Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polarized light microscope

Academic literature on the topic 'Polarized light microscope'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polarized light microscope"

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McCrone, Walter C. "The Case for Polarized Light Microscopy." Microscopy Today 4, no. 7 (September 1996): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500060971.

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I was one told by a Nobel Laureate in Chemistry that light microscopy was simply a service foundation. By this he meant to class the microscope with computers, gas chromatographs, infrared spectrophotometers, x-ray diffractometers, mass spectrometers, etc. With all due respect to this gentleman and to these other instruments, there is a vital difference between the polarized light microscopes (PLM) and each of these instruments. First, a trained microscopist requires far more training than a qualified operator of, and interpreter of data from these other instruments. Second, there is considerably more basic physical and chemical information observable and measurable with PLM.
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Chatterjee, Sanjib, and Y. Pavan Kumar. "Un-polarized light transmission DIC microscope." Journal of Optics 45, no. 4 (November 4, 2015): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12596-015-0293-2.

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Bernal, J. A., M. Andres, S. López Salguero, V. Jovani, P. Vela-Casasempere, and E. Pascual. "THU0414 ORDINARY LIGHT MICROSCOPY IS ABLE TO IDENTIFY MOST CRYSTAL-CONTAINING SYNOVIAL FLUIDS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 444.1–445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6071.

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Background:Optical microscopy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of crystal arthropathies. The complete protocol consists of three phases. In the first stage, microscopy with simple light provides information on the morphology of the crystal. The second stage, polarized light, allows detecting the intensity of the birefringence. Finally, with the first-order red compensator, the type of elongation is detected, positive for calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals and negative for monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Finally, with the obtained data, the presence and type of crystals is concluded.Objectives:Analyze the validity and agreement of each stage of microscopy regarding the conclusion, emphasizing ordinary light microscopy.Methods:Fifty consecutive samples of synovial fluid obtained in routine clinical practice were independently analyzed under the compensated polarized microscope by 5 observers blinded to clinical data (250 observations in total). Each observer recorded the presence and type of crystals at each stage and reached a conclusion after gathering all the information. To estimate the diagnostic yield of each microscope stage, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values, as well as the accuracy (number of correct observations/number of total observations), were calculated; also, the total weighted kappa was used to assess the degree of agreement with the complete protocol.Results:Main results of the study are shown in Table 1. Regarding diagnostic yield, ordinary light microscopy showed excellent sensitivity, specificity and predictive values, similar to the results noted with simple and compensated polarized microscopy.Table 1.In parentheses, 95% confidence intervals.AccuracySensitivitySpecificityPositive predictive valueNegative predictive valueKappaOrdinary light96.8%(93.8-98.4)97.2%(93.1-98.9)96.2%(90.7-98.5)97.2%(93.1-98.9)96.2%(90.7-98.5)0.954(0.919-0.989)Simple polarized light92.0%(88.0-94.8)84.1%(76.8-89.5)100%(97.0-100)100%(96.5-100)86.1%(79.5-90.8)0.874(0.821-0.927)Compensated polarized light97.6 %(94.9-98.9)95.5%(89.8-98.0)99.3%(96.1-99.9)99.1%(94.8-99.8)96.5%(92.1-98.5)0.962(0.933-0.992)Diagnoses established by ordinary light microscopy matched conclusions (accuracy) in 242/250 (96.8%) observations. Discrepant cases were crystals missed under ordinary light in 4 cases (3 MSU, 1 CPP), and 4 samples with CPP crystals initially seen but later concluded their absence. Interestingly, lowest accuracy was seen with simple polarization; CPP crystals were not detected in 20 out of 93 observations with CPP (21.5%). The accuracy of compensated polarized light was similar to ordinary light. On 5 occasions no crystals were seen but finally they were present (1 MSU, 4 CPP); on the contrary, CPP was registered in one observation but the conclusion indicated no crystals.Regarding agreement with the complete protocol, the kappa with simple light is 0.954, similar to compensated polarized light (0.962), while simple polarized light showed the lowest agreement (0.874).Conclusion:Ordinary light microscopy is enough to correctly reach the majority of diagnoses, with a very high degree of agreement with the complete protocol. Results were comparable to using a compensated polarized microscopy. Thus, if a microscope with polarizer and first-order compensator was not available, using ordinary light would be enough on most occasions. Polarized light microscopy better identifies MSU crystals, but over 20% of CPP crystals were missed at this stage, reinforcing the value of the ordinary light microscopy.Acknowledgments:Thanks to Loreto Carmona for the help with the statistical aspects.Disclosure of Interests: :None declared
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Oldenbourg, Rudolf. "New polarized-light microscope for fast and orientation independent measurement of birefringent fine structure." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100146254.

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The polarized light microscope has the unique potential to measure submicroscopic molecular arrangements dynamically and non-destructively in living cells and other specimens. With the traditional pol-scope, however, single images display only those anisotropic structures that have a limited range of orientations with respect to the polarization axes of the microscope. Furthermore, rapid measurements are restricted to a single image point or single area that exhibits uniform birefringence or other form of optical anisotropy, while measurements comparing several image points take an inordinately long time.We are developing a new kind of polarized light microscope which combines speed and high resolution in its measurement of the specimen anisotropy, irrespective of its orientation. The design of the new pol-scope is based on the traditional polarized light microscope with two essential modifications: circular polarizers replace linear polarizers and two electro-optical modulators replace the traditional compensator. A video camera and computer assisted image analysis provide measurements of specimen anisotropy in rapid succession for all points of the image comprising the field of view.
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Hsu, Julia W. P., E. B. McDaniel, and S. C. McClain. "Development of Polarization Modulation Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope and its Application to Mapping Defect-Induced Birefringence in SrTiO3 Bicrystals." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600021693.

