Journal articles: 'Polarized light microscope'

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McCrone, Walter C. "The Case for Polarized Light Microscopy." Microscopy Today 4, no. 7 (September 1996): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500060971.

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I was one told by a Nobel Laureate in Chemistry that light microscopy was simply a service foundation. By this he meant to class the microscope with computers, gas chromatographs, infrared spectrophotometers, x-ray diffractometers, mass spectrometers, etc. With all due respect to this gentleman and to these other instruments, there is a vital difference between the polarized light microscopes (PLM) and each of these instruments. First, a trained microscopist requires far more training than a qualified operator of, and interpreter of data from these other instruments. Second, there is considerably more basic physical and chemical information observable and measurable with PLM.

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Chatterjee, Sanjib, and Y. Pavan Kumar. "Un-polarized light transmission DIC microscope." Journal of Optics 45, no. 4 (November 4, 2015): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12596-015-0293-2.

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Bernal, J. A., M. Andres, S. López Salguero, V. Jovani, P. Vela-Casasempere, and E. Pascual. "THU0414 ORDINARY LIGHT MICROSCOPY IS ABLE TO IDENTIFY MOST CRYSTAL-CONTAINING SYNOVIAL FLUIDS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 444.1–445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6071.

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Background:Optical microscopy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of crystal arthropathies. The complete protocol consists of three phases. In the first stage, microscopy with simple light provides information on the morphology of the crystal. The second stage, polarized light, allows detecting the intensity of the birefringence. Finally, with the first-order red compensator, the type of elongation is detected, positive for calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals and negative for monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Finally, with the obtained data, the presence and type of crystals is concluded.Objectives:Analyze the validity and agreement of each stage of microscopy regarding the conclusion, emphasizing ordinary light microscopy.Methods:Fifty consecutive samples of synovial fluid obtained in routine clinical practice were independently analyzed under the compensated polarized microscope by 5 observers blinded to clinical data (250 observations in total). Each observer recorded the presence and type of crystals at each stage and reached a conclusion after gathering all the information. To estimate the diagnostic yield of each microscope stage, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values, as well as the accuracy (number of correct observations/number of total observations), were calculated; also, the total weighted kappa was used to assess the degree of agreement with the complete protocol.Results:Main results of the study are shown in Table 1. Regarding diagnostic yield, ordinary light microscopy showed excellent sensitivity, specificity and predictive values, similar to the results noted with simple and compensated polarized microscopy.Table 1.In parentheses, 95% confidence intervals.AccuracySensitivitySpecificityPositive predictive valueNegative predictive valueKappaOrdinary light96.8%(93.8-98.4)97.2%(93.1-98.9)96.2%(90.7-98.5)97.2%(93.1-98.9)96.2%(90.7-98.5)0.954(0.919-0.989)Simple polarized light92.0%(88.0-94.8)84.1%(76.8-89.5)100%(97.0-100)100%(96.5-100)86.1%(79.5-90.8)0.874(0.821-0.927)Compensated polarized light97.6 %(94.9-98.9)95.5%(89.8-98.0)99.3%(96.1-99.9)99.1%(94.8-99.8)96.5%(92.1-98.5)0.962(0.933-0.992)Diagnoses established by ordinary light microscopy matched conclusions (accuracy) in 242/250 (96.8%) observations. Discrepant cases were crystals missed under ordinary light in 4 cases (3 MSU, 1 CPP), and 4 samples with CPP crystals initially seen but later concluded their absence. Interestingly, lowest accuracy was seen with simple polarization; CPP crystals were not detected in 20 out of 93 observations with CPP (21.5%). The accuracy of compensated polarized light was similar to ordinary light. On 5 occasions no crystals were seen but finally they were present (1 MSU, 4 CPP); on the contrary, CPP was registered in one observation but the conclusion indicated no crystals.Regarding agreement with the complete protocol, the kappa with simple light is 0.954, similar to compensated polarized light (0.962), while simple polarized light showed the lowest agreement (0.874).Conclusion:Ordinary light microscopy is enough to correctly reach the majority of diagnoses, with a very high degree of agreement with the complete protocol. Results were comparable to using a compensated polarized microscopy. Thus, if a microscope with polarizer and first-order compensator was not available, using ordinary light would be enough on most occasions. Polarized light microscopy better identifies MSU crystals, but over 20% of CPP crystals were missed at this stage, reinforcing the value of the ordinary light microscopy.Acknowledgments:Thanks to Loreto Carmona for the help with the statistical aspects.Disclosure of Interests: :None declared

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Oldenbourg, Rudolf. "New polarized-light microscope for fast and orientation independent measurement of birefringent fine structure." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100146254.

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The polarized light microscope has the unique potential to measure submicroscopic molecular arrangements dynamically and non-destructively in living cells and other specimens. With the traditional pol-scope, however, single images display only those anisotropic structures that have a limited range of orientations with respect to the polarization axes of the microscope. Furthermore, rapid measurements are restricted to a single image point or single area that exhibits uniform birefringence or other form of optical anisotropy, while measurements comparing several image points take an inordinately long time.We are developing a new kind of polarized light microscope which combines speed and high resolution in its measurement of the specimen anisotropy, irrespective of its orientation. The design of the new pol-scope is based on the traditional polarized light microscope with two essential modifications: circular polarizers replace linear polarizers and two electro-optical modulators replace the traditional compensator. A video camera and computer assisted image analysis provide measurements of specimen anisotropy in rapid succession for all points of the image comprising the field of view.

