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Journal articles on the topic 'Police cars'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 July 2024
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Sacks, Stephen R. "Optimal Spatial Deployment of Police Patrol Cars." Social Science Computer Review 18, no. 1 (February 2000): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443930001800103.

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2

DEWEY, MATÍAS. "Illegal Police Protection and the Market for Stolen Vehicles in Buenos Aires." Journal of Latin American Studies 44, no. 4 (November 2012): 679–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x12000831.

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AbstractIn comparison to some illegal enterprises whose operations generate decisive moral rejection on the part of the public, vehicle theft remains an illicit underground activity that citizens largely tolerate or even exploit. In the province of Buenos Aires, the persistence, depth and breadth of transactions related to this black market cannot be explained without referring to the role of the state police. This article uses a theoretical approach to illegal police protection in order to understand the complicity between the police and criminals as fundamental to the market for stolen cars in the province. Using data from in-depth interviews and official documents, the article examines how exactly the police protect thieves, dismantlers and distributors of cars and/or auto parts. It analyses three elements that condition the sale of illegal protection to criminals by the police: threats and selective implementation of penalties; control of consequences; and bureaucratic falsification.
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3

Fox, David. "ENFORCING A POSSESSORY TITLE TO A STOLEN CAR." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 1 (March 7, 2002): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302301508.

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JASON Costello, who made “something of a living” by doing up and selling cars, was found by the Police in possession of a turbo-charged Ford Escort. Although he was the car’s registered keeper, the Police (rightly) suspected that it was stolen. They seized it under section 19 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (“PACE”). In this they acted lawfully. They questioned Costello but never actually prosecuted him—despite the original vehicle identification and engine numbers’ having been ground off; Costello’s having acquired the car through a “friend” with multiple convictions for handling stolen cars; and his keeping a “car ringing kit” for forging registration numbers under the back seat.
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4

Koblauch, Henrik, Mette K. Zebis, Mikkel H. Jacobsen, Bjarki T. Haraldsson, Klaus P. Klinge, Tine Alkjær, Jesper Bencke, and Lars L. Andersen. "Influence of Wearing Ballistic Vests on Physical Performance of Danish Police Officers: A Cross-Over Study." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051795.

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Purpose: We aimed to investigate the influence of wearing a ballistic vest on physical performance in police officers. Methods: We performed a cross-over study to investigate the influence of wearing a ballistic vest on reaction and response time, lumbar muscle endurance and police vehicle entry and exit times. Reaction and response time was based on a perturbation setup where the officers’ pelvises were fixed and EMG of lumbar and abdominal muscles was recorded. We used a modified Biering–Sørensen test to assess the lumbar muscle endurance and measured duration of entry and exit maneuvers in a variety of standard-issue police cars. Results: There was a significant difference of 24% in the lumbar muscle endurance test (no vest: 151 s vs. vest: 117 s), and the police officers experienced higher physical fatigue after the test when wearing a vest. Furthermore, officers took longer to both enter and exit police cars when wearing a vest (range: 0.24–0.56 s) depending on the model of the vehicle. There were no significant differences in reaction and response times between the test conditions (with/without vest). Discussion and Conclusion: Wearing of a ballistic vest significantly influenced the speed of movement in entry and exit of police cars and lumbar muscle endurance, although it does not seem to affect reaction or response times. The ballistic vest seems to impair performance of tasks that require maximal effort, which calls for better designs of such vests.
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5

Oriola, Temitope B. "Police Use of Force against Minorities and Academic Chatter." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 57, no. 4 (November 2020): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cars.12310.

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6

Elers, Steve, and Phoebe Elers. "Police Cars and Indigenous Cultural Designs: A Semiotic Analysis." Visual Communication Quarterly 27, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15551393.2020.1831884.

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7

Dwi Anggoro, Tito. "Implementation Enforcement Embezzlement Of Rental Vehicle Crime In Polsek Banyuurip Satker Polres Purworejo." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 1, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v1i3.3347.

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The purpose of this research is to know and analyze the mode of the crime of embezzlement of the car in case Number: BP / 07 / V / 2016 / Criminal in police Banyuurip-Purworejo, to know the investigation on the case, and to know and analyze the obstacles and find solution in the law enforcement process on the perpetrators of criminal fraud in the case of cars Number: B / 145 / V / 2016 / Sek BU Banyuurip Police in Purworejo. This study uses a normative Juridical approach with a specific case study of car embezzlement in Purworejo District. Data collected from case Document Number: BP / 07 / V / 2016 / Criminal then it was Analyzed by using qualitative analysis. The results Showed that the mode of cars embezzlement crime is done by doing the rental activity. That criminal act committed by private employees who rented cars. The reason in using Reviews those cars was for the company's business for two days. The investigation of the case is based on the police report number: LP / B / 09 / V / 2016 / Java / Res Pwr / Sek Bu dated May 2, 2016 about fraud and / or embezzlement. There was no search was done. In the confiscation, some evicences were taken. They were 1 cellphone, 1 BCA book saving, 1 BCA ATM, 1 transaction details at BCA saving, 1 car loan notes, US $ 10,000,000 cash, -, and BPKB guarantee letter from CIMB Niaga bank Yogyakarta.Keywords: Criminal Law Enforcement, Car Rental Embezzlement.
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8

Jain, Animesh, Priya Rathi, Mnnat Gill, Isha Nirgudkar, Apoorva Hegde, Yuvraj Gulati, and Kaavya Khatri. "IJCM_246A: Estimating the prevalence of seat belt usage in motor cars: A descriptive cross-sectional study in Mangalore." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 49, Suppl 1 (April 2024): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_abstract246.