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Photoelastic measurement is a sensitive optical technique to map strain fields in otherwise isotropic materials. To extend this method to the submicron scale, we combine dynamic polarimetry with nearfield scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and construct a polarization modulation NSOM (PMNSOM). The 670 nm laser light passes first through a linear polarizer (oriented at 90°), and then through a photoelastic modulator (PEM), and finally through a quarter wave plate. The PEM introduces a sinusoidally time varying phase shift δ0sin(2πft) into the +45° polarization component, where the modulation frequency/is the resonant frequency (50 kHz) of the PEM quartz element. The quarter wave plate (oriented at 0°) transforms this elliptically polarized light into linearly polarized light with its orientation varying sinusoidally at the modulation frequency. This polarized light is then coupled into a single-mode optical fiber leading to the NSOM tip.
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OLDENBOURG, R., and G. MEI. "New polarized light microscope with precision universal compensator." Journal of Microscopy 180, no. 2 (November 1995): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03669.x.

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Clarke, Theodore M. "Rediscovery of Darkfieid Dispersion Staining while Building a Universal Student Microscope." Microscopy Today 11, no. 1 (February 2003): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500052299.

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My first universal student microscope, shown in Figure 1, began life as a Monolux microscope from the 1960rs. Its development into a universal student microscope began when my wife wanted a polarized light microscope with the ability to photograph microscopic crystals under a cover glass for their artistic value. My background as a metallurgist was with the reflected light metallurgical microscope, I have also designed and built vertical illuminators for brightfield illumination of complete metal log raphic specimens using a fiber optic light guide end as the light source with lens configurations giving an imaged field diaphragm and an illumination aperture diaphragm imaged in the aperture of the macro lens.
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Shribak, M., and R. Oldenbourg. "Scanned aperture polarized light microscope with liquid crystal compensator." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (August 2003): 1154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603445777.

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Zemke, Valentina, Volker Haag, and Gerald Koch. "Wood identification of charcoal with 3D-reflected light microscopy." IAWA Journal 41, no. 4 (September 11, 2020): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10033.

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Abstract The present study focusses on the application of 3D-reflected light microscopy (3D-RLM) for the wood anatomical identification of charcoal specimens produced from domestic and tropical timbers. This special microscopic technique offers a detailed investigation of anatomical features in charcoal directly compared with the quality of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The advantages of using the 3D-RLM technology are that fresh fracture planes of charcoal can be directly observed under the microscope without further preparation or surface treatment. Furthermore, the 3D-technique with integrated polarized light illumination creates high-contrast images of uneven and black charcoal surfaces. Important diagnostic structural features such as septate fibres and intercellular canals can be clearly detected and intervessel pits are directly measured. The comparison of the microscopic analyses reveals that 3D-reflected light microscopy (3D-RLM) provides an effective alternative technique to conventional field emission scanning electron microscopy for the identification of carbonized wood.
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Qiu, Caimin, Jianling Chen, Zexian Hou, Chaoxian Xu, Shusen Xie, and Hongqin Yang. "Effect of light polariztion on pattern illumination super-resolution imaging." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 09, no. 03 (May 2016): 1641001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545816410017.

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Far-field fluorescence microscopy has made great progress in the spatial resolution, limited by light diffraction, since the super-resolution imaging technology appeared. And stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) can be grouped into one class of the super-resolution imaging technology, which use pattern illumination strategy to circumvent the diffraction limit. We simulated the images of the beads of SIM imaging, the intensity distribution of STED excitation light and depletion light in order to observe effects of the polarized light on imaging quality. Compared to fixed linear polarization, circularly polarized light is more suitable for SIM on reconstructed image. And right-handed circular polarization (CP) light is more appropriate for both the excitation and depletion light in STED system. Therefore the right-handed CP light would be the best candidate when the SIM and STED are combined into one microscope. Good understanding of the polarization will provide a reference for the patterned illumination experiment to achieve better resolution and better image quality.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polarized light microscope"

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Santa, Nestor. "Demonstration of Optical Microscopy and Image Processing to Classify Respirable Coal Mine Dust Particles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103919.

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Inhalation of respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) can lead to chronic lung diseases, including coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP) and more severe forms such as progressive massive fibrosis. After the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act was passed in 1969, limits on exposure to respirable dust were set, and the prevalence of CWP abruptly decreased. However, during the last two decades, a resurgence of the disease has been reported. Many authors have argued that the increasing numbers might be related to mining practices, including the extraction of thinner coal seams, characteristics of the mineral deposits, and more powerful cutting machines. Dust particles in coal mines are usually associated with three main sources: Coal particles are produced when the coal seam is being actively extracted. Silica and silicates are generated while cutting the rock strata surrounding the coal or during roof-bolting activities. Finally, rock dust application is the primary source of highly pure carbonates. Timely information about dust composition would allow the identification of potential dust sources and pursue efforts to control dust exposure efficiently. However, this information needs to be provided promptly since dust levels are dynamically changing through the shift. Currently, monitoring technologies such as the continuous personal dust monitor allow real-time measurements, but they are limited to total dust concentration and provide no information about dust composition. More recently, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has been developing an end-of-shift silica monitor. Still, technologies that offer information on dust composition in a semi-continuous manner are needed. In this work, a new monitoring concept is explored that has the potential to provide near real time data on RCMD constituents. The possible use of a portable optical microscopy (OM) combined with image processing techniques is explored as the basis for a novel RCDM monitoring device. The use of OM in different fields and the rapid development of automated image analysis reveals a clear opportunity that has not been yet exploited for mine dust monitoring applications. This thesis research consisted of two primary studies. The first was an analysis of lab-generated respirable dust samples containing the main mineralogical classes in RCMD (i.e., coal, silica, kaolinite as a proxy for silicate minerals, and a real rock dust product). Samples were imaged using a polarizing microscope and analyzed using an image processing routine to identify and classify particles based on optical characteristics. Specifically, birefringence of particles was exploited to separate coal particles form mineral particles. This is an exciting result since even such a basic fractionation of RCMD would be valuable to track changing conditions at the mine production face and enable rapid decision making. The second study was conducted to explore subclassification of the mineral fraction. A model was built to explore multiple particle features, including particle size, shape, color, texture, and optical properties. However, a simple stepwise method that uses birefringence for separating coal particles first and then classifying silica particles proved most effective. One particular challenge to the silica classification was determined to be the particle loading density. Future work to further enhance the output of the algorithm and next steps were depicted. This thesis research demonstrated that OM and image processing can be used to separate mineral and coal fractions. Subclassification of silica and other minerals using optical properties such as birefringence of particles alone was successful, but showed less accuracy. A robust sampling method that accounts for particle loading density and a more complex model with additional differentiating features might enhance the results. This approach should be considered as a potential candidate for the development of new RCMD monitoring technologies. This tool could enable better tracking of dust conditions and thus better decision-making regarding ventilation, dust controls, and operator position to reduce exposure hazards.
M.S.
Inhalation of fine particles in underground coal environments can lead to chronic lung diseases, such as coal worker’s pneumoconiosis or progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), which is the most severe form of disease. During the last two decades, the rates of reported cases of PMF in underground coal miners have more than doubled. Many authors have suggested different reasons to explain this trend, including the extraction of thinner coal deposits, mining techniques, changes in mineral content, and the use of high-powered cutting equipment. However, detailed information of specific dust constituents and monitoring the variability of dust concentrations during work shifts are needed to determine possible dust sources and comprehend the more recent changing disease patterns. A dust-monitoring system that provides accurate and timely data on specific respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) constituents would enable the deployment of effective control strategies to mitigate exposure to respirable hazards. Optical microscopy (OM) has been used for a long time to analyze and identify dust particles. More recent advances in portable microscopy have allowed the microscope analysis to be implemented in the field. On the other hand, automated image processing techniques are rapidly progressing and powerful imaging hardware has become a reality in handy small devices. OM and image processing technologies offer a path for near real-time applications that have not been explored for RCMD monitoring yet. In this work, a novel monitoring concept is explored using OM and image processing to classify RCMD particles. Images from dust samples captured with a polarizing microscope were used to build a classification model based on optical properties. The method herein described showed outstanding accuracy for separating coal and mineral fractions. Additionally, the Identification of silica particles in the mineral fraction was investigated and has proved more challenging. A particular finding suggests that particle loading density in the images plays an important role in classification accuracy.
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Cao, Shuiyan. "Using plasmonic nanostructures to control electrically excited light emission." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS042/document.

