Relevant bibliographies by topics / Police code

Academic literature on the topic 'Police code'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Police code"

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Kutnjak Ivković, Sanja, Maki Haberfeld, and Robert Peacock. "Decoding the Code of Silence." Criminal Justice Policy Review 29, no. 2 (December 17, 2016): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403416680853.

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The code of silence—the informal prohibition of reporting misconduct by fellow police officers—has long been viewed as a serious obstacle in control of police misconduct and achievement of police accountability. The purpose of this article is to study the key correlates of police officers’ reluctance to report. Relying upon a theory of police integrity and the accompanying methodology to study the code, a police integrity survey was administered in 2013 and 2014 to measure the contours of police integrity among 604 police officers from 11 police agencies located in the Midwest and the East Coast of the United States. The questionnaire contains descriptions of 11 scenarios describing various forms of police misconduct, each followed by seven questions measuring officer views of scenario seriousness, the appropriate and expected discipline, and willingness to report misconduct. Multivariate analyses reveal that the key factor related to the police officers’ reluctance to report is the perception that the other officers would not report. The code is also negatively related to familiarity with the official rules, evaluation of misconduct as serious, and the expectation of harsher discipline. The methodology can be used either by the police agencies themselves or by the civilian oversights to assess the nature and extent of the code in the police agency.
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Westmarland, Louise, and Michael Rowe. "Police ethics and integrity: can a new code overturn the blue code?" Policing and Society 28, no. 7 (December 5, 2016): 854–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1262365.

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Lobnikar, Branko, Kaja Prislan, Barbara Čuvan, and Gorazd Meško. "The code of silence and female police officers in Slovenia." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39, no. 2 (May 16, 2016): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-10-2015-0118.

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Purpose – For some time now, research conducted in the field of human behavior and criminology has pertained to the contemporary question as to whether there are any relevant differences between the genders regarding their integrity and opinions held and, if so, which of these lead to different behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether there are any gender differences in willingness to report police misconduct and if so, what is the nature of these differences. Design/methodology/approach – In spring 2011, the study was conducted on a representative sample of 408 frontline Slovenian police officers (87.3 percent were male and 12.7 percent were female). The assessment of the code of silence was conducted using the method developed by Klockars and Kutnjak Ivković (2004), and consisted of 14 hypothetical scenarios describing a range of various forms of police misconduct, from those that merely give the appearance of a conflict of interest, to incidents of bribery and theft. One of the questions explored in relation to the police code of silence was the police officer’s willingness to report misconduct. Findings – Authors discovered significant differences in 11 of the 14 analyzed cases on the willingness to report police misconduct. Interestingly, female police officers were less willing than their male colleagues to report different forms of police misconduct. Female police officers are less willing to report police corruption in seven cases e.g. shooting runaway suspect, supervisor abusing his/her power, excessive force – punching a suspect, falsification of evidence, supervisor not prevent beating a suspect, police officer take bribes, and doing nothing when juveniles paint graffiti. The results were further analyzed from the group dynamic in Slovenian police point of view. The survey findings could be useful for police chiefs, leaders, and managers who want to achieve the main objective of every modern police organization: to prevent corruption and increase social responsibility. Originality/value – The study analyzes, comprehensively and originally, whether the female police officers differ from their male colleagues in the level of police integrity and willingness to report the cases of police corruption and/or other forms of police misbehavior.
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Makayasa, M. Adhi, Tigor Sitorus, and Chairul Muriman Setyabudi. "The Effect of Ethical Leadership, Code of Ethics on Integrity Mediated by Job Satisfaction." WIDYAKALA: JOURNAL OF PEMBANGUNAN JAYA UNIVERSITY 7, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36262/widyakala.v7i2.339.

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This study aims to determine the effect of ethical leadership, code of ethics on police integrity mediated by job satisfaction in Bandar Lampung City Police. Police integrity is a crucial phenomenon, because this is the foundation to improve the performance of individuals and organizations as expected by the Indonesian National Police (POLRI). The number of samples in this study were 250 police officers from five different units in the structure of Bandar Lampung City Police. The sampling method used is purposive sampling and cluster sampling. Structural Equation Model Analysis (SEM) is also used to test the effect of ethical leadership, code of ethics and job satisfaction by placing job satisfaction as a mediating variable on police integrity.In accordance with SEM analysis. This study finds that the code of ethics has an influence on job satisfaction (r = 0.45; p <0.00), and ethical leadership has a significant effect on job satisfaction (r = 0.39; p <0.00). The code of ethics affects the integrity of the police (r = 0.299; p<0.00). Furthermore, ethical leadership has a significant influence on police integrity (r = 0.575; p <0.00). Therefore, it can be concluded that the code of ethics has a strong direct effect on job satisfaction. In addition, job satisfaction has a stronger direct effect (r = 0.24; p <0.05) on police integrity.
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Bock, Zannie. "Code-switching." Functions of Language 18, no. 2 (October 12, 2011): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.18.2.02boc.

