Academic literature on the topic 'Polar liquid'

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Journal articles on the topic "Polar liquid"

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Tabassum, Shagufta, and V. P. Pawar. "Complex permittivity spectra of binary polar liquids using time domain reflectometry." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 08, no. 03 (June 2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x18500194.

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The study of complex properties in a binary mixture of polar liquids has been carried out in the frequency range of 10[Formula: see text]MHz to 30 GHz at 293[Formula: see text]K and 298[Formula: see text]K temperatures using time domain reflectometry. The complex properties of polar liquids in binary mixture give information about the frequency dispersion in the dielectric permittivity ([Formula: see text]) and dielectric loss ([Formula: see text]). The information regarding the orientation of electric dipoles in a polar liquid mixture is given by Kirkwood parameters. The Bruggeman parameters are used as the indicator of liquid1 and liquid2 interaction. Molar entropy ([Formula: see text]) and molar enthalpy ([Formula: see text]) are also discussed at the end of the paper.
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Monder, Hila, Leo Bielenki, Hanna Dodiuk, Anna Dotan, and Samuel Kenig. "Poly (Dimethylsiloxane) Coating for Repellency of Polar and Non-Polar Liquids." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 2423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102423.

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The wettability of poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coating on plasma-treated glass was studied at room temperature using polar and non-polar liquids. The wettability was investigated regarding the liquids’ surface tensions (STs), dielectric constants (DCs) and solubility parameters (SPs). For polar liquids, the contact angle (CA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) are controlled by the DCs and non-polar liquids by the liquids’ STs. Solubility parameter difference between the PDMS and the liquids demonstrated that non-polar liquids possessed lower CAH. An empirical model that integrates the interfacial properties of liquid/PDMS has been composed. Accordingly, the difference between the SPs of PDMS and the liquid is the decisive factor affecting CAH, followed by the differences in DCs and STs. Moreover, the interaction between the DCs and the SPs is of importance to minimize CAH. It has been concluded that CAH, and not CA, is the decisive attribute for liquid repellency of PDMS coating.
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Bolotov, Alexander, and Georgy Burdo. "Magnetic fluid method for sealing liquid media." E3S Web of Conferences 383 (2023): 04081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338304081.

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Magnetic fluid seals for sealing gas environments are widely used in various industries due to their undeniable advantages. However, such seals are not capable of reliable sealing of liquid media with different polarities. The paper analyses physicochemical processes that lead to destructing magnetic fluid in a seal under the influence of a liquid medium in contact with it. There are results of experimental studies on sealing using magnetic seals of non-magnetic fluids with different polarity. The authors studied the tightness of a magnetic fluid seal capacity in contact with weakly polar liquids: MVP instrument oil, vaseline oil, and water as a highly polar liquid. For sealing water, the authors chose magnetic fluids with liquid siloxanes as the basis; they are immiscible with water and hydrophobic. Weakly polar liquids were sealed using magnetic fluid with a dispersion medium of triethanolamine, which is almost insoluble in hydrocarbon liquids and has a high dielectric permittivity and surface tension comparable in magnitude. It is established that magnetic fluid based on triethanolamine reliably seals the experimental bearing from penetrating of weakly polar liquids at an overpressure of 10 kPa and below. To seal polar liquid media, it seems promising to use oleophobic magnetic fluids based on PES-5, containing a large amount of filler in the form of ferrite particles. A magnetic fluid should have the smallest possible contact area with the sealed fluid and maintain a laminar flow regime.
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Zhi, Huiqiang, Youquan Bao, Lu Wang, and Yixing Mi. "Extinguishing performance of alcohol-resistant firefighting foams on polar flammable liquid fires." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119893732.