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Hsu, Julia W. P., E. B. McDaniel, and S. C. McClain. "Development of Polarization Modulation Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope and its Application to Mapping Defect-Induced Birefringence in SrTiO3 Bicrystals." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600021693.

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Photoelastic measurement is a sensitive optical technique to map strain fields in otherwise isotropic materials. To extend this method to the submicron scale, we combine dynamic polarimetry with nearfield scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and construct a polarization modulation NSOM (PMNSOM). The 670 nm laser light passes first through a linear polarizer (oriented at 90°), and then through a photoelastic modulator (PEM), and finally through a quarter wave plate. The PEM introduces a sinusoidally time varying phase shift δ0sin(2πft) into the +45° polarization component, where the modulation frequency/is the resonant frequency (50 kHz) of the PEM quartz element. The quarter wave plate (oriented at 0°) transforms this elliptically polarized light into linearly polarized light with its orientation varying sinusoidally at the modulation frequency. This polarized light is then coupled into a single-mode optical fiber leading to the NSOM tip.

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OLDENBOURG, R., and G. MEI. "New polarized light microscope with precision universal compensator." Journal of Microscopy 180, no. 2 (November 1995): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03669.x.

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Clarke, Theodore M. "Rediscovery of Darkfieid Dispersion Staining while Building a Universal Student Microscope." Microscopy Today 11, no. 1 (February 2003): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500052299.

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My first universal student microscope, shown in Figure 1, began life as a Monolux microscope from the 1960rs. Its development into a universal student microscope began when my wife wanted a polarized light microscope with the ability to photograph microscopic crystals under a cover glass for their artistic value. My background as a metallurgist was with the reflected light metallurgical microscope, I have also designed and built vertical illuminators for brightfield illumination of complete metal log raphic specimens using a fiber optic light guide end as the light source with lens configurations giving an imaged field diaphragm and an illumination aperture diaphragm imaged in the aperture of the macro lens.

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Shribak, M., and R. Oldenbourg. "Scanned aperture polarized light microscope with liquid crystal compensator." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (August 2003): 1154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603445777.

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Zemke, Valentina, Volker Haag, and Gerald Koch. "Wood identification of charcoal with 3D-reflected light microscopy." IAWA Journal 41, no. 4 (September 11, 2020): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10033.

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Abstract The present study focusses on the application of 3D-reflected light microscopy (3D-RLM) for the wood anatomical identification of charcoal specimens produced from domestic and tropical timbers. This special microscopic technique offers a detailed investigation of anatomical features in charcoal directly compared with the quality of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The advantages of using the 3D-RLM technology are that fresh fracture planes of charcoal can be directly observed under the microscope without further preparation or surface treatment. Furthermore, the 3D-technique with integrated polarized light illumination creates high-contrast images of uneven and black charcoal surfaces. Important diagnostic structural features such as septate fibres and intercellular canals can be clearly detected and intervessel pits are directly measured. The comparison of the microscopic analyses reveals that 3D-reflected light microscopy (3D-RLM) provides an effective alternative technique to conventional field emission scanning electron microscopy for the identification of carbonized wood.

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Qiu, Caimin, Jianling Chen, Zexian Hou, Chaoxian Xu, Shusen Xie, and Hongqin Yang. "Effect of light polariztion on pattern illumination super-resolution imaging." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 09, no. 03 (May 2016): 1641001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545816410017.

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Far-field fluorescence microscopy has made great progress in the spatial resolution, limited by light diffraction, since the super-resolution imaging technology appeared. And stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) can be grouped into one class of the super-resolution imaging technology, which use pattern illumination strategy to circumvent the diffraction limit. We simulated the images of the beads of SIM imaging, the intensity distribution of STED excitation light and depletion light in order to observe effects of the polarized light on imaging quality. Compared to fixed linear polarization, circularly polarized light is more suitable for SIM on reconstructed image. And right-handed circular polarization (CP) light is more appropriate for both the excitation and depletion light in STED system. Therefore the right-handed CP light would be the best candidate when the SIM and STED are combined into one microscope. Good understanding of the polarization will provide a reference for the patterned illumination experiment to achieve better resolution and better image quality.

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Millette, James R. "Reference Methods For Analyzing For Asbestos In Various Media." Microscopy Today 3, no. 10 (December 1995): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500065640.

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Microscopy remains the primary tool for the analysis and quantification of asbestos in occupational and environmental studies. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has recently approved two new Standard Methods for the analysis of asbestos in settled dust. Both methods require the use of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray analysis system. Other methods curently in use require the use of a polarized light microscope {PLM) or phase contrast microscope (PCM).

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Beaufort, Luc, Yves Gally, Baptiste Suchéras-Marx, Patrick Ferrand, and Julien Duboisset. "Technical note: A universal method for measuring the thickness of microscopic calcite crystals, based on bidirectional circular polarization." Biogeosciences 18, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-775-2021.

