Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polarité Cellulaire Planaire (PCP)'
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Giese, Arnaud. "Régulation de la protéine centrale de la polarité planaire cellulaire Vangl2 dans l’organe de Corti." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21761/document.
Full textSeveral epithelia exhibit a second polarity perpendicular to the apico-basal axis, called planar polarity and that governs the orientation of structures such as stereocilia and hear. Our laboratory studies planar polarity, using mammalian cochlear sensory epithelium and we focus our studies on Vangl2, that we identified as the first mammalian planar polarity gene. Vangl2 encodes a four-transmembrane protein that contains a PDZ binding domain in its C-terminus tail. Vangl2 is asymmetrically located at the junction between mechanosensory hair cells and supporting cells, and this asymmetry appears important for planar cell polarity. I have shown in my thesis, using STED microscopy, that Vangl2 asymmetry is mainly due to an accumulation of Vangl2 to the distal side of supporting cells. I sought to dissect the molecular role of Vangl2 by analysing its trafficking within the cochlear epithelium. Deletion analysis shows that the last 12 amino acids, unlike its N-terminus tail are essential for Vangl2 endoplasmic reticulum sorting, its plasma membrane targeting and its function. Conditional mutant mice analysis show that Scrib1, which we have previously shown, interacts with Vangl2 through the PDZ binding domain of its C-terminal tail, is not the protein mediating this asymmetry. My work also highlight that GIPC1 had a role in the regulation of PCP and maintaining the integrity of hair bundles of sensory cells, and that the complex GIPC1/Myosin VI could regulate Vangl2 asymmetry in the organ of Corti
Martinez, Sébastien. "Rôle de la protéine tyrosine kinase 7 dans le cancer colorectal et la polarité planaire cellulaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4019.
Full textThe non-canonical WNT/planar cell polarity (WNT/PCP) pathway plays important roles in morphogenetic processes in vertebrates. Among WNT/PCP components, protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) is a tyrosine kinase receptor with poorly defined functions lacking catalytic activity. We show that PTK7 associates with receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) to form a heterodimeric complex in mammalian cells and physically and functionally interact with the non-canonical WNT5A ligand, leading to JNK activation and cell movements. In the Xenopus embryo, Ptk7 functionally interacts with Ror2 to regulate protocadherin papc expression and morphogenesis. Furthermore, we show that Ptk7 is required for papc activation induced by Wnt5a and that Wnt5a stimulates the release of the Ptk7 intracellular domain, which can translocate into the nucleus and activate papc expression. Moreover, using a Tissue MicroArray produced from CRC patients we correlated PTK7 expression with pathological features and patient outcome. PTK7 was significantly up-regulated in CRC tissue, and its overexpression was found in 34% of patients. In CRC cell lines, shRNA PTK7 reduced migration, but did not affect cell proliferation and resistance to drugs. In a xenograft mouse model, downregulation of PTK7 led to reduced tumor growth, whereas its overexpression in PTK7-negative cancer cells led to increased metastatic events. This work reveals novel molecular mechanisms of action of PTK7 in non-canonical WNT/PCP signaling that may promote cell and tissue movements and define PTK7 expression as a potential prognostic biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in CRC
Boëx, Myriam. "Implication d’une nouvelle voie de signalisation médiée par le complexe MuSK/Vangl2 dans la connectivité neuromusculaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS258.pdf.
Full textThe neuromuscular junction (JNM) is a peripheral synapse formed by the anatomic and functional contact between a motor neuron and a striated skeletal muscle fiber. NMJ development requires a dynamic communication between motor axons and their muscle targets through several reciprocal signaling. Among the limited number of secreted factors that orchestrate this trans-synaptic coordination, the Wnts diffusible cues have emerged as critical signals for synaptic differentiation, yet how Wnt signaling drives NMJ formation and maintenance remain poorly understood and controversial in mammals. In this context, the aims of my PhD project were 1) to validate the functional role of Wnt-MuSK interaction in vivo and 2) to study the Wnt Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway during NMJ assembly and maintenance in mammals. Interestingly, our team showed that Van Gogh-like protein 2 (Vangl2), a core PCP component, is accumulated at developing NMJ, at both pre- and postsynaptic sites. Moreover, Vangl2 interacts with a subset of Wnt morphogens that are secreted at the NMJ suggesting that a Wnt/Vangl2-PCP signaling is involved in NMJ development. By using a set of mutant mice along with a large panel of cell biological and biochemical assays, I found that muscle Vangl2 is critical for NMJ assembly and maintenance, by controlling the level of MuSK signaling activity. Collectively, my results uncover a new Wnt/PCP signaling in the muscle, relying on Vangl2/MuSK interaction that shapes neuromuscular connectivity by regulating postsynaptic assembly and integrity
Robert, Benjamin. "Rôle de la signalisation de la polarité cellulaire planaire dans les processus mnésiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0780/document.
