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Journal articles on the topic 'Polar liquid'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Tabassum, Shagufta, and V. P. Pawar. "Complex permittivity spectra of binary polar liquids using time domain reflectometry." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 08, no. 03 (June 2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x18500194.

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The study of complex properties in a binary mixture of polar liquids has been carried out in the frequency range of 10[Formula: see text]MHz to 30 GHz at 293[Formula: see text]K and 298[Formula: see text]K temperatures using time domain reflectometry. The complex properties of polar liquids in binary mixture give information about the frequency dispersion in the dielectric permittivity ([Formula: see text]) and dielectric loss ([Formula: see text]). The information regarding the orientation of electric dipoles in a polar liquid mixture is given by Kirkwood parameters. The Bruggeman parameters are used as the indicator of liquid1 and liquid2 interaction. Molar entropy ([Formula: see text]) and molar enthalpy ([Formula: see text]) are also discussed at the end of the paper.

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2

Monder, Hila, Leo Bielenki, Hanna Dodiuk, Anna Dotan, and Samuel Kenig. "Poly (Dimethylsiloxane) Coating for Repellency of Polar and Non-Polar Liquids." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 2423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102423.

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The wettability of poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coating on plasma-treated glass was studied at room temperature using polar and non-polar liquids. The wettability was investigated regarding the liquids’ surface tensions (STs), dielectric constants (DCs) and solubility parameters (SPs). For polar liquids, the contact angle (CA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) are controlled by the DCs and non-polar liquids by the liquids’ STs. Solubility parameter difference between the PDMS and the liquids demonstrated that non-polar liquids possessed lower CAH. An empirical model that integrates the interfacial properties of liquid/PDMS has been composed. Accordingly, the difference between the SPs of PDMS and the liquid is the decisive factor affecting CAH, followed by the differences in DCs and STs. Moreover, the interaction between the DCs and the SPs is of importance to minimize CAH. It has been concluded that CAH, and not CA, is the decisive attribute for liquid repellency of PDMS coating.

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3

Bolotov, Alexander, and Georgy Burdo. "Magnetic fluid method for sealing liquid media." E3S Web of Conferences 383 (2023): 04081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338304081.

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Magnetic fluid seals for sealing gas environments are widely used in various industries due to their undeniable advantages. However, such seals are not capable of reliable sealing of liquid media with different polarities. The paper analyses physicochemical processes that lead to destructing magnetic fluid in a seal under the influence of a liquid medium in contact with it. There are results of experimental studies on sealing using magnetic seals of non-magnetic fluids with different polarity. The authors studied the tightness of a magnetic fluid seal capacity in contact with weakly polar liquids: MVP instrument oil, vaseline oil, and water as a highly polar liquid. For sealing water, the authors chose magnetic fluids with liquid siloxanes as the basis; they are immiscible with water and hydrophobic. Weakly polar liquids were sealed using magnetic fluid with a dispersion medium of triethanolamine, which is almost insoluble in hydrocarbon liquids and has a high dielectric permittivity and surface tension comparable in magnitude. It is established that magnetic fluid based on triethanolamine reliably seals the experimental bearing from penetrating of weakly polar liquids at an overpressure of 10 kPa and below. To seal polar liquid media, it seems promising to use oleophobic magnetic fluids based on PES-5, containing a large amount of filler in the form of ferrite particles. A magnetic fluid should have the smallest possible contact area with the sealed fluid and maintain a laminar flow regime.

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4

Zhi, Huiqiang, Youquan Bao, Lu Wang, and Yixing Mi. "Extinguishing performance of alcohol-resistant firefighting foams on polar flammable liquid fires." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119893732.

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The protection of polar flammable liquid storage tanks from fire is an important matter related to the safe production of enterprises and to the safety of people’s lives and property. Although the foam fire-extinguishing system has long been the main means for the fire protection of flammable liquid storage tanks, the influence of the physical properties of polar flammable liquids on the fire-extinguishing characteristics of alcohol-resistant foams has not been well studied, which causes many problems for engineering design. In the present work, 14 kinds of polar flammable liquids were used to carry out non-ignition tests and alcohol-resistant foam fire-extinguishing tests. The results show that water-miscible and water-immiscible polar flammable liquids exhibit significant differences in their interactions with the alcohol-resistant foams under non-ignition conditions. A lower specific gravity and a higher heat of combustion of polar flammable liquids will result in a longer time needed for fire control, and a higher saturated vapor pressure of polar flammable liquids will result in a longer time needed to extinguish the edge fire. In addition, the tests show that the forceful application of alcohol-resistant foams is not conducive to extinguishing fires involving polar flammable liquids and cannot even control the fires.