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Abstract. Coccoliths are major contributors to the particulate inorganic carbon in the ocean that is a key part of the carbon cycle. The coccoliths are a few micrometres in length and weigh a few picogrammes. Their birefringence characteristics in polarized optical microscopy have been used to estimate their mass. This method is rapid and precise because camera sensors produce excellent measurements of light. However, the current method is limited because it requires a precise and replicable set-up and calibration of the light in the optical equipment. More precisely, the light intensity, the diaphragm opening, the position of the condenser and the exposure time of the camera have to be strictly identical during the calibration and the analysis of calcite crystal. Here we present a new method that is universal in the sense that the thickness estimations are independent from a calibration but result from a simple equation. It can be used with different cameras and microscope brands. Moreover, the light intensity used in the microscope does not have to be strictly and precisely controlled. This method permits the measurement of crystal thickness up to 1.7 µm. It is based on the use of one left circular polarizer and one right circular polarizer with a monochromatic light source using the following equation: d=λπΔnarctanILRILL, where d is the thickness, λ the wavelength of the light used, Δn the birefringence, and ILR and ILL the light intensity measured with a right and a left circular polarizer. Because of the alternative and rotational motion of the quarter-wave plate of the circular polarizer, we coined the name of this method “bidirectional circular polarization” (BCP).

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Oldenbourg, R., Edward D. Salmon, and Phong T. Tran. "The Birefringence of thin filaments measured with the Pol-Scope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600010874.

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The living cell is criss-crossed by dense networks of filaments providing mechanic stability, site directed molecular transport and support of other vital cell functions. With the polarized light microscope we can observe the birefringence associated with thin filaments or partially oriented filament networks and measure the birefringence directly in the living cell (Fig. 1). Filament birefringence is a consequence of the elongated shape of the molecules and occurs naturally without the need to stain or label them, as is necessary in fluorescence imaging.We have measured the birefringence of microtubules and axoneme filaments using the new polarized light microscope (Pol-Scope).The design of the Pol-Scope is based on the traditional polarized light microscope in which the crystal compensator is replaced by a universal compensator made from two liquid crystal variable retarders. Electronic image acquisition in the Pol-Scope is synchronized to liquid crystal settings to capture a sequence of four images with circular and elliptical polarization.

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Sato, Masahiko, Janice Herring, John Kim, and Eli Lilly. "Reflected polarized darkfield imaging of bone surfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 956–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100129413.

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Reflected polarized light microscopy (Fig. 1A) was used previously to generate high contrast images of birefringent and light scattering samples, including bone surfaces and autoradiographic specimens. We now present a modification (Fig. 1B) of the Gullberg system with improved sensitivity for the characterization of bone specimens and quantitation of silver granules on autoradiographic specimens. Reflected imaging techniques were useful to generate high contrast images superior to transmitted light strategies, and both of the strategies presented can be adapted easily to any fluorescence microscope.Reflected light produced images free of refractile noise from materials through the thickness of the specimen which detracts from transmission darkfield imaging of silver grains and brightfield imaging of bone surfaces. The use of crossed polars also eliminated noise from stray light reflected off of internal microscope elements. The rotatable lambda/4 plate mounted on the objective front element (Fig. 1A) allowed considerable manipulation of image contrast, permitting dual imaging of silver granules, birefringent tissues in autoradiographic specimens and the surface topography of bone specimens by rotating the lambda/4 plate to 45°.

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OHKUBO, Shinya. "Development of birefringence stereo microscope using circularly polarized light illuminate." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2016 (2016): 1A1–19a7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2016.1a1-19a7.

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Tran, P., E. D. Salmon, and R. Oldenbourg. "Quantifying Single and Bundled Microtubules with the Polarized Light Microscope." Biological Bulletin 189, no. 2 (October 1995): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv189n2p206.

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McCrone, Walter C. "The Great Polarized Light Microscope and the Great Salt Lake." Microscopy Today 3, no. 4 (May 1995): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500063562.

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Teaching on-site courses for the McCrone Research Institute has enabled me to see a lot of the USA. The van and I have been to all of the states except Hawaii and Alaska besides all of the Canadian provinces except Newfoundland and the Northwest Territories. Some parts of the USA have become nearly as familiar to me (and van) as the Outer Drive in Chicago, Rte. 1 down the California coast, Rtes. 80 and 90 to New York and New England, 55 and 65 South, 40 Southeast to Los Angeles and 80 to Salt Lake City and San Francisco, in particular. The latter route across the Great Salt Lake Desert is one of my favorites. That route is always different because of the Great Salt Lake. It's a large lake under normal conditions but conditions are never normal.

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Inoué, Shinya. "Digitally Enhanced, Polarization-Based Microscopy: Reality and Dreams." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026088.

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Polarized light microscopy is used to identify and image optically anisotropic regions of the specimen; to determine their optical character; and to explore the arrangement of the molecules, fine structure, or atomic lattices that are responsible for the anisotropy. These studies can be carried out non-destructively in real time, and reveal events or structures that lie far below the resolution limit of the light microscope, or indeed at times even the electron microscope.In biology, to study the dynamically changing, minute and weakly anisotropic domains within living cells, the polarizing microscope must be able to detect and measure birefringence retardances to a fraction of a nm, record the image with high microscopic resolution at nearvideo rate, and do so while the cell remains active.Over the years, the extinction property and imaging capability of the basic polarizing microscope have been substantially improved by advances in optical design. More recently, video and CCD imaging and digital electronic processing have further enhanced the quality of the polarizing microscope image and our ability to rapidly detect and measure weak anisotropy.