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Background: Every year 1.25 million people die of road traffic accidents. Several safety measures can be taken to prevent RTAs. The SDG 2030 set the target to halve the number of global death and injuries from road traffic accidents by the year 2020. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of seat belt use and factors influencing it including driver characteristics, type of car and time of day and distractions while driving. Methodology: This Descriptive cross-sectional study was set on the major roads and intersections of Mangalore, recruiting the drivers and front-seat passengers in the motor cars at the time and site of observation. Results: A total of 6165 motor cars were observed. 15 (0.2%) of these cars had completely tinted car windows, therefore out of the total, 6150 motor cars could be properly observed. 70.91% (4361) of drivers were wearing seat belts. Seat belt usage among drivers was found to be higher on highways (76.6%) as compared to on residential and city roads (69.3%). In vicinity of traffic police, 76.5% of drivers were observed to be wearing seat belts in contrary only 67.8% of them were wearing seatbelts in the absence of traffic police. Prevalence of mobile phone use and other distractions amongst drivers was 2.1%. Out of 2646 adult front seat passengers observed, only 10.9% were wearing seat belts. Conclusion: Among drivers, type of motor car, traffic zone and type of road and presence of traffic police in vicinity are significantly associated factors with seatbelt usage. Among adult front seat passengers, type of motor car, traffic zone, type of road and presence of traffic police in vicinity are significantly associated. Among front seat child passengers, type of road and traffic zone are significantly associated with seat belt usage.
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9

Parnaby, Patrick, and Crystal Weston. "Rethinking Role Residual: Retired Police Officers and the Inertia of Habitus." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 57, no. 2 (May 2020): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cars.12278.

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10

Lee, Haengjun. "A Study on the Effects of Local Police's Perception of Crime Prevention Activities on Police Trust." J-Institute 8 (August 31, 2023): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/terrorism.2023.8.57.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how the crime prevention activities of the autonomous police, centering on Suwon City, have an impact on police trust, and to suggest ways to secure the reliability of the autonomous police activities in the future. Method: In this study, 320 copies of the meaningful results obtained through the survey conducted on the citizens of Suwon were analyzed. For the analysis, the crime prevention activities of the autonomous police were set as an independent variable and trust in the police was set as a dependent variable. Results: As a result of analysis on the impact of crime prevention activities(patrol, crime prevention environment creation, order maintenance) of autonomous police on police trust, it was found that patrol and crime prevention environment creation had a significant effect, and order maintenance No significant effect was found. Conclusion: In order to actively prevent crime, it is necessary to support visible police activities, such as strengthening intensive patrols using foot patrols, motorcycles, and patrol cars, as well as supporting technical equipment for effective arrest. CCTV has a very useful value in that it can be used as an efficient means of arresting criminals by filling the public security vacuum caused by insufficient police manpower at the present time and converting data into a database. In addition, more practical equipment support should be provided by securing the police's own budget to expand the development and expansion of a customized work system tailored to the local situation and to strengthen cooperative public order such as autonomous security guards and child guards.
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11

Kim, Yang-hyun. "Exploring the Applicability of Police Patrol Activities Using Autonomous Cars." Korean Journal of Security Convergence Management 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24826/kscs.7.4.11.

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12

Larson, Richard C., and Thomas F. Rich. "Travel-Time Analysis of New York City Police Patrol Cars." Interfaces 17, no. 2 (April 1987): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.17.2.15.

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13

Dawson, Nicholas A. J., and Megan K. Levings. "Antigen-specific regulatory T cells: are police CARs the answer?" Translational Research 187 (September 2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2017.06.009.

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14

Parnaby, Patrick F., and Sonya Buffone. "Darwin Meets the King: Blending Sociology and Evolutionary Psychology to Explain Police Deviance." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 50, no. 4 (October 24, 2013): 412–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cars.12026.

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15

BOETTKE, PETER, LIYA PALAGASHVILI, and JAYME LEMKE. "Riding in cars with boys: Elinor Ostrom's adventures with the police." Journal of Institutional Economics 9, no. 4 (May 1, 2013): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137413000118.

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Abstract:More than 40 years ago, Elinor Ostrom began her adventures with the police. In order to combat the conventional view that ‘bigger means better’, Ostrom pioneered a fieldwork-based framework for measuring police services that utilized consumer surveys and thereby created a community-centered model of analysis for public services. In this paper, we contend that although Ostrom's career demonstrated the importance of employing multiple methods, her most enduring contributions and legacy came from on-the-ground research. Her case studies and fieldwork proved to be necessary for examining complex systems beyond the state–market dichotomy, and these methods of analysis should be defended as critical for inquiry into the variety of institutional arrangements.
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16

Mesfin, Tarekegn Reta, and Eba Kitata Kenea. "Analysis of Traffic Violations and Accidents with Enforcement: A Study in Jimma Town." International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education 4, no. 1 (April 14, 2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v4i1.69.

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The level of enforcement of road traffic laws plays a significant role in reducing traffic accidents, especially pedestrians, who are more than a fifth of the 1.24 million people killed each year due to traffic accidents. For assessing traffic law enforcement, the registered traffic violation data for the years 2015-2017 were taken from the Traffic Police Department to describe the activities of traffic police personnel in enforcing traffic laws. The violations were categorized into four groups: -those related to driving, vehicle, parking, and others, and Traffic Law Enforcement into safety and other traffic law enforcement activities. The vehicles involved in the violations were categorized as cars, small load vehicles, motorcycles, Bajaj, etc. Traffic Police had registered 77 traffic law violations in the year 2015, 65 in the year 2016, and 86 in the year 2017. Driving violation was the highest registered violation in the three years, and it was slightly higher in 2017. The cars and small load vehicles categories were the highest registered vehicles in several violations within the three years. For motorized two-wheeled vehicles, the highest number of registered violations in the three years was the one related to driving. All vehicle-related and other violations were registered more commonly for cars in 2015 and 2016. Of the registered violations, the parking-related violation occurred only in 2017. Safety-related traffic law enforcement was 89.96% of the total traffic law enforcement activity.
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17

Marks, Paul. "Police could use radio waves to bring cars to a halt." New Scientist 220, no. 2947 (December 2013): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(13)62898-5.