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This article analyses the function that code-switching plays in selected testimonies given at South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission which followed the country’s transition to democracy in 1994. In a number of testimonies, victims of human rights abuse under Apartheid code-switched into Afrikaans when recalling particularly offensive uses of language by the police. Within the code-switching literature, it is well recognised that a speaker’s choice of code, particularly for quoted speech, is a strategy for performing different kinds of local identities which index a range of social meanings and relationships (Álvarez-Cáccamo 1996, Koven 2001). Thus code-switching may serve a complex evaluative function although the meanings it generates are very context-dependent. In order to explore this role in the testimonies in this paper, I use the appraisal theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Martin & White 2005). I argue that on a number of occasions, code-switching into a particular variety of Afrikaans is used by testifiers as a strategy to invoke negative judgement: it has the effect of associating the police with a particular racist ideology and positioning them for our sanction. Further, it works together with other engagement resources to insert a recognisable historical voice into the text, thereby expanding the heteroglossic nature of the discourse while simultaneously allowing the speakers to signal their rejection of that voice and the ideologies it represents. In the current SFL literature, however, code-switching has not been noted as an appraisal resource. In the light of the examples from the TRC testimonies, I argue that, in multilingual contexts, code-switching has the potential to invoke complex evaluative meanings and should be included in the appraisal framework as an evaluative resource.
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Ratakonda, Bhavani, Ajay Therala, and Chanikya Kumar Hanumanthu. "Driving license detection using QR code." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401010.

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We have proposed a system in which it simplifies the work of traffic police in detecting the fake driving license users. RTO Employee can login into this system and generate a new driving license with QR code for every applicant who has undergone test drive and who has successfully secured their learning license. In this system every employee can login with their credentials, they can generate a QR code and they can enter the details of applicant and generate new license with QR code attached to it. Traffic police can scan this QR code through Scanner app from mobile phone to retrieve the data present in QR code, if data retrieved in scanner app and data on the license mismatches then police can conclude that user is a fake user. QR code on the driving license contains name, father’s name, date of birth, house no., address and date up to when the card is valid.
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Porter, Louise E., and Tim Prenzler. "The code of silence and ethical perceptions." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39, no. 2 (May 16, 2016): 370–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-10-2015-0108.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore Australian police officers’ perceptions of unethical conduct scenarios with the aim of understanding unwillingness to report infractions. Design/methodology/approach – The responses of 845 officers were compared across 11 scenarios to explore variation in the extent to which they understood the behaviour to violate policy and their hypothetical willingness, or unwillingness, to report the behaviour. Particularly, it was hypothesised that non-reporters may justify their inaction based on the misperception that other officers hold even less ethical beliefs. Findings – Five scenarios emerged as least likely to be reported, with a substantial minority of officers stating their decision was despite their understanding that the behaviour constituted a policy violation. Contrary to predictions, these “non-reporters” were aware they were less likely to report than their colleagues, but believed they held the same views as their colleagues in terms of the seriousness of scenarios. Comparisons between non-reporters and other survey participants, however, found this belief to be false, with non-reporters viewing the scenarios as significantly less serious. A perceived self-other difference, along with a belief that others will report were shown to reduce the likelihood of not reporting. Practical implications – The results are discussed in terms of increasing willingness to report misconduct through organisational efforts to communicate values and support officers to make ethical decisions. Originality/value – The paper contributes to understanding the “code of silence” in perpetuating police misconduct and how it may be reduced.
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KIM, CHAEYOUN. "Establishing Police Code of Conduct of Human Rights." Korean Association of Police Science Review 22, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24055/kaps.22.6.8.

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Syahri, Alvi. "Law Enforcement Against Policies Who Breached The Code Of Conduct." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 3, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v3i3.11238.