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Inoué, S., R. A. Knudson, K. Suzuki, N. Okada, H. Takahashi, M. Iida, and K. Yamanaka. "Centrifuge Polarizing Microscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600020304.

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We report here the successful development of a new instrument, the Centrifuge Polarizing Microscope (CPM). The CPM was developed to explore, by high-extinction polarized light microscopy, the dynamic alignment, linkage, and interaction of macromolecules, fine structure, and organelles in living cells and developing embryos being centrifugally stratified. It should also find applications in material sciences, e.g., for examining centrifugal stratification, compaction, and alignment of liquid crystals and emulsions; the CPM uniquely allows continuous observation and measurement of the weak birefringence exhibited by molecules and fine structures that are oriented, or become oriented, under centrifugal acceleration.Centrifuge microscopes of various designs have been built since the 1930s but were not equipped for polarization optics. In the 8-cm-radius rotor of our prototype CPM, spinning between the objective and condenser lenses with numerical apertures of up to 0.55, the specimen chamber is illuminated stroboscopically by a 5- to 7-ns intense flash of 532-nm-wavelength light from a Nd- YAG laser, synchronized to fire exactly as the specimen intersects the axis of the objective lens (Fig. 1).

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Lewis, Lori, Peter Troost, Donald Lavery, and Koichi Nishikida. "Pharmaceutical Polymorphism Studies by Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026866.

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Many drugs are known to crystallize in different polymorphic forms or as solvates. Solubility, melting point, density, hardness, optical properties, vapor pressure, and a host of other physical properties may all vary with polymorphic form. Not only do the various crystal structures of a given pharmaceutical compound affect the efficacy of the drug, but they may also carry enormous legal implications. Much product revenue can depend upon the identification and patent protection of certain polymorphic forms. Thus, the control of crystallization is a very important process parameter, and techniques such as X-ray crystallography, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and polarized light microscopy are routinely used in the characterization of crystalline drugs.This presentation will involve the investigation of a variety of pharmaceutical polycrystalline films using infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging. Preliminary data was collected using a conventional FT-IR microscope with visible polarized light capabilities. Correlating data was then collected using a commercially available IR imaging microscope.

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Anisovich, A. G. "OPTICAL EFFECTS AT NONMETALLIC MATERIALS MICROSCOPY." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2017-1-110-114.

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The optical effects which appeared on internal defects of optically transparent materials by use of various methods of optical staining, i. e. dark-field illumination and polarized light were researched. It was shown that methods of optical staining support to determine spherical defects under a surface of optically transparent materials. Formation of optical effects on materials defects in dark background are partially determined by design features of microscope objective and it was found out. It was defined that the investigation using polarized light the image formation of spherical defects occurs similar to uniaxial crystal.

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McGuire, Sean, Robert Blasi, Ping Wu, Efstathios Loukas, Ejiro Emorhokpor, Svetoslav Dimov, Xue Ping Xu, et al. "Automated Mapping of Micropipes in SiC Wafers Using Polarized-Light Microscope." Materials Science Forum 924 (June 2018): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.527.

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We have developed a process that is able to detect, count, and map micropipes on SiC substrates. This process uses a polarized light microscope to scan the wafer. The pictures taken are analyzed with a program that produces a micropipe map as well as numerical defect distribution data in a text file. The results of the process were validated with x-ray topography measurement. The repeatability of this process is also studied and reported.

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RAMADHANI, DWI, SITI NURHAYATI, and TUR RAHARDJO. "Haemozoin Detection in Mouse Liver Histology Using Simple Polarized Light Microscope." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 21, no. 1 (March 2014): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.21.1.48.

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Zhang, Ming Yu, Li Ping Wang, Zhe An Su, and Qi Zhong Huang. "Investigation of Pyrocarbon Based Carbon Paper for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.447.

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A proprietary in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process was developed to grow a layer of pyrocarbon on carbon paper preform for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The carbon paper preform is continuously manufactured by dry method. The characteristics of the carbon paper such as surface morphology, polarized light characteristics, and cross-section morphology were characterized using electron microscope, polarized light microscope, respectively. Fuel cell performance of the carbon paper was evaluated using single cell with hydrogen/air at various relative humidity (RH) conditions. The carbon paper with in situ growth of pyrocarbon showed significant improvement in lowering in-plane electrical resistance as well as fuel cell performance at dry condition. The carbon paper as seen under scanning electron microscope showed excellent surface morphology with pyrocarbon connecting carbon fibers tightly by CVD process.

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Lagugné-Labarthet, François. "Pushing the limit of confocal polarized Raman microscopy." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-094.

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Raman microscopy has emerged as a powerful technique to characterize anisotropic materials with sub micro meter resolution. The use of polarized light allows one to obtain precise information about the local organization of the relevant molecular groups through the determination of the most probable distribution function. Such polarization analysis can be conducted under a confocal microscope, but caution must be exercised because of the use of objectives of high numerical value. The molecular orientation can be effectively correlated with the topography of the sample when atomic force microscopy experiments are conducted on the same object. In the present review paper, we present Raman imaging results that have been conducted on mesostructured polymer surfaces and on a single isolated semiconductor nanowire.Key words: Raman spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, orientation parameters, azopolymers, nanowires.