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The protection of polar flammable liquid storage tanks from fire is an important matter related to the safe production of enterprises and to the safety of people’s lives and property. Although the foam fire-extinguishing system has long been the main means for the fire protection of flammable liquid storage tanks, the influence of the physical properties of polar flammable liquids on the fire-extinguishing characteristics of alcohol-resistant foams has not been well studied, which causes many problems for engineering design. In the present work, 14 kinds of polar flammable liquids were used to carry out non-ignition tests and alcohol-resistant foam fire-extinguishing tests. The results show that water-miscible and water-immiscible polar flammable liquids exhibit significant differences in their interactions with the alcohol-resistant foams under non-ignition conditions. A lower specific gravity and a higher heat of combustion of polar flammable liquids will result in a longer time needed for fire control, and a higher saturated vapor pressure of polar flammable liquids will result in a longer time needed to extinguish the edge fire. In addition, the tests show that the forceful application of alcohol-resistant foams is not conducive to extinguishing fires involving polar flammable liquids and cannot even control the fires.
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Takezoe, Hideo, and Fumito Araoka. "Polar columnar liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals 41, no. 3 (September 9, 2013): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2013.834079.

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Useinova, S. "Application of the Variational Method in Studying of Polar Liquids and Their Concentrated Solutions." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/85/02.

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The developed new variational method for measuring the permittivity ξ' and dielectric losses ξ'' of polar liquids is free from a number of shortcomings. At which the minimum amplitude of the reflected wave (ρ) or the standing wave coefficient η takes place, and the value of ηm at this liquid thickness is based on measuring the thickness of the liquid layer in the cell. A variant of this method was considered in the assumption of the active value of the initial resistance of the waveguide section with liquid at the layer thickness corresponding to the minimum value of (ρ) or η, justified only for the case of polar liquids with low dielectric losses. Thus, polar liquids — cyclopentanol, cyclopentanone and their concentrated solutions in each other were studied for the first time, and variational method found a worthy application as the results showed.
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van Leeuwen, M. E., and B. Smit. "What makes a polar liquid a liquid?" Physical Review Letters 71, no. 24 (December 13, 1993): 3991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.71.3991.

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Kloubek, Jan. "Interactions of components and elements of the surface free energy at interfaces." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 2 (1991): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19910277.

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A new hypothesis is suggested for the evaluation of the components (γd and γab) and the elements (γa and γb) of the surface free energy. The respective equations are introduced for the interactions at interfaces between a non-polar acid and non-polar base, a polar phase and non-polar acid or base, and two polar phases. The dispersion component, γd, equals the total surface free energy of non-polar phases. However, they can interact at the interface as an acid or a base through their single permanent elements γa or γb, respectively. Otherwise, induced elements γia and γib can also be effective. The surface free energy of polar phases is additively composed of the dispersion, γd, and acid-base components, γab = 2(γaγb)1/2. The proposed equation are verified using the known values of the surface and interfacial free energies for the liquid-liquid systems and they are applied to the solid-liquid interfaces. The values of the elements are determined for water, γwa = 67.7 and γwb = 10.6 mJ/m2, and for other liquids, such as glycerol, formamide, mercury, benzene, diethyl ether and trichloromethane.
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Pandey, KamalKr, Abhishek Kumar Misra, and Rajiv Manohar. "Nano Doped Weakly Polar versus Highly Polar Liquid Crystal." Advanced Electrochemistry 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/adel.2014.1032.

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Pandey, Kamal Kumar, Abhishek Kumar Misra, and Rajiv Manohar. "Nano-doped weakly polar versus highly polar liquid crystal." Applied Nanoscience 6, no. 2 (March 7, 2015): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0423-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polar liquid"

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Karmakar, Achintya. "Dispersion and absorption phenomena of dipolar liquid in nonpolar solvent." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/662.

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Bleasdale, Thomas Anthony. "Surfactant liquid crystals in a range of polar solvents." Thesis, University of Salford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334033.

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Dale, Alan David. "The oxidation of highly polar stationary phases in gas-liquid chromatography." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254484.

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Dhakal, Subas. "Statistical Mechanics of Polar, Biaxial and Chiral Order in Liquid Crystals." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1277740472.

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Ross, P. "The use of porous graphitic carbon in liquid chromatography performance and polar retention effect." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529492.

