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Journal articles on the topic 'Polarisation sensitivity'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

O'Brien, D. M., I. N. Polonsky, and J. B. Kumer. "Sensitivity of remotely sensed trace gas concentrations to polarisation." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 11 (November 23, 2015): 4917–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4917-2015.

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Abstract. Current and proposed space missions estimate column-averaged concentrations of trace gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) from high resolution spectra of reflected sunlight in absorption bands of the gases. The radiance leaving the top of the atmosphere is partially polarised by both reflection at the surface and scattering within the atmosphere. Generally, the polarisation state is unknown and could degrade the accuracy of the concentration measurements. The sensitivity to polarisation is modelled for the proposed geoCARB instrument, which will include neither polarisers nor polarisation scramblers to select particular polarisation states from the incident radiation. The radiometric and polarimetric calibrations proposed for geoCARB are outlined, and a model is developed for the polarisation properties of the geoCARB spectrographs. This model depends principally upon the efficiencies of the gratings to polarisations parallel and perpendicular to the rulings of the gratings. Next, an ensemble of polarised spectra is simulated for geoCARB observing targets in India, China and Australia from geostationary orbit at longitude 110° E. The spectra are analysed to recover the trace gas concentrations in two modes, the first denied access to the polarimetric calibration and the second with access. The retrieved concentrations using the calibration data are almost identical to those that would be obtained with polarisation scramblers, while the retrievals without calibration data contain outliers that do not meet the accuracies demanded by the mission.

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2

O'Brien, D. M., I. N. Polonsky, and J. B. Kumer. "Sensitivity of remotely-sensed trace gas concentrations to polarisation." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 8 (August 24, 2015): 8779–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-8779-2015.

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Abstract. Current and proposed space missions estimate column-averaged concentrations of trace gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) from high resolution spectra of reflected sunlight in absorption bands of the gases. The radiance leaving the top of the atmosphere is partially polarised by both reflection at the surface and scattering within the atmosphere. Generally the polarisation state is unknown, and could degrade the accuracy of the concentration measurements. The sensitivity to polarisation is modelled for the proposed geoCARB instrument, which will include neither polarisers nor polarisation scramblers to select particular polarisation states from the incident radiation. The radiometric and polarimetric calibrations proposed for geoCARB are outlined, and a model is developed for the polarisation properties of the geoCARB spectrographs. This model depends principally upon the efficiencies of the gratings to polarisations parallel and perpendicular to the rulings of the gratings. Next an ensemble of polarised spectra is simulated for geoCARB observing targets in India, China and Australia from geostationary orbit at longitude 110° E. The spectra are analysed to recover the trace gas concentrations in two modes, the first denied access to the polarimetric calibration and the second with access. The retrieved concentrations using the calibration data are almost identical to those that would be obtained with polarisation scramblers, while the retrievals without calibration data contain outliers that do not meet the accuracies demanded by the mission.

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3

Grobkopf, G., R. Ludwig, R. G. Waarts, and H. G. Weber. "Optical amplifier configurations with low polarisation sensitivity." Electronics Letters 23, no. 25 (1987): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19870957.

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4

Holland, A. D., A. D. T. Short, G. W. Fraser, and M. J. L. Turner. "The X-ray polarisation sensitivity of CCDs." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 355, no. 2-3 (February 1995): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)01124-9.

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5

Nahmad–Rohen, Luis, and Misha Vorobyev. "Angular dependence of polarisation contrast sensitivity in octopus." Vision Research 192 (March 2022): 107973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2021.107973.

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6

Kleinlogel, Sonja, and N. Justin Marshall. "Ultraviolet polarisation sensitivity in the stomatopod crustacean Odontodactylus scyllarus." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 195, no. 12 (November 19, 2009): 1153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-009-0491-y.

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7

Molina-Mendoza, Aday J., Alicia Moya, Riccardo Frisenda, Simon A. Svatek, Patricia Gant, Sergio Gonzalez-Abad, Elisa Antolin, et al. "Highly responsive UV-photodetectors based on single electrospun TiO2 nanofibres." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 45 (2016): 10707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc02344d.

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Electrospun TiO₂ single-nanofibres are employed as photodetectors with state-of-the-art performance: high sensitivity in the UV (responsivity of 90 A W⁻¹ for 375 nm wavelength), response time of ∼5 s and light polarisation sensitivity.

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8

Honmou, H., S. Yamazaki, K. Emura, R. Ishikawa, I. Mito, M. Shikada, and K. Minemura. "Stabilisation of heterodyne receiver sensitivity with automatic polarisation control system." Electronics Letters 22, no. 22 (1986): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19860809.

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9

Droste, Ch, B. Czajkowska, Z. Marcinkowska, R. M. Lieder, T. Morek, T. Rza¸ca-Urban, and W. Gast. "Polarisation sensitivity of the CLUSTER detector used in EUROBALL array." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 556, no. 1 (January 2006): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.006.