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LOCATELLI, A., S. CHERIFI, S. HEUN, M. MARSI, K. ONO, A. PAVLOVSKA, and E. BAUER. "X-RAY MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM IMAGING IN A LOW ENERGY ELECTRON MICROSCOPE." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02001896.

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The magnetic domain structure of patterned permalloy films and of a Co(0001) single crystal surface are studied with elliptically polarized light from the new nanospectroscopy beamline at ELETTRA in a low energy electron microscope, using it as a diagnostic tool in the commissioning phase of the beamline. Mirror and low energy electron microscopy as well as low energy electron diffraction are shown to be valuable fast techniques for system alignment and specimen characterization.

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Bertero, A., F. Ritrovato, F. Evangelista, V. Stabile, R. Fortina, A. Ricci, A. Revelli, L. Vincenti, and T. Nervo. "Evaluation of equine oocyte developmental competence using polarized light microscopy." Reproduction 153, no. 6 (June 2017): 775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0125.

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The purpose of this study was to observe in vitro-matured equine oocytes with an objective computerized technique that involves the use of a polarized light microscope (PLM) in addition to the subjective morphological evaluation obtained using a classic light microscope (LM). Equine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs, n = 922) were subjected to different in vitro maturation times (24, 36 or 45 h), however, only 36-h matured oocytes were analyzed using CLM. The 36-h matured oocytes that reached maturity were parthenogenetically activated to evaluate the quality and meiotic competence. Average maturation percentages per session in groups 1, 2 and 3 (24-, 36- and 45-h matured oocytes respectively) were 29.31 ± 13.85, 47.01 ± 9.90 and 36.62 ± 5.28%, whereas the average percentages of immature oocytes per session were 28.78 ± 20.17, 7.83 ± 5.51 and 22.36 ± 8.39% respectively. The zona pellucida (ZP) birefringent properties were estimated and correlated with activation outcome. ZP thickness and retardance of the inner layer of the zona pellucida (IL-ZP) were significantly increased in immature oocytes compared with mature oocytes (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 respectively). The comparison between parthenogenetically activated and non-activated oocytes showed a significant increase in the area and thickness of the IL-ZP in parthenogenetically activated oocytes (P < 0.01). These results show that the 36-h in vitro maturation (IVM) protocol allowed equine oocytes to reach maturity, and PLM observation of ZP can be used to distinguish mature and immature oocytes as well as activated and non-activated oocytes.

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McCrone, Walter C. "Light microscopy of ceramics." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 908–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010015037x.

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An excellent chapter on this subject by V.D. Fréchette appeared in a book edited by L.L. Hench and R.W. Gould in 1971 (1). That chapter with the references cited there provides a very complete coverage of the subject. I will add a more complete coverage of an important polarized light microscope (PLM) technique developed more recently (2). Dispersion staining is based on refractive index and its variation with wavelength (dispersion of index). A particle of, say almandite, a garnet, has refractive indices of nF = 1.789 nm, nD = 1.780 nm and nC = 1.775 nm. A Cargille refractive index liquid having nD = 1.780 nm will have nF = 1.810 and nC = 1.768 nm. Almandite grains will disappear in that liquid when observed with a beam of 589 nm light (D-line), but it will have a lower refractive index than that liquid with 486 nm light (F-line), and a higher index than that liquid with 656 nm light (C-line).

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Wiley, David A. "The McCrone Atlas of Microscopic Particles: The Modern Dynamic Particle Reference Resource." Microscopy Today 16, no. 6 (November 2008): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500062386.

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Microscopists have been identifying particulate matter since the seventeenth century. Reference sets of study slides, identification keys, and even atlases of specific groups of microscopic substances were prepared throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, these types of resources grew in volume, but none of them attempted to be a comprehensive source.In 1967, Dr. Walter C. McCrone and his colleagues changed the practice of microscopy with the publication of The Particle Atlas, Edition I. This single volume first edition, a photomicrographic atlas, illustrated and described 404 substances based on analyses using the polarized light microscope.

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Yang, Yan, He Sun, Shuang Yang, Aifeng Wang, Rui Zhao, Wei Wang, Yiming He, Bin Li, Binxin Zhang, and Qian Wu. "INTERNAL CAUSE ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE OF WOODEN COMPONENTS IN DANXIA TEMPLE ANCIENT ARCHITECTURES: TREE SPECIES." WOOD RESEARCH 66(2): 2021 66, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.2.297308.

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In the study, part of degraded wooden components of Danxia Temple ancient architectures in China were indentified through the bright field microscope, and chemical compositions in cell walls were observed using polarized and fluorescence lights, respectively. The results showed that samples were belonged to Quercus spp., Ulmus spp., Salix spp., and Populus spp., respectively. Cellulose composition in Quercus spp. was seriously consumed by brown decay fungi, cellulose and lignin compositions in Ulmus spp. were consumed by white decay fungi under polarized and fluorescence light observations. All of these four kind of tree species themselves were easily vulnerable to be attacked by insects.

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Chen Cheng, 陈成, 高思田 Gao Sitian, 卢荣胜 Lu Rongsheng, and 李伟 Li Wei. "Gauging Head of Atomic Force Microscope Based on Interference of Polarized Light." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 50, no. 4 (2013): 041203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop50.041203.