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Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons différentes nanostructures plasmoniques pour contrôler l'émission de lumière excitée électriquement. Notre émission électrique provient d'une "nanosource STM" qui utilise le courant tunnel inélastique entre la pointe d'un microscope à effet tunnel (STM) et un échantillon métallique, pour exciter localement les plasmons polaritons de surface localisés et propagatifs. L’interaction de notre nanosource STM et d'une lentille plasmonique circulaire (une série de fentes concentriques gravées dans un film d'or épais) produit une microsource radialement polarisée de faible dispersion angulaire (≈ ± 4 °). L'influence des paramètres structuraux sur la propagation angulaire de la microsource résultante est également étudiée. En outre, une faible dispersion angulaire (<± 7 °) pour une grande plage de longueurs d'onde (650-850 nm) est obtenue. Ainsi, cette microsource électrique de lumière presque collimatée a une réponse spectrale large et est optimale sur une large plage d'énergie, en particulier en comparaison avec d'autres structures plasmoniques résonantes telles que les nanoantennes Yagi-Uda. L'interaction de notre nanosource STM et d'une lentille plasmonique elliptique (une seule fente elliptique gravée dans un film d'or épais) est également étudiée. Lorsque l'excitation STM est située au point focal de la lentille plasmonique elliptique, un faisceau lumineux directionnel à faible divergence est acquis. De plus, expérimentalement, nous trouvons qu'en changeant l'excentricité de la lentille plasmique elliptique, l'angle d'émission varie. On constate que plus l'excentricité de la lentille elliptique est grande, plus l'angle d'émission est élevé. Cette étude permet de mieux comprendre comment les nanostructures plasmoniques façonnent l'émission de lumière. L'interaction de SPP excités par STM et d'une structure de pile multicouche planaire plasmonique est également étudiée. Il est démontré qu'en utilisant l'excitation STM, nous pouvons sonder la structure de bande optique de la pile Au-SiO₂-Au. Nous trouvons que l'épaisseur du diélectrique joue un rôle important dans la modification du couplage entre les modes. Nous comparons également les résultats obtenus par excitation laser et STM de la même structure de pile. Les résultats indiquent que la technique STM est supérieure en sensibilité. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le potentiel de la STM en tant que technique de nanoscopie optique sensible pour sonder les bandes optiques des nanostructures plasmoniques. Enfin, l'interaction d'une nanosource STM et d'une plaque triangulaire individuelle est également étudiée. Nous trouvons que lorsque l'excitation STM est centrée sur la plaque triangulaire, il n'y a pas d'émission de lumière directionnelle. Cependant, lorsque la nanosource STM est située sur le bord du triangle, on obtient une émission de lumière directionnelle. Cette étude nous fournit une nouvelle voie pour atteindre l'émission de lumière directionnelle. Nous étudions également l'exploration du LDOS optique du triangle avec la nanosource STM. Ainsi, nos résultats montrent que la manipulation de la lumière est réalisée par des interactions SPP-matière. En utilisant des nanostructures plasmoniques, nous contrôlons la collimation, la polarisation et la direction de la lumière provenant de la nanosource STM
In this thesis, we use different plasmonic nanostructures to control the emission of electrically-excited light. Our electrical emission is from an “STM-nanosource” which uses the inelastic tunnel current between the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and a metallic sample, to locally excite both localized and propagating surface plasmon polaritons. The interaction of our STM-nanosource and a circular plasmonic lens (a series of concentric slits etched in a thick gold film) produces a radially polarized microsource of low angular spread (≈±4°). The influence of the structural parameters on the angular spread of the resulting microsource is also investigated. In addition, a low angular spread (<±7°) for a large wavelength range (650-850 nm) is achieved. Thus this electrically-driven microsource of nearly collimated light has a broad spectral response and is optimal over a wide energy range, especially in comparison with other resonant plasmonic structures such as Yagi-Uda nanoantennas. The interaction of our STM-nanosource and an elliptical plasmonic lens (a single elliptical slit etched in a thick gold film) is also studied. When the STM excitation is located at the focal point position of the elliptical plasmonic lens, a directional light beam of low angular spread is acquired. Moreover, in the experiment we find that by changing the eccentricity of the elliptical plasmonic lens, the emission angle is varied. It is found that the larger the eccentricity of the elliptical lens, the higher the emission angle. This study provides a better understanding of how plasmonic nanostructures shape the emission of light. The interaction of STM-excited SPPs and a planar plasmonic multi-layer stack structure is also investigated. It is demonstrated that using STM excitation we can probe the optical band structure of the Au-SiO₂-Au stack. We find that the thickness of the dielectric plays an important role in changing the coupling between the modes. We also compare the results obtained by both laser and STM excitation of the same stack structure. The results indicate that the STM technique is superior in sensitivity. These findings highlight the potential of the STM as a sensitive optical nanoscopic technique to probe the optical bands of plasmonic nanostructures. Finally, the interaction of an STM-nanosource and an individual triangular plate is also studied. We find that when the STM excitation is centered on the triangular plate, there is no directional light emission. However, when the STM-nanosource is located on the edge of the triangle, directional light emission is obtained. This study provides us a novel avenue to achieve directional light emission. We also study probing the optical LDOS of the triangle with the STM-nanosource. Thus, our results show that the manipulation of light is achieved through SPP-matter interactions. Using plasmonic nanostructures, we control the collimation, polarization, and direction of the light originating from the STM-nanosource
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Gomes, Claudia Messias. "Influência da diminuição da temperatura sobre o fuso meiótico de oócitos de camundongas e de mulheres maturados in vitro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-22072011-132252/.