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The purpose of this research to find out and analyze law enforcement against police officers who violate the code of ethics in carrying out their duties at Central Java Police, obstacles and solving obstacles. This study uses a sociological juridical approach with descriptive analysis research specifications. The data used are primary data and secondary data obtained through interviews and literature study. The data analysis method used is qualitative analysis. Furthermore, based on the research results it can be concluded: Law enforcement against police officers who violate the code of ethics in carrying out their duties at the Central Java Regional Police refers to Act No. 2 of 2002 concerning the Police, Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2003 concerning Disciplinary Regulations for Members of the National Police and Regulation of the Chief of Police No. Pol. 14 of 2011 concerning the Professional Code of Ethics for the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia. Several factors that hinder law enforcement against unscrupulous police officers who violate the code of ethics are divided into internal factors: Leaders who have not fully paid attention to the implementation of disciplinary law enforcement duties for Polri members, level of discipline, awareness and compliance of Polri members with binding disciplinary regulations and applies to him is still relatively low so that disciplinary violations keep happening, Polri's disciplinary law enforcement often appears to lack transparency. External factors: Lack of public awareness in conducting supervision and complaints when there are people who violate them.Keywords: Law Enforcement; Police Officers; Offenses; Code of Ethics.
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Reinol Panjaitan, Joseph Diko. "Grant Code Sanctions of Polri Members Who Have Disconnected The Court Binding Drug Abuse (Case Study Polres Cirebon)." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 1, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v1i3.3397.

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This study aims to identify and understand the sanctions in the Code of Conduct Police officers and efforts to the implementation of sanctions against Alleged offenders alleged to have violated the code of Professional Ethics of Police, in the form of deeds has committed the crime of Abuse of Narcotics kind Sabu-shabu and cases criminal has received the Decision of the Court Of Sumber country, with an excerpt of Decision No. 394 / Pid.Sus / 2017 / PN.Sbr. October 19, 2017, which states the defendant initials S, proven legally and convincingly guilty of committing the crime of abuse of Narcotics Group I For Yourself and sentenced to imprisonment for six (6) months. This research was conducted in Cirebon. To the authors conducted a study with the title "Provision of the Code sanctions Police Members Who Have Strength Disconnect Law Courts Stay In Drug Abuse". If a member of the National Police of an offense or crime, the police members will litigants and undergo a criminal justice process for members of the Indonesian National Police is generally done according to the law applicable in the general court.Keywords: Police; Narcotics; Police Professional Code of Conduct of Police.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Police code"

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Webber, Jason J. "Indiana Criminal Code 9-30-2-2 who does it protect? /." [Muncie, Ind.] : Ball State University, 2008. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/375.

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Morrow, Jadi Leigh. "Creating the blue code: Identity, gender and class in a police training environment." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3303888.

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Ede, Andrew, and andrew ede@premiers qld gov au. "The Prevention of Police Corruption and Misconduct: A Criminological Analysis of Complaints Against Police." Griffith University. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2000. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030102.114721.