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5

Takezoe, Hideo, and Fumito Araoka. "Polar columnar liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals 41, no. 3 (September 9, 2013): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2013.834079.

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6

Useinova, S. "Application of the Variational Method in Studying of Polar Liquids and Their Concentrated Solutions." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/85/02.

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The developed new variational method for measuring the permittivity ξ' and dielectric losses ξ'' of polar liquids is free from a number of shortcomings. At which the minimum amplitude of the reflected wave (ρ) or the standing wave coefficient η takes place, and the value of ηm at this liquid thickness is based on measuring the thickness of the liquid layer in the cell. A variant of this method was considered in the assumption of the active value of the initial resistance of the waveguide section with liquid at the layer thickness corresponding to the minimum value of (ρ) or η, justified only for the case of polar liquids with low dielectric losses. Thus, polar liquids — cyclopentanol, cyclopentanone and their concentrated solutions in each other were studied for the first time, and variational method found a worthy application as the results showed.

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7

van Leeuwen, M. E., and B. Smit. "What makes a polar liquid a liquid?" Physical Review Letters 71, no. 24 (December 13, 1993): 3991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.71.3991.

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8

Kloubek, Jan. "Interactions of components and elements of the surface free energy at interfaces." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 2 (1991): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19910277.

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A new hypothesis is suggested for the evaluation of the components (γd and γab) and the elements (γa and γb) of the surface free energy. The respective equations are introduced for the interactions at interfaces between a non-polar acid and non-polar base, a polar phase and non-polar acid or base, and two polar phases. The dispersion component, γd, equals the total surface free energy of non-polar phases. However, they can interact at the interface as an acid or a base through their single permanent elements γa or γb, respectively. Otherwise, induced elements γia and γib can also be effective. The surface free energy of polar phases is additively composed of the dispersion, γd, and acid-base components, γab = 2(γaγb)1/2. The proposed equation are verified using the known values of the surface and interfacial free energies for the liquid-liquid systems and they are applied to the solid-liquid interfaces. The values of the elements are determined for water, γwa = 67.7 and γwb = 10.6 mJ/m2, and for other liquids, such as glycerol, formamide, mercury, benzene, diethyl ether and trichloromethane.

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9

Pandey, KamalKr, Abhishek Kumar Misra, and Rajiv Manohar. "Nano Doped Weakly Polar versus Highly Polar Liquid Crystal." Advanced Electrochemistry 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/adel.2014.1032.

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10

Pandey, Kamal Kumar, Abhishek Kumar Misra, and Rajiv Manohar. "Nano-doped weakly polar versus highly polar liquid crystal." Applied Nanoscience 6, no. 2 (March 7, 2015): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0423-9.

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11

Kano, S., and H. Mekaru. "Impedance Response of Insulator Nanoparticle Films with Condensed Chemical Vapor: Structural Isomers and Aprotic Chemicals." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 057005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/acd1ad.

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Rapid electrical analysis of chemical liquids is a promising technique for on-site evaluation. In this study, the electrical impedance response of insulator nanoparticle films with condensed chemical vapors was investigated in structural isomers and polar aprotic chemical liquids. Headspace vapor was condensed in the nanoscale void between the nanoparticles, and ionic conduction subsequently occurred under an AC voltage. The transient electrical impedance response depends on the vapor pressure and conductivity of the liquid isomers. A chemical liquid of the structural isomers was identified by monitoring the impedance during exposure to its headspace vapor. The response time of the film impedance was 10.6, 4.7, 7.5, and 2.4 s for 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and tert-butyl alcohol, respectively. Furthermore, the current conduction mechanism in the polar aprotic chemicals was discussed. Although these chemicals did not form molecular networks with the hydrogen bonds, the electrical current flowed in the system. We proposed that hydrogen bonds mediated by water molecules were formed and proton hopping through the condensed polar aprotic liquid occurred. This proposed method has the potential to detect protic and aprotic polar chemical vapors.

