police Force Cautioning: Policy and Practice." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 24, no. 2 (May 1985): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1985.tb00518.x.

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2

Neyroud, P. "Use of Force." Policing 1, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pam045.

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3

Waddington, P. A. J. "Use of Force." Policing 1, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pam047.

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4

Lohse, Mikael. "Police Primacy: Organizing Police Powers under the Palestinian Authority." Journal of Strategic Security 15, no. 3 (October 2022): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.15.3.2014.

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The Secretary of State established the Office of the United States Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority (USSC) in 2005 to meet U.S. commitments under the Middle East Roadmap for Peace. USSC’s vision is to strive for a civilian-controlled, self-sustaining, affordable, and accountable security structure, focused on “police primacy”, operating within the rule of law while providing necessary law enforcement to safeguard the Palestinian people. This vision is far from accomplished: Palestinian Authority (PA) security forces continue arbitrary detention, torture, and use of excessive force. This article examines the wide applicability of police powers – premised as the main reason for chaotic law enforcement activities within the PA’s security forces – agency by agency, and by considering both laws in force and proposed draft legislation. The article ends with recommendations to institutionalize police primacy by means of regulation.

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5

Thayer, Frederick. "A Research Police Force?" Public Administration Review 58, no. 6 (November 1998): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/977582.

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6

Bazley, Thomas D., Kim Michelle Lersch, and Thomas Mieczkowski. "Police Use of Force." Criminal Justice Review 31, no. 3 (September 2006): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016806292764.

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7

Pairman, J. S. "The dental police force." British Dental Journal 218, no. 4 (February 2015): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.108.

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8

MacDonald, John M., Patrick W. Manz, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Roger G. Dunham. "Police use of force." Journal of Criminal Justice 31, no. 2 (March 2003): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(02)00219-2.

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9

Frank Klahm IV, Charles, James Frank, and John Liederbach. "Understanding police use of force." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 37, no. 3 (August 12, 2014): 558–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2013-0079.

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Purpose – The study of police use of force remains a primary concern of policing scholars; however, over the course of the last several decades, the focus has shifted from deadly and excessive force to a broader range of police behaviors that are coercive in nature, but not necessarily lethal, violent, or physical. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the critical disjuncture between the conceptualization of police use of force and operationalizations of the construct throughout policing literature. Design/methodology/approach – The current study provides a thorough, systematic review of 53 police use of force studies published in peer-reviewed outlets. These manuscripts were reviewed to determine whether authors cited a conceptualization of use of force and explained how the construct was operationalized, as well as the police behaviors captured in measures of force across studies, and how the data were collected. Findings – The findings suggest that police use of force is conceptually ambiguous, as 72 percent of the studies failed to cite a conceptual definition of the construct. Moreover, there is little consistency in the types of police behaviors operationalized as force across studies. Originality/value – The authors illustrate that problems associated with poorly conceptualized constructs make it more difficult for researchers to interpret empirical findings. That is, conceptual ambiguity has resulted in a line of literature that includes inconsistent and contradictory findings, making it difficult to summarize in a meaningful way and inform policy.

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Terrill, William, and Eugene A. Paoline. "Less Lethal Force Policy and Police Officer Perceptions." Criminal Justice and Behavior 40, no. 10 (May 13, 2013): 1109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854813485074.

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11

Chalfin, Aaron, Benjamin Hansen, Emily K. Weisburst, and Morgan C. Williams. "Police Force Size and Civilian Race." American Economic Review: Insights 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20200792.

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We report novel empirical estimates of the race-specific effects of larger police forces in the United States. Each additional police officer abates approximately 0.1 homicides. In per capita terms, effects are twice as large for Black versus White victims. Larger police forces also make fewer arrests for serious crimes, with larger reductions for crimes with Black suspects, implying that police force growth does not increase racial disparities among the most serious charges. At the same time, larger police forces make more arrests for low-level “quality-of-life” offenses, with effects that imply a disproportionate impact for Black Americans. (JEL H76, J15, K42)

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12

Lim, Chang-Ho. "A Study on Implications of British Transport Police System." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 31, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 251–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2022.31.4.251.