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10

Moodie, D. G., P. J. Cannard, A. J. Dann, D. D. Marcenac, C. W. Ford, J. Reed, R. T. Moore, J. K. Lucek, and A. D. Ellis. "Low polarisation sensitivity electroabsorption modulators for 160 Gbit/s networks." Electronics Letters 33, no. 24 (1997): 2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19971393.

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11

Liu, B., A. Shakouri, P. Abraham, Y. J. Chiu, and J. E. Bowers. "Fused III-V vertical coupler filter with reduced polarisation sensitivity." Electronics Letters 35, no. 6 (1999): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19990337.

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12

Parkyn, D. C., and C. W. Hawryshyn. "Spectral and ultraviolet-polarisation sensitivity in juvenile salmonids: a comparative analysis using electrophysiology." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 7 (April 1, 2000): 1173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.7.1173.

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Spectral and polarisation sensitivity were compared among juvenile (parr) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), steelhead (O. mykiss), cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki), kokanee (O. nerka) and brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) using multi-unit recording from the optic nerve. Although reared under the same conditions, differences in photopic spectral sensitivity were evident. Specifically, ON-responses were co-dominated by L- and M-cone mechanisms in all fish except O. nerka, consistent with an M-cone mechanism sensitivity. The sensitivity of OFF-responses was dominated by the M-cone mechanism for all fish, but O. mykiss appeared to show an additional contribution from the L-cone mechanism. Using chromatic adaptation, an independent ultraviolet-sensitive mechanism is described for the first time for the salmonid genus Salvelinus. In addition, this ultraviolet-cone mechanism was present in the members of the genus Oncorhynchus that were examined. Thus, ultraviolet sensitivity appears to be common to the major extant clades of the subfamily Salmoninae. All species showed differential sensitivity to both vertical and horizontal linearly polarised light. This sensitivity differed between ON- and OFF-responses. The ON-responses were maximally sensitive to both vertically and horizontally polarised light, whereas the OFF-responses displayed maximal sensitivity to horizontally polarised light in all species, with reduced sensitivity to vertically polarised light compared with ON-responses. Because of the similarity in the physiological characteristics of polarisation sensitivity among the salmonid species examined, no relationship between the degree of migratory tendency and the ability to detect polarised light could be identified.

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13

Singh, Kawarpal, Corentin Jacquemmoz, Patrick Giraudeau, Lucio Frydman, and Jean-Nicolas Dumez. "Ultrafast 2D 1H–1H NMR spectroscopy of DNP-hyperpolarised substrates for the analysis of mixtures." Chemical Communications 57, no. 65 (2021): 8035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc03079e.

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Using a fast-injection system for dissolution dynamic nuclear polarisation, ¹H–¹H 2D NMR spectra tailored for the analysis of mixtures are obtained in a single-scan with enhanced sensitivity.

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14

Belušič, Gregor, Katja Šporar, and Andrej Meglič. "Extreme polarisation sensitivity in the retina of the corn borer mothOstrinia." Journal of Experimental Biology 220, no. 11 (March 24, 2017): 2047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.153718.

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15

Paiella, A., A. Coppolecchia, P. de Bernardis, S. Masi, A. Cruciani, L. Lamagna, G. Pettinari, et al. "Total power horn-coupled 150 GHz LEKID array for space applications." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 06 (June 1, 2022): 009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/06/009.

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Abstract We have developed two arrays of lumped element kinetic inductance detectors working in the D-band, and optimised for the low radiative background conditions of a satellite mission aiming at precision measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. The first detector array is sensitive to the total power of the incoming radiation to which is coupled via single-mode waveguides and corrugated feed-horns, while the second is sensitive to the polarisation of the radiation thanks to orthomode transducers. Here, we focus on the total power detector array, which is suitable, for instance, for precision measurements of unpolarised spectral distortions of the CMB, where detecting both polarisations provides a sensitivity advantage. We describe the optimisation of the array design, fabrication and packaging, the dark and optical characterisation, and the performance of the black-body calibrator used for the optical tests. We show that almost all the detectors of the array are photon-noise limited under the radiative background of a 3.6 K black-body. This result, combined with the weak sensitivity to cosmic ray hits demonstrated with the OLIMPO flight, validates the idea of using lumped elements kinetic inductance detectors for precision, space-based CMB missions.

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16

Wilkinson, I. J., and C. J. Rowe. "Close-spaced fused fibre wavelength division multiplexers with very low polarisation sensitivity." Electronics Letters 26, no. 6 (1990): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19900249.

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17

Bissessur, H., F. Gaborit, P. Pagnod-Rossiaux, M. Renaud, B. Martin, and J. L. Peyre. "16 channel phased array wavelength demultiplexer on InP with low polarisation sensitivity." Electronics Letters 30, no. 4 (February 17, 1994): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19940237.

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18

Asthalter, Tanja, and Wolf Weyrich. "The Anisotropy of the Reciprocal Form Factor and the Electronic Structure of Crystalline Lithium Hydride." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 48, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1993): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1993-1-257.