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18

Phillips, Scott W., and John P. Jarvis. "The police patrol rifle." International Journal of Police Science & Management 19, no. 2 (April 21, 2017): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355717695321.

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This work focuses upon the training associated with patrol rifles in American police agencies. Patrol rifles are the firearms most commonly employed by tactical units, but are now often carried by police officers in their patrol cars. The inevitability thesis suggests that arming street-level officers with patrol rifles is part of the natural evolution of firearms in policing. Officers, however, must be adequately trained. Data were gathered from a broad sample of police agencies from across the country. Police officers attending the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s National Academy in the spring and summer of 2015 completed a pen and paper survey with questions about police agency training and policies regarding the use of patrol rifles. In total, 370 usable surveys were completed. Results show that over 95% of American police agencies allow street-level officers to deploy with patrol rifles. Although training is primarily provided by internal sources, officers are trained for a variety of situations in which such rifles are necessary and appropriate. A discussion of the veracity of some training is also provided.
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19

Tarekegn Reta Mesfin and Eba Kitata Kenea. "Analysis of Traffic Law Violations and Traffic Accidents with their Enforcements (In Case of Jimma Town)." TECHNO REVIEW Journal of Technology and Management 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/trjtm2022.v02.n01.002.

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More than about 1.24 million of people killed each year due to road traffic crashes worldwide. Out of these deaths, more than one fifth occur among pedestrians Promoting the level of road traffic law enforcement plays a great role in reducing traffic crashes. For assessing of traffic law enforcement, the registered data of traffic violation for the years 2015-2017 were taken from the Traffic Police Department to describe the activities of traffic police personnel in enforcing traffic laws. The violations were categorized into four groups: -those related to driving, vehicle, parking and others, and Traffic Law Enforcement into safety and other traffic law enforcement activities. The types of vehicles involved in the violations were categorized as cars, small load vehicles, motor-cycles, Bajaj and other. Traffic Police had registered a total of 77 traffic-law violation in the year 2015,65 in the year 2016, and 86 in the year 2017. Driving violation was the highest registered violation in the three years, and it was slightly higher in 2017. The categories of cars and small load vehicles were the highest registered vehicles in number of violations with in the three years. For motorized two-wheeler vehicles the highest number of registered violations in the three years were the one that related to driving. Out of all vehicle related and other violations were registered more commonly for cars in 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the registered violations, parking related violation was occurred only in 2017. The safety related traffic law enforcement was 89.96 % of the total traffic law enforcement activity.
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20

Mesfin, Tarekegn Reta, and Eba Kitata Kenea. "Analysis of Traffic Law Violations and Traffic Accidents with their Enforcements (In Case of Jimma Town)." International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science 8, no. 2 (2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijcmes.8.2.1.

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More than about 1.24 million of people killed each year due to road traffic crashes worldwide. Out of these deaths, more than one fifth occur among pedestrians Promoting the level of road traffic law enforcement plays a great role in reducing traffic crashes. For assessing of traffic law enforcement, the registered data of traffic violation for the years 2015-2017 were taken from the Traffic Police Department to describe the activities of traffic police personnel in enforcing traffic laws. The violations were categorized into four groups: -those related to driving, vehicle, parking and others, and Traffic Law Enforcement into safety and other traffic law enforcement activities. The types of vehicles involved in the violations were categorized as cars, small load vehicles, motor-cycles, Bajaj and other. Traffic Police had registered a total of 77 traffic-law violation in the year 2015,65 in the year 2016, and 86 in the year 2017. Driving violation was the highest registered violation in the three years, and it was slightly higher in 2017. The categories of cars and small load vehicles were the highest registered vehicles in number of violations with in the three years. For motorized two wheeler vehicles the highest number of registered violation in the three years were the one that related to driving. Out of all vehicle related and other violations were registered more commonly for cars in 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the registered violations, parking related violation was occurred only in 2017. The safety related traffic law enforcement was 89.96 % of the total traffic law enforcement activity.
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21

Szulc, Anna. "Unused cars in Wroclaw – in terms of using city space." Biblioteka Regionalisty 2020, no. 20 (2020): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/br.2020.1.12.

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Excessive traffic and the insufficient number of parking spaces pose a challenge for the authorities of large urban centres, which is why it is important to effectively use the infrastructure resources. An example of actions that reduce efficiency regards unused cars in public parking. The discussed problem should be considered in the context of the impact on spatial order, and the phenomenon of misappropriation of public space. This article analyses Mobility Policy of the City of Wroclaw and data on the intervention of the Municipal Police of Wroclaw regarding the disposal of unused vehicles according to article 50a and 130a of Road Traffic Law. An integral part of the article is a survey examining the opinions of the local community. Unused cars have a negative impact on the quality of space and life of residents, which is manifested by a decrease in the efficiency of transport infrastructure, degradation of green areas, appropriation of public space and disturbance of spatial order
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22

Mayer, Andrew K., Jeff K. Caird, Shaunna L. Milloy, Nicole B. Percival, and Amanda D. Ohlhauser. "Passing Parked Police Cars: Speed as a Function of Emergency Lighting, Police Car Orientation, and Driver Experience." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 54, no. 21 (September 2010): 1865–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193121005402108.

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23

A. G, S. Fakhar, M. Saad H, A. Fauzan K, R. Affendi H., and M. Aidil A. "Development of portable automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system on Raspberry Pi." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i3.pp1805-1813.

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ANPR system is used in automating access control and security such as identifying stolen cars in real time by installing it to police patrol cars, and detecting vehicles that are overspeeding on highways. However, this technology is still relatively expensive; in November 2014, the Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM) purchased and installed 20 units of ANPR systems in their patrol vehicles costing nearly RM 30 million. In this paper a cheaper alternative of a portable ANPR system running on a Raspberry Pi with OpenCV library is presented. Once the camera captures an image, image desaturation, filtering, segmentation and character recognition is all done on the Raspberry Pi before the extracted number plate is displayed on the LCD and saved to a database. The main challenges in a portable application include crucial need of an efficient code and reduced computational complexity while offering improved flexibility. The performance time is also presented, where the whole process is run with a noticeable 3 seconds delay in getting the final output.
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24

Ahmad, Muhammad Baballe, Umar Farouk Musa, Yakubu Abdulkareem Ohiani, and Mustapha Babatunde Abimbola. "Faults and Solutions for Smart Traffic Lights." Middle East Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 01 (January 13, 2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/merjet.2024.v04i01.001.