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12

Calado, M. S., Z. Petrovski, M. S. Manic, V. Najdanovic-Visak, E. A. Macedo, and Z. P. Visak. "Liquid–liquid equilibria of imidazolium ionic liquids having bistriflamide or triflate anions with aromatic non-polar and polar compounds." Fluid Phase Equilibria 337 (January 2013): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2012.10.007.

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13

Fukaya, Yukinobu, Takuro Nakano, and Hiroyuki Ohno. "Rheopectic Gel Formation of Stimuli-Responsive Ionic Liquid/Water Mixtures." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 1 (2017): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16228.

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A new class of hydrophobic and polar ionic liquids was prepared by coupling hydrophobic tetraoctylphosphonium cation and polar phosphonate-derived anions. Mixtures of these ionic liquids and water showed lower critical solution temperature-type phase behaviour. Furthermore, these mixtures displayed thermoreversible, however, non-linear viscosity change despite their large content of water. The abrupt increase in the viscosity was explained by the occurrence of rheopectic gelation of the ionic liquid/water mixtures by external stimuli such as shear stress.

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14

Shreve, A. P., J. P. R. B. Walton, and K. E. Gubbins. "Liquid drops of polar molecules." Journal of Chemical Physics 85, no. 4 (August 15, 1986): 2178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451111.

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15

Jang, Jeong Gyu, Si-Tae Noh, and Young Chan Bae. "Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of Dendrimer in Polar Solvent." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 104, no. 31 (August 2000): 7404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp994376e.

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16

Jain, Abhay K., and Sharad K. Gupta. "Recovery of Small Organic Liquid : Electro-osmotic Separation of Non-Polar Liquid from its Solution in Polar Liquid." Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences 8, no. 4 (April 7, 2018): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29055/jccs/630.

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17

Kuroda, Kosuke, Chiaki Kodo, Kazuaki Ninomiya, and Kenji Takahashi. "A Polar Liquid Zwitterion Does Not Critically Destroy Cytochrome c at High Concentration: An Initial Comparative Study with a Polar Ionic Liquid." Australian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 2 (2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch18533.

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A polar carboxylate-type zwitterion with a small volume of water can dissolve cytochrome c without significant disruption, compared with the case of a popular polar carboxylate-type ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. A change in the Soret, Q, and 615nm bands was not observed in the 80 wt-% polar zwitterion solution, whereas a shift in the Soret band, diminishing Q band, and appearance of the 615nm band was found in the 80 wt-% polar ionic liquid solution. It suggests that concentrated polar ionic liquid solutions critically disrupt the structure of cytochrome c, and the polar zwitterion solution used in this study was better than a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate solution in a high concentration range.

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18

Tie, Lu, Jing Li, Zhiguang Guo, Yongmin Liang, and Weimin Liu. "An all superantiwetting surface in water–oil–air systems." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 12 (2019): 6957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta12521j.

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Six superantiwetting states, superhydrophobicity, superoleophobicity, underoil superhydrophobicity, underwater superoleophobicity, and underoil and underwater superaerophobicity, are realized on one surface. The all superantiwetting surface can be extended to polar liquid–nonpolar liquid–air systems and be used for on-demand separation of immiscible organic liquids.

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19

de Souza, J. Pedro, Alexei A. Kornyshev, and Martin Z. Bazant. "Polar liquids at charged interfaces: A dipolar shell theory." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 24 (June 28, 2022): 244705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096439.

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The structure of polar liquids and electrolytic solutions, such as water and aqueous electrolytes, at interfaces underlies numerous phenomena in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. In this work, we develop a continuum theory that captures the essential features of dielectric screening by polar liquids at charged interfaces, including decaying spatial oscillations in charge and mass, starting from the molecular properties of the solvent. The theory predicts an anisotropic dielectric tensor of interfacial polar liquids previously studied in molecular dynamics simulations. We explore the effect of the interfacial polar liquid properties on the capacitance of the electrode/electrolyte interface and on hydration forces between two plane-parallel polarized surfaces. In the linear response approximation, we obtain simple formulas for the characteristic decay lengths of molecular and ionic profiles at the interface.

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20

Samantaray, B., M. K. Praharaj, B. R. Das, and S. P. Das. "Comparative Study of Molecular Interaction in Ternary Liquid Mixtures of Polar and Non-Polar Solvents." Journal of Scientific Research 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v14i3.57587.