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Today the changes of railway environment are further increasing the demand for railway policing. The South Korean Railway Police Force puts great efforts into protecting citizens’ lives and properties and maintaining order on trains and in train stations. In order for South Korean Railway Police Force to develop further from now on, it may be necessary to analyze the railway police system in advanced foreign countries and derive implications as many as possible for South Korean Railway Police Force. The purpose of this study is to analyse the organization and operation of the British Transport Police System and to derive the useful implications for the South Korean Railway Police. These implications will be helpful for further development of the South Korean Railway Police Force. Among the advanced foreign railway police forces, the British Transport Police has jurisdictions over almost all railways in U.K, and the British Transport Police Authority(BTPA) has been established to oversee and maintain the efficient and effective police force of the British Transport Police. Regarding the British Transport Police, the management of the BTP by BTPA, the establishment of regular annual plans, the establishment of clear mission and vision system, and the systematic goals setting may give many implications for the South Korean Railway Police Force.

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13

Atherley, L. T., and M. J. Hickman. "Controlling Use of Force: Identifying Police Use of Excessive Force through Analysis of Administrative Records." Policing 8, no. 2 (March 6, 2014): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pau003.

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14

Preito-Hodge, Kayla, and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey. "A Tale of Force: Examining Policy Proposals to Address Police Violence." Social Currents 8, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23294965211017903.

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We develop an explicitly organizational and relational approach to examine the problem of police violence, focusing empirically on prominent policy recommendations to increase officer demographic diversity, raise educational requirements for new officers, and implement community policing strategies. We first review prior research on these proposals, which is surprisingly thin and non-supportive of the proposals. To examine the baseline plausibility of these recommendations, we estimate cross-sectional negative binomial models, regressing counts of police department use of force on indicators of community policing, officer education, and officer racial and gender diversity. We find that police organizations with more college-educated officers are less violent toward citizens, but that the race and sex composition of law enforcement organizations are not associated with lower levels of police violence. After unpacking the community police philosophy into component practices, we find that practices that encourage proactive policing are associated with higher levels of police violence, while those that encourage the formation of relationships with citizens may reduce police violence. In conclusion, we advocate for better data collection on police violence, increased theorizing of police violence as an organizational accomplishment, and future policy interventions that approach police forces as potentially violent and racialized organizations.

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15

Terrill, William, Eugene A. Paoline III, and Jason Robert Ingram. "Beyond the final report." Policing: An International Journal 41, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-04-2017-0047.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a snapshot of key findings from research published from the Assessing Police Use of Force Policy and Outcomes study, a project funded by the National Institute of Justice. Design/methodology/approach Key findings from a national survey of police agencies on use of force policy and from an in-depth look at police use of force outcomes across eight cities published over the last ten years are synthesized to provide a cumulative perspective regarding the outcomes of the project. Findings The majority of police departments had a written force policy and reporting requirements, however, there was no commonly accepted force policy. Patrol officers were conservative in their views of what is reasonable force, administrative policy does matter in influencing force usage, and the use of a TASER impacted the likelihood of injury for both officers and citizens. Additional findings were also reviewed in the areas of complaints, police culture, first-line supervision, college education, and promotional aspirations. Originality/value While federal funding for policing related research projects are commonplace, taking a look back ten years later and summarizing key findings is uncommon. Doing so provides concise feedback to practitioners in one readily digestible manuscript. Furthermore, the paper also demonstrates the additional value to the original investment made by the National Institute of Justice.

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16

Esoimeme, Ehi Eric. "Using the lie detector test to curb corruption in the Nigerian Police Force." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 3 (July 2, 2019): 874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-06-2018-0058.