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The reform measures recommended by the Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct (referred to as the "Fitzgerald Inquiry") radically transformed the face of policing in Queensland. The most significant of these recommendations was the establishment of an external oversight body, the Criminal Justice Commission (CJC), which has independence from executive government and holds the power to investigate not only police but any public servant or politician. Other recommendations included "Whistleblower" legislation, increasing sanctions for serious misconduct, lateral recruitment and promotion by merit rather than seniority. The first main research question tested in this thesis is whether these reform measures have produced improvements in the following areas: the efficiency and effectiveness of the processes for dealing with complaints against police; public confidence in those processes and the public standing of the Queensland Police Service (QPS) generally; standards of police behaviour; the incidence of corrupt conduct; and police attitudes towards reporting misconduct by their fellow officers. These Fitzgerald Inquiry reforms were strategies primarily derived from two schools of thought describing the nature and cause of police corruption: deterrence based theory (including "individual" or "rotten apple" theory) and cultural (also labeled "cultural" or "socialisation") based theory. To date most strategies used to combat police corruption have been underpinned by these theories. A third theory - situational based theory (sometimes titled "environmental" or "opportunity" theory) - which has had success in crime prevention, has been scarcely used in the area of police corruption. However, an extensive body of research has affirmed the effects of situational factors on police behaviour, suggesting the potential for the application of situational crime prevention initiatives in combatting police corruption. The second research question proposed in this thesis is whether situational based theory could also be beneficial in the prevention of police corruption. Data drawn upon to test the first research question were interviews and surveys with police officers, public attitude surveys and statistics from the processing of complaints against police. Although each source has limitations, collectively the data are sufficiently comprehensive - and robust - to defend conclusions about the general direction of the changes which have occurred. These data indicate that the Fitzgerald Inquiry reforms have, at least to some degree, had their intended impact on the QPS. These reforms have contributed to an apparent improvement in public confidence in the complaints system and the QPS generally. Moreover, the available evidence suggests that the Fitzgerald Inquiry reforms have resulted in a weakening of the police code of silence. As far as the specific issue of corruption in the QPS is concerned, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions from existing data sources. However, the weight of the available evidence is that such conduct is less pervasive and occurs at lower levels than was the case in the pre-Fitzgerald Inquiry QPS. It is very difficult to ascertain which reform components were the most effective and which were not helpful at all, as these reform measures were initiated simultaneously. For example, the negative elements of the police culture may have been eliminated or reduced but whether it was the cultural strategies or one of the deterrence based strategies influencing officer behaviour remains unknown. The second main research question the thesis poses is that the use of situational crime prevention techniques has potential for contributing to the prevention of police corruption. A situational analysis of complaints against police data, including the development of a typology for classifying types of police corruption and misconduct, was used as an example of how this may be accomplished in Queensland. The study provides some, albeit limited, support for the hypothesis that situational crime prevention methods are applicable to police corruption. Based upon three years of complaints data, enough homogenous cases were gathered to enable the analysis of four categories of police corruption - Opportunistic Thefts, Driving under the Influence, Assault (while off-duty), and Theft from Employer. Given that this study only used three years of complaints data held by the CJC and more than nine years of data exist, productive situational analyses of many other categories of corruption is probable. This study also illustrated that complaints against police data are being under utilised by the QPS and the CJC. For future research in the situational analysis of complaints data, I recommend improving the gathering of data from complaints files for storage in electronic form to enable situational prevention analysis to be conducted more readily. A geographical example was used to illustrate further how complaints against police data could be more extensively utilised as a prevention tool. This analysis was conducted at an organisation unit level determined primarily by geographical factors. The complaint patterns of units of similar "task environments", as measured by unit size and type of duties performed, were compared in an attempt to identify those units experiencing the presence or absence of "bad apples" or a "negative culture". This study led to the conclusion that a divisional analysis of complaints data can provide information valuable in combatting police corruption. When task environment was held constant, it was possible to identify units experiencing the effects of possible "bad apples" and/or "negative cultures". Once these particular units were identified, intervention strategies to address the units' particular problem could be constructed. Future research in this area would involve ongoing divisional data analysis followed-up by individual assessment of officers identified as "bad apples", or a "compare-and-contrast" procedure to distinguish features requiring correction in units identified as having a "negative culture". The research findings presented in this thesis are that progress has occurred in a number of areas in addressing the problems identified by the Fitzgerald Inquiry, but that there is undoubtedly scope for more to be achieved. Despite the very significant increase in the resources and powers available to investigators post-Fitzgerald, it is still difficult to prove that a police officer engaged in misconduct, or that other officers were aware of this fact and had failed to take action, because of the constraints imposed by evidentiary and legal requirements. Thus, while it is vital to maintain an effective and credible independent complaints investigation system and ensure that there is a proper internal discipline process in place, the scope for increasing the "deterrent power" of the present system is limited. Putting more resources into complaints investigations might make a difference at the margins, but is unlikely to lead to a significant increase in the probability of a complaint being substantiated and a sanction imposed. Investing more resources in investigations has an additional cost in that such resources are then lost to other efforts to combat corruption that may provide more fruitful results in the long term. The value of an occasional substantiation is placed above the ability to engage in a large amount of prevention work. Inevitably then, three clear messages are apparent. First, continued effort must be made to modify the organisational climate of the QPS in terms of commitment to integrity. Recommended strategies to accomplish this end are to continue the recruitment of more educated, female and older officers to reduce police-citizen conflict and the negative elements of the police culture, and also to develop a comprehensive, integrated approach to ethics education for QPS officers at all ranks and positions. Second, other forms of deterrence against misconduct are needed such as the use of covert strategies like integrity testing which could be conducted in conjunction with the CJC. Third, a greater emphasis needs to be placed on developing and implementing preventive strategies. This thesis has shown that valuable prevention strategies can be gained from situational and divisional analysis of complaints data, and a range of proactive management options based upon situational crime prevention theory are recommended. These strategies have application in any police service.
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Adams, Carole Helen. "#Balance' in pre-trial criminal justice : suspects' experience in the nick under the revised PACE Code of Practice C." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307469.