Full textPlanar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is an evolutionary conserved pathway known to play a crucial role in the establishment of tissue polarity via a regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics. PCP signaling is essential during critical developmental stages, such as gastrulation or neurulation, to shape tissues and organs, and disruption of core PCP genes in mammals leads to severe malformations and neonatal death. Van Gogh-like 2 (vangl2) is one of the core PCP genes coding for a transmembrane protein, and its mutation leads to a failure of the neural tube closure in mammals, including humans. It has also been suggested that Vangl2 plays a role in axonal guidance, dendritic arborization of hippocampal neurons and dendritic spines number. I showed that Vangl2 protein is enriched in the hippocampus in the adult stage, precisely in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 stratum lucidum subregions. These subregions have been proposed to sustain two cognitive processes involved in memory functions: pattern separation and pattern completion. Pattern separation allows the encoding of similar or overlapping inputs in distinct neuronal representations, allowing formation of new memory without interference of a previous similar encountered event. Pattern completion is described as the ability to guide the recall of an entire memory using partial sensory cues. Recent studies suggest a critical role for the maturation of adult-born granule neurons of the DG in the balance that may exist between pattern completion and pattern separation. Although the mechanisms of both cognitive processes are still debated, the connectivity between DG and CA3 appears to be essential. I thereby tested the hypothesis that in absence of Vangl2 in the brain, these two processes would be affected. I generated several conditional mutant mice in order to excise vangl2 gene in specific areas of the hippocampus, and tested them in behavioral paradigms requiring pattern separation or pattern completion processes. My data support my hypothesis that Vangl2 in the DG is essential for a balance between pattern separation and pattern completion, through the regulation of the maturation of DG neurons
Saraswathy, Vishnu. "Identification d’un nouveau rôle de la E3-ubiquitin ligase Mindbomb1 dans la voie Polarité Cellulaire Planaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR6000.
Full textDuring my PhD, I studied two different cell signaling pathways that regulate morphogenesis during zebrafish development. I found that the Notch signaling pathway and Mib1 mediated Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway regulate neural tube morphogenesis and embryonic axis extension respectively.During the first part of my PhD, I addressed the role of Notch signaling in zebrafish neural tube morphogenesis. Notch signaling has been well studied for its role in regulating neurogenesis during zebrafish development. However, whether and how it regulates morphogenesis of the zebrafish neural tube is unknown. Epithelialization and c-division are important events during zebrafish neural tube morphogenesis. Our findings show that, in addition to regulating the timing and identity of neuronal cell fate specification, Notch mediated suppression of neurogenesis is essential for the acquisition of polarized neuroepithelial tissue architecture and the execution specific morphogenetic movements called c-divisions, in order to properly shape the zebrafish spinal cord. Observations from the first part of my PhD led to the identification of the role of Mindbomb1(Mib1) in PCP signaling. Mib1, an E3-ubiquitin ligase required for Notch activation, regulates convergent extension (CE) movements during zebrafish gastrulation, that are required for the axis elongation of the embryo. Interestingly, I found that Mib1, independent of its function in Notch signaling, act in the PCP pathway to regulate axis extension. In the PCP pathway, Mib1 acts as an E3-ubiquitin ligase and regulates endocytosis of the PCP component Ryk to mediate CE during gastrulation. Thus, my study discovered that independent of its role in Delta/Notch signaling, Mib1 is important for the PCP pathway during zebrafish gastrulation
González, Morales Nicanor. "L'intestin adulte comme modèle d'étude de l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile : couplage entre la myosine ID et la polarité planaire dans l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4071/document.