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Purpose This paper aims to critically examine the lie detector test policy of the Nigeria Police Force to determine if the policy is capable of curbing corruption in the Nigerian Police Force. Design/methodology/approach The analysis took the form of a desk study, which analyzed various documents and reports such as the report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the National Bureau of Statistics titled “Corruption in Nigeria – Bribery: Public Experience and Response,” Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index 2017, the report by the International Police Science Association and the Institute for Economics and Peace. Findings This paper determined that the lie detector test policy of the Nigeria Police Force could achieve its desired objectives if the following recommendations are implemented: The Nigeria Police Reform Trust Fund bill should be given accelerated consideration in the Senate and House of Representatives based on its urgency and significance for the new lie detector test policy of the Nigeria Police Force. There is need for the Nigerian Police to have enough funds to conduct trainings for police personnel who are chosen as examiners for the lie detector tests. The Nigerian National Assembly will need to pass an Act to provide for the licensing of detection of deception examiners – commonly known as polygraph or lie detector operators – and regulation of that profession. The act should set forth the conditions under which persons may be admitted to practice detection of deception with a polygraph, the standards they must observe and the types of polygraph devices that they may henceforth be used lawfully. This is what was done in the State of Illinois. The Nigeria Police Force is advised to make use of two examiners for the lie detector test: one in-house examiner and one external examiner. The external examiner may be from another country in which corruption is not at a high rate, and must be someone of high integrity and professional competence. This measure may reduce the risk of bribery and corruption in the system. It will also bring more integrity and transparency into the system. The external examiner may also carry out “on the job training” with the in-house examiner while the polygraph exercise is going on. The Nigeria Police Force must make a new policy that mandates that all transactions relating to the purchase of polygraph machines must be conducted in an open and fair manner that recognizes the need for the transaction to be done directly with the seller, and not through a sales agent. This policy may help prevent a situation where a corrupt sales agent connives with a corrupt police officer to defraud the police unit. An ongoing approach to screening should be considered for specific positions, as circumstances change, or for a comprehensive review of departmental staff over a period. The Nigeria Police Force should have a policy that mandates that the lie detector test should be taken once in five years by all staff of the Nigeria Police Force. For staff in very sensitive positions, the lie detector test should be taken every three years. This will enable the lie detector policy to be more effective. Let us take, for example, a person passes the lie detector test genuinely without any influence of corruption; there is still a possibility that the person may change over time. The temptation to follow current employees to collect bribes is very high. But if the Nigeria Police Force put a policy in place that mandates every police personnel to take the lie detector test every five years starting from the first five years after recruitment, the cankerworm called corruption may be curbed effectively. Imagine if every police personnel knew that they were going to be asked by an examiner, five years after working, to confirm if they ever collected bribe during the time they served in the police force; most employees will desist from taking bribes or engaging in corrupt acts. The above measure will ensure that current employees who are chosen as examiners for the lie detector tests are fit and proper persons for the job. Research limitations/implications This paper focuses on the new lie detector test policy of the Nigeria Police Force. It does not address the other anti-corruption policies of the Nigeria Police Force. Originality/value This paper offers a critical analysis of the lie detector test policy of the Nigeria Police Force. It will provide recommendations on how the policy could be strengthened. This is the only paper to adopt this kind of approach.

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17

Dixon, Bill. "Who Needs Critical Friends? Independent Advisory Groups in the Age of the Police and Crime Commissioner." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 14, no. 3 (September 7, 2018): 686–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pay068.

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Abstract In the early 2000s, many police forces in England and Wales set up independent advisory groups (IAGs) following an inquiry into the flawed investigation of the murder of a black teenager, Stephen Lawrence, by London's Metropolitan Police. Members of IAGs were to act as critical friends of the police providing independent advice on policies, procedures and practices, thus ensuring that no section of their local community was disadvantaged through a lack of understanding, ignorance or mistaken beliefs. Based on a case study of an IAG in an English police force, this article reviews the operation of IAGs following the radical changes made to police governance by the introduction of directly elected police and crime commissioners (PCCs). Its main argument is that more thought needs to be given to the role of IAGs in this new landscape and urgent steps taken to clarify their relationships with police forces and PCCs.

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18

Ankomahene, Emmanuel, and Kassim Asimah. "Facilitating colonial exploitation of resources of the Gold Coast: The role of the Police force, 1894-1914." Abibisem: Journal of African Culture and Civilization 8 (December 1, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/ajacc.v8i.853.

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Euro-African interactions between the 15th and 20th centuries were mainly motivated by the desire to exploit the economic resources of Africa. To ensure a peaceful exploitation of resources in the Gold Coast, the British policed their forts and castles for the peaceful conduct of trade. Even though policing in the Gold Coast was not a structured institution before its official establishment in 1894 by the British, it was an important institution in the administration of the colony. After the enactment of the 1894 ordinance, the Gold Coast Constabulary was renamed the Gold Coast Police Force. The police institution from this period operated under a standardized structure in the British-controlled areas of the Gold Coast. Using information from archival and secondary sources, this paper explores within a historical context, the extent to which the colonial Police Force facilitated the exploitation of the resources of the Gold Coast between 1894 and 1914. To achieve this, the study looks at the changing structure andfunctions of the Gold Coast Police Force from 1894 to 1914. One key argument of this paper is that to ensure a peaceful exploitation of colonial resources, the colonial government upon investing heavily in infrastructure (roads, railways, and communication), set up the Police Force to protect these investments. Moreover, the British economic interest and policy outcomes (acquisition of resources of the Gold Coast) between 1894 and 1914 dictated the structure and functions of the Police Force for the peaceful conduct of trade. The paper finally demonstrates that through the performance of the Gold Coast Police Force, the British by the end of 1914 had vastly exploited the resources of the Gold Coast to their advantage.