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Ultrasonic velocity measurements, density measurements, and viscometric studies were conducted for the ternary mixture of pyridine and toluene separately with N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in butanol, at different temperatures and for different concentrations of component liquids. Using these basic experimental data, various acoustic and thermodynamic parameters, such as adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf,), free volume (Vf), etc. were calculated. Also, Excess thermo-acoustical parameters were calculated from the experimentally measured data. The outcomes were expressed in terms of the molecular interactions and the variations in parameters under varying solute concentrations. A comparative study is discussed. Variation in the above parameters for the different mixtures is indicative of the nature of the interactions between the components in the liquid mixture. Concluding remarks regarding intermolecular interactions are provided.

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21

Sandeep Sudhanshu. "Viscosities of binary liquid mixtures of polar and non-polar solvents at 303.15 k." Middle European Scientific Bulletin 6 (November 23, 2020): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47494/mesb.2020.6.124.

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This paper explains the various characteristics of liquid and liquid mixtures. In this paper viscosities for the binary liquid mixtures of methyl ethyl ketone with benzene, nitrobenzene, cblorobenzene and bromobenzene were determined at 303.15 K. The deviation in viscosity was calculated and its behaviours was studied as a function of mole fraction. The deviation in viscosity is negative in the system methyl ethyl ketone with benzene and is positive in the other systems. The results were discussed in terms of interactions.

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22

Ksia̧czak, Andrzej, and Jerzy Jan Kosiński. "Liquid-liquid equilibrium in binary polar aromatic + hydrocarbon systems." Fluid Phase Equilibria 59, no. 3 (January 1990): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(90)80005-v.

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23

Okoye, O., A. Onyewuchi, and C. Uche. "Synthesis of Flavonoids Derivatives using Polar and Non-Polar Extract of Red Onion Skin (Quercetin) with Cashew Nut Shell Liquid." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i5.22.

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Red Onion skin extract and Cashew nut shell liquid has been considered as one of the best antioxidant and anti-inflammatory precursors, as it contains various polyphenols and important flavonoids. In this research, flavonoid derivatives were successfully synthesized from polar and non-polar extract of red onion skin, non-polar extract of cashew nut shell liquid and a combination of the onion skin extracts and cashew nut shell liquid. In this process, crude red onion skin extract was obtained using potassium carbonate via maceration process and acetone via soxhlet extraction. Cashew nut shell liquid was extracted using acetone via soxhlet extraction. The synthesis was carried out via the Williams ether synthesis using 1,2-dibromoethane in the presence of a base catalyst. FTIR of the products confirmed its modification. From the result, it can be concluded that the non-polar extract performed better than the polar extract. Hence for further studies, non-polar solvents should be considered for extraction.

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24

Lenhard, Robert J., and Royal H. Brooks. "Comparison of Liquid Retention Curves with Polar and Nonpolar Liquids." Soil Science Society of America Journal 49, no. 4 (July 1985): 816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040005x.

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25

(Lin Lei), L. Lam. "Bowlic and Polar Liquid Crystal Polymers." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 155, no. 1 (February 1988): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268948808070393.

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26

Gao, Haixiang, Junchun Li, Buxing Han, Wenna Chen, Jianling Zhang, Rui Zhang, and Dadong Yan. "Microemulsions with ionic liquid polar domains." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 6, no. 11 (2004): 2914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b402977a.

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27

Vanakaras, A. G., and D. J. Photinos. "Polar Molecular Organisation in Liquid Crystals." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 395, no. 1 (January 2003): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400390193783.

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28

Takezoe, Hideo. "Historical Overview of Polar Liquid Crystals." Ferroelectrics 468, no. 1 (July 30, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2014.932653.

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29

Titov, S. V., and Yu K. Tovbin. "Lattice model of a polar liquid." Russian Chemical Bulletin 60, no. 1 (January 2011): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-011-0002-5.

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30

Dolganov, P. V., and V. K. Dolganov. "Polar liquid crystals with multilayer ordering." JETP Letters 101, no. 7 (April 2015): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364015070061.

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31

Carré, Alain. "Polar interactions at liquid/polymer interfaces." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 21, no. 10 (January 2007): 961–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856107781393875.