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This thesis is primarily concerned with the use and development of Porous Graphitic Carbon (PGC) for High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Chromatographic studies carried out using PGC since its introduction in 1988 have shown it to posses quite unique separating properties. In particular the media has been shown to be very selective for the separation of closely related compounds such as geometric and diastereoisomers. It has also been shown to be very retentive towards compounds of increasing polarity. The magnitude of this interaction is considerable, we define it as the retention over and above that which might have been predicted if the polar functional group was replaced with a non polar group of similar size. We have called this effect, the Polar Retention Effect on Graphite (PREG). Previous attempts to correlate retention on graphite with energies associated with those molecular interactions associated with other chromatographic media have been largely unsuccessful. This has in part been due to the fact that there has been no attempt to measure in units of energy the magnitude of PREG. The main body of the thesis is then concerned with experiments, which provide information regarding the magnitude of PREG. We investigate a) the relative strength of analyte/graphite interactions to that of analyte/solvent interactions, b) the effect of coating discrete or polymeric molecules to the graphite surface on PREG and c) measure the energy associated with PREG for a range of analytes and correlate this energy with physical and calculated parameters associated with each analyte. In order to gain a measure of PREG we have developed a method which allows PREG to be measured and quantified. Based on our values of PREG we have put forward a hypothesis for the mechanism responsible for this interaction. Further work still needs to be done to strengthen this hypothesis, we therefore put forward a number of ideas and suggestions for future workers to which continue to investigate the mechanism associated with PREG.
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Scapello, Justin Thomas. "Solvent extraction of a polar solute using colloidal liquid aphrons : stability, equilibrium and mass transfer." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265955.

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Ma, Wai Tang. "Analysis of polar nitroaromatics in groundwater by using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/581.

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FILHO, JOAQUIM IGNACIO BAPTISTA CARDOSO. "QUANTIFICATION OF NI AND V IN POLAR FRACTIONS OF CRUDE OIL USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ICPMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15413@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Ni e V ocorrem em frações polares de óleos brutos e são de interesse geoquímico. Um método foi desenvolvido para isolar e quantificar esses metais associados a compostos orgânicos chamados porfirinas, usando-se cromatografia líquida e espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICPMS). A fração do óleo contendo parafinas, aromáticos e polares foi separada usando-se uma coluna de vidro de 25 cm x 2,5 cm preenchida com sílica gel, empregando-se um programa automatizado de gradiente de eluição com ordem crescente da polaridade dos solventes. O eluido foi analisado por espectrofotometria UV-vis e o cromatograma obtido permitiu a distinção de três frações, que foram analisadas separadamente por ICPMS. O sistema de introdução de amostra do ICPMS consistiu em um micronebulizador concêntrico de Teflon acoplado a uma câmara refrigerada a - 14 ºC. Oxigênio foi introduzido no gás de nebulização (Ar) para evitar a formação de carbono na interface do instrumento. As condições operacionais foram otimizadas por planejamento experimental. A vazão de Ar foi de 0,46 L min(-1) e a de O2 foi de 0,1 L min(-1), a 1350 W. Os limites de detecção para o V e o Ni foram de 29 e 465 ng L(-1) respectivamente. A concentração de Ni foi de (7,1 +- 0,8), (16,8 +- 1,6) e (12 +- 2) ug g-1 para as frações 1, 2 e 3 respectivamente. O V foi quase que exclusivamente encontrado na terceira fração (mais polar) com (30 + 3) ug g(-1). Esses resultados sugerem a associação do V com frações mais pesadas do óleo.
Ni and V occur in the polar fraction of crude oils and have geochemical interest. A method was developed for isolating and quantifying these metals associated with organic compounds like porphyrins, using liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The oil fraction containing paraffins, aromatics and polars was separated using a glass column of 25 cm x 2.5 cm filled with silica gel. An automatic elution program was used to create a solvent elution gradient of increasing polarity. The column eluate were analyzed by UV-vis spectrophotometry and the chromatograms obtained showed the separation of three fractions, which were then analyzed separately by ICPMS. The ICPMS sample introduction system consisted of a concentric Teflon micronebulizer coupled to a refrigerated spray chamber set to - 14 ºC. Oxygen was introduced into the nebulization gas flow to prevent de formation of carbon at the instrument interface. Operational conditions were optimized by experimental design. The optimum gas flow rates were 0.46 L min - 1 (Ar) and 0.1 L min - 1 (O2), at 1350 W.
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Ghosh, Nilanjan. "Structural and associational aspects of some dielectropolar liquid molecules in non polar solvents from relaxation phenomena." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/670.