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19

Walker, Jeffery T. "Police and Correctional Use of Force: Legal and Policy Standards and Implications." Crime & Delinquency 42, no. 1 (January 1996): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128796042001009.

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In the 1980s, the police use of deadly force against nonviolent felons began to be questioned. This critical examination culminated in the decision in Tennessee v. Garner, which ruled that the police could use deadly force only in certain life-threatening situations. However, a decade after Garner, there are few limitations on the use of deadly force by correctional officers in situations where prisoners are attempting to escape. This article compares correctional deadly force policies and practices with current standards governing police use of deadly force. Court actions that might limit such practices and the potential consequences of not adopting more restrictive policies prior to court intervention are discussed.

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20

Crow, Matthew S., and Brittany Adrion. "Focal Concerns and Police Use of Force." Police Quarterly 14, no. 4 (October 5, 2011): 366–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611111423740.

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The use of force by police officers is a regular source of interest among the public, media, scholars, and criminal justice professionals. Tasers have emerged as an important and increasingly popular technology for police departments. Despite the increasing adoption and use of Tasers and the controversy surrounding their use, relatively little prior research examines the factors associated with Taser use by police officers. Guided by the focal concerns theoretical perspective, the current study uses data from a medium-size police department to analyze the factors that influence Taser use. Logistic regression models provide evidence that Taser use is influenced by suspect resistance as well as the race and gender of the suspect involved. Implications for policy and research are discussed.

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21

Dr.K.M., Ashifa. "Psychosocial Support Assessment among Women Police force in India." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 23, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i3/pr190369.

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22

Buuren, J. v. "Runaway Bureaucracy? The European Police Chiefs Task Force." Policing 6, no. 3 (May 24, 2012): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pas015.

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23

Czudnochowski, David, and Franziska Ludewig. "A driving force, a driven force? Social media and police self-legitimacy." International Journal of Police Science & Management 25, no. 3 (September 2023): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14613557231173499.

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Social media (SM) have changed the conditions and forms of public communications and have been part of the standard communication repertoire of police authorities for a while now. Despite their importance, many aspects have been insufficiently researched, including their role in the self-legitimisation of the police. This article examines the SM strategies of police press and public relations in the context of an increasingly critical public in Germany. Based on expert interviews with press officers from German police authorities, it shows how police organisations are evaluating the changing communication landscape and which strategies they are pursuing to appear as legitimate authorities in an increasingly networked world. The focus is on how the police are adapting to the new technologies of SM and using them to negotiate legitimacy. We show how the police use SM to shape public debate, generate resonance and deal with the perceived loss of their interpretive authority. For this purpose, we question the self-image of the police as given by their media representatives. We examine it in discursive political struggles over crime and legitimacy. We show that social technological changes are turning the police into an active, opinion-forming actor who permanently have to negotiate their authority through visibility.

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Kim, Dae-Young, Scott W. Phillips, and Stephen A. Bishopp. "Exploring the police use of force continuum with a partial proportional odds model." Policing: An International Journal 45, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2021-0105.

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PurposeThe present study examines a range of police force on the continuum (firearms, TASER/chemical spray and physical force) to see whether they are associated with individual (subject and officer), situational and/or neighborhood factors.Design/methodology/approachA partial proportional odds model is used to analyze police use of force data from 2003 to 2016 in Dallas. Independent variables are allowed for varying effects across the different cumulative dichotomizations of the dependent variable (firearms vs TASER/chemical spray and physical force and firearms and TASER/chemical spray vs physical force).FindingsMost officer demographic and situational factors are consistently significant across the cumulative dichotomizations of police force. In addition, suspect race/ethnicity (Hispanic) and violent crime rates play significant roles when officers make decisions to use firearms, as opposed to TASER/chemical spray and physical force. Overall, situational variables (subject gun possession and contact types) play greater roles than other variables in affecting police use of force.Originality/valueDespite the large body of police use of force research, little to no research has used the partial proportional odds model to examine the ordinal nature of police force from physical to intermediate to deadly force. The current findings can provide important implications for policy and research.