Full textStereotyped left right (LR) asymmetry ensures proper looping of internal organs. In Drosophila, the adult hindgut (AHG) has a clear stereotypical dextral loop and, like all LR asymmetric organs, require MyoID for correct orientation. MyoID is an unconventional myosin type I that binds to DE-Cadherin, this association is required for proper LR establishment; however the mechanism that translates MyoID chirality into proper morphogenesis remains unknown. The AHG is a long tube coiled dextrally and located in the middle of the abdominal region. It develops from a cluster of progenitors containing two different populations of cells, H1 and H2. Here, we show that MyoID controls the AHG dextral loop by binding to the atypical cadherin Dachsous in H1 cells. Further, Ds-Fat signaling propagates towards the H2 cells which in turn become polarized towards the right and consequently loop. H1 is a transient population of cells that wear off in the first hours of metamorphosis; nevertheless the dextral information generated in H1 is maintained in H2 cells due to the cooperative action of PCP components. We demonstrate that the molecular basis of the LR establishment downstream of MyoID action lies in the PCP system, which has a double role transmitting and maintaining a dextral signal in the AHG. Thus, we provide for the first time a link in L/R morphogenesis between Drosophila and vertebrates in which PCP mutants result in L/R defects. Furthermore, in our attempts to better understand the evolution of L/R morphogenesis we found the recently co-Appearance of a myoID cis-Regulatory element and the AHG dextral loop, during Drosophila evolution, suggesting that changes in myoID express
Barrott, Jared James. "Wnt5a Signaling Independently of the Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Resulting in Convergent Extension and Neural Tube Closure During Vertebrate Development." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2612.pdf.
Full textDarnat, Pénélope. "Cycline A, un nouveau lien entre cycle et popularité cellulaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS293.
Full textDuring an asymmetric cell division (ACD), the cell cycle and cell proliferation are coordinated to serve cell fate diversity. In the case of an ACD occurring in epithelia, the Planar Cell Polarity, lead by Frizzled (Fz) and Dishevelled (Dsh) orients the mother cell and the mitotic spindle to induce a polarity upon which the cell fate determinants are asymmetrically divided between the daughter cells. In this context, my thesis subject relies on the study of the links between cell cycle and cell polarity in the model of the lineage of mecanosensory organs of Drosophila, from which four distinct cell fates rise. At each division, the Notch pathway is asymmetrically activated and the PCP regulates the stereotyped orientations of the divisions along the epithelial plan. During the ACD of the pI cell, I have shown that one of these links was the major actor the cell cycle Cyclin A. Indeed, I have shown that a pool of Cyclin A localises asymmetrically the apical posterior cortex of the pi cell during prophase. This portion of Cyclin A is degraded at the same time of the cytoplasmic pool. Then, I have shown that Cyclin A co-localised with the PCP factor Fz and Dsh, as they anchors CycA to the cortex: a fz or dsh loss of function (LOF) abolishes the cortical recruitment of Cyclin A and the delocalisation of Frizzled drags Cyclin A. More importantly, I have shown that Cyclin A also regulates the orientation of the division as PCP factors, as its LOF or ectopic cortical localisation deviated the orientation. Altogether this data suggest that Cyclin A is part of complex regulating the spindle orientation formed by Fz and Dsh. In order to do so, Cyclin A is required for the apical posterior recruitment of the Mud protein (NuMA/LIN-5). This work opens the door on the roles, poorly described, of the cells cycle factors in other biological processes
Darby, Daniel. "A mechanism of oriented cell division underlying cardiac chamber expansion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS666.