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Abstract New high-precision measurements of the isotropic as well as of three directional Compton spectra of lithium hydride have been carried out using241 Am as a γ-ray source. In order to account for the extreme sensitivity of LiH powder to atmospheric moisture, the final data (i.e. the reciprocal form factor) were corrected for the LiOH content determined by titrimetric analysis. For the interpretation of the data, theoretical calculations were carried out using a Hartree-Fock program for periodic systems (CRYSTAL). Basis sets published by Dovesi et al. were used, one of which allows for polarisation of both the hydride and lithium ions. Comparison of the theoretical data with the experiment shows much better agreement of the results of complete solid-state calculations that take into account higher-order effects (polarisation and covalency) than those obtained by Löwdin orthogonalisation of free-ion wave functions (which assumes pure ionicity, neglecting all but first-order effects). The influence of further polarisation functions on the reciprocal form factor is inves-tigated and discussed. The remaining discrepancies are attributed to electron-electron correlation.

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19

Rizzato, Roberto, and Marina Bennati. "Enhanced sensitivity of electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) by cross polarisation and relaxation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16, no. 17 (2014): 7681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp55395g.

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20

Tzeng, L. D., T. W. Cline, and A. A. M. Saleh. "Measurement of excess sensitivity penalty of a four-diode polarisation diversity coherent receiver." Electronics Letters 24, no. 6 (1988): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19880223.

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21

Ojha, S. M., G. H. B. Thompson, C. G. Cureton, C. B. Rogers, S. J. Clements, M. Asghari, and I. H. White. "Demonstration of low loss integrated InGaAsP/InP demultiplexer device with low polarisation sensitivity." Electronics Letters 29, no. 9 (1993): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19930538.

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22

Morakchi, K., A. Zazoua, A. Hamel, Saida Zougar, R. Kherrat, and Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault. "Functionalization of ISE Sensor for Metal Ion Detection." Materials Science Forum 609 (January 2009): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.609.249.

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In this work, we report the study of functionalized platinum (Pt) electrodes based on a polymeric membrane (PVC) including an ionophore (ethyln diamin tetracetic EDTA) sensitive for mercury ions Hg2+. The optimised working conditions of the sensors have been studied with regard to the sensitivity performances; in particular, the polarisation was adjusted to - 0.2V/SCE. Ion sensitivity of sensors have been tested for Hg(II) via Cd(II) in aqueous solution. A layer of EDTA deposited on platinum electrode has been characterised by impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry methods.

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23

Aumont, J., J. F. Macías-Pérez, A. Ritacco, N. Ponthieu, and A. Mangilli. "Absolute calibration of the polarisation angle for future CMB B-mode experiments from current and future measurements of the Crab nebula." Astronomy & Astrophysics 634 (February 2020): A100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833504.

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A tremendous international effort is currently dedicated to observing the so-called primordial B modes of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarisation. If measured, this faint signal, caused by the primordial gravitational wave background, would be evidence of the inflation epoch and quantify its energy scale, providing a rigorous test of fundamental physics far beyond the reach of accelerators. At the unprecedented sensitivity level that the new generation of CMB experiments aims to reach, every uncontrolled instrumental systematic effect will potentially result in an analysis bias that is larger than the much sought-after CMB B-mode signal. The absolute calibration of the polarisation angle is particularly important in this context because any associated error will end up in leakage from the much larger E modes into B modes. The Crab nebula (Tau A), with its bright microwave synchrotron emission, is one of the few objects in the sky that can be used as absolute polarisation calibrators. In this paper we review the currently best constraints on its polarisation angle from 23 to 353 GHz at typical angular scales for CMB observations from WMAP, XPOL, Planck, and NIKA data. These polarisation angle measurements are compatible with a constant angle of −88.26° ±0.27° (assuming that systematic errors are independent between frequencies and that the experiments fully capture the extent of the Crab nebula). We study the uncertainty on this mean angle under different considerations for combinations of the individual measurement errors. For each of the cases, we study the potential effect on the CMB B-mode spectrum and on the recovered r parameter through a likelihood analysis. We find that current constraints on the Crab polarisation angle, assuming it is constant through microwave frequencies, allow us to calibrate experiments with an accuracy enabling the measurement of r ∼ 0.01. On the other hand, even under the most optimistic assumptions, current constraints will lead to an important limitation for the detection of r ∼ 10−3. New realistic measurement of the Crab nebula can change this situation by strengthening the assumption of the consistency across microwave frequencies and reducing the combined error.

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24

Anderson, Craig, George Heald, Shane O’Sullivan, John Bunton, Ettore Carretti, Aaron Chippendale, Jordan Collier, et al. "The Extraordinary Linear Polarisation Structure of the Southern Centaurus A Lobe Revealed by ASKAP." Galaxies 6, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6040127.