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Gonzales, Jean-Luc. "Le commissaire de police et l'hospitalisation d'office d'urgence : pour une application unique de l'article L. 343 du code de la santé publique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF10160.

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La loi No 90-527 de juin 1990 relative aux droits et à la protection des personnes hospitalisées en raison de troubles mentaux et à leurs conditions d’hospitalisation, n’a pas, véritablement modifié le régime juridique des hospitalisations d’office. Ainsi, l’article L. 343 du code de la santé publique précise : « en cas de danger imminent pour la sûreté des personnes, attesté par un certificat médical ou à défaut par la notoriété publique, le maire et à Paris, les commissaires de police arrêtent à l’égard des personnes dont le comportement révèle des troubles mentaux manifestes toutes mesures provisoires nécessaires, à charge d’en référer dans les vingt-quatre heures au préfet qui statue sans délai et prononce, s’il y a lieu, un arrêté d’hospitalisation d’office dans les formes prévues à l’article L. 342. Faute de décision préfectorale, ces mesures provisoires sont caduques au terme d’une durée de quarante-huit heures. » L’application de cet article soulève des difficultés. C’est à partir d’une étude de l’évolution juridique de la prise en charge publique des hospitalisations forcées et d’enquêtes relatives à la pratique de la police des aliénés, que l’auteur propose une modification de l’article L. 343 du code de la santé publique. Il prévoit de confier au commissaire de police uniquement, aussi bien en province qu’à Paris, les mesures provisoires prévues par la loi. Selon l’auteur, il s’agit de faciliter l’accès du malade aux soins médicaux tout en respectant le régime juridique de l’hospitalisation d’office.
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Foltynová, Hana. "Návrh na zefektivnění vztahů mezi policisty a občany." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222854.

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The diploma thesis discusses about the relationship between citizens and Police of the Czech Republic. It focuses on crime, its detection and problems concerning communication. This thesis contains informations about examinated object, various research methods and procedures how to streamline these relationships and also how to improve confidence in the police.
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Iosca, Benjamin. "L'effectivité de la sanction des infractions au Code de la Route." Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0086.

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L'année 1992 marque un tournant historique dans la répression des infractions routières. Désormais, chaque français dispose d'un permis de conduire affecté d'un capital de points s'amenuisant à chaque infraction. Cette loi, autoproclamée pédagogique, dont il est pourtant difficile de contester le caractère répressif est ambitieuse : éradiquer la mortalité routière ; le résultat est partiellement atteint. Mais passer de 15000 à 4000 en 30 ans a un coût : celui d'une répression toujours plus grande
The year 1992 marks an historic turning point in punishing infractions driving (licences) offences. Today each french citizen have a driving licence with a number of points that increases according to the offences. This autoproclamed pedagogical law, that it is hard contest the repressif and ambitions : eradicate roads deaths ; the target is parially achieved. But with more than 15000 death per 4000 in 30 years will a cost : a greater repression
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Gelin, Carl. "Polisens Tystnadskod - Översikt kring yrkeskulturella normer och sanktioner och dess följder inom den svenska polisorganisationen." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25398.

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Denna uppsats kommer övergripande beskriva fenomenet tystnadskod inom specifikt den svenska polisen. För att kunna göra detta måste bakomliggande faktorer så som det kollegiala kollektivets betydelse inom polisen först beskrivas liksom vissa organisationsinterna motsättningar som gett upphov till tystnadskoden. Uppsatsen kommer även med hjälp av utkast från bland annat nyhetsmedier belysa hur denna tystnadskod yttrat sig i praktiken och vilka följder detta fått. Tystnadskoden är ett fenomen som har skapats ur det kollegiala kollektivet och fyller till viss del funktion som social kontroll inom kollektivet. Men också rättsligt. Det är sällsynt att åtal väcks mot poliser liksom lika sällsynt att poliser får några disciplinära påföljder när överträdelser begåtts. Svensk polisforskning är eftersatt internationell motsvarighet varför den svenska litteraturen är relativt knapphändig inom området med ett fåtal undantag. Få forskare som belyst tystnadskoden har belyst vilka indirekta följder den kan få utanför det kollegiala kollektivet liksom utanför polisorganisationen vilket måste tas hänsyn till när man studerar fenomenet tystnadskod.
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Ancel, Baudouin. "Lois de police et ordre public dans le droit des conflits (XIIe siècle-XXe siècle) : genèse et réception de l'article 3, alinéa 1er du Code civil." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020043.