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Xu, Xiaoming, Yanqiu Li, Laurence A. Belfiore, and Jianguo Tang. "Polarized light microscope method for the determination of asbestos fiber of textile." Integrated Ferroelectrics 188, no. 1 (March 24, 2018): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2018.1454228.

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Asundi, Anand. "Detecting Damage in Composites." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 06 (June 1, 1998): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-jun-5.

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Research shows that polarimetric optical-fiber sensors embedded in composite laminates can monitor structural integrity and detect damage while the structure remains in service. An experimental arrangement can be created to monitor strain in composite specimens. Light from a linearly polarized helium-neon laser is converted into circularly polarized light using a quarter-wave plate, and is coupled into a polarization-maintaining optical fiber with a microscope objective lens and three-axis positioner. In order to ensure that the intensity modulation was a maximum, the input beam was polarized at 45 degrees to the axes of the fiber. Although this study used polarization-maintaining fibers, similar results also have been seen for standard single-mode fibers.

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Palchikova, Irina G., Evgenii S. Smirnov, and Natalia V. Kamanina. "Novel Polarizing Method for Light Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, no. 5 (September 19, 2016): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616011557.

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AbstractA test of the qualities of polarizing filters was performed for a set of specimens including a bulk Nicol prism, standard polaroids, and special polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-iodine thin-film filters coated on both sides by vertically oriented carbon nanotubes. The residual transmission of polarizing filters depending on the incidence angle of polarized light was examined in detail. The superior quality of polarizing film filters treated with carbon nanotubes was found. This fact allows us to propose a new application for polarizing films with carbon nanotubes for a polarizing cover glass. In such a way the cover glass may serve as an analyzer in a light polarizing microscope. Some features of optical scheme arrangement for the polarizing technique are discussed. The polarizing cover glass allows elimination of depolarization of light, which is inserted in a microscope objective. Test results of the proposed polarizing technique attest to the efficiency of using the polarizing cover glass. The new scheme for polaroid arrangement shows image-contrast enhancement by several percent in comparison with the standard layout.

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Ellis, I. O., J. Bell, and J. D. Bancroft. "An investigation of optimal gold particle size for immunohistological immunogold and immunogold-silver staining to be viewed by polarized incident light (EPI polarization) microscopy." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 1 (January 1988): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.1.3335767.

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We investigated the optimal gold particle size for use with polarized incident light (epi polarization) microscopy with immunogold immunohistological preparation in both immunogold indirect (IGS) and silver-enhanced immunogold-silver staining (IGSS) techniques. A range of gold particle sizes from 5 nm-40 nm was used along with tissue of known immunoreactivity with a well-characterized primary monoclonal antibody. Checkerboard titrations were carried out for each technique and for each particle size. The preparations were viewed using a standard polarized incident light microscope and assessed in a semi-quantitative manner. Adequate visualization of gold particles was achieved using the indirect staining method only with a particle size of 40 nm. With silver enhancement (IGSS), particles of all sizes were clearly seen. However, 5-nm particles were considered optimal for this method because of reduced background staining, high titration of antisera possible, and crisp localization of the visual signal.

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Shin, Hyun-Joon, Namdong Kim, Hee-Seob Kim, Wol-Woo Lee, Chae-Soon Lee, and Bongsoo Kim. "A scanning transmission X-ray microscope at the Pohang Light Source." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518002564.

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A scanning transmission X-ray microscope is operational at the 10A beamline at the Pohang Light Source. The 10A beamline provides soft X-rays in the photon energy range 100–2000 eV using an elliptically polarized undulator. The practically usable photon energy range of the scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) setup is from ∼150 to ∼1600 eV. With a zone plate of 25 nm outermost zone width, the diffraction-limited space resolution, ∼30 nm, is achieved in the photon energy range up to ∼850 eV. In transmission mode for thin samples, STXM provides the element, chemical state and magnetic moment specific distributions, based on absorption spectroscopy. A soft X-ray fluorescence measurement setup has been implemented in order to provide the elemental distribution of thicker samples as well as chemical state information with a space resolution of ∼50 nm. A ptychography setup has been implemented in order to improve the space resolution down to 10 nm. Hardware setups and application activities of the STXM are presented.

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Peckett, A. "Quantitative colours of opaque minerals." Mineralogical Magazine 53, no. 369 (March 1989): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1989.053.369.07.

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AbstractAnisotropic opaque minerals viewed in reflected light microscopy show two sets of colours: the colours seen in plane polarized light which change as the section is rotated on the microscope stage, and the colours seen between crossed polars which change as the analyser is uncrossed. These latter colours are known variously as polarization colours or anisotropic rotation tints, but are here referred to as anisotropy colours. They are commonly a diagnostic aid to correct mineral identification. All these colours occur as a consequence of the dispersion of the relative permittivity (dielectric) tensor—the variation in the values of the tensor with wavelength of incident light and in low symmetry crystals, the variation in the directions of the principal axes of the tensor with wavelength.In this paper, it is shown that the colour seen in plane polarized light and the anisotropy colours can be predicted for any orientation of section, at any stage angle, and for any degree of uncrossing of the analyser by calculations based on the dielectric tensor values, and these predicted colours compare favourably with the observed values. Three minerals are studied in this paper as examples: stannite, covelline, and bournonite.