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Introdução: O fuso meiótico dos oócitos de mamíferos pode se despolimerizar quando exposto a pequenas variações de temperatura. Este fato já está bem estabelecido e estudado em oócitos maduros em metáfase II (MII). No entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito da influência da diminuição da temperatura sobre o fuso meiótico dos oócitos imaturos. Desse modo, este estudo tem como objetivos: 1) avaliar a influência da diminuição da temperatura sobre o fuso meiótico de oócitos de camundongas maturados in vitro e 2) avaliar o fuso meiótico em oócitos humanos maturados in vitro submetidos à criopreservação pela técnica de congelação lenta ou por vitrificação quando em estágio de vesícula germinativa. Métodos: Realizaram-se dois experimentos, denominados 1 e 2, sendo o primeiro em oócitos de camundongas e o segundo em oócitos humanos. No experimento 1 oócitos imaturos de camundongas nos estágios de metáfase I (MI), telófase I(TI) e MII foram cultivados nas seguintes temperaturas: 37º C (controle), temperatura ambiente (22oC) e 4º C por 0, 10, 30 e 60 minutos. Após este período de tempo o fuso meiótico oocitário foi avaliado por meio de microscopia de luz polarizada (MLP) (LC-Polscope-Oosight image software) e imunocitoquímica (IC). No experimento 2 oócitos em estágio de vesícula germinativa (GV) coletados de pacientes submetidas à indução da ovulação e fertilização in vitro, foram divididos de forma randômica em três grupos: oócitos a fresco (A), oócitos congelados pela técnica de congelação lenta (B) e oócitos congelados pela técnica de vitrificação (C). Os oócitos a fresco, os descongelados e os aquecidos foram maturados in vitro até estágio de (MII). A análise do fuso meiótico foi realizada por microscópio invertido equipado com uma câmera de vídeo analógica e um sistema de imagens que combina luz polarizada em cristal líquido (ICSI Guard Octax). Resultados: Experimento 1: No tempo 0 e à 37º C, todos os oócitos apresentavam o fuso meiótico visível tanto pela MLP quanto pela IC. À 4º C, o número de oócitos em MI com fuso meiótico visível por meio da MLP foi menor do que com a IC, e descresceu com o tempo, fato que também ocorreu, em menor proporção, com os oócitos em TI. No entanto, a 4º C, o reconhecimento do fuso meiótico dos oócitos em TI foi semelhante tanto para MLP como para IC. Quando os oócitos MII foram expostos à 4º C, a detecção do fuso meiótico teve descréscimo diretamente proporcional ao tempo de cultura quando foi utilizada a MLP, sendo que o mesmo ocorreu para a IC, porém de forma menos pronunciada. À temperatura ambiente houve um pequeno descéscimo na visualização do fuso meiótico tanto por MLP quanto por IC, porém este não foi estatisticamente significativo para os oócitos em TI. Experimento 2: A taxa de sobrevivência imediatamente após o descongelamento/ aquecimento foi de 44,6% para o grupo B e de 79% para o grupo C. Após 24 horas em cultura , estas taxas passaram para 29,2% e 69%, respectivamente. A mediana de tempo para maturação foi de 26 horas para os grupos A e C, e de 27 horas para o grupo B. Ao final da maturação in vitro a porcentagem de oócitos em MII foi menor no grupo B e semelhante nos grupos A e C. Assim como para a detecção do fuso meiótico que foi menor no grupo B e similar nos grupos A e C. Conclusões: Houve diferença na porcentagem de despolimerização do fuso meiótico em resposta à baixa temperatura entre os oócitos de camundongas nos diferentes estágios da divisão meiótica, sendo menor nos oócitos em TI. A porcentagem de despolimerização do fuso meiótico foi diretamente proporcional ao tempo de cultivo, à exceção dos oócitos em TI à temperatura ambiente. Os oócitos hmanos em GV vitrificados apresentaram melhores taxas de sobrevivência quando comparados com oócitos humanos em GV criopreservados pelo congelamento lento. Os oócitos humanos em GV vitrificados apresentaram taxas semelhantes de maturação in vitro e detecção do fuso meiótico polimerizado quando comparados a oócitos a fresco
Introduction: The meiotic spindle of most mammals is sensitive to cooling and depolymerizes even after a slight reduction in temperature. This is well described and studied on matured oocytes at metaphase II (MII). However, little is known about the influence of low temperatures under meiotic spindle of imature oocytes. In this way, we sougth to evaluate: 1) the influence of low temperatures on mice oocyte meiotic spindle matured in vitro e 2) the oocyte meiotic spindle from human oocytes matured in vitro and cryopreserved by slow-rate freezing or vitrification at GV stage. Methods: Two experiments were done: the first one on mice and the second one on women.At experiment 1, immature mice oocytes at metaphase I (MI), telophase I (TI) and MII were cultured at 37º C (control), room temperature (22oC) and 4º C for 0, 10, 30 and 60 minutes and then spindle analysis was made with polarized light microscopy (PLM) (LC-Polscope-Oosight image software) or immunocytochemistry (ICC). At experiment 2, GV oocytes retrieved from women submitted to ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization were randomly divided in three groups: fresh oocytes (A), cryopreserved by slow-freezing (B) and cryopreserved by vitrification (C). Fresh, thawed and warmed oocytes were matured in vitro to metaphase II oocytes (MII). A meiotic spindle analysis was done by polarized light microscopy (ICSI Guard Octax). Results: Experiment 1: At time 0 min and 37º C, all oocytes had polymerized spindles both at PLM or ICC. At 4º C, the number of MI oocytes with detectable spindles at PLM was smaller than those analysed by ICC, and it decreased with time, which had also occured with TI oocytes at a smaller proportion. However, at 4º C, TI meiotic spindle recognition with polarized light microscopy and ICC was comparable. When MII oocytes were cultured at 4º C, the spindle visualization decreased proportionally in correlation with culture time at PLM, and the same happened with ICC in a less pronounced manner. At room temperature there was a little descrease regarding visualization of meiotic spindle, both at PLM and ICC, altought it was not significant for TI oocytes. Experiment 2: Oocyte survival immediately after thawing/warming were 44.6% for group B and 79% for group C. After 24 hours of culture, oocyte survival was 29.2% and 69%, respectively. The median time for maturation was 26 hours for groups A and C, and 27 hours for group B. The percentage of MII after maturation in vitro were smaller in group B and similar between groups A and C. The same oocured for spindle visualization which were lower in group B and similar between groups A and C. Conclusions: There was a difference on the percentages of meiotic spindle depolymerization in response to cooling in mice oocytes at different stages of meiotic division. Spindle depolymerization was lower in TI. Also, meiotic spindle depolimerization was proportional to culture time, except for TI oocytes at room temperature.Vitrified GV oocytes had a better survival when warmed, compared to slow-rate frozen oocytes. Vitrified GV oocytes had similar maturation in vitro rates and polymerized spindles detection when compared to fresh oocytes
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MacDonald, Donia J. "Wall characteristics of saccular aneurysms from polarized light microscopy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0006/MQ42172.pdf.