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Rappert, B. "Continuing the Discussion on Use of Force, Issue 3 * Policing & the Use of Force: Less-lethal Weapons." Policing 1, no. 4 (November 7, 2007): 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pam066.

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Ross, Darrell L., and Mark Jones. "Frequency of Training in Less-than-Lethal Force Tactics and Weapons: Results of a Two-State Survey." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 12, no. 3 (August 1996): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104398629601200304.

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Failing to train police officers in the use of less-than-lethal force tactics and equipment increases the police department's liability risk. Police officers in Michigan and North Carolina (N=482) responded to a questionnaire pertaining to the training their departments have provided in less-than-lethal force tactics and equipment since graduating from the police academy. A number of respondents were unaware that their department had a non-deadly force policy, and a majority of those who were aware of a policy had never been tested in its contents. Patrol officers as a group had received training in a less timely manner than supervisors. Suggestions for formulating training strategies are provided.

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FRIESENDORF, CORNELIUS. "Police assistance as foreign policy: Explaining donor practices." Review of International Studies 42, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 377–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210515000297.

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AbstractPolice assistance is an important, albeit understudied aspect of foreign policy. While many scholars have studied international and transnational policing, it remains largely unknown why donor police forces often support their colleagues in fragile states in different ways. This article discusses a variety of potential explanations of police assistance: a domestic rational actor model; a constructivist focus on international norms; and theories on the use of force by democracies. While all of these explanations are relevant, this article shows that they remain incomplete without studying police organisations and how these implement assistance on the ground. As the organisational cultures of donor police agencies differ, so do their assistance practices. The case of German and Italian police assistance in Afghanistan illustrates the relevance of an organisational approach: despite operating in the same environment, German police officers promoted civilian and Italian Carabinieri militarised policing. The article stresses that explaining security assistance, an important form of indirect intervention in fragile states, requires zooming in on policy implementation and policy implementers.

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Weaver, Michael. "The New Science of Policing: Crime and the Birmingham Police Force, 1839–1842." Albion 26, no. 2 (1994): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052309.

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After years of tinkering with the notion of police reform, Parliament in 1829 passed the Metropolis Police Improvement Act, which established the famous Metropolitan Police Force, England's first body of uniformed, fulltime “professional” police. Bodies of the “new police” were allowed to spread outside of London by the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835. These provincial forces answered to local authorities, a pattern disrupted in 1839 when Parliament passed three bills establishing centrally-controlled police forces for Birmingham, Bolton, and Manchester. These Acts were emergency measures, with a three-year duration, designed to hurriedly provide forces of new police in towns that seemed threatened by Chartist unrest. In the case of Birmingham a combination of aggressive Chartist activity—which produced two major riots in the summer of 1839—and fierce political in-fighting between the town's elite factions convinced Parliament that the new force, to be commanded by ex-army officer Francis Burgess, should answer to the Home Office in London rather than to Birmingham's radical/liberal (and therefore perhaps untrustworthy) Town Council.All of the forces of new police that appeared from 1829 to 1839 faced common problems, ranging from recruitment and retention difficulties to disciplinary troubles, but perhaps the most serious challenge confronting these new forces was the hostility of many of the citizens the forces were intended to protect. Opponents of the new police forces voiced their concerns that the forces amounted to a second standing army, that the new police could be used for domestic spying, and that they were too expensive to justify any benefits they might possibly provide. While all of the new forces experienced this type of opposition, the environment in Birmingham was particularly hostile for the force created by Act of Parliament in 1839.

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HOFFMANN, Tomasz. "INTERNAL COMMUNICATION IN POLICE FORCE." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 163, no. 1 (January 2, 2012): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3226.

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Internal communication is the cornerstone in police force. It improves its functioning, and also provides a framework for internal communication processes taking place in this organization. Without adequate communication in its various resources, police force is no longer useful. Hence, effective management requires the use of appropriate communication tools to support current management, the use of the appropriate methods of communication, motivation and support system using communication tools to identify the development needs of managers.The purpose of this paper is to present the essence of internal communication and its perception by police officers themselves. The author’s intention was to identify the function of internal communication in terms of informing and communicating between police officers. Furthermore, the author focuses on the communication processes that occur in the vertical relationships between individuals and the organizational units of police force. This is supported by the interviews carried out in the City Police Headquarters in Poznań.