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Nguyen, Tung T., Hang T. Doan, and Lam H. Quan. "The spindle of oocytes observed by polarized light microscope can predict embryo quality." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20185408.

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Background: The aim is to evaluate spindle position of metaphase II oocyte and the development of embryos originated from oocytes with spindle and without spindle.Methods: Cross-sectional analysis Research: 250 MII oocytes were analyzed with polarized microscope in Military Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology, Vietnam Military Medical University.Results: Spindles were detected in 170 (77.98%) of 218 metaphase II oocytes, 115 spindles (67.65%) of MII oocytes is beneath or adjacent to the first polar body, 55 oocytes had the spindle located between 300 and 1800 away from the first polar body. Fertilization rate and the rate of good quality embryos in oocytes with a visible spindle (77.98% and 61.02%) were higher than those in oocytes without a visible spindle (22.02% and 36.84%), the difference was statistically significant with p <0.001 and p <0.05.Conclusions: The spindle position of metaphase II oocytes is not always beneath or adjacent to the first polar body. Fertilization rate and the rate of good quality embryos in oocytes with a visible spindle were higher than those in oocytes without a visible spindle.

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Anisimovas, Egidijus, and Peter Johansson. "Tip-geometry effects in circularly polarized light emission from a scanning tunneling microscope." Physical Review B 59, no. 7 (February 15, 1999): 5126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.59.5126.

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Rabe, H., and H. Schmid. "Complex ferroelastic domain patterns in Pb2CoWO6(=PCW) observed with the polarized-light microscope." Ferroelectrics 141, no. 1 (March 1993): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199308008419.

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Bollmann, J. "Technical Note: Weight approximation of coccoliths using a circular polarizer and interference colour derived retardation estimates – (The CPR Method)." Biogeosciences 11, no. 7 (April 8, 2014): 1899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1899-2014.

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Abstract. A circular polarizer is used for the first time to image coccoliths without the extinction pattern of crossed polarized light at maximum interference colour. The combination of a circular polarizer with retardation measurements based on grey values derived from theoretical calculations allows for the first time accurate calculations of the weight of single coccoliths thinner than 1.37 μm. The weight estimates of 364 Holocene coccoliths using this new method are in good agreement with published volumetric estimates. A robust calibration method based on the measurement of a calibration target of known retardation enables the comparison of data between different imaging systems. Therefore, the new method overcomes the shortcomings of the error prone empirical calibration procedure of a previously reported method based on birefringence of calcite. Furthermore, it greatly simplifies the identification of coccolithophore species on the light microscope as well as the calculation of the area and thus weight of a coccolith.

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Putnam, W. S., and C. Viney. "On resolving fine periodic microstructures in the optical microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153798.

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Many sheared liquid crystalline materials (fibers, films and moldings) exhibit a fine banded microstructure when observed in the polarized light microscope. In some cases, for example Kevlar® fiber, the periodicity is close to the resolution limit of even the highest numerical aperture objectives. The periodic microstructure reflects a non-uniform alignment of the constituent molecules, and consequently is an indication that the mechanical properties will be less than optimal. Thus it is necessary to obtain quality micrographs for characterization, which in turn requires that fine detail should contribute significantly to image formation.It is textbook knowledge that the resolution achievable with a given microscope objective (numerical aperture NA) and a given wavelength of light (λ) increases as the angle of incidence of light at the specimen surface is increased. Stated in terms of the Abbe resolution criterion, resolution improves from λ/NA to λ/2NA with increasing departure from normal incidence.

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Zhang, Su Feng, and Chun Lei Kang. "Crystal Structure Analysis on Aramid Fiber/Fibrids and Paper by Polarized Light Microscopy." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.636.

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The crystal structure of aramid fibers is highly orientated. The structure of aramid fibers with various manufacturing processes and aramid paper sheets were analyzed and observed by using polarized light microscope (PLM). The change and its law of aramid fiber crystal structure in such processes as aramid fiber mamufaturing of aramid fiber/fibrids, forming of aramid paper sheets, and heat treatment were analysed. The relationship between the structural feature of aramid fibers and the performance of aramid paper was also discussed.

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YOUNG, ANTHONY T., ELKE ARENHOLZ, JUN FENG, HOWARD PADMORE, STEVE MARKS, ROSS SCHLUETER, EGON HOYER, NICHOLAS KELEZ, and CHRISTOPH STEIER. "A SOFT X-RAY UNDULATOR BEAMLINE AT THE ADVANCED LIGHT SOURCE WITH CIRCULAR AND VARIABLE LINEAR POLARIZATION FOR THE SPECTROSCOPY AND MICROSCOPY OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02002622.

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A new undulator beamline at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is described. This new beamline has an Apple II type undulator which produces linearly and elliptically polarized X-rays. A high resolution monochromator directs the radiation to two branchlines. The first branchline is optimized for spectroscopy and accommodates multiple endstations simultaneously. The second branchline features a photoemission electron microscope. A novel feature of the beamline is the ability to produce linearly polarized radiation at arbitrary, user-selectable angles. Applications of the new beamline are also described.

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Le Gratiet, Aymeric, Ali Mohebi, Fabio Callegari, Paolo Bianchini, and Alberto Diaspro. "Review on Complete Mueller Matrix Optical Scanning Microscopy Imaging." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041632.