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Cette recherche propose un éclairage historique des avatars de deux mécanismes désormais intégrés au système français de droit international privé, celui des « lois de police » et celui de « l’ordre public international », qui ont pour trait commun de s’opposer au jeu normal de la règle de conflit et de s’appuyer, l’un et l’autre, sur l’art. 3, al. 1er du Code civil de 1804. Prévenant par préemption les atteintes à l’utilitas publica vel communis ou y réagissant par éviction de la loi normalement applicable, ces deux types de normes tissent une histoire commune depuis les antécédents que furent les statuts prohibitifs et les statuts territoriaux identifiés par la doctrine romano-canonique médiévale. Adaptés par les juristes de l’Ecole Hollandaise et de l’Ecole Française à l’hypothèse dominante à la fin de l’Ancien Régime des conflits de souverainetés, ceux-ci sont recueillis en 1804 par l’art. 3, al. 1er. Le travail conjoint de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence et une réaction à la notion hybride de « lois d’ordre public » qui émerge au long du siècle suivant permettent leur reformatage en les séparant l’un de l’autre dès le tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. Le déclin du conflit des souverainetés qui porte à se désintéresser des lois de droit public, voire des lois pénales, et une représentation plus privatiste du conflit de lois qui ne peut cependant méconnaitre l’interventionnisme croissant de l’Etat, confirment la distinction de deux figures appelées à être théorisées sous les concepts de lois de police ou d’application immédiate (promouvant l’utilitas communis) et d’exception d’ordre public (défendant les valeurs fondamentales)
This research aims at shedding light on the historical background of the avatars of two mechanisms now integrated into the French system of private international law: lois de police (i.e. overriding mandatory rules) and (international) ordre public (i.e. public policy). Both share the common feature of opposing the normal interplay of choice-of-law rules and rely on Art. 3, para. 1 of the 1804 Civil Code. Preventing by pre-emption infringements of utilitas publica vel communis or reacting to them by eviction from the normally applicable law, these two types of norms have emerged from a common history beginning with the antecedents of prohibitive and territorial statutes identified by medieval romano-canonical commentators. Then members of the Dutch and French Schools adapted the two concepts to the prevailing hypothesis at the end of the Ancien Régime, that of conflicts of sovereignties. In 1804, lois de police and ordre public were collected in the French Civil Code. Thanks to the joint work of scholars and case law, on the one hand, and to a reaction to the hybrid notion of lois d’ordre public that emerged over the next century, on the other hand, the distinction between the two concepts was made possible at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. As conflict of sovereignties declined, leading to a loss of interest in public law, or even in criminal law, and as a more private-law-driven representation arose, without ignoring, however, growing state interventionism, the distinction has been confirmed between the two concepts: lois de police or d’application immédiate, promoting the utilitas communis, and exception d’ordre public, defending fundamental values
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Evans, David Elliot 1971. "Policy-directed code safety." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86424.

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Books on the topic "Police code"

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McNamara, Joseph D. Code 211 blue. New York: Fawcett Gold Medal, 1996.

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Porra, Sophie. Code annoté de déontologie policière. Paris: Libr. générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1991.

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d'Ivoire, Côte. Code de la fonction policière. Abidjan: Juris-Editions, Editions juridiques de Côte d'Ivoire, 2000.

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Code of silence. Leicester: Thorpe, 2014.

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Code triage. Carol Stream, Ill: Tyndale House Publishers, 2010.

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Code triage. Carol Stream, Ill: Tyndale House Publishers, 2010.

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Association of Chief Police Officers. Code of practice for police computer systems. Liverpool: Merseyside Police, 1987.

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Office, Home. Financial management: Code of practice. London: HMSO, 1994.

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Wilhelm, Bill. Code two 'n a half. Taylorville IL: Oak Tree Press, 2007.

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Dept, Western Australia Police. Code of ethics and statement of values. [Perth: Western Australia Police Force, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Police code"

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Kutnjak Ivković, Sanja, Adri Sauerman, Andrew Faull, Michael E. Meyer, and Gareth Newham. "Curtailing the code of silence." In Police Integrity in South Africa, 178–211. New York City : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315637068-6.

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Datzer, Darko, Sanja Kutnjak Ivković, Eldan Mujanović, and Skyler Morgan. "A Complex Relation Between the Code of Silence and Education." In Exploring Police Integrity, 193–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29065-8_8.

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Smith, Rhona, Eimear Spain, and Richard Glancey. "Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Code G." In Core Statutes on Public Law & Civil Liberties, 338–45. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54504-6_60.