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30

Konieczny, Marcin Krzysztof. "The press officer in conditions of military and police operations." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 197, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3925.

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The article presents the characteristics of the service of a press officer of the Armed Forces and the Police. The article discusses the role of press spokesmen as a media liaison in the field of information, responsible for creating an image and shaping the relations of the uniformed formation represented with the media. The role of the Military Public Communication Service in shaping the information policy and the image of the Armed Forces is also presented. Furthermore, the role of police spokesmen, who play a particular role in shaping a positive image of the police force and overall public security, is presented.

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31

Wood, David. "Police Accountability for Lethal Force." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 77, no. 1 (March 2004): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/pojo.77.1.55.31515.

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32

Juniper, Dean. "Stress in a Police Force." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 69, no. 1 (January 1996): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x9606900108.

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33

Belur, Jyoti. "Police Use of Deadly Force." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 25, no. 2 (May 2009): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986209333594.

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34

HUNT, JENNIFER. "Police Accounts of Normal Force." Urban Life 13, no. 4 (January 1985): 315–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098303985013004001.

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35

Waddington, P. A. J. "Police use of deadly force." Policing and Society 22, no. 4 (December 2012): 538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2012.657195.

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36

Bleakley, Paul. "A State of Force." Contention 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cont.2018.060204.

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Australian history is littered with examples of situations in which police have engaged in the use of force—in some cases, disproportionate violence—to maintain order and stability. In addition to this effort to control the population and ensure social order, extreme use of force was a key factor in repressing civil dissent and preventing marginalized communities from exercising their voice within the social discourse. Former Queensland Police Commissioner Frederic Urquhart was at the forefront of several high-profile examples of police enforcing social control during his tenure with the Queensland police, including the punitive expeditions of the Native Mounted Police Force, the civil disorder of the 1912 general strike, and the chaos associated with the 1919 Red Flag riots. In developing an appreciation for Urquhart’s behavior and motivations, it can be seen that the Queensland police have always served as a body dedicated to ensuring conformity through any means necessary.

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37

Lee, Hoon, and DongLyoul Kim. "A Study on Police Immunity to Criminal Liability that Results from Use of Excessive Force." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 33, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2024.33.1.227.

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Public distrust of police grew over two police officers’ poor response to an attempted murder case in Incheon, Korea on November 15, 2021. The incident resulted in a public outcry for police reform and measures to address police incompetence as a female officer left the crime scene while a victim was stabbed in her neck. After the incident, the Korean National Police Agency initiated a revision to the Act of the Performance of Duties by Police Officers on the ground that the potential for criminal liability from use of police force is a primary obstacle to officers’ proactive law enforcement in the field. As the National Assembly approved the revision, police officers can be immune to criminal liability or their liability can be mitigated when they meet the requirements in the immunity clause. Nevertheless, the legislation faces strong opposition as it fails to adopt the concept of objectively reasonable mistakes in use of police force situations. In this regard, the current study critically reviewed the adequacy of the immunity clause within the context of legal nature of police force, police use of force standards as well as immunity to criminal liability clauses in 41 states in the United States of America. The present study proposed several policy implications for proper use of police force including the revision of the current immunity clause, changes in police officers’ weapon carrying systems and police officer requalification systems.

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Ojedokun, Usman Adekunle. "Situational and Contextual Factors Sustaining Police Impersonation in Nigeria." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 14, no. 2 (March 30, 2018): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pay024.

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Abstract Police impostors are not only undermining the performance of the Nigeria Police Force, but they are also impinging on the image of the organization. In view of this, this article examined the situational and contextual factors sustaining police impersonation in Nigeria. Situational choice theory was employed as conceptual framework. The existence of six major conditions in Nigeria is encouraging criminally-minded individuals to illegally take-up police identity. Police impersonation is inhibiting the service delivery capacity of the Nigerian police officials in a number of ways. Therefore, it becomes highly imperative for the Nigeria Police Force to design a holistic framework to effectively control the physical and cyber activities of impersonators using police identity to perpetrate different forms of crime.

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MARTIN, S. E. "Police Force or Police Service? Gender and Emotional Labor." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 561, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716299561001008.

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Martin, Susan Ehrlich. "Police Force or Police Service? Gender and Emotional Labor." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 561, no. 1 (January 1999): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000271629956100108.