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Optical scanning microscopy techniques based on the polarization control of the light have the capability of providing non invasive label-free contrast. By comparing the polarization states of the excitation light with its transformation after interaction with the sample, the full optical properties can be summarized in a single 4×4 Mueller matrix. The main challenge of such a technique is to encode and decode the polarized light in an optimal way pixel-by-pixel and take into account the polarimetric artifacts from the optical devices composing the instrument in a rigorous calibration step. In this review, we describe the different approaches for implementing such a technique into an optical scanning microscope, that requires a high speed rate polarization control. Thus, we explore the recent advances in term of technology from the industrial to the medical applications.

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Oldenbourg, Rudolf. "High-resolution measurement of birefringent fine structure in living cells using a new polarized light microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100136647.

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The recent renaissance of the light microsope is fueled in part by technological advances in components on the periphery of the microscope, such as the laser as illumination source, electronic image recording (video), computer assisted image analysis and the biochemistry of fluorescent dyes for labeling specimens. After great progress in these peripheral parts, it seems timely to examine the optics itself and ask how progress in the periphery facilitates the use of new optical components and of new optical designs inside the microscope. Some results of this fruitful reflection are presented in this symposium.We have considered the polarized light microscope, and developed a design that replaces the traditional compensator, typically a birefringent crystal plate, with a precision universal compensator made of two liquid crystal variable retarders. A video camera and digital image processing system provide fast measurements of specimen anisotropy (retardance magnitude and azimuth) at ALL POINTS of the image forming the field of view. The images document fine structural and molecular organization within a thin optical section of the specimen.

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Rezvani, Maryam, Javad Hesari, Seyed Hadi Peighambardoust, Maria Manconi, and Hamed Hamishehkar. "Development and Characterization of Nanostructured Pharmacosomal Mesophases: An Innovative Delivery System for Bioactive Peptides." Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2018.069.

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Purpose: To potentially enhance the bioavailability and extend the bioactivity effectiveness of Isoleucine-Proline-Proline (IPP, an antihypertensive bioactive peptide of dairy origin), a novel Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Pharmacosomal Nanoparticle (LLCPNP) was synthesized, and its physicochemical and technological characteristics were studied. Methods: LLCPNPs precursors were developed using IPP and soy phosphatidylcholine via complex formation. Polarized light microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to characterize the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. The in-vitro release and its related mechanisms were also studied. Results: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the complexation between the components of LLCPNPs. Phase behavior evaluation by polarized light microscope showed the characteristic birefringent texture. These findings along with those of small angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry proved the formation of lamellar LLCPNPs. These particles represented nanometric size (<100 nm), high incorporation efficiency (93.72%) and proper physicochemical stability during long-term storage. In-vitro studies demonstrated a sustained release behavior fitted to non-Fickian diffusion and Higuchi kinetic models. Conclusion: The present study results emphasized that LLCPNPs could be proposed as an unrivaled carrier to promote the bioavailability, stability and shelf-life of nutraceutical and biopharmaceutical formulations containing bioactive peptides.

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Peck, S. D., and G. A. D. Briggs. "The Caries Lesion Under the Scanning Acoustic Microscope." Advances in Dental Research 1, no. 1 (December 1987): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374870010011301.

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The scanning acoustic microscope can be used to obtain images of caries lesions in longitudinal sections of human enamel. The contrast in the acoustic images is unique in that it arises from changes in the elastic properties across the surface of a specimen. The contrast depends sensitively on the distance between the specimen and the focal plane of the lens, and this can be exploited to reveal features of interest. Comparison of an acoustic micrograph, a polarized light micrograph, and a microradiograph of a caries lesion reveals that the elastic properties of enamel are strongly dependent on the level of mineralization within the tissue. Acoustic micrographs show regions similar to those seen with the other techniques, but with greater sensitivity to small changes in mineralization.

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Zhao, Xin Yi, Ke Zhao, and Pei Qin Sun. "The Influence of the Aqueous Dispersion of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) on the Interfacial Crystallization of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene (PP/GF)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 692 (November 2014): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.692.251.

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The aqueous dispersion of MAH-g-PP and KH-550 solution are used in the pretreatment of GF. The effects of pretreatment of the aqueous dispersion of MAH-g-PP and KH-550 solution on the interface crystallization of PP/GF, the suitable temperature and time of the pretreatment of the aqueous dispersion of MAH-g-PP on GF are studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and polarized light microscope (PLM). Finally, PLM is used to study the effects of the aqueous dispersion of MAH-g-PP on the crystallization of PP.

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Noll, Andreas, and Nicole Knoer. "Crystallization Behaviour of TiO₂ Nanoparticle Reinforced Polypropylene." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.688.

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Composites of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with different TiO2 nanoparticle loads (0.5 vol.%, 2 vol.% and 4 vol.%) were compounded by optimized twin screw extrusion. The crystallization behaviour of these semicrystalline nanocomposites was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and polarized optical light microscope (POM) combined with a hot stage module to pursue in-situ the structure development. Wet chemical etching was applied to highlight morphological details like spherulites and lamellar structures for SEM observations. An obvious influence of TiO2-nanoparticles on the crystallization could be verified.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Polarized light microscope'

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