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Johnston, Stephen Jaye. "Molecular dynamics studies of a generalised multipole model of molecular asymmetry in apolar and polar liquid crystals." Thesis, Coventry University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369971.

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Books on the topic "Polar liquid"

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Bleasdale, Thomas Anthony. Surfactant liquid crystals in a range of polar solvents. Salford: University of Salford, 1992.

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Whiton, Robert S. Evaluation of particle beam liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of polar semivolatile organic compounds in air samples. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, 1991.

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M, Quigley Robert, Fernandez Federico, and Ontario. Ministry of the Environment., eds. Effects of increasing amounts of non-polar organic liquids in domestic waste leachate on the hydraulic conductivity of clay liners in Southern Ontario. Ontario: [Environment Ontario], 1989.

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Doyle, John, Gerard Meijer, Roman Krems, and Bretislav Friedrich. Cold Polar Molecules: Creation and Applications. CRC, 2009.

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Mehrotra, Suresh C., Ashok Kumbharkhane, and Ajay Chaudhari. Binary Polar Liquids: Structural and Dynamic Characterization Using Spectroscopic Methods. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.

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Mehrotra, Suresh C., Ashok Kumbharkhane, and Ajay Chaudhari. Binary Polar Liquids: Structural and Dynamic Characterization Using Spectroscopic Methods. Elsevier, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polar liquid"

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Zhou, Qi-Feng, Robert W. Lenz, and Jung Il Jin. "Liquid Crystal Polymers: 16 Polar Substituent Effects on Thermotropic Properties of Aromatic Polyesters." In Polymeric Liquid Crystals, 257–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2299-1_14.

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Barbagini, Francesca, Wim Fyen, Jan Van Hoeymissen, Paul W. Mertens, and Jan Fransaer. "Particle-Substrate Interaction Forces in a Non-Polar Liquid." In Solid State Phenomena, 165–68. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-46-9.165.

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Schmidt, Werner F. "Hot Electron Mobility and Electron Attachment in Non-Polar Liquids." In The Liquid State and Its Electrical Properties, 273–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8023-8_12.

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Zheng, Chi, and Peimin Tang. "A Modified General Corresponding States Equation for Polar Liquid Mixtures." In Thermal Conductivity 20, 215–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0761-7_20.

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Lavigne, J. Allen, and Cooper H. Langford. "Liquid Phase Photochemistry in Relation to Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogens." In The Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone in the Polar Regions, 307–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78211-4_22.

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Prieto, C., A. Chahid, M. García-Hernández, F. J. Bermejo, and J. L. Martínez. "Temperature Dependence of the Sound Velocity in a Polar Liquid: SO2." In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 264–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84888-9_102.

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Andelman, David, Francoise Brochard, and Jean-Francois Joanny. "Structured Monolayers of Charged and Polar Molecules at the Liquid/Air Interface." In The Physics and Chemistry of Aqueous Ionic Solutions, 417–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3911-0_19.

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Fritsen, Christian H., Edward E. Adams, Christopher P. Mckay, and John C. Priscu. "Permanent Ice Covers of the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys Lakes, Antarctica: Liquid Water Contents." In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, 269–80. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ar072p0269.

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Bao, Xun, and Jing Li. "Chapter 3. Ion Pair Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Probing the Polar Metabolome." In Advanced Mass Spectrometry-based Analytical Separation Techniques for Probing the Polar Metabolome, 41–68. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839163524-00041.

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Forcada, M. L., A. Gras-Martí, N. R. Arista, H. M. Urbassek, and R. Garcia-Molina. "Interaction of a Charged Particle With a Semi Infinite Non Polar Dielectric Liquid." In Interaction of Charged Particles with Solids and Surfaces, 639–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8026-9_38.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polar liquid"

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Fujita, A., Kazutoshi Miyazawa, S. Matsui, Yasuyuki Gotoh, H. Takeuchi, and E. Nakagawa. "Series of LC compound containing polar conjugated terminal groups." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Marzena Tykarska, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301250.