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Ambulances, fire departments, and police cars are examples of emergency vehicles (EVs) that greatly benefit communities by saving lives and deterring theft and criminal activity. Automatic control systems are a novel kind of advanced system that function as a driving system using hardware controllers and computers. We require automatic adaptive controllers to manage the traffic light system's open and shut functions since an increase in the number of cars while maintaining the same infrastructure led to a significant traffic issue. In addition to the difficulty emergency vehicles have reaching their location due to traffic congestion caused by heavy cars, traffic problems also include red-light traffic violations, which typically result in accidents on the roadways. Traffic conditions worsen as a result of more cars on the road, making it more difficult to make room for emergency vehicles like ambulances, rescue fire engines, and emergence vehicles. An IoT sensor-based system that detects the arrival of an ambulance at the hotspots using the signals the ambulance sends out can be built to prevent problems waiting for traffic signals in an emergency. The system would then maintain the signals appropriately.
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25

Fagan, Jeffrey. "Law, Social Science, and Racial Profiling." Justice Research and Policy 4, no. 1-2 (December 2002): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3818/jrp.4.1.2002.103.

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The term “racial profiling” describes race-based selection of citizens for interdiction by police and other legal actors. Several studies have examined whether police disproportionately stop minority citizens both in cars and on foot, and, once stopped, whether police are more likely to search or arrest them. Whether these contacts are racially motivated has been the focus of research, litigation, political mobilization, and internal scrutiny by police departments. This article reviews definitions of practices that are commonly described as racial profiling, contrasts these narrow views with the more complex legal standards that have evolved in case law, and assesses whether recent data collection efforts can generate reliable information about the extent and nature of racially disproportionate police contacts with citizens. Data analysis procedures are identified to respond to both legal and normative questions about whether racial disparities in police stops and searches rise to the level of “profiling” and cross the threshold of a violation of constitutional guarantees. The article concludes with a brief discussion of mechanisms for regulating and monitoring police-citizen contacts to address concerns of police and citizens on the racial dimensions of policing.
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26

Chow, Hok Man Joyce, Sau Cheong Cheung, Kit Wing Cheng, Chee Kwan Lee, Terence Tsang, and Hin-long Ng. "Detection and identification of illegal-modified private cars through frequency band analysis." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1921.

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Post-purchase-illegal-modification of road vehicles' exhaust systems by vehicle fanatics for loudness has caused an upsurge in nuisances to local residences when driven and rallied during late night and early mornings. Traditional enforcement measures rely on setting up roadblocks by the Police at rallying hotspots. These measures involve the judgement of individual police officer and can be subjective. With the aid of noise monitoring equipment, the accuracy and efficiency of on-site exhaust system-modified vehicle detection can be enhanced. Since the sound profile of a single-vehicle exhaust cannot be captured by simple roadside noise level measurements alone, segregation and analysis of the noise spectrum are employed to identify vehicles with modified exhaust systems. The paper presents the findings of investigating the feasibility and accuracy of off-the-shelf devices for detecting vehicles fitted with modified exhaust systems, with private cars being the primary target. A pilot test by roadside noise monitoring has been conducted with a sound level meter and an acoustic camera and revealed an on-site accuracy of up to 75%. Data collected during the tests were further used to explore the applicability of integrating artificial intelligence with traditional noise monitoring devices.
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Johnson, Janet Elise. "Unwilling Participant Observation among Russian Siloviki and the Good-Enough Field Researcher." PS: Political Science & Politics 42, no. 02 (April 2009): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096509090647.

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In 1999, on a trip to Russia to study gender violence, I was sitting in on a special training at a Moscow police academy. In between jokes about the impossibility of prostitutes getting raped, the cops-in-training could not stop focusing on me, the one American and one of three women in a rowdy room. For example, one man loudly asked me whether all Americans had cars and followed up with a comment that, of course we did, because this is where “you” (meaning me) would have sex. The training on rape and sexual harassment that I had come to observe had come to a halt because the new police were so intent on making sexual jokes. These comments felt even more threatening than they might otherwise because, a few days before, I had been picked up by the Russian police, shoved into a police car with several drunken officers, and driven around Moscow until I offered a bribe.
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28

Colona, Francesco. "Police guns and private security cars. Ordering the state through socio-material policing assemblages in Nairobi." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, no. 3 (May 11, 2020): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775820923374.

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In this article, I show how the work of heterogeneous security and policing assemblages in Nairobi hinges upon and reproduces physical urban borders, and consequentially enacts social orders. While these assemblages enrol a diverse collection of people and objects, I liken their work to that of the state: some urban residents are considered as belonging to safe spaces and in need of extra protection, while others are considered dangerous and targets of policing activities. I draw on one year of ethnographic fieldwork with private security companies and police patrols in middle- and upper-class Nairobi. In Nairobi, armed police personnel are commonly seen in vehicles that are marked with the logos and colours of security companies or private vehicles. These arrangements are not only based on agreements between companies’ managers, urban residents and police, but rely on what specific infrastructures (such as road or radio networks) and various objects (such as guns and cars) afford. These material elements are not insignificant details. Rather they become central to the unfolding of the patrols. They contribute to the work of security and policing assemblages of categorizing Nairobi’s residents as either dangerous and potentially criminal subjects or as residents in need of extra protection.
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Lubis, Abdul Jabbar, and Ade Saprin. "PERANCANGAN APLIKASI UNTUK MENDETEKSI SABUK PENGAMAN MOBIL MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA BACKPROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK (BPNN)." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.36294/jurti.v2i2.429.