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We present observations of linear polarisation in the southern radio lobe of Centaurus A, conducted during commissioning of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope. We used 16 antennas to observe a 30 square degree region in a single 12-h pointing over a 240 MHz band centred on 913 MHz. Our observations achieve an angular resolution of 26 × 33 arcseconds (480 parsecs), a maximum recoverable angular scale of 30 arcminutes, and a full-band sensitivity of 85 μ Jy beam − 1 . The resulting maps of polarisation and Faraday rotation are amongst the most detailed ever made for radio lobes, with order 10 5 resolution elements covering the source. We describe several as-yet unreported observational features of the lobe, including its detailed peak Faraday depth structure, and intricate networks of depolarised filaments. These results demonstrate the exciting capabilities of ASKAP for widefield radio polarimetry.

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25

Wagner, T., S. Beirle, T. Deutschmann, and M. Penning de Vries. "A sensitivity analysis of Ring effect to aerosol properties and comparison to satellite observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 6 (December 16, 2010): 1723–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1723-2010.

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Abstract. In this study we explore the sensitivity of satellite observations of the Ring effect (at various wavelengths) to atmospheric aerosol properties. Compared to clouds, aerosols have a rather weak influence on the Ring effect, thus the requirements on the accuracy of the measurements and the radiative transfer simulations are high. In this study, we show that for moderate and high aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ring effect observations are sensitive enough to yield information not only on the AOD, but also on the absorbing properties of aerosols and the aerosol layer height. The latter two quantities are especially important for the determination of the radiative effects of aerosols. Our investigations are based on observations by the satellite instrument SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT (2004–2008) and on model simulations using the Monte-Carlo radiative transfer model McArtim. In addition to the Ring effect we investigate the impact of aerosols on the absorptions of the oxygen molecule (O2) and dimer (O4) as well as the radiance. In general good consistency between measured and simulated quantities is found. In some cases also systematic differences occurred, which are probably mainly related to the strong polarisation sensitivity of the SCIAMACHY instrument. Our study indicates that Ring effect observations have important advantages for aerosol retrievals: they can be analysed with high accuracy in various wavelength ranges; and depending on the wavelength range, they show different sensitivities on aerosol properties like single scattering albedo, optical depth or layer height. The results of this study are of particular interest for future aerosol inversion algorithms for satellite instruments with reduced polarisation sensitivity and smaller ground pixels, capable of measuring the Ring effect with higher accuracy.

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26

Kaddoum, G., T. Lambard, and F. Gagnon. "Performance analysis of a chaos shift keying system with polarisation sensitivity under multipath channel." IET Communications 6, no. 12 (2012): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2011.0834.

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27

McPhedran, R. C., L. C. Botten, A. A. Asatryan, N. A. Nicorovici, C. Martijn de Sterke, and P. A. Robinson. "Ordered and Disordered Photonic Band Gap Materials." Australian Journal of Physics 52, no. 5 (1999): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph98110.

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We discuss a formulation and computer implementation of a new method that can be used to determine the electromagnetic properties of ordered and disordered dielectric and metallic cylinders, using periodic boundary conditions in one direction. We show results which exhibit strong parallels with the behaviour of electrons in disordered semiconductors, but also illustrate some characteristics which clearly differentiate between photonic and electronic behaviour. Among these are strong polarisation sensitivity and effects due to metallic absorption.

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28

Mulkerns, Niall M. C., William H. Hoffmann, Ian D. Lindsay, and Henkjan Gersen. "Shedding Light on Capillary-Based Backscattering Interferometry." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062157.

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Capillary-based backscattering interferometry has been used extensively as a tool to measure molecular binding via interferometric refractive index sensing. Previous studies have analysed the fringe patterns created in the backscatter direction. However, polarisation effects, spatial chirps in the fringe pattern and the practical impact of various approximations, and assumptions in existing models are yet to be fully explored. Here, two independent ray tracing approaches are applied, analysed, contrasted, compared to experimental data, and improved upon by introducing explicit polarisation dependence. In doing so, the significance of the inner diameter, outer diameter, and material of the capillary to the resulting fringe pattern and subsequent analysis are elucidated for the first time. The inner diameter is shown to dictate the fringe pattern seen, and therefore, the effectiveness of any dechirping algorithm, demonstrating that current dechirping methods are only valid for a subset of capillary dimensions. Potential improvements are suggested in order to guide further research, increase sensitivity, and promote wider applicability.

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29

Ryu, Meguya, Reo Honda, Aina Reich, Adrian Cernescu, Jing-Liang Li, Jingwen Hu, Saulius Juodkazis, and Junko Morikawa. "Near-Field IR Orientational Spectroscopy of Silk." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9193991.

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Orientational dependence of the IR absorbing amide bands of silk is demonstrated from two orthogonal longitudinal and transverse microtome slices with a thickness of only ∼100 nm. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) which preferentially probes orientation perpendicular to the sample’s surface was used. Spatial resolution of the silk–epoxy boundary was ∼100 nm resolution, while the spectra were collected by a ∼10 nm tip. Ratio of the absorbance of the amide-II C-N at 1512 cm − 1 and amide-I C=O β -sheets at 1628 cm − 1 showed sensitivity of SNOM to the molecular orientation. SNOM characterisation is complimentary to the far-field absorbance which is sensitive to the in-plane polarisation. Volumes with cross sections smaller than 100 nm can be characterised for molecular orientation. A method of absorbance measurements at four angles of the slice cut orientation, which is equivalent to the four polarisation angles absorbance measurement, is proposed.