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Satheesh, V., D. Loganathan, K. Venu, V. S. S. Sastry, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Marzena Brodzik. "Proton spin relaxation study of polar liquid crystals with induced smectic phases." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Jolanta Rutkowska, Stanislaw J. Klosowicz, Jerzy Zielinski, and Jozef Zmija. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.299980.

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Sledzinska, Irma, Ewa Bialecka-Florjanczyk, and A. Orzeszko. "Influence of polar esterimide group and oxyethylene chain on liquid crystalline behavior of cholesteryl derivatives." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Marzena Tykarska, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301272.

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Gritsenko, Ivanovich M., and Sergey I. Kucheev. "Polar-dependent deformation of director near the dielectric pore in the metal-dielectric-nematic-metal structure." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Jolanta Rutkowska, Stanislaw J. Klosowicz, Jerzy Zielinski, and Jozef Zmija. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.299979.

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Krowczynski, Adam, Wieslaw Pyzuk, Ewa Gorecka, and Jadwiga Szydlowska. "Enaminoketone mesogens having polar terminal groups." In Liquid and Solid State Crystals: Physics, Technology, and Applications, edited by Jozef Zmija. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.156972.

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Brodzik, Marzena, and Roman S. Dabrowski. "Induction of smectic Ad phase in mixtures of polar compounds." In Liquid Crystals: Materials Science and Applications, edited by Jozef Zmija. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.215553.

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Barz, Dominik P. J., Michael J. Vogel, and Paul H. Steen. "Generation of Electrokinetic Flow in a Doped Non-Polar Liquid." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30258.

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The presence of considerable amounts of free charge dispersed in a liquid is the basis for electrokinetic phenomena which are related to the existence of an electrical double layer (EDL). In polar liquids, the dissociation of electrolytes into ionic species is well understood and numerous electrokinetic phenomena are known; a good overview is given by e.g. Delgado et al. [1]. In nonpolar liquids it is known that electrical charges can exist as well. The presence of these electrical charges is utilized, for example, in colloid science to stabilize particle suspensions [2]. For this purpose, surfactants are added which enhance the zeta potential of the particles in order to prevent their agglomeration. Additionally to the manipulation of surface charges, it is reported that the electrical conductivity of nonpolar liquids essentially increases when surfactant is added and traces of water are present [3]. Such ternary solutions of nonpolar liquid-water-surfactant are known to contain surfactant agglomerations, so-called inverted micelles with a size of several nanometers, detectable for instance by quasielastic lightscattering measurements. Figure 1 sketches the generation and structure of an inverted micelle. In general, surfactants are macromolecules consisting of different functional groups, e.g. a polar “head” and a nonpolar “tail”. Above the critical micelle concentration (cmc), surfactant molecules attach with their polar head at a water droplet forming the inverted micelle. It is assumed that electrical charges are dissolved in the polar core of the inversed micelles enabling opposite charges to be held sufficiently far apart and preventing an agglomeration of different micelles [4].
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Gritsenko, Ivanovich M., Sergey I. Kucheev, and A. L. Gaidai. "Polar electrooptic effect in M-nematic-silicon structure." In Eighth International Conference on Nonlinear Optics of Liquid and Photorefractive Crystals, edited by Gertruda V. Klimusheva and Andrey G. Iljin. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.428296.

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Landorf, Christopher, Jeremy Wolf, Chenguang Li, Wei Xie, Jeff Jacobsen, Jim Simpson, and Daniel J. Dyer. "Design of Polar Organic Liquid Crystalline Thin Films." In Organic Thin Films. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otf.2001.owa1.

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Wazynska, Barbara. "Miscibility study of three types of polar smectic A 1." In XIV Conference on Liquid Crystals, Chemistry, Physics, and Applications, edited by Jolanta Rutkowska, Stanislaw J. Klosowicz, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.472172.

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Reports on the topic "Polar liquid"

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Kaszynski, Piotr. A New Class of Highly Polar Liquid Crystals for Display Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410958.

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Ambacher, Oliver, Vadim Lebedev, Ute Kaiser, and L. F. Eastman. Pyroelectric A1GaN/GaN HEMTs for ion-, gas- and Polar-Liquid Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada467686.

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Morris, John B. Chemically modified polymeric resins for separation of cations, organic acids, and small polar moleculea by high performance liquid chromatography. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10116711.

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