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Abstract - To enforce traffic regulations on the highway, police officers face obstacles in monitoring the use of seat belts on cars because cars on the highway are always on the move and almost all cars use window film to avoid the heat of the sun entering the car. Based on the above problems, the authors build a software that can monitor or detect drivers wearing seat belts or not with Microsoft Visual C # 2010. To monitor the use of seat belts, digital cameras are used to conduct image acquisition to be processed by computers. . Furthermore, the image is studied by a system using the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) Artificial Neural Network method as the image of the driver using a seat belt. To make a detection, the test image is input that is the same size as the training image. The test results obtained the level of accuracy for image acquisition with a distance of 1 meter with a similarity using a seat belt with a maximum value of 9% and a degree of similarity without a seat belt of less than 4%. Keywords - Image, Neural Network, Backpropagation Algorithm
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30

Dmitruk, Wiktor. "Study of possible contamination of police officers and service vehicles with gunshot residues." Issues of Forensic Science 302 (2018): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2018.302.2.

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The hereby article presents the analysis of data from literature of the subject, as well as of analyses of material recovered onto microscope stubs from hands of 59 police officers and traces collected from 38 police cars backseats onto ELEVAK instrument cartridges. The stubs were checked for presence of GSR particles and the filters of ELEVAK cartridges – for O-GSR and other substances. Traces were recovered at seven district police stations within Warsaw Municipal area. The analyses were performed with two analytical techniques: SEM/EDX and GC/MS. From 1 to 27 characteristic GSR particles were found on hands of 18% officers. Between 1 and 11 of such particles were detected on the surfaces of 24% car backseats. Traces of diphenylamine, a chemical substance used as a stabiliser in smokeless powders were detected in 13 vehicles, cocaine traces were found in 3 vehicles and THC was found in one vehicle.
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Lakshmi, M., Dharur Ramalingappa Aishwarya, Manda Priyanka, Kharatmal Nandini, and Bhukya Sandhya. "Wireless Blackbox for Cars Using Sensors and GPS Module." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 3 (March 31, 2024): 2204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.59307.

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Abstract: The main purpose of this wireless black box project is to develop a vehicle black box system that can be installed into any vehicle all over the world. This paradigm is often designed with minimum range of circuits. Wireless black box is basically a device that will indicate all the parameters of a vehicle crash and will also store and display its parameters such as temperature, location, vibration, alcohol limit etc. At the time of accident, the message will be sent from the system built inside the car to the registered mobile numbers such as emergency numbers of police stations, hospitals, family members, owner etc. We have used various types of sensors like temperature sensor, which is used to measure temperature. Vibration sensor measures vibrations felt by the car during accident. Alcohol sensor is located on the steering wheel which will indicate whether the driver is drunk. Micro-electromechanical system sensor is used to indicate tilt during the accident. GSM module, GPS module are some of the devices used in this project which helps in accomplishing the output.
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Jumali, Muhamad Abdul. "OPTIMIZATION TO MINIMIZING DISTANCE CARS OF FIRE EXPORTER IN INDUSTRIAL REGION SIER SURABAYA." Tibuana 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/tibuana.1.1.1593.61-68.

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Various fire infrastructure in Surabaya has been built, but the number of fire incident is less suitable with the standard of disaster response time. This study was conducted to determine the distribution of minimization of fire engine mileage in SIER Industrial Area of ​​Surabaya. The analytical method used is qualitative descriptive by comparing existing condition, criteria, and policy review that exist in SIER Industrial Area of ​​Surabaya with data of fire service post service in Surabaya City to know unreached area of ​​fire post service and have high risk potential Will be a fire disaster in the SIER Industrial Area of ​​Surabaya. Next determine the factors and criteria for determining the location of firefighting post based on existing policy studies and conditions. Factors determining the location of firefighting in Surabaya City is a function of the building based on the type of land use, the density of the net population, the density of the building, the range of fire service, the radius of the water supply range, the incidence of fire, the time of fire disaster response, the availability of land, and the class of road. The result of this research is the implementation of building protection management on building function in industrial area, procurement of socialization and education of fire prevention for the community, coordinating with traffic police to facilitate path of location achievement
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Bakutin, Yevhen. "CERTAIN ASPECTS ON THE ORGANIZATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL." Administrative law and process, no. 2(37) (2022): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2022.2.03.

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The article is devoted to traffic control with the use of vehicles. Control over road users is a very effective area of activity of the Patrol Police Department, which allows to quickly influence the traffic process and the behavior of its participants. That is, the patrol police directly monitors traffic in Ukraine. The effectiveness of control largely depends on the forms and methods of its implementation. According to most experts, the reduction in accidents is due to a number of national measures, among which an important place is to improve the rules establishing liability for violations of traffic rules. The purpose of the study – the article considers the issue of car – phantom patrol in a more “understandable” aspect, namely: the implementation of specialized police cars without special external control over compliance with road users in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On Road Traffic”. Methodology. The research is based on the dialectical-materialist method of scientific knowledge of social and legal phenomena, as well as general and special methods of legal science, namely: system-structural, comparative-legal, logical-legal (dogmatic), statistical. The scientific novelty of the study is to prove a particularly acute issue in the fight against traffic safety in the field of specialized vehicles – “phantoms”. Legislation on road safety has played a positive role in the last five years. The state of accidents in the state has stabilized, the level of discipline of road users has relatively increased. However, the problem of traffic safety remains unresolved. Experience with the implementation of traffic policy shows that the implementation of preventive measures is successful when the methods of persuasion are supported by legal norms that establish responsibility, an adequate degree of public danger of traffic violations. Conclusions. Regarding the introduction of fixation of traffic violations by specialized cars – “phantoms”, it should be noted that this should be preceded by extensive outreach among citizens and especially among drivers. Therefore, it is desirable to organize explanatory work of patrol police chiefs in the media. As a result, all this will lead to an atmosphere of understanding among drivers about the need and legitimacy of the use of this form of control in the work of the patrol police of Ukraine. The main purpose of the introduction of specialized vehicles – “phantoms” – is to identify and eliminate from the process of traffic drivers who have committed serious violations that directly affect the occurrence of road accidents. Therefore, timely control is the key to road safety and saved lives.
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Scheidt, Konstanze. "Inflatables and Activism." A Peer-Reviewed Journal About 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2018): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aprja.v7i1.116060.