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Москаленко, Роман Андрійович, Роман Андреевич Москаленко, Roman Andriiovych Moskalenko, I. Iashchіchyn, M. Fallah, and Artem Mykhailovych Piddubnyi. "Verification of corpora amylacea amyloid nature via polarized light microscopy." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41281.

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Baba, Justin Shekwoga. "The use of polarized light for biomedical applications." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1206.

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Polarized light has the ability to increase the specificity of the investigation of biomedical samples and is finding greater utilization in the fields of medical diagnostics, sensing, and measurement. In particular, this dissertation focuses on the application of polarized light to address a major obstacle in the development of an optical based polarimetric non-invasive glucose detector that has the potential to improve the quality of life and prolong the life expectancy of the millions of people afflicted with the disease diabetes mellitus. By achieving the mapping of the relative variations in rabbit corneal birefringence, it is hoped that the understanding of the results contained herein will facilitate the development of techniques to eliminate the effects of changing corneal birefringence on polarimetric glucose measurement through the aqueous humor of the eye. This dissertation also focuses on the application of polarized light to address a major downside of cardiovascular biomechanics research, which is the utilization of toxic chemicals to prepare samples for histological examination. To this end, a polarization microscopy image processing technique is applied to non-stained cardiovascular samples as a means to eliminate, for certain cardiac samples, the necessity for staining using toxic chemicals. The results from this work have the potential to encourage more investigators to join the field of cardiac biomechanics, which studies the remodeling processes responsible for cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarct (heart attacks) and congestive heart failure. Cardiovascular disease is epidemic, particularly amongst the population group older than 65 years, and the number of people affected by this disease is expected to increase appreciably as the baby boomer generation transitions into this older, high risk population group. A better understanding of the responsible mechanisms for cardiac tissue remodeling will facilitate the development of better prevention and treatment regimens by improving the early detection and diagnosis of this disease.
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Burgio, Lucia. "Analysis of pigments on art objects by Raman microscopy and other techniques." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369123.

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Li, Yanfang. "A study on the use of polarized light in application to noninvasive tissue diagnoistics /." See Full Text at OhioLINK ETD Center (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing), 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?toledo1134596719.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2005.
Typescript. "A dissertation [submitted] as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Engineering." Bibliography: leaves 106-120.
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Lima, Júlia Magalhães da Costa. "Análise da profundidade de desgaste e da perda mineral no esmalte subjacente à microabrasão após técnica microabrasiva." Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, 2009. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6669.