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32

Capar, M. Ilk, A. Nar, A. V. Zakharov, and A. A. Vakulenko. "Flexoelastic properties of polar liquid crystals." Physics of the Solid State 53, no. 2 (February 2011): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783411020077.

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33

Agathopoulos, Simeon, M. Nedea, Brandusa Ghiban, José Maria F. Ferreira, and P. Nikolopoulos. "Surface Energies Acting at the Interfaces of Ceramics and Glasses while in Contact with Organic and Biological Liquids." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 1023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.1023.

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The surface energy components which govern the interfacial interactions between bioinert solid substrates of partial stabilized ZrO2 (with 3 mol% Y2O3) and a glass with a composition of 55SiO2×10Na2O×35MgO in contact with organic and biological liquids under equilibrium regime, were determined. The experimental results indicated that the interfacial bonding between zirconia and the polar liquids is result of interactions due to dispersion forces. In the case of the glass, polar forces significantly contribute to solid/liquid interfacial interactions.

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34

Oka, A., G. Sinha, C. Glorieux, and J. Thoen. "Broadband dielectric studies of weakly polar and non-polar liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals 31, no. 1 (January 2004): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678290310001611968.

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35

Rajagopal, K., T. A. Prasada Rao, V. Madhurima, J. Sobhanadri, V. R. K. Murthy, and B. Vishwanathan. "Electro optic Kerr effect studies of polar-polar binary liquid mixtures." Journal of Molecular Liquids 76, no. 1-2 (April 1998): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7322(97)00099-8.

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36

Outcalt, Stephanie L., and Arno Laesecke. "Compressed-liquid densities of two highly polar+non-polar binary systems." Journal of Molecular Liquids 173 (September 2012): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2012.06.014.

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37

Hoang, Hai, and Guillaume Galliero. "Predictive Tait equation for non-polar and weakly polar fluids: Applications to liquids and liquid mixtures." Fluid Phase Equilibria 425 (October 2016): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2016.05.026.

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38

Wilhelm, Emmerich. "The fascinating world of pure and mixed nonelectrolytes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 8 (January 1, 2005): 1317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577081317.

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In the first part of this work, the focus is on the molar heat capacity CV at constant volume of fairly simple liquids. This quantity contains valuable information on the type of motion executed by the constituent molecules. Using the residual property formalism, the (hindered) rotational behavior of quasi-rigid molecules in the dense liquid phase will be discussed. To this end, the change of CV determined for states along the saturation curve has to be resolved into the separated changes with temperature and volume, respectively. In the second part, the focus is on binary liquid mixtures containing one strongly polar component. Polar interactions constitute an important example of orientational forces between molecules, and substantial deviations of the properties of polar fluids from those of comparable nonpolar fluids are to be expected and indeed observed. At sufficiently low temperatures, these directional forces lead to significantly increased local structure. Extension of these ideas to liquid mixtures allows a semi-quantitative discussion of W-shaped excess molar heat capacities CpE at constant pressure and M-shaped excess molar enthalpies HE.

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39

Prasanna, Thushara Haridas, Mridula Shantha, Anju Pradeep, and Pezholil Mohanan. "Identification of polar liquids using support vector machine based classification model." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v11.i4.pp1507-1516.

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<div align="left">The dispersive nature of polar liquids creates ambiguity in their identification process. It requires a long time and effort to compare the measured values with the available standard values to identify the unknown liquid. Nowadays machine learning techniques are being used widely to assist the measurement techniques and make predictions with great accuracy and less human effort. This paper proposes a support vector machine (SVM) based classification model for the identification of six polar liquids- butan-1-ol, dimethyl sulphoxide, ethanediol, ethanol, methanol and propan-1-ol for a temperature range of 10 °C–50 °C and frequency range of 0.1 GHz – 5 GHz. The model is constructed using the data from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) report MAT 23. The identification of unknown liquid is based on complex permittivity measurement. If the measurement error in complex permittivity is less than ±6% of the standard value in NPL report, the proposed model identifies the liquids with 100% accuracy in the entire temperature and frequency range. The performance of the model is validated by testing the model with data external to the dataset used. The findings show that the proposed model is a useful and efficient tool for identifying unknown polar liquids.</div>

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40

Gobrogge, Eric A., B. Lauren Woods, and Robert A. Walker. "Liquid organization and solvation properties at polar solid/liquid interfaces." Faraday Discussions 167 (2013): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3fd00071k.