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30

Šestáková, Ivana, and Tomáš Navrátil. "Voltammetric Methods in Metallothionein Research." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 3, no. 1-2 (2005): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/bca.2005.43.

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The application of voltammetric methods using different rates of polarisation on HMDE reveal inert or labile behaviour of Cd- or Zn- complexes in the presence of excessive cadmium or zinc ions in solution. This phenomenon was demonstrated first on the simplest phytochelatin – complex of peptide(γ-Glu-Cys)2Glywith cadmium, later on rabbit liver metallothioneins –Cd7MTin the presence of cadmium andCd5Zn2MTin the presence of zinc. Voltammetric methods can distinguish between labile and inert complexes present simultaneously and therefore could elucidate their role in reactions of metal ion transfer.Another method using different rates of polarisation – elimination voltammetry with linear scan – proved that S-tetracoordinated complexes of Cd(II) or Zn(II) in the above-mentioned metallothioneins on HMDE are reduced in the adsorbed state. This implies the possibility of increasing the sensitivity of identification or determination of the above complexes. On carbon composite electrode, similar behaviour of Cd-complexes as on HMDE was observed using differential pulse voltammetry.

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31

Tickner, Ben J., Vladimir V. Zhivonitko, and Ville-Veikko Telkki. "Ultrafast Laplace NMR to study metal–ligand interactions in reversible polarisation transfer from parahydrogen." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 31 (2021): 16542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02383g.

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Ultrafast Laplace NMR can monitor changes in ligand dynamics due to metal ligation and isotope exchange. A 300-fold sensitivity boost from SABRE hyperpolarisation can provide a 1440-fold time saving in determination of D and T₂.

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32

Sandel, D., R. Noé, V. Mirvoda, S. Hinz, and F. Wüst. "84 fs PMD detection sensitivity in 2 × 40 Gbit/s RZ polarisation multiplex transmission experiment." Electronics Letters 37, no. 19 (2001): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20010791.

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33

Simon, J. C., B. Landousies, Y. Bossis, P. Doussiere, B. Fernier, and C. Padioleau. "Gain, polarisation sensitivity and saturation power of 1.5 μm near-travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier." Electronics Letters 23, no. 7 (1987): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19870246.

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34

Noé, R., H. Rodler, A. Ebberg, G. Gaukel, and F. Auracher. "Optical FSK transmission with pattern-independent 119 photoelectrons/bit receiver sensitivity and endless polarisation control." Electronics Letters 25, no. 12 (1989): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19890511.

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35

Baba, K., T. Hasegawa, and M. Miyagi. "Cube add/drop optical filter with low polarisation sensitivity using a metal island multilayer filter." Electronics Letters 34, no. 15 (1998): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19981086.

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36

CALLA, OPN, KISHANLAL GADRI, RAHUL SHARMA, SUNILKUMAR AGRAHARI, ABHISHEK KALLA, and GAURAV RATHORE. "Microwave remote sensing application for monitoring of floods." MAUSAM 65, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v65i2.955.

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Many times heavy and continuous rains give rise to flooding in the rivers. Devastating floods occurred in rivers Ganga and Kosi in Bihar (India) and in Damodar and Hooghly rivers in West Bengal (India) during 2011. In the present paper, passive microwave remote sensing data is utilized for detection and monitoring of floods that occurred in Darbhanga (Bihar) and Midnapore (West Bengal) India, in the year 2011during monsoon season. Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) brightness temperature (Tb) data at 19 GHz & 91 GHz in both vertical and horizontal polarisations and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Tb data at 1.4 GHz are used to detect and monitor the flood occurrences. An attempt has been made to detect and monitor the flood events using 19 GHz Tb, difference of 19 and 91 GHz Tbs, and 1.4 GHz Tb, with both horizontal and vertical polarizations. Highest sensitivity to flood occurrence is observed for (19 GHz - 91 GHz) Tbs in horizontal polarization. Flood affected areas are mapped using (19 GHz - 91 GHz) Tbhs (Brightness temperatures with horizontal polarisation) values and compared with the Radarsat-1 images to show a general agreement between passive and active microwave remote sensing data. The comparison also shows an over-estimation of flooded area from passive microwave data.

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37

Aumont, J., A. Ritacco, J. F. Macías-Pérez, N. Ponthieu, and A. Mangilli. "Absolute calibration of the polarisation angle for future CMB B-mode experiments from current and future measurements of the Crab nebula." EPJ Web of Conferences 228 (2020): 00003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022800003.