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The main effect of the microabrasion in the enamel is significant erosion. However, there is a gap in the literature about validated and reproducible assessment of the depth of erosion in the enamel surface which is originally curve. AIMS: Evaluate depth of erosion and mineral loss of enamel produced by microabrasion technique in original coronary surface of human teeth. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 40 extracted human molars were randomly spited in four groups, with 10 specimens each, in accordance with the microabrasive treatment: AC- 18% hydrochloric acid and pumice, AF 37% phosphoric acid and pumice, OP Opalustre and WRM Whiteness RM. Each specimens had buccal surface´s laterals isolated so that the central area received the microabrasion treatment. After this procedure, transverse slices not demineralized were prepared and submitted to microradiography and analysis in Polarized Light Microscope. One own terminology had created for the morphology of the interface enamel normal-microabrasioned. This served as base to introduction of a profilometry technique with analysis of digital images, in order to get the depth of erosion on microabrasion´s area. The Intraclass Correlation Test was applied to test technique´s reproducibility. The mineral loss and the depth which it happened had analyzed by transverses plotted at equidistant points of the limit enamel normal-microabrasioned. The dates were analyzed with ANOVA test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The profilometry technique achieved a good reproducibility (Intraclass Correlation Test of 0,9998) and was validated internally. The AC group was the most aggressive, with a greater depth of erosion (110,51 ± 41,21 μm), and a greater mineral loss (13 ± 3 peso %), with significant difference between WRM group (p < 0,05; 9,41± 4,4 peso %) and OP group (p < 0,05; 9,0 ± 3,8 peso %). The OP group, on the other hand, was the less aggressive, with the lowest values in all parameters analyzed, presenting depth of erosion less than AC group (p < 0,0001), WRM group (p < 0,001; 86,24 ± 27,99 μm) and AF group (p < 0,05; 74,46 ± 42,06 μm). The others two groups achieved intermediate results for depth of erosion and mineral loss. The depth of mineral loss was greater than on AF group (31,38 ± 20,30 μm), however, there wasn´t statistical difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Based on own terminology for the interface enamel normalmicroabrasioned and on the implementation of new technique of profilometry, the agents tested showed a significant difference in the depth of erosion, which was consistent with the mineral loss. However, there wasn´t difference in the depth of mineral loss. Furthermore the new technique of profilometry is proposed to fill a gap in the literature, allowing the determination of physical depth of erosion in areas naturally curves of hard biological tissues.
O principal efeito da microabrasão no esmalte dental é uma erosão significativa. Porém, existe uma lacuna na literatura no que concerne à avaliação validada e reprodutível da profundidade de desgaste na superfície dental natural. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a profundidade de desgaste e a perda mineral do esmalte dentário resultante da técnica de microabrasão na superfície coronária original de dentes humanos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: 40 terceiros molares humanos extraídos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos, de 10 espécimes cada, de acordo com o material microabrasivo utilizado: AC - ácido clorídrico a 18% e pedra-pomes, AF - ácido fosfórico a 37% e pedra-pomes, OP - Opalustre® e WRM - Whiteness RM®. Cada elemento teve as laterais da face vestibular protegidas para que apenas a área central fosse exposta aos agentes microabrasivos. Após o procedimento de microabrasão, cortes transversais não desmineralizados foram preparados e submetidos à radiomicrografia e análise em Microscopia de Luz Polarizada. Uma terminologia própria foi formulada para a morfologia da interface esmalte normalmicroabrasionado. Esta serviu de base à introdução de uma Técnica de Perfilometria com Análise de Imagens Digitais, com o intuito de obter a profundidade de desgaste ao longo da área microabrasionada. O teste de correlação intraclasse foi aplicado para testar a reprodutibilidade da técnica. A quantidade da perda mineral e a profundidade em que esta ocorreu foram analisadas em transversais traçadas em pontos eqüidistantes do limite esmalte normal-microabrasionado. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com o teste ANOVA (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: A Técnica de Perfilometria obteve uma boa reprodutibilidade (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de 0,9998) e foi validada internamente. O grupo AC foi o mais agressivo, apresentando a maior profundidade de desgaste (110,51 ± 41,21 μm), e a maior perda mineral (13 ± 3 peso %), com diferenças significantes em relação aos grupos WRM (p < 0,05; 9,41± 4,4 peso %) e OP (p < 0,05; 9,0 ± 3,8 peso %). O grupo OP, por outro lado, foi o menos agressivo com os menores valores para todos os parâmetros analisados, apresentando uma profundidade de desgaste menor em relação aos grupos AC (p < 0,0001), WRM (p < 0,001; 86,24 ± 27,99 μm) e AF (p < 0,05; 74,46 ± 42,06 μm). Os outros dois grupos apresentaram resultados intermediários para profundidade de desgaste e quantidade de perda mineral. Não houve diferença quanto à profundidade de perda mineral CONCLUSÃO: Com base em uma terminologia própria para a interface esmalte normal-microabrasionado e na aplicação de uma nova Técnica de Perfilometria, os agentes testados mostraram uma significativa diferença quanto à profundidade de desgaste, que foi condizente com a perda mineral. A nova Técnica de Perfilometria propõe o preenchimento de uma lacuna na literatura, permitindo a determinação física de profundidade de desgaste em superfícies naturalmente curvas de tecidos biológicos duros.
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Lucisano, Marília Pacifico. "Efeito do uso sistêmico de alendronato sódico no tecido ósseo e nas estruturas dentárias mineralizadas: estudo químico, mecânico e morfológico, em modelo murino." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58135/tde-04022011-114321/.