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Norman, Ishmael. "The Police Use of Force Mandate in West Africa." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.9933.

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This paper reviewed Police use of force mandate of the Constitutions of Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Gambia, to determine if the mandate is a contributory factor for increased police killings. The evidence support the finding that, police policy on the use of force contributes to increased extralegal killings, in the absence of field protocols for its engagement. There is the need for clear articulation of how, when, where force may be applied to cause arrest or suppress crime or riot. This paper aims to contribute to knowledge on limiting the use of force abuses within West Africa.

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Hall, C. A., K. Votova, G. Randhawa, D. Andrusiek, A. Carter, S. MacDonald, and D. Eramian. "LO082: EMS response to police use of force events: periods of personal and professional risk in prehospital care." CJEM 18, S1 (May 2016): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2016.119.

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Introduction: This study provides an estimate of the number of EMS calls related to police use of force events that involve struggling, intoxicated and/or emotionally distressed patients. We hypothesized there would be under-reporting of EMS risk by paramedic agencies due to lack of standardized reporting of police events by EMS services and lack of a common linked case number between prehospital agencies in Canada. Methods: Data were collected during a multi-site, prospective, consecutive cohort study of police use of force in 4 Canadian cities using standardized data forms. Use of force was defined a priori and the application of handcuffs was not considered a force modality. Inclusion criteria: all subjects ≥ 18 years of age involved in a use of force police-public encounter. We defined risk to EMS as the presence of police- and/or paramedic- assessments of violent or struggling subjects on the scene. Three separate data forms (police-report of use of force, EMS encounter, and Emergency Department (ED) visit) were linked in the study by unique ID. When police-reported EMS was activated, investigators hand searched the EMS service reports at the relevant agencies for matching call sheets. Results: From Jan 2010 to Dec 2012, we studied 3310 consecutive public-police interactions involving use of force above simple joint lock application. Subjects were male (86%) with a mean age of 33 yrs; 85% were assessed by police as emotionally disturbed, intoxicated with drugs and/or alcohol or a combination of those. 45% were violent at the scene. Police-reported EMS attendance in 24% (809/3310) of use of force events, of which only 43% (349/809) of EMS run sheets were available. In events with violent subjects, EMS transported 51% to ED compared to 35% by police transport (chi=79.7, p=0.00). Conclusion: We identified periods of professional and physical risk to paramedics attending police use of force events and found that risk significantly underrepresented in EMS data. Paramedical training would benefit from policy and procedures for response to police calls and the violent patient, the majority of whom are struggling. A common linked case number in prehospital care would enable more specific quantification of the risk for EMS providers involved in police events.

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Burn, C. "The New South Wales Police Force Customer Service Programme." Policing 4, no. 3 (July 19, 2010): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/paq028.

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Nabawanda, Violla. "The Legal Framework for Women in the Police in Uganda – Existing Structures, Options for Improvement to Ensure a More Efficient Role of Women." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 10, no. 4 (2023): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2023-4-499.

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The paper explores the meaning of gender equity and equality in ensuring gender mainstreaming and women’s active participation in governance, rule of law and decision making processes. The paper makes an inquiry into the specific legal, policy and strategic framework that provides for gender mainstreaming in the Uganda police specifically focusing on women’s role within the Uganda Police Force. Further, the paper provides an insight on the challenges faced by women serving in Uganda’s police force. Lastly, the paper provides recommendations that can be put in place to ensure and enable women play a more efficient role while serving in the Uganda police force.

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Rhodes, Dasha J., David L. Robinson, Paul C. Archibald, and Laurens Van Sluytman. "A Decade's Tale." Advances in Social Work 19, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/22599.

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According to the U.S. Department of Justice (US DOJ, 2016), African Americans have experienced disproportionate instances of police use of excessive force as a result of discriminatory practices and insufficient training. Officers are permitted to use appropriate force in specific situations; however, when force is excessive and deemed unnecessary, it then becomes an issue of concern. The U.S. Department of Justice was invited to investigate police departments that participated in the use of excessive force and a consent decree was developed with those departments to remedy the DOJ's findings. The researchers conducted a consent decree analysis examining government investigations of police practices throughout the U.S. between 2008 and 2018 comprising the following terms: police reform, consent decrees, settlement agreement, investigation reports, use-of-force, and policy to determine how prevalent excessive force was used towards African Americans. Findings indicated that within the decade, 14 cities were investigated, 12 were identified as using excessive force, with nine having their use-of-force policies available, and four municipalities using excessive force against African Americans. Social work values, advocacy, and cultural training were also identified to aid in the decrease of excessive force complaints.