Full textThe development of the heart is an intricate process both physically and genetically which requires regulation on many levels. Perturbations of this cardiogenic programme often has potent consequence on the organ and this is evident from the 1% incidence in births which are affected by a congenital heart disease (CHD). CHDs, such as cardiomyopathies, affect the architecture of the cardiac muscle, which is vital to the heartsfunction. The shape of the ventricular walls is particularly important to their function in terms of both defining the shape of the ventricular chambers and in establishing an appropriate myofiber architecture for efficient contractions (Meilhac et al., 2003). Previous work in the lab has provided insight into how this is achieved in the ventricles. It was found, through clonal analysis, that oriented tissue growth underlies cardiac chamber expansion (Meilhac et al., 2004). Analysis of earlier stages of the embryonic heart found regional coordination of cell divisions which preconfigured the myofiber architecture of the adult heart (Le Garrec et al., 2013). These studies suggest that oriented cell division plays an important role in sculpting the heart. However a mechanism by which this is regulated has yet to be established in the expanding ventricular chambers. In this project we use a combination of transcriptomic analysis, 3D cell segmentation, embryo culture experiments and molecular interference to investigate a mechanism for oriented cell division. Using bulk RNAseq we identified the NuMA:GPSM apparatus, the Planar Cell Polarity pathway and the integrin mechano-sensing pathway as candidates for further analysis. In combination with the transcriptomic analysis we wanted to identify if cells in the expanding ventricles were behaving according to Hertwig’s rule. To do this we have established CUBIC clearing and three dimensional lightsheet microscopy along with an automatic cell segmentation method to quantify cell elongations in the cardiac chambers. By comparing the elongation ratio of the cell to the detected axes of division the tools and approaches described above will enable us to identify if coordination existed between the two and if this was regionally specific. To analyse the impact of cardiac contractions on oriented cell division we established embryo culture experiment conditions paired with pharmaceutical interference of contractions. Preliminary results indicate that both an increase and decrease of contraction rate affects the shape of the heart. Finally, we will target the three pathways mentioned above with dominant negative proteins in chimeric hearts to dissect the molecular pathways. The outcome of this research will have potential applications in tissue engineering therapies targeting the heart
Dos, Santos Carvalho Steve Francois. "Morpho-functional impact of Vangl2 on hippocampus development." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0276/document.
Full textPlanar Cell Polarity (PCP) is a signaling pathway originally known for its role in the establishment of cellular asymmetry perpendicular to the apico‐basal axis, in the plane of an epithelium. PCPsignaling has been shown to be crucial for many tissue patterning, including epithelial and mesenchymal tissue, but also cardiac, lung, bone, or kidney tissues, to cite a few. PCP signaling controls the regulation of cellular movement via the control of adhesion turnover and cytoskeleton reorganization. Vangl2 is one of the most upstream core PCP proteins that has been implicated in the recent years in various neuronal mechanisms, such as axonal guidance, dendrite morphogenesis or synaptogenesis. However, most of these studies rely on acute downregulation of the gene in vitro or in the use of a mouse presenting a spontaneous mutation of this gene, called Loop‐tail (Vangl2Lp) which causes the death of the embryo at birth. Moreover, the Vangl2Lp form of this protein has been described has a dominant‐negative form, making it difficult to untangle the molecular mechanism leading to the many phenotypes (included neuronal ones) reported inhomozygotes Looptail mice. To bypass this problem we created a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse in which vangl2 is deleted in the telencephalon during early embryogenesis. First, I analyzed the profile of expression of the protein during the first 3 weeks after birth, and I show that Vangl2 is specifically targeted to the arborization of granular cells (GC) of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, and excluded from cell bodies. Also, the protein was highly enriched in immature neurons of the subgranular zone of the DG, and in the stratum lucidum, a region of high‐density contacts between the GC and the CA3. In this region, a special type of synapse is formed: the Mossy Fiber Bouton (MfB) / Thorny Excrescence (TE) synapse. These synapses are bigger and more complex than conventional synapses. I then performed a structural and ultrastructural analysis of the DG/CA3 circuit in the Vangl2 cKO mice in order to understand the role of Vangl2 in the hippocampus maturation. For this, I used stereotaxic mice infection viruses, and Serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBFsEM) with 3D reconstruction. Results show that in cKO mice, Mfs fasciculation is mildly impacted, and that the enlargement and complexification of the MfB/TE synapse is arrested, with TEs almost absent. I was able to link these morphological abnormalities to deficits in complex hippocampal‐dependent learning tasks. This work demonstrates for the first time the importance of PCP signaling for the in vivo maturation of a specific hippocampal circuit and its specific cognitive consequences. Next, I attempted to identify the functional consequences of vangl2 deletion on young hippocampal neuron maturation. My results confirm that Vangl2 is expressed in young hippocampal neurons and that the deletion of the gene affected neurite outgrowth on Ncadherin substrate. I used spt‐PALM‐TIRF super‐resolution microscopy to show that this increased neurite outgrowth was inversely proportional to a decrease in actin retrograde flowand to a decrease in the number of directed actin trajectories. These results strongly suggest that N‐cadherin adhesions are affected by Vangl2 deletion. FRAP experiments demonstratedthat in Vangl2 cKO neurons the recovery of N‐cadherin molecules engaged in homophilicbindings (adhesion) was decreased, suggesting that the turnover of N‐cadherin involved inadhesion is reduced. Altogether, I propose that Vangl2 controls the turnover/stability of Ncadherin proteins at adhesion sites to regulate local actin dynamics and consequently neuronal outgrowth
El-Hassan, Abdul-Rahman. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle d'un nouvel allèle du gène de la polarité cellulaire planaire (PCP) Vangl2." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20536.