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This article speculates on the “Welcome to Hell” demonstration of the G20 summit that took place on the 7th and 8th July 2017 in Hamburg. The demonstration ended just under an hour later with a much-criticized police action captured by media coverage. Although the police action was almost unanimously rejected, pictures of hooded people and burning cars that started circulating in the web. But the protest had begun peacefully and a very different picture could have shaped the perception of the ‘black block’: a giant inflatable black cube that was being carried by the protesters above their heads. The cube was not the only inflatable that was used during the protests. Why do the protesters use Inflatables instead of e.g. banners?
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Maknun, Luil. "TANGGUNG JAWAB PENGEMUDI AMBULAN KARENA KELALAIANNYA MENGAKIBATKAN KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 22 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN." Disiplin : Majalah Civitas Akademika Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum sumpah Pemuda 29, no. 3 (September 27, 2023): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46839/disiplin.v29i3.108.

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Abstrak Masyarakat Indonesia rata-rata banyak memiliki kendaraan pribadi, sehingga banyak dealer kendaraan baik motor atau mobil memberikan penawaran terhadap masyarakat dengan harga jual murah. Dengan penawaran rendah tersebut secara tidak langsung telah menyebabkan masyakarat berkeinginan untuk memiliki kendaraan baik kendaraan motor dan mobil. Dengan membeli kendaraan tersebut semua kebutuhan transportasi yang cepat, mudah, dan bisa digunakan untuk diri pribadi. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum Normatif. Kepada Kepolisian dan Pemerintah diharapkan mengadakan sosialisai mengenai undang-undang lalu lintas dan peraturan lalu lintas secara rutin dan teratur diberbagai tempat seperti di sekolah, dan di media seperti: koran, televisi dan radio. Polisi Lalu Lintas diharapkan agar lebih meningkatkan kinerja dalam menangani pelanggaran lalu lintas dan agar lebih memperhatikan kualitas dan kuantitas personil petugas Polisi Lalu Lintas agar dalam penanggulangan pelanggaran lalu liantas tidak menemui kendala dan berjalan sesuai yang diharapkan. Kata Kunci : Pengemudi, Kecelakaan, Lalu Lintas. Abstract On average, many Indonesian people have private vehicles, so many vehicle dealers, both motorbikes and cars, offer offers to the public at low selling prices. This low offer has indirectly caused people to want to own vehicles, both motorbikes and cars. By purchasing this vehicle, all your transportation needs are fast, easy, and can be used for yourself. The research used is normative legal research. The Police and Government are expected to conduct socialization regarding traffic laws and traffic regulations regularly and regularly in various places such as schools, and in the media such as: newspapers, television and radio. The Traffic Police are expected to further improve their performance in handling traffic violations and to pay more attention to the quality and quantity of Traffic Police officers so that handling traffic violations does not encounter obstacles and runs as expected. Keywords: Driver, Accident, Traffic
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Jay, Mark. "Policing the Poor in Detroit." Monthly Review 68, no. 8 (January 3, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-068-08-2017-01_3.

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On the afternoon of November 15, 2013, 150 police officers raided the Colony Arms, a low-income housing complex on Detroit's East Side. One resident described the scene: "I saw…cop cars with the sirens…some kind of tank blocking the back alley, at least two helicopters doing I don't know what…. The officers had real, real long rifles. It was like the army or something…like an invasion…." In all, thirty arrests were made, twenty-one related to parking violations. These arrests yielded a total of zero convictions. The raid occurred on a Friday; all those arrested were released from jail by Monday. The raid was declared a resounding success by the Detroit Police Department (DPD) and all of the city's major media outlets. The raid on the Colony Arms inaugurated Operation Restore Order, a series of seventeen paramilitary police operations carried out between 2013 and 2015. Over the course of the operation, police made over a thousand arrests; as in the Colony Arms raid, however, these yielded little in the way of prosecutions.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
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Chu, Hsing-Chung. "Risk factors for the severity of injury incurred in crashes involving on-duty police cars." Traffic Injury Prevention 17, no. 5 (June 16, 2016): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2015.1109082.

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38

Vaida, Taras. "PECULIARITIES OF USE BY THE POLICE OF “PHANTOM”-CARS AS MOBILE TECHNICAL MEANS IN THE ROAD SAFETY SYSTEM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE)." Administrative law and process, no. 1(34) (2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2022.1.02.

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The purpose of the article is to determine on the basis of the analysis of statistical data characterizing the state of road injuries in Ukraine, the main causes of road accidents; conducting a comparative description of existing technical means of speed control; description of the specifics of the use of removable (mobile) vehicles with integrated systems for automatic safety control (speed mode) on the roads by patrol police units. To achieve this goal, scientific methods were used, such as critical analysis of special literature and specification of current requirements of regulations in the field of road safety to control the speed limit; systematization of knowledge (information) from open Internet resources and generalization of existing approaches in popular science publications to solve the raised problem in Ukraine and in the world. Results. The norms of the current legislation have been determined and analysed, which provide the possibility of fixing violations of traffic rules at stationary posts and in automatic mode. Such categories of current legislation in the field of road safety, as “system for recording administrative offenses in the field of ensuring SRT in automatic node”, “technical means (control devices)”, the procedure for their application in accordance with the law. A comparative analysis of the use of “phantom” cars abroad was conducted. The tactical and technical characteristics of domestic patrol police vehicles, which control the speed of traffic due to the built-in integrated systems, are characterised. Some legal collisions that arise when using the above-mentioned mobile devices to control the speed limit on the roads are concretised. Conclusions were made on ensuring road safety as a complex problem that requires participation in its solution at various levels of many business entities and executive bodies; different ways of speed control on roads (stationary and mobile technical means) are noted; highlighted as one of the innovations in this area the application of “phantom” cars with integrated speed control systems; the presence of such “phantom” cars disciplines drivers and requires to comply the traffic rules be them anywhere on the road network.
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Saputra, Ari Galang. "IMPLEMENTASI PEMASANGAN CCTV E-TILANG DALAM UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PELANGGARAN LALU LINTAS." Jurnal Kawruh Abiyasa 2, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.59301/jka.v2i2.44.