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Os bisfosfonatos representam uma classe de drogas que agem sobre o metabolismo ósseo e são amplamente utilizadas na prevenção e tratamento de estados osteopênicos e osteoporóticos. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar, in vivo, o efeito do uso sistêmico de alendronato sódico: na densidade mineral óssea de ratos, por meio da densitometria óptica radiográfica e da técnica de absortometria radiológica de dupla energia (DXA); e nas estruturas dentárias mineralizadas de incisivos murinos, por meio da espectrometria na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia de fluorescência, microdureza transversal, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia de luz polarizada. Foram utilizados 45 ratos Wistar, com 36-42 dias de idade, pesando em média 200-230g, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: experimental (n= 25) e controle (n= 20). No grupo experimental foram administradas duas doses semanais de 1mg/Kg de alendronato de sódio quimicamente puro diluído em água destilada, via gavagem, enquanto que os animais do grupo controle receberam apenas água destilada. Decorrido o período de 60 dias, os animais foram mortos por sobredose anestésica e, em seguida, foram extraídos os incisivos superiores e removidas as tíbias. As tíbias foram submetidas à avaliação da densidade mineral óssea por meio de análise radiográfica e da técnica de absortometria radiológica de dupla energia (DXA). Os incisivos superiores foram submetidos às seguintes avaliações: análise química por espectrometria na região do infravermelho e espectroscopia de fluorescência, microdureza transversal do esmalte e da dentina; microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia de luz polarizada. Os resultados numéricos obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, utilizando o software SAS (Statistical Analysis System) for Windows versão 9.1.3. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. O grupo experimental apresentou valores de densidade mineral óssea superiores (p<0,05) em relação ao grupo controle, pelos métodos da densitometria óptica radiográfica e DXA. A análise química pelos métodos de espectrometria na região do infravermelho e espectroscopia de fluorescência permitiu detectar a presença do alendronato na estrutura dentária mineralizada do grupo experimental e que a porcentagem dessa incorporação foi de 0,0018% por elemento dental. Os resultados da microdureza transversal do esmalte e da dentina não revelaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos experimental e controle (p>0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças morfológicas significativas entre as amostras de ambos os grupos por meio da análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia de luz polarizada. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o tratamento com alendronato sódico provocou aumento na densidade mineral óssea da metáfise proximal da tíbia e que o alendronato incorporou-se nas estruturas dentárias mineralizadas, porém sem provocar efeitos significativos na microdureza e na morfologia do esmalte e da dentina de incisivos de ratos.
Bisphosphonates represent a class of drugs that act on bone metabolism and are widely used in the prevention and treatment of osteopenic and osteoporotic states. The objectives of this study were to evaluate, in vivo, the effect of the systemic use of sodium alendronate on: the mineral bone density of rats, by radiographic optical densitometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA); the mineralized dental structures of murine incisors, by analysis of infrared (IR) spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). Forty-five Wistar rats aged 36-42 days and weighing 200-230 g were assigned to two groups: experimental (n= 25) and control (n= 20). The experimental group received two weekly doses of 1 mg/kg of chemically pure sodium alendronate diluted in distilled water, via gavage, while the animals of the control group received only distilled water. After 60 days, the animals were killed by anesthetic overdose, and the maxillary incisors were extracted and the tibias were removed. The mineral bone density of the tibias was analyzed radiographically and by DXA. The maxillary incisors were subjected to the following evaluations: chemical analysis by IR spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy, enamel and dentin CSMH, SEM and PLM. The results were subjected to statistical analysis by the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, using the SAS (Statistical Analysis System) software for Windows version 9.1.3. The significance level was set at 5%. The experimental group presented higher mineral bone density (p<0.05) than the control group, by radiographic optical densitometry and DXA. The chemical analysis by IR spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the presence of alendronate in the mineralized dental structure of the specimens of the experimental group, with a percentage of incorporation of 0.0018% per tooth. The results of enamel and dentin CSMH did not show statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p>0.05). There were no significant morphological differences among the specimens of the groups by SEM and PLM. Based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that the treatment with sodium alendronate caused an increase in the mineral bone density of the proximal tibial metaphysis, and that alendronate was incorporated in the mineralized dental structures without causing significant effects in the enamel and dentin microhardness and morphology of rat incisors.
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Books on the topic "Polarized light microscope"

1

Viney, Christopher. Transmitted polarised light microscopy (The microscope series). McCrone Research Institute, 1990.

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Laughlin, Gary J. Polarized Light Microscopy. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2017.

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Crippin, James B., and Michael Victor Martinez. Drugs and Explosives Analysis with Polarized Light Microscopy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2009.

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Crippin, James B., and Michael Victor Martinez. Drugs and Explosives Analysis with Polarized Light Microscopy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

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Woodward, Charles. Familiar Introducton to the Study of Polarized Light: With a Description of, and Instructions for Using, the Table and Hydro-Oxygen Polariscope and Microscope. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Woodward, Charles. Familiar Introducton to the Study of Polarized Light; with a Description of, and Instructions for Using, the Table and Hydro-Oxygen Polariscope and Microscope. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Qualitative Polarized Light Microscopy (Microscopy Handbooks 09). BIOS, 1992.

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Delly, John Gustav. Essentials of Polarized Light Microscopy and Ancillary Techniques. The McCrone Group, Inc., 2019.

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Essentials of Polarized Light Microscopy and Ancillary Techniques. The McCrone Group, Inc., 2017.

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Hirohata, A., and J. Y. Kim. Optically Induced and Detected Spin Current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0006.

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This chapter presents an alternative method of injecting spin-polarized electrons into a nonmagnetic semiconductor through photoexcitation. This method uses circularly-polarized light, whose energy needs to be the same as, or slightly larger than, the semiconductor band-gap, to excite spin-polarized electrons. This process will introduce a spin-polarized electron-hole pair, which can be detected as electrical signals. Such an optically induced spin-polarized current can only be generated in a direct band-gap semiconductor due to the selection rule described in the following sections. This introduction of circularly polarized light can also be used for spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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Book chapters on the topic "Polarized light microscope"

1

Khajuria, Himanshu, Sapna Gupta, and Biswa Prakash Nayak. "Introduction to Polarized Light Microscope." In Forensic Microscopy, 182–90. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003120995-13.

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Carlton, Robert Allen. "Polarized Light Microscopy." In Pharmaceutical Microscopy, 7–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8831-7_2.

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Saville, B. P. "Polarized Light: Qualitative Microscopy." In Applied Polymer Light Microscopy, 111–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7474-9_4.

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Rochow, Theodore George, and Paul Arthur Tucker. "Microscopy with Polarized Light." In Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics, 89–111. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1513-9_5.

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Chen, Jenq-Shyong, and Yung-Kuo Huang. "Full-Field Mapping of the Strss-Induced Birefringence on the Internal Interfaces Using A Polarized Low Coherence Light Interference Microscope." In Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures, 917–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6239-1_456.

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Saville, B. P. "Polarized Light: Theory and Measurements." In Applied Polymer Light Microscopy, 73–109. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7474-9_3.

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Oliviero, Francesca, and Leonardo Punzi. "Basics of Polarized Light Microscopy." In Synovial Fluid Analysis and The Evaluation of Patients With Arthritis, 79–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99612-3_9.