Full textAllache, Redouane. "Études génétiques moléculaires des gènes de la polarité planaire cellulaire dans les anomalies du tube neural chez l’Homme." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12084.
Full textNeural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital malformations in humans affecting 1–2 infants per 1000 births. NTDs are caused by failure of the neural tube to close during embryogenesis. The most common forms of NTDs in humans are anencephaly and spina bifida. Their etiology is complex implicating environmental and genetic factors. Wnt signaling has been classified as canonical Wnt/ β-catenin dependent or non-canonical planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Misregulation of either pathway is linked mainly to cancer or neural tube defects (NTDs) respectively. Both pathwaysseem to antagonize each other. In this study, we investigate the role of Lrp6andANKRD6 as molecular switches between both Wnt pathways as well as CELSR1 as PCP member, in a novel ENU mouse mutant of Lrp6 (Skax26m1Jus) and in human NTDs. For Lrp6, we demonstrate that Skax26m1Jus represents a hypermorphic allele of Lrp6 with increased Wnt canonical and abolished PCP-induced JNK activities. We also show that Lrp6Skax26m1Jusgenetically interacts with a PCP mutant (Vangl2Lp) where double heterozygotes showed an increased frequency of NTDs and defects in cochlear hair cells’ polarity. Importantly, our study also demonstrates the association of rare and novel missense mutations in LRP6 that is an inhibitor rather than an activator of the PCP pathway with human NTDs. We show that three LRP6 mutations in NTDs led to a reduced Wnt canonical activity and enhanced PCP signaling. For ANKRD6: We identified four rare missense mutations in 0.8% of the NTD patients and 2 rare missense mutations in 1.3% of the controls. Notably, when all 6 mutations were validated, only two mutations identified in NTD patients, p.Pro548Leu, p.Arg632His, significantly altered DIVERSIN activity in Wnt signaling assays in a hypomorphic fashion. For CELSR1: We identified one nonsense mutation in exon 1 of CELSR1 that truncates the majority of the protein in one NTD patient and one in-frame 12 bp deletion that removes a putative PKC phosphorylation“SSR” motif in one caudal agenesis patient. We also detected a total of 13 novel missense variants in 12 patients (11 NTDs and 1 caudal agenesis) that were predicted to be pathogenic in silico. Our data confirm an inhibitory role of Lrp6 in PCP signaling in neurulation and indicate that rare missense mutations in LRP6 and ANKRD6 could affect a balanced reciprocal and a highly dosage sensitive antagonism between both Wnt pathways in neurulation and act as predisposing factors to NTDs in a subset of patients. Also, our findings implicate CELSR1 as a risk factor for NTDs or caudal agenesis. Our findings provide additional evidence for a pathogenic role of PCP signaling in thesemalformations and an important tool for better understanding their molecular mechanisms.
Kharfallah, Fares. "Études génétiques moléculaires du gène de la polarité planaire SCRIBBLE1 chez les anomalies du tube neural." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8761.