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The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the installation of CCTV E-Tickets in an Effort to Prevent Traffic Violations is based on the National Police Chief's program in improving the image of the police. In addition, compliance with the installation of CCTV E-Tickets in Efforts to Prevent Traffic Violations is based on the legitimacy of authority. However, in its implementation several obstacles were found so that the application was only limited to trials and turned into judicial operations. Thus, the implementation of the installation of CCTV E-Tilang in Efforts to Prevent Traffic Violations can be concluded that it has not succeeded in preventing traffic violations or increasing public legal awareness. Thus, CCTV E-Tilang and INCAR cars must be implemented and sustainable so that they can influence the public's legal awareness to be orderly in traffic.
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Guo, Zhan, and Zu Ming Xiao. "Design of System to Prevent Drunken Driving Based on GPSGSM Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3873.

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Against drunk driving, this paper puts forward a kind of design scheme of vehicular system to prevent drunk driving based on GPS/GSM technology. The system is at the core of a single chip processor with the use of the alcohol sensor to test the driver's alcohol concentration.alcohol sensor.If alcohol is beyond the limit, cars are banned running and drunk driving information will be sent to the traffic police command monitoring platform through the GPS/GSM technology. The system has the characteristics of integration, human nature, and intelligence.
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41

Haggett, George K. "Bushra El-Turk and Eleanor Knight, Silk Moth Grimeborn, 9 August 2019." Tempo 74, no. 291 (December 19, 2019): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298219000834.

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When Eleanor Knight began researching her libretto for Silk Moth, she had to decide how to frame an opera about honour violence. Meeting women whose lives it had ruptured through the Iranian and Kurdish Women's Rights Organisation, she confronted the usual images that accompany the dozen-or-so honour killings per year in the UK media. Between the ‘old, faded school photos’ that illustrate victimhood and the male perpetrators with ‘blankets over their heads … shoved into waiting police cars’, she saw a gulf of painful complexity. ‘What’, she asks, ‘of the mothers?’.
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42

Bakulin, Nikolai Petrovich. "Winter road training of police drivers of internal affairs bodies on all-wheel drive official transport category "B"." KANT 40, no. 3 (March 2021): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2021-40.34.

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The purpose of the study is to propose a pedagogical methodology for professional training of police drivers in winter based on a set of exercises performed in the conditions of a racetrack, improving the skills of safe driving on a road surface with a low coefficient of adhesion of wheels to the roadbed in conditions of a limited budget of training time. The article analyzes the main causes of road accidents involving employees of internal affairs bodies and typical mistakes made by police drivers in dangerous road traffic situations; the main technical techniques of police drivers that need to be improved in the process of conducting short-term training courses for police drivers are identified; based on the analysis of the skills of safe driving on the road with icy phenomena, experienced drivers have developed a thematic exercise for conducting practical field classes on the racetrack in winter time. As a result of the pedagogical experiment, the criteria for the formation of driving skills among representatives of the experimental group and control groups were derived and a proven pedagogical methodology for improving professional competencies for the safe management of police drivers of four-wheel-drive official cars equipped with devices for giving special light and sound signals of category "B" in conditions of icy phenomena was proposed.
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Darma Illahi, Insan Al Ha Za Zuna, Ira Alia Maerani, and Aryani Witasari. "PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS AGAINST CRIME EMBEZZLEMENT POLICE CAR RENTAL IN RESORT CITY OF SEMARANG (Case Study No. Bp / 87 / K / Bap / VII / 2018 / Reskrim on 6 June 2018)." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 2, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v2i4.8441.

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This study aims to identify and explain the efforts to control and enforcement of laws against the crime of embezzlement of car rental in City Police Large Semarang in Case Number: Bp / 87 / K / Bap / VII / 2018 / Reskrim on 6 June 2018, to provide educational material or contributing to the entrepreneur car rental and Police Large city Semarang in prevention and law enforcement against criminal acts of embezzlement of car rental in the city of Semarang, and to investigate and explain the constraints and find solutions in the response and enforcement of laws against the crime of embezzlement car rental Big City Police in Semarang.This study uses empirical juridical approach or legal research Sociological with embezzlement case study specification car in Semarang. Data were collected from documents and interviews with investigators Vice Unit I resum Sat Criminal Police Large City Semarang to then analyzed using qualitative analysis, then concluded.The results showed that law enforcement is often done by the City Police of the Semarang to the crime of embezzlement car rental, while the factors that are the cause has not done of law enforcement due to limits in the Book of the Law of Criminal Law and the crime on complaint, therefore efforts conducted by the City Police of the Semarang can be divided into three attempts pre-emptive, preventive and repressive, these efforts are sometimes subject to constraints such as the difficulty of giving meaning to the people, cars rented a car loan, easy to hand over vehicles to consumers.Keywords: prevention efforts by law enforcement, the crime of embezzlement.
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44

Harianja, Marasi Kindly. "Analysis of Citizen's Charter Policy as A Strategy for Improving the Quality of Public Services in the Issuance of Driving License." Journal of Public Representative and Society Provision 3, no. 2 (July 24, 2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55885/jprsp.v3i2.262.