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Ma, Hui, Honghui He, and Jessica C. Ramella-Roman. "Mueller Matrix Microscopy." In Polarized Light in Biomedical Imaging and Sensing, 281–320. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04741-1_11.

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Meglinski, Igor, Liliya Trifonyuk, Victor Bachinsky, Oleh Vanchulyak, Boris Bodnar, Maxim Sidor, Olexander Dubolazov, et al. "Polarization Correlometry of Microscopic Images of Polycrystalline Networks Biological Layers." In Shedding the Polarized Light on Biological Tissues, 61–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4047-4_4.

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Innus, Andris, Alain Jomphe, and Hans Darmstadt. "A Method for the Rapid Characterization of Petroleum Coke Microstructure Using Polarized Light Microscopy." In Light Metals 2013, 1069–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65136-1_180.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polarized light microscope"

1

Dai, Xiang, Pavan Chandra Konda, Shiqi Xu, and Roarke Horstmeyer. "Polarization and phase imaging using an LED array microscope." In Polarized light and Optical Angular Momentum for biomedical diagnostics, edited by Jessica C. Ramella-Roman, Hui Ma, I. Alex Vitkin, Daniel S. Elson, and Tatiana Novikova. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2577344.

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Huibin, Yang, Jiawei Song, Nan Zeng, and Hui Ma. "A Stokes imaging microscope system with a large field of view." In Polarized Light and Optical Angular Momentum for Biomedical Diagnostics 2023, edited by Jessica C. Ramella-Roman, Hui Ma, I. Alex Vitkin, Daniel S. Elson, and Tatiana Novikova. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2648887.

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Huang, Tongyu, Qianhao Zhao, and Hui Ma. "Calibration method for multiwavelength Mueller matrix microscope based on dual DoFP polarimeters." In Polarized Light and Optical Angular Momentum for Biomedical Diagnostics 2022, edited by Jessica C. Ramella-Roman, Hui Ma, I. Alex Vitkin, Daniel S. Elson, and Tatiana Novikova. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2608229.

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Zhou, Ximing, James D. Dormer, and Baowei Fei. "Development of a polarized hyperspectral microscope for cardiac fiber orientation imaging." In Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Light in Cardiology 2020, edited by Kenton W. Gregory and Laura Marcu. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2549720.

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Gonzalez, Mariacarla, Camilo Roa, Arturo Jimenez, Rachelle Gomez-Guevara, V. N. Du Le, Tatiana Novikova, and Jessica C. Ramella-Roman. "Machine learning powered Mueller matrix microscope for collagen and elastin visualization in the mouse cervix." In Polarized Light and Optical Angular Momentum for Biomedical Diagnostics 2022, edited by Jessica C. Ramella-Roman, Hui Ma, I. Alex Vitkin, Daniel S. Elson, and Tatiana Novikova. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2609978.

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Vanderlinde, William E., and David A. Stoney. "Forensic Microscopy in the Failure Analysis Laboratory." In ISTFA 2000. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2000p0097.

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Abstract Optical microscopy techniques used by forensic analysts are shown to have application to failure analysis problems. Proper set up of the optical microscope is reviewed, including the correct use of the field diaphragm and the aperture diaphragm. Polarized light microscopy, bright and dark field methods, refractive index liquids, and a particle reference atlas are used to identify contamination found on semiconductor products.
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Shribak, Michael I., and Rudolf Oldenbourg. "Scanning aperture polarized light microscope: observation of small calcite crystals using oblique illumination." In International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, edited by Jose-Angel Conchello, Carol J. Cogswell, and Tony Wilson. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.467840.

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Shribak, Michael I., and Rudolf Oldenbourg. "3D imaging properties of a polarized light microscope revealed by birefringence measurements of small calcite crystals." In BiOS 2001 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, edited by Jose-Angel Conchello, Carol J. Cogswell, and Tony Wilson. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.424522.

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Armitage, Mark. "Polarized Light and electron microscope study of soft dinosaur bone tissue elements from Nanotyrannus lancensis collected at Hell Creek, Montana, USA." In European Microscopy Congress 2020. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.emc2020.8.

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Okamoto, Hiromi, Shun Hashiyada, Yoshio Nishiyama, and Tetsuya Narushima. "Imaging Chiral Plasmons." In JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jsap.2017.5a_a410_1.

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Chirality is a broad concept that characterizes structures of systems in almost all hierarchy of materials in natural sciences. Molecular chirality is sometimes essential in biological functions. Also in nanomaterials sciences, chirality plays a key role. It is of fundamental importance to investigate internal structures (geometrical distributions) of chiral optical responses in nanomaterials, to design chiral features of the materials and their functions. We developed near-field optical activity (typically circular dichroism, CD) imaging systems that allow us to visualize local structures of optical activity in nanomaterials, and observed near-field CD images of two-dimensional gold nanostructures fabricated with electron beam lithography lift-off technique. We found that the amplitudes of local CD signals were as large as 100 times the macroscopic CD signals of the same samples, for two-dimensional chiral gold nanostructures [1]. Even highly symmetric achiral structures that never give CD signals macroscopically gave locally very strong CD signals (a typical example for a rectangular nanostructure is shown in Figure 1) [2,3]. In this case, average of the signal over the nanostructure yielded roughly null CD intensity. While achiral nanostructures show in general local CD activities as mentioned above, circularly symmetric (two-dimensionally isotropic) nanostructures, such as circular disks, never give CD signals at any local positions. However, when the circular disk is illuminated with linearly polarized light, the circular symmetry is broken, and thus the system potentially yields locally chiral optical (i.e., circularly polarized) fields. To demonstrate that, we extended the near-field CD microscope, and enabled irradiation of well- defined linearly polarized near-field on the sample and detection of scattered-field ellipticity and polarization azimuth angle. We found for circular gold disks that the scattered field was actually elliptically polarized. The ellipticity and the azimuth angle of the scattered field depended on the incident polarization angle and relative position on the disk.
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