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A tremendous international effort is currently dedicated to observing the so-called primordial B modes of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarisation. If measured, this faint signal imprinted by the primordial gravitational wave background, would be an evidence of the inflation epoch and quantify its energy scale, providing a rigorous test of fundamental physics far beyond the reach of accelerators. At the unprecedented sensitivity level that the new generation of CMB experiments aims to reach, every uncontrolled instrumental systematic effect will potentially result in an analysis bias that is larger than the much sought-after CMB B-mode signal. The absolute calibration of the polarisation angle is particularly important in this sense, as any associated error will end up in a leakage from the much larger E modes into B modes. The Crab nebula (Tau A), with its bright microwave synchrotron emission, is one of the few objects in the sky that can be used as absolute polarisation calibrators. In this communication, we review the best current constraints on its polarization angle from 23 to 353 GHz, at typical angular scales for CMB observations, from WMAP, IRAM XPOL, Planck and NIKA data. We will show that these polarization angle measurements are compatible with a constant angle and we will present a study of the uncertainty on this mean angle, making different considerations on how to combine the individual measurement errors. For each of the cases, the potential impact on the CMB B-mode spectrum and on the recovered r parameter will be explored.

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Lippolis, V., and C. Maragos. "Fluorescence polarisation immunoassays for rapid, accurate and sensitive determination of mycotoxins." World Mycotoxin Journal 7, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2013.1681.

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Fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA) is a type of homogeneous assay. For low molecular weight antigens, such as mycotoxins, it is based on the competition between an unlabeled antigen and its fluorescent-labelled derivative (tracer) for an antigen-specific antibody. The antigen content is determined by measuring the reduction of fluorescence polarisation signal, which in turn is determined by the reduction of tracer molecules able to bind antibody in solution. To develop a competitive FPIA for mycotoxin measurement the tracer has to be synthesised and its binding response with a specific antibody should be tested. Selectivity and sensitivity of the FPIA methods are strictly related to the antibody/tracer combination used. Several FPIA methods for the detection of the major mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and zearalenone in food and beverages have been developed in the last decade. Basic principles, key elements, advantages and limitations of these methods are reviewed. These FPIA methods are simple, readily automated, rapid, and suitable for high-throughput screening, as well as for the reliable quantitative determination of mycotoxins in foods and commodities.

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Payne, Lukas, George Zoriniants, Francesco Masia, Kenton P. Arkill, Paul Verkade, Darren Rowles, Wolfgang Langbein, and Paola Borri. "Optical micro-spectroscopy of single metallic nanoparticles: quantitative extinction and transient resonant four-wave mixing." Faraday Discussions 184 (2015): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00079c.

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We report a wide-field imaging method to rapidly and quantitatively measure the optical extinction cross-section σ_ext (also polarisation resolved) of a large number of individual gold nanoparticles, for statistically-relevant single particle analysis. We demonstrate a sensitivity of 5 nm² in σ_ext, enabling detection of single 5 nm gold nanoparticles with total acquisition times in the 1 min range. Moreover, we have developed an analytical model of the polarisation resolved σ_ext, which enabled us to extract geometrical particle aspect ratios from the measured σ_ext. Using this method, we have characterized a large number of nominally-spherical gold nanoparticles in the 10–100 nm size range. Furthermore, the method provided measurements of in-house fabricated nanoparticle conjugates, allowing distinction of individual dimers from single particles and larger aggregates. The same particle conjugates were investigated correlatively by phase-resolved transient resonant four-wave mixing micro-spectroscopy. A direct comparison of the phase-resolved response between single gold nanoparticles and dimers highlighted the promise of the four-wave mixing technique for sensing applications with dimers as plasmon rulers.

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Nishikiori, S., C. I. Ratcliffe, and J. A. Ripmeester. "113Cd NMR studies of Hofmann-type clathrates and related compounds: Evidence for two room temperature orientational glasses." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-349.

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113Cd magic angle spinning NMR, with and without 1H cross-polarisation and decoupling, has been used to study a number of Hofmann-type clathrates and related compounds. The 113Cd chemical shift shows a great sensitivity to the environment of Cd, even for complexes with closely related structures. The presence of five resonances due to Cd surrounded by CxN(4–x) (where x = 0 to 4) in Cd(CN)2 and Cd(CN)2•C6H12 indicates a static disorder of the CN groups, which makes these materials orientational glasses. Keywords: 113Cd NMR, Hofmann-type clathrates, Cd(CN)2, disorder, orientational glass.

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Chesneau, O., K. Rousselet-Perraut, and F. Vakili. "Interferometry and Stellar Magnetism." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 175 (2000): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100055792.

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AbstractThe classical detection of magnetic fields in Be stars remains a challenge due to the sensitivity threshold and geometrical cancelation of the field effects. We propose to study the Zeeman effect using Spectro-Polarimetric INterferometry (SPIN) which consists of the simultaneous use of polarimetry and very high angular resolution provided by long baseline interferometers. As monitoring of the instrumental polarisation is mandatory in order to calibrate interferometric observations in any case, the polarised signal is a natural by-product of interferometers. This method will be tested on the GI2T interferometer thanks to its high spectral resolution and its polarimetric capabilities.