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41

Stuurman, H. W., C. Pettersson, and E. Heldin. "Adsorption of polar solutes in reversed-phase liquid-liquid chromatography." Chromatographia 25, no. 8 (August 1988): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02290471.

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42

Li, Zheng, Zidan Zhang, Simon Smolders, Xiaohua Li, Stijn Raiguel, Erik Nies, Dirk E. De Vos, and Koen Binnemans. "Enhancing Metal Separations by Liquid–Liquid Extraction Using Polar Solvents." Chemistry – A European Journal 25, no. 39 (June 24, 2019): 9197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201901800.

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43

Zhang, Chunxue, Xiangyang Che, Tianren Zhang, Binglian Bai, Haitao Wang, and Min Li. "Solvent-dependent gelation behaviour and liquid crystal properties of a bent-core dihydrazide derivative." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 17 (2017): 9482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj01197k.

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Both liquid crystalline gel and crystalline gel are obtained by changing the solvent from non-polar to polar. Liquid crystalline gels exhibit better elastic property over crystalline gel from EtOH. And their corresponding xerogels show distinct mesophase behaviour.

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44

Tregubov, Dmytro, Ilgar Dadashov, Vitalii Nuianzin, Olena Khrystych, and Natalya Minska. "Relationship Between Properties of Floating Systems and Flammable Liquids in the Stopping Their Burning Technology." Key Engineering Materials 954 (August 31, 2023): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-krzrd9.

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The contributions balance of isolation and cooling effects relative to the liquids surface to slow down their evaporation and to achieve safe vapor concentrations is determined. The influence of liquids characteristic temperatures and their water solubility on this process is considered. It is proven that the long-term effect of such means is provided by systems based on closed-pore floating solid materials (for example, foam glass). It is proposed to increase the foam glass low isolation and cooling capacity either by coating it with an inorganic gel or by wetting it with water. Smaller evaporation retardation coefficients by gel were obtained for liquids with the higher water solubility. A 5–6 times greater cooling capacity of the wet foam glass than dry foam glass was obtained for both polar and non-polar liquids. A smaller cooling effect is observed for liquids with a higher vaporization heat and is similar for both the use of the dry and wet foam glass. It was found that for low-boiling non-polar liquids, the evaporation slowing down is more effectively achieved by using isolation effects, and for high-boiling polar and non-polar liquids - by using cooling effects. It is proved that the fire extinguishing effect by applying the foam glass layer on the flammable liquid surface occurs in a similar way for liquids with close equivalent cluster lengths and not flash temperatures.

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Jayalakshmi, T., and K. Subramanyam Reddy. "Viscosities of binary liquid mixtures of polar-apolar and polar-polar systems at 303·15 K." Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 94, no. 3 (June 1985): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02867440.

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Taghiyari, Hamid R., Roya Majidi, Mahnaz Ghezel Arsalan, Asaad Moradiyan, Holger Militz, George Ntalos, and Antonios N. Papadopoulos. "Penetration of Different Liquids in Wood-Based Composites: The Effect of Adsorption Energy." Forests 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010063.

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The penetration properties of three different liquids on the surface of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard panels were studied. Water, as a polar liquid, was compared to two other less polar liquids (namely, ethanol and kerosene) with significantly larger molecules. Measurement of penetration time and wetted area demonstrated significantly higher values for water in comparison with the other two liquids, in both composite types. Calculation of adsorption energies, as well as adsorption distances, of the three liquid molecules on hemicellulose showed higher potentiality of water molecules in forming bonds on hemicellulose. However, comparison of the adsorption energies of cellulose with hemicellulose indicated a higher impact of the formation of bonds between hydroxyl groups in water and cellulose in hindering the penetration of water molecules into the composite textures. It was concluded that the formation of strong and stable bonds between the hydroxyl groups in water and cellulose resulted in a significant increase in penetration time and wetted area.

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Taghiyari, Hamid R., Roya Majidi, Mahnaz Ghezel Arsalan, Asaad Moradiyan, Holger Militz, George Ntalos, and Antonios N. Papadopoulos. "Penetration of Different Liquids in Wood-Based Composites: The Effect of Adsorption Energy." Forests 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010063.