Full textNeural tube defects (NTDs), including anencephaly and spina bifida, represent a group of very common birth defects in humans. These anomalies are caused by a partial or complete failure of neural tube closure during embryogenesis. NTDs have a multifactorial etiology involving environmental and genetic factors. The non-canonical signaling pathway Frizzled (Fz) / Dishevelled (Dvl) controls the planar cell polarity (PCP) and the morphogenetic process called convergent extension (CE) which is essential for gastrulation and neural tube closure. Importantly, mutations in genes of this pathway were strongly associated with NTDs in mice and humans. Scribble is a PCP gene that causes a severe NTD mouse Circletail. Scribble binds to another PCP protein, Stbm / Vang, and they cooperate together for the stability of the PCP pathway. Our study aims at investigating the role of SCRIBBLE1 in human NTDs by sequence analyses of its open reading frame and exon-intron junctions. The cohort included in this study consisted of 396 patients recruited at the Spina Bifida Centre of Gaslini Hospital in Genoa, Italy, and 83 patients recruited at the Spina Bifida Center of the Sainte Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada. Patients were affected by several forms of NTDs. We identified nine non-synonymous and rare mutations in 10 patients: p.Asp93Ala (c. 435G>A), p.Gly145Arg (c. 278A>C), p.Gly263Ser (c. 786C>A), p.Gly469Ser (c. 1405G>A), p.Pro649His (c. 1946C>A), p.Gln808His (c. 2424G>T), p.Val1066Met (c. 3196G>A), p.Arg1150Gln (c. 3480G>A) and p.Thr1422Met (c. 4266C>T). Five of those mutations, p.Gly263Ser, p.Pro649His, p.Gln808His, p.Arg1150Gln, p.Thr1422Met, were absent in all controls analyzed and were predicted to be pathogenic using bioinformatics. Our study demonstrates that rare mutations in SCRIB1 could predispose to NTDs in a fraction of patients. The identification of genes that predispose to ATN will help us better understand the pathogenic mechanisms involved in these diseases.
Kharfallah, Fares. "Le rôle du gène de la polarité apico-basale SCRIBBLE1 dans les anomalies de tube neural." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20241.
Full textBosoi, Marius Ciprian. "Analyse génétique moléculaire du gène de la voie non-canonique Frizzled/Dishevelled PRICKLE1 dans les anomalies du tube neural chez l’humain." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6189.
Full textThe planar cell polarity pathway (PCP) or the non-canonical Frizzled/Dishevelled pathway controls the morphogenetic process of convergent extension (CE) that is essential during embryogenesis for gastrulation and neural tube formation. Recently, PCP signalling was associated with neural tube defects (NTD) in humans and animal models. The core PCP protein, Prickle1, is expressed in the primitive streak and mesoderm during mouse embryogenesis. Both gain and loss of function of Prickle1 cause faulty CE movements in zebrafish and the frog. PRICKLE1 physically interacts with two other core PCP members, Dishevelled and Strabismus/Vang. In the present study we investigated the role of PRICKLE1 in the aetiology of NTDs in a large cohort of 810 patients through resequencing of its open reading frame and exon-intron junctions. The pathogenicity of the identified mutations was assessed through bioinformatics methods followed by a functional validation in a zebrafish system, in vivo. We identified in our cohort a total of nine novel mutations, of which seven affected conserved amino acids: p.Ile69Thr, p.Asn81His, p.Thr275Met, p.Arg682Cys, p.Ser739Phe, p.Val550Met and p.Asp771As. These mutations were predicted to affect the function of the protein in silico and were absent in a large cohort of ethnically-matched controls. Co-injection of these variants with the wild type pk1 in zebrafish oocytes revealed that one mutation, p.Arg682Cys, antagonized the CE phenotype induced by the wild-type zebrafish prickle1a in a dominant fashion. Our study demonstrates that PRICKLE1 can represent a predisposing factor for human NTDs and further expands our knowledge on the role that PCP genes in the pathogenesis of these malformations.
Lachance, Stéphanie. "Identification et caractérisation d’une souris mutante Skam26Jus comme un nouveau modèle des anomalies du tube neural." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9952.