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The service of driving licenses (SIM) is one of the public services of various other public services owned by the National Police. The state gives full authority to the Police to provide these services as stipulated in Law no. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. The purpose of this study is to 1) analyze the issuance of SIMs at the Sorong Polres, 2) analyze the Citizen's Charter policy (service contract) as a strategy to improve the quality of public services in issuing SIMs at the Sorong Polres. This study uses a qualitative approach, using a case study research method. Data collection was carried out using interview techniques, observation and document review. This research was conducted in early September 2021 with a total of 15 respondents consisting of members of the Indonesian National Police and the public. The location of the research was carried out at the Sorong Police Station. From the results of the study it was concluded that the SIM issuance service at the Sorong Polres is still not optimally implemented for the community because the SIM issuance service at the Sorong Polres is still exclusive and elite capture, with a gap between service quality and cultural dimensions in the SIM issuance service at the Sorong Polres then a strategic policy formulation is needed to improve the quality of public services that are more excellent than the previous services. The advice given is to make fundamental improvements to the SIM issuance service at the Sorong Polres in order to improve the quality of service, build a good service culture, namely having dedication, integrity, discipline, honesty and trustworthiness in providing services to the community, using software that can be displayed directly on service room so that it can quickly find out what is the criticism and input from the community in service, on mobile SIM cars added to the product by issuing new SIMs, there is intense supervision from the Provos Polres Sorong to monitor service officers, and adopting a Citizen's Charter (service contract) compiled and designed between the Sorong Police and other stakeholders and the community.
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45

Gözübenli, Murat, and Fatih Mehmet Harmancı. "An investigation of occupational accidents and safety risks in policing: Views of employees." International Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3446.

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Policing is one of the riskiest and dangerous professions by its nature. Police officers face a range of risks at work: homicide, assaults, attacks, communicable diseases, car crashes or explosions. The risks vary according to the task being undertaken such as arresting offenders, attending street disturbances or performing traffic duties. These risks, having the characteristics of occupational accident in a way, have institutional losses like compensation, loss of manpower and reputation besides individual results like injury, death, mutilation, and posttraumatic stress disorder, exposure to psychological disorders or decrease in quality of life. Opinions and suggestions of 1066 employees currently working at different ranks and units in Turkish National Police in regards with reducing the risks of occupational accidents and safety risks were studied in this research. Suggestions of the participants were reviewed under total nine headings (themes) consisting of training, physical fitness and health, security measures, institutional policies and procedures, managerial policies, working conditions, equipment, uniforms, and patrol cars.
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Yasir, Muntadher Naeem, and Muayad Sadik Croock. "Cyber DoS attack based security simulator for VANET." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 5832. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp5832-5843.

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At the late years, researches focused on the cyber Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in the Vehicle Ad hoc Networks (VANETS). This is due to high importance of ensuring the save receiving of information in terms of Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle to Road Side Unit (V2R). In this paper, a cyber-security system is proposed to detect and block the DoS attacks in VANET. In addition, a simulator for VENAT based on lightweight authentication and key exchange is presented to simulate the network performance and attacks. The proposed system consists of three phases: registration, authentication as well as communications and DoS attack detection. These phases improve the system ability to detect the attacks in efficient way. Each phase working is based in a proposed related algorithm under the guidance of lightweight protocol. In order to test the proposed system, a prototype is considered includes six cars and we adopt police cars due to high importance of exchanged information. Different case studies have been considered to evaluate the proposed system and the obtained results show a high efficiency of performance in terms of information exchange and attack detection.
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Khamidullin, Ruslan Sibagatullovich, and Timur Karimovich Ayukin. "Prevention and disclosure of thefts and thefts of vehicles: current problems and ways to solve them." Полицейская деятельность, no. 5 (May 2022): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0692.2022.5.36251.

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The article deals with problematic issues of prevention and disclosure of thefts and thefts of vehicles, current problematic issues, as well as prospects for their solution. The operational situation in the territory of the city of Yekaterinburg, including in the service area of the police department No. 7 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Yekaterinburg related to the commission of theft and theft of vehicles in the period from 2019 to 2020, is analyzed. The object of the study is social relations arising from the commission of illegal actions, such as theft or theft of vehicles. As the subject of the study, various methods of committing such crimes and their disclosure, as well as measures to prevent such crimes in modern conditions are considered. As a result of the study, ten main problems in the field of prevention and disclosure of thefts and thefts of motor vehicles on the territory of the Russian Federation are identified. In addition, ways to solve these problems are proposed. The novelty of the study is the analysis of the current state of crime in the field of theft and theft of vehicles, which is being improved with the development of new technologies. The criminalistic characteristics of these crimes are also given, indicating the models and brands of cars most often subjected to theft and theft. Thus, it has been established that the most stolen vehicles are cars of domestic production of the VAZ brand, among foreign-made vehicles are middle-class cars, worth up to 900,000 rubles.
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48

Gaweł, Robert. "Ewidencja samochodów w Krakowie 1906–1918." Galicja. Studia i materiały 7 (2021): 384–449. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2021.7.20.

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The article deals with the issue of car registration by the Krakow Police Directorate in the years 1906–1918 and the registers of this process kept by it. The registration system was based on assigning individual vehicle numbers to each vehicle, consisting of a letter-distinguishing mark and a three-digit number. These registers have been preserved in the resources of the National Archives in Krakow. As of today, they are the only known documents of this type related to the history of the automotive industry in Galicia. Their analysis facilitated the preparation of an inventory of cars registered in Kraków in 1906–1918.
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KIHIRA, Makoto, Ritsu KOSUGE, Kazuko OKAMURA, Yukako NAKANO, and Goro FUJITA. "An Experimental Consideration of the Influence of Vehicle Rear End Design on Distance Perception of Police Cars." Japanese journal of ergonomics 52, no. 5 (2016): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.52.212.

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Khiabani, Hassan Z., Mimi Stokke Opdal, and J⊘rg M⊘rland. "Blood Alcohol Concentrations in Apprehended Drivers of Cars and Boats Suspected to Be Impaired by the Police." Traffic Injury Prevention 9, no. 1 (February 19, 2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580701737629.

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