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The penetration properties of three different liquids on the surface of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard panels were studied. Water, as a polar liquid, was compared to two other less polar liquids (namely, ethanol and kerosene) with significantly larger molecules. Measurement of penetration time and wetted area demonstrated significantly higher values for water in comparison with the other two liquids, in both composite types. Calculation of adsorption energies, as well as adsorption distances, of the three liquid molecules on hemicellulose showed higher potentiality of water molecules in forming bonds on hemicellulose. However, comparison of the adsorption energies of cellulose with hemicellulose indicated a higher impact of the formation of bonds between hydroxyl groups in water and cellulose in hindering the penetration of water molecules into the composite textures. It was concluded that the formation of strong and stable bonds between the hydroxyl groups in water and cellulose resulted in a significant increase in penetration time and wetted area.

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Ghatee, Mohammad Hadi, and Leila Pakdel. "Surface tension regularity of non-polar, polar, and weak electrolyte liquid hydrocarbons." Fluid Phase Equilibria 234, no. 1-2 (July 2005): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2005.05.011.

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Collins, Liam, Stephen Jesse, Jason I. Kilpatrick, Alexander Tselev, M. Baris Okatan, Sergei V. Kalinin, and Brian J. Rodriguez. "Kelvin probe force microscopy in liquid using electrochemical force microscopy." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (January 19, 2015): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.19.

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Conventional closed loop-Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) has emerged as a powerful technique for probing electric and transport phenomena at the solid–gas interface. The extension of KPFM capabilities to probe electrostatic and electrochemical phenomena at the solid–liquid interface is of interest for a broad range of applications from energy storage to biological systems. However, the operation of KPFM implicitly relies on the presence of a linear lossless dielectric in the probe–sample gap, a condition which is violated for ionically-active liquids (e.g., when diffuse charge dynamics are present). Here, electrostatic and electrochemical measurements are demonstrated in ionically-active (polar isopropanol, milli-Q water and aqueous NaCl) and ionically-inactive (non-polar decane) liquids by electrochemical force microscopy (EcFM), a multidimensional (i.e., bias- and time-resolved) spectroscopy method. In the absence of mobile charges (ambient and non-polar liquids), KPFM and EcFM are both feasible, yielding comparable contact potential difference (CPD) values. In ionically-active liquids, KPFM is not possible and EcFM can be used to measure the dynamic CPD and a rich spectrum of information pertaining to charge screening, ion diffusion, and electrochemical processes (e.g., Faradaic reactions). EcFM measurements conducted in isopropanol and milli-Q water over Au and highly ordered pyrolytic graphite electrodes demonstrate both sample- and solvent-dependent features. Finally, the feasibility of using EcFM as a local force-based mapping technique of material-dependent electrostatic and electrochemical response is investigated. The resultant high dimensional dataset is visualized using a purely statistical approach that does not require a priori physical models, allowing for qualitative mapping of electrostatic and electrochemical material properties at the solid–liquid interface.

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Omura, Masami, Kumiko Hashimoto, Kunio Ohta, Tomoyuki Iio, Shigekazu Ueda, Keiko Ando, Hikaru Hiraide, and Naohide Kinae. "Relative Retention Time Diagram as a Useful Tool for Gas Chromatographic Analysis and Electron-Capture Detection of Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 2 (March 1, 1990): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.2.300.

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Abstract To establish efficient operating conditions for gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of pesticides that are detected by electron-capture detector (ECD), separation degrees of 40 pesticides and their relative retention times (RRT) vs aldrin were determined. Eleven liquid phases, categorized according to the McReynolds constant (MC), were used: OV-1, OV- 3, DC-550, and OV-17 as non- or low polar liquid phases (MC ≦ 1000), OV-22, QF-1, and XE-60 as medium polar liquid phases (1000 < MC ≦ 2000), PEG-20M, DEGA, and DEGS as high polar liquid phases (2000 < MC), and a mixture of DC-200 and EPON1009. An RRT diagram was prepared by plotting the RRT of each pesticide on the horizontal axis and the MC values on the vertical axis. The RRT diagram could be used to describe the properties of pesticides—their behavior on each liquid phase and the precise operational conditions for qualitative GC analysis. The non- or low polar liquid phases were best suited for GC analysis of organochlorine pesticides having low polarity. Their detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 ng.

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