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Smith, Rhona, Eimear Spain, and Richard Glancey. "Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Pace) Code A." In Core Statutes on Public Law & Civil Liberties, 272–85. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54504-6_57.

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Smith, Rhona, Eimear Spain, and Richard Glancey. "Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Pace) Code B." In Core Statutes on Public Law & Civil Liberties, 285–96. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54504-6_58.

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Smith, Rhona, Eimear Spain, and Richard Glancey. "Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Pace) Code C." In Core Statutes on Public Law & Civil Liberties, 296–338. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54504-6_59.

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Funk, Albrecht, and Falco Werkentin. "The draft for a uniform police code — an example of executive perception of law *." In Repression and Repressive Violence, 68–85. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429338489-7.

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Cook, Kate, Mark James, and Richard Lee. "Police Act 1996." In Core Statutes on Criminal Law, 131–32. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54431-5_60.

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Bonin-Rodriguez, Paul. "Coda: Performing Policy." In Performing Policy, 142–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137356505_8.

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Svara, James H. "Code of Ethics." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 823–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_930.

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Conference papers on the topic "Police code"

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Nedeljkovic, Milan, and Nikola Vasiljevic. "EMERGING FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY IN EURO AREA: EVIDENCE FROM THE CRISIS." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.11.

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We examine how emerging market (EM) foreign exchange (FX) markets respond to innovations in the monetary policy in advanced economies over the crisis period. We focus on the case of the European Central Bank (ECB) which pursued a combination of different policies during the Eurozone sovereign crisis. In a new econometric framework, we identify responses of foreign exchange markets in three EM economies (Hungary, Poland and Turkey) to different types of ECB policies. We find weak effect of the ECB’s Euro liquidity provisions on the EM foreign exchange markets. In contrast, while the ECB’s foreign exchange liquidity provisions as well as government bond interventions and policy rate changes did not impact the FX levels, they led to higher uncertainty in the FX markets. The results are indicative of the additional, uncertainty channels through which monetary policy shocks in advanced economies may affect the business cycle fluctuations in the EM economies.
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Karamolegkos, K., I. Goulos, V. Pachidis, J. Stevens, C. Smith, L. Thevenot, and R. d’Ippolito. "Helicopter Mission Analysis Using a Multidisciplinary Simulation Framework." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26991.

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This paper describes the work done and strong interaction between the Technology Evaluator (TE), Green Rotorcraft (GRC) Integrated Technology Demonstrator (ITD) and Sustainable and Green Engine (SAGE) ITD of the Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative (JTI). The GRC and SAGE ITDs are responsible for developing new helicopter airframe and engine technologies respectively, whilst the TE has the distinctive role of assessing the environmental impact of these technologies at single flight (mission), airport and Air Transport System levels (ATS). The assessments reported herein have been performed by using a GRC-developed multidisciplinary simulation framework called PhoeniX (Platform Hosting Operational and Environmental Investigations for Rotorcraft) that comprises various computational modules. These modules include a rotorcraft performance code (EUROPA), an engine performance and emissions simulation tool (GSP) and a noise prediction code (HELENA). PhoeniX can predict the performance of a helicopter along a prescribed 4D trajectory offering a complete helicopter mission analysis. In the context of the TE assessments reported herein, two helicopter classes are examined namely a Twin Engine Light (TEL) configuration for Emergency Medical Service (EMS) and Police missions and a Single Engine Light (SEL) configuration for Passenger/Transport missions. The different technologies assessed reflect three simulation points which are the ‘Baseline’ Year 2000 technology, ‘Reference’ Y2020 technology, without Clean Sky benefits, and finally the ‘Conceptual’, reflecting Y2020 technology with Clean Sky benefits. The results of this study illustrate the potential that incorporated technologies possess in terms of improving performance and gas emission metrics such as fuel burn, CO2, NOx as well as the noise footprint on the ground.
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Ghouri, Usama Hamayun, Muhammad Usama Zafar, Salman Bari, Haroon Khan, and Muhammad Umer Khan. "Attitude Control of Quad-copter using Deterministic Policy Gradient Algorithms (DPGA)." In 2019 2nd International Conference on Communication, Computing and Digital systems (C-CODE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/c-code.2019.8681003.

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Aslinda, Dr, Muhammad Guntur, and Muhammad Akmal Ibrahim. "Policy Core Belief in Policy Change." In International Conference on Administrative Science (ICAS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icas-17.2017.9.