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Wu, Weijia, Lizhong Gu, Yuefeng Zhang, Xianping Huang, and Weihe Zhou. "Pulmonary Nodule Clinical Trial Data Collection and Intelligent Differential Diagnosis for Medical Internet of Things." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2022 (May 26, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2058284.

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In this paper, the medical Internet of things (IoT) is used to pool data from clinical trials of pulmonary nodules, and on this basis, intelligent differential diagnosis techniques are investigated. A filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing model based on polarisation coding is proposed, where the input data are fed to a modulator after polarisation cascade coding, and the system performance is analysed under a medical Internet of things modulated additive Gaussian white noise channel. The above polarisation-coded filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system components are applied to electroencephalogram (EEG) signal transmission, to which a threshold compression module and a vector reconstruction module are added to address the system power burden associated with the acquisition and transmission of large amounts of real-time EEG data in the medical IoT. In the threshold compression module, the inherent characteristics of EEG signals are analysed, and the generated EEG data are decomposed into multiple symbolic streams and compressed by applying different thresholds to improve the compression ratio while ensuring the quality of service of the application. A deep neural network-based approach is proposed for the detection and diagnosis of lung nodules. Automatic identification and measurement of simulated lung nodules and the corresponding volumes of nodules in images under different conditions are applied. The sensitivity of each AIADS in identifying lung nodules under different convolution kernel conditions, false positives (FP), false negatives (FN), relative volume errors (RVE), the miss detection rate (MDR) for different types of lung nodules, and the performance of each system in predicting the four types of nodules are calculated. In this paper, an interpretable multibranch feature convolutional neural network model is proposed for the diagnosis of benign and malignant lung nodules. It is demonstrated that the proposed model not only yields interpretable lung nodule classification results but also achieves better lung nodule classification performance with an accuracy rate of 97.8%.

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Parkyn, Daryl C., and Craig W. Hawryshyn. "Ethambutol affects the spectral and polarisation sensitivity of on-responses in the optic nerve of rainbow trout." Vision Research 39, no. 25 (December 1999): 4145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00144-3.

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Romagosa, Cleofé, Clara Menendez, Mamudo R. Ismail, Llorenç Quintó, Berta Ferrer, Pedro L. Alonso, and Jaume Ordi. "Polarisation microscopy increases the sensitivity of hemozoin and Plasmodium detection in the histological assessment of placental malaria." Acta Tropica 90, no. 3 (May 2004): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.02.003.

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Lagache, G., M. Béthermin, L. Montier, P. Serra, and M. Tucci. "Impact of polarised extragalactic sources on the measurement of CMB B-mode anisotropies." Astronomy & Astrophysics 642 (October 2020): A232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937147.

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One of the main goals of cosmology is to search for the imprint of primordial gravitational waves in the polarisation filed of the cosmic microwave background to probe inflation theories. One of the obstacles in detecting the primordial signal is that the cosmic microwave background B-mode polarisation must be extracted from among astrophysical contaminations. Most efforts have focus on limiting Galactic foreground residuals, but extragalactic foregrounds cannot be ignored at the large scale (ℓ ≲ 150), where the primordial B-modes are the brightest. We present a complete analysis of extragalactic foreground contamination that is due to polarised emission of radio and dusty star-forming galaxies. We update or use current models that are validated using the most recent measurements of source number counts, shot noise, and cosmic infrared background power spectra. We predict the flux limit (confusion noise) for future cosmic microwave background (CMB) space-based or balloon-borne experiments (IDS, PIPER, SPIDER, LiteBIRD, and PICO), as well as ground-based experiments (C-BASS, NEXT-BASS, QUIJOTE, AdvACTPOL, BICEP3+Keck, BICEPArray, CLASS, Simons Observatory, SPT3G, and S4). The telescope aperture size (and frequency) is the main characteristic that affects the level of confusion noise. Using the flux limits and assuming mean polarisation fractions independent of flux and frequency for radio and dusty galaxies, we computed the B-mode power spectra of the three extragalactic foregrounds (radio source shot noise, dusty galaxy shot noise, and clustering). We discuss their relative levels and compare their amplitudes to that of the primordial tensor modes parametrised by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r. At the reionisation bump (ℓ = 5), contamination by extragalactic foregrounds is negligible. While the contamination is much lower than the targeted sensitivity on r for large-aperture telescopes at the recombination peak (ℓ = 80), it is at a comparable level for some of the medium- (∼1.5 m) and small-aperture telescope (≤0.6 m) experiments. For example, the contamination is at the level of the 68% confidence level uncertainty on the primordial r for the LiteBIRD and PICO space-based experiments. These results were obtained in the absence of multi-frequency component separation (i.e. considering each frequency independently). We stress that extragalactic foreground contaminations have to be included in the input sky models of component separation methods dedicated to the recovery of the CMB primordial B-mode power spectrum. Finally, we also provide some useful unit conversion factors and give some predictions for the SPICA B-BOP experiment, which is dedicated to Galactic and extragalactic polarisation studies. We show that SPICA B-BOP will be limited at 200 and 350 μm by confusion from extragalactic sources for long integrations in polarisation, but very short integrations in intensity.