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Kargin, Vedat. "Police Use Of Excessive Force: A Case Study Of Lethal (Deadly) Force." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n1p488.

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Two African-American civilians, Sean Bell and Amadou Bailo Diallo, suffered tragic deaths as a result of use of lethal force by the police. This case study presents an in-depth analysis of the determinants that affected the officers’ use of lethal force with regard to the above mentioned cases. In 1999, Amadou Bailo Diallo was killed in a 41-bullet police shooting in New York. Similarly in 2006, Sean Bell was shot to death in a 50-bullet fusillade that involved officers from The New York City Police Department. After the Bell shooting, officers of The New York City Police Department were under investigation. The case study focuses on and examines the similarities and differences of both cases, official and public reactions in the aftermath of the shootings, investigation processes, as well as the indictments of the police officers involved in both cases. Finally, this study proposes some suggestions on the use of excessive force based on the findings of the two specific cases.

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Wolf, Ross, Charlie Mesloh, Mark Henych, and L. Frank Thompson. "Police use of force and the cumulative force factor." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 32, no. 4 (November 6, 2009): 739–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510911000795.

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Collins, Amelia, Sherah Basham, and Rick Dierenfeldt. "Retributive Attitudes and Perceptions of Police Use of Excessive Force." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 20, no. 2 (October 7, 2023): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2023.089.

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Public opinions of police use of force vary widely. Previous studies, however, have framed their examinations around the factors that influence support of police use of force in general, as compared to a focus on excessive force. This study utilized linear regression to examine the relationship between perceptions of police use of excessive force and retributive attitudes. The study employed a sample of 5,527 respondents from the American National Election Studies (ANES) 2020 Time Series Survey. Findings indicated that respondents’ perceptions of the frequency of police use of excessive force depend on their retributive attitudes. The more retributive one’s attitude, the less often they perceived the police to use too much force. Similarly, the more conservative one’s political ideology, the less frequently they perceived police used excessive force. Perceptions of police excessive force also vary across demographics. KEYWORDS: Retributiveness; Death Penalty; Police Use of Force; Police Excessive Force

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Dalisan, Nica Ampican. "Challenges in the Police Gender and Development Initiatives." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2024): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(2).13.

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Explicitly outlined under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, the United Nations aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Furthermore, it has enumerated initiatives to achieve gender equality in police forces. Guided by the UN call, member countries have instituted Gender and Development (GAD) programs within their police forces. In the Philippines, laws, such as Republic Act 9710 or the Magna Carta for Women, were enacted to enforce gender equality in the police force. Section 15 of the law stipulates the fair treatment of women in the police service. But despite these developments, gender issues are still evident in the police force. Hence, it is the objective of the study to determine the challenges encountered by the police force relative to GAD initiatives. The study adopted a qualitative research design, given the involvement of qualitative data and the absence of experimental manipulations. Thematic analysis served as the chosen method for data examination. The results reveal that budget constraints, involvement constraints, speaker competence, and GAD personnel continuity are the challenges experienced by police in their GAD initiatives. Hence, strategic resource management such as cultivating networks with other government and non-government agencies is necessary to address these issues and guarantee that GAD initiatives are focused and accommodating.

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Strudwick, Katie, Jill Jameson, and Jackie Rowe. "Developing Volunteers in Policing: Assessing the Potential Volunteer Police Community Police Officer." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 13, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pax056.

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Abstract Community or reassurance policing in the UK has developed concurrently with diversification and expansion of the policing family, including the broadening of volunteer opportunities beyond the traditional Special Constable and Police Support Volunteer roles. To increase capacity and capability in community-based policing, one Force introduced Volunteer Police Community Support Officers (VPCSOs) to complement that of employed PCSOs. This paper presents an exploratory discussion on a small-scale study of a previously un-researched and evolutionary area of police volunteering; evaluating the effectiveness of the VPCSO role reviewing its impact as a means of increasing community connectivity and meeting public demands for visibility policing. The introduction of VPCSOs was seen as successful by the Force involved which continues to develop the role as a useful ‘policing resource’. However, challenges to success were identified, not least the uncertainty surrounding the delegation of powers to volunteers that required a change in primary legislation.

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