Full textNeural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital malformations in humans affecting 1–2 infants per 1000 births. NTDs are caused by failure of the neural tube to close during embryogenesis. The most common forms of NTDs in humans are anencephaly and spina bifida. Their etiology is complex implicating both environmental and genetic factors. The mouse model represents a powerful tool to investigate the genetics of NTDs. Particularly, mouse mutants at genes belonging to the planar polarity pathway (PCP) developed severe forms of NTDs strongly implicating this pathway in the pathogenesis of NTDs. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel mouse mutant, Skam26Jus, as a model for NTDs. Skam26Jus was generated by N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosuera mutagenesis and displayed a characteristic kinky or loop tail that is considered as the minimal sign if NTDs. Complementation of Skam26Jus mutant with a PCP mouse mutant called Looptail (Lp) showed a genetic interaction between Skam26Jus and Vangl2, the gene mutated in Lp. This led to spina bifida in 50% of double heterozygotes with a kinky or looptail phenotype. Homozygosity mapping followed by a positional candidate gene approach led to the identification of Lrp6 as the gene mutated in Skam26Jus. We detected a homozygous mutation, p.Ile681Arg, in Lrp6 in Skam26Jus mice having loop/kinky tail phenotype. This mutation was absent in 30 inbred strains analyzed indicating that it is disease specific. Genotype-phenotype studies indicated a 52 % penetrance of the p.Ile681Arg mutation. Lrp6 is known to activate Wnt canonical β-catenin pathway and inhibit Wnt non canonical PCP pathway. Sequencing analysis of the open reading frame and exon-intron junctions of human LRP6 in 268 NTD patients led to the identification of 4 novel rare missense mutations that were absent in 272 controls analyzed and in all public databases. These mutations were p.Tyr306His ; p.Tyr373Cys ; p.Val1386Ile ; p.Tyr1541Cys, and of these, p.Val1386Iso was predicted to be benign, and p.Tyr306His ; p.Tyr373Cys and p.Tyr1541Cys were predicted to be possibly pathogenic using bioinformatics tools. Functional validation of these mutations with the luciferase reporter system pTOPflash assay demonstrated that mutation p.Tyr306His, p.Tyr373Cys and iii p.Tyr1541Cys reduced the ability of LRP6 to activate the Wnt canonical β-catenin pathway. Our data suggest that LRP6 could play a role in the development of NTDs in a small fraction of NTD patients. Our study also presents Skam26Jus as a new mouse model for the study of human NTDs and provides an important tool for better understanding of the molecular pathogenic mechanisms underlying NTDs.
Wang, Mingqin. "Role of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase 7 gene in human neural tube defects." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13428.
Full textNeural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital defects with a high incidence of 1-2 per 1000 births, causing a heavy burden to both the families and society. Various types of NTDs result from defects happening in the neurulation process during vertebrate embryonic development. In order to prevent the occurrence of NTDs, understanding the underlying mechanism is a prerequisite. The etiology of NTDs is complex involving environmental and genetic factors. Folic acid supplementation was proven to efficiently decrease the frequency of NTDs by 50-70% depending on the time point of this supplementation and demographic background. Gene identification studies in NTDs have adopted mainly a candidate gene approach investigating folate-related genes and genes derived from animal models. In particular, studies in mouse models have demonstrated a strong association between the non canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway and NTDs. Protein Tyrosine Kinase 7 (PTK7) is a member of the PCP pathway and was shown to cause a very severe form of NTDs called craniorachischisis in a mouse model. Ptk7 genetically interacts with a core PCP member Vangl2 where double heterozygotes suffer from spina bifida. These data make PTK7 a strong candidate for NTDs in humans. We sequenced the coding region and the exon-intron junctions of PTK7 in a cohort of 473 patients affected with various forms of open and closed NTDs. Novel and rare variants (<1%) were genotyped in a cohort of 473 individuals. Their pathogenic effect was predicted in silico and functionally in an overexpression assay in a well established zebrafish model. We identified in our cohort 6 novel rare mutations, 3 of which are absent in all public databases, in 1.1% of our NTD cohort. One variant, p.Gly348Ser, acted as a hypermorph when overexpressed in the zebrafish model. Our findings implicate mutation of PTK7 as a risk factor for NTDs and provide additional evidence for a pathogenic role of PCP signaling in these malformations.