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Wagner, T., S. Beirle, T. Deutschmann, and M. P. de Vries. "Determination of aerosol properties from satellite observations of the Ring effect." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 4 (August 19, 2010): 3535–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-3535-2010.

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Abstract. In this study we explore the potential of satellite observations of the Ring effect (at various wavelengths) for the retrieval of atmospheric aerosol properties. Compared to clouds, aerosols have a rather weak influence on the Ring effect, thus the requirements on the accuracy of the measurements and the radiative transfer simulations are high. In this study, we show that for moderate and high aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ring effect observations are sensitive enough to yield information not only on the AOD, but also on the absorbing properties of aerosols and the aerosol layer height. The latter two quantities are especially important for the determination of the radiative effects of aerosols. Our investigations are based on observations by the satellite instrument SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT (2004–2008) and on model simulations using the Monte-Carlo radiative transfer model McArtim. In addition to the Ring effect we investigate the impact of aerosols on the absorptions of the oxygen molecule (O2) and dimer (O4) as well as the radiance. In general good consistency between measured and simulated quantities is found. In some cases also systematic differences occurred, which are probably mainly related to the strong polarisation sensitivity of the SCIAMACHY instrument. Our study indicates that Ring effect observations have important advantages for aerosol retrievals: in contrast to O2 and O4 absorptions they are only weakly affected by the surface albedo; they can be analysed with high accuracy in various wavelength ranges; and depending on the wavelength range, they show different sensitivities on aerosol properties like single scattering albedo, optical depth or layer height. The results of this study are of particular interest for future satellite instruments with reduced polarisation sensitivity and smaller ground pixels, capable of measuring the Ring effect with higher accuracy.

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Altamirano, María, Antonio Flores-Moya, Ralph Kuhlenkamp, and Félix L. Figueroa. "Stage-dependent sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in zygotes of the brown alga Fucus serratus." Zygote 11, no. 2 (May 2003): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199403002132.

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Sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UV-A, λ = 315-400 nm; plus UV-B, λ = 280-315 nm) of zygotes of the brown alga Fucus serratus L. (Phaeophyta) has been assessed through effects on growth of developing germlings. Different stages of development were distinguished by considering 5 h periods of time after fertilisation. Both the stage of the zygote and the UV radiation condition significantly affected growth of developing germlings. The negative response of growth rate of early stages of the zygotes to UV radiation seemed to be caused by UV-B rather than UV-A radiation, as the lowest relative growth rates were always estimated for germlings developed from zygotes irradiated with UV-B radiation. As regards the stage of the zygote, those germlings that developed from zygotes irradiated at 5-10 h after fertilisation showed the strongest inhibition of growth compared with the other stages. These results point to polarisation as the most UV-sensitive process during the first 24 h of the development of the zygote. A non-linear relationship between the developmental stage of the zygote and the sensitivity to UV radiation is suggested.

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Ryu, Meguya, Soon Hock Ng, Vijayakumar Anand, Stefan Lundgaard, Jingwen Hu, Tomas Katkus, Dominique Appadoo, et al. "Attenuated Total Reflection at THz Wavelengths: Prospective Use of Total Internal Reflection and Polariscopy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 7632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167632.

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Capabilities of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) at THz wavelengths for increased sub-surface depth characterisation of (bio-)materials are presented. The penetration depth of a THz evanescent wave in biological samples is dependent on the wavelength and temperature and can reach 0.1–0.5 mm depth, due to the strong refractive index change ∼0.4 of the ice-water transition; this is quite significant and important when studying biological samples. Technical challenges are discussed when using ATR for uneven, heterogeneous, high refractive index samples with the possibility of frustrated total internal reflection (a breakdown of the ATR reflection mode into transmission mode). Local field enhancements at the interface are discussed with numerical/analytical examples. Maxwell’s scaling is used to model the behaviour of absorber–scatterer inside the materials at the interface with the ATR prism for realistic complex refractive indices of bio-materials. The modality of ATR with a polarisation analysis is proposed, and its principle is illustrated, opening an invitation for its experimental validation. The sensitivity of the polarised ATR mode to the refractive index between the sample and ATR prism is numerically modelled and experimentally verified for background (air) spectra. The design principles of polarisation active optical elements and spectral filters are outlined. The results and proposed concepts are based on experimental conditions at the THz beamline of the Australian Synchrotron.

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Greenwood, V. J. "Behavioural investigation of polarisation sensitivity in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)." Journal of Experimental Biology 206, no. 18 (September 15, 2003): 3201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00537.

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Mukherjee, Sandip, Snehasis Das, Dipanjan Chattopadhyay, Shuvasree Sarkar, Subhendu Kumar Chatterjee, Dhrubajyoti Talukdar, Sutapa Mukherjee, et al. "Attenuation of macrophage accumulation and polarisation in obese diabetic mice by a small molecule significantly improved insulin sensitivity." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 501, no. 3 (June 2018): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.068.

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