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Gupta, Man Prakash, Minki Cho, Saibal Mukhopadhyay, and Satish Kumar. "An Investigation of Power Migration Policies for Many-Core Processors to Manage On-Chip Thermal Profile." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52094.

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Transition from single core to multicore technology has brought daunting challenge for thermal management of microprocessor chips. The issue of power dissipation in next generation chip will be far more critical as further transition from multicore to many-core processors is soon to be expected. It is very important to obtain uniform on-chip thermal profile with low peak temperature for improved performance and reliability of many-core processors. In this paper, a proactive thermal management technique called ‘power multiplexing’ is explored for many-core processors. Power multiplexing involves redistribution of locations of power dissipating cores at regular time intervals to obtain uniform thermal profile with low peak temperature. Three different migration policies namely random, cyclic and global coolest replace have been employed for power multiplexing and their efficacy in reducing the peak temperature and thermal gradient on chip is investigated. A comparative study of these policies has been performed enlisting their limits and advantages from the thermal and implementation perspective considering important relevant parameters such as migration frequency. For a given migration frequency, global coolest replace policy is found to be the most effective among the three policies considered as this policy leads to 10 °C reduction in peak temperature and 20 °C reduction in maximum spatial temperature difference on a 256 core chip. Proximity of active cores or power configuration on chip is characterized by a parameter ‘proximity index’ which emerges as an important parameter to represent the spatial power distribution on a chip. Global coolest replace policy optimizes the power map on chip taking care of not only the proximity of active cores but also the finite-size effect of chip and the 3D system of electronic package leading to almost uniform thermal profile on chip with lower average temperature.
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Ganapathy, V., T. Jaeger, and S. Jha. "Retrofitting legacy code for authorization policy enforcement." In 2006 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sp.2006.34.

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Nishiguchi, Isoharu, Masaaki Fujita, and Seiichi Hamada. "Outline of the JSME Rules on Design and Construction for Thermal Power Generation Facilities." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2691.

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In order to develop and maintain the codes pertaining to mechanical equipment in the thermal facilities for power generation, the Subcommittee on Thermal Power was set up under the JSME Main Committee on Power Generation Facilities on October 1, 1997. The first edition of the JSME code for thermal power generation facilities was issued in January 2000, and its addenda was issued in April 2002. The latest 2003 edition was issued in January 2004. This paper presents an outline of the JSME Code including fundamental policy, the organization of the code, the relation with requirements of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Ministerial Ordinance in Japan and comparison with ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Codes.
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Yu, Ting, Dhivya Sivasubramanian, and Tao Xie. "Security policy testing via automated program code generation." In the 5th Annual Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1558607.1558623.

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Sistany, Bahman, and Amy Felty. "A Certified Core Policy Language." In 2017 15th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pst.2017.00054.

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Johansen, Håvard D., Eleanor Birrell, Robbert van Renesse, Fred B. Schneider, Magnus Stenhaug, and Dag Johansen. "Enforcing Privacy Policies with Meta-Code." In APSys '15: Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2797022.2797040.

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Reports on the topic "Police code"

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Evans, David, and Andrew Twyman. Flexible Policy-Directed Code Safety. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada446967.

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Wiggs, Cody. Considerations Regarding the Proposed Open Code Policy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25217_43.

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Merkin, V. G., K. Sorathia, L. Daldorff, A. Ukhorskiy, M. Sitnov, and J. Lyon. Comments for Open Code Policy for NASA SMD. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25217_18.

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Moore, B., ed. Policy Core Information Model (PCIM) Extensions. RFC Editor, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3460.

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Hill, Steven M., Eric Adamson, Michele Cash, Marcus England, and Joe Schoonover. Space Weather Prediction Center Support of NASA Open Code Policy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25217_37.

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Kellerman, Adam, Steve Morley, and Alexa Halford. Current and Future considerations for a NASA Open-Code Policy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25217_38.

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Shamir, Lior, Bruce Berriman, Peter Teuben, Robert Nemiroff, and Alice Allen. Best Practices for a Future Open Code Policy: Experiences and Vision of the Astrophysics Source Code Library. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25217_44.

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Pozzi, S. A. Recent Developments in the MCNP-POLIMI Postprocessing Code. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885763.

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Moore, B., E. Ellesson, J. Strassner, and A. Westerinen. Policy Core Information Model -- Version 1 Specification. RFC Editor, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3060.

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Acton, Charles H. White Paper on Possible NASA SMD Open Code Policy and Practices. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25217_11.

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