Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polar charts

Academic literature on the topic 'Polar charts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polar charts"

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Wen, Chao Jiang, Hong Wei Bian, Xin Gao, and Rong Ying Wang. "Availability Analysis of Mercator Projection in Nautical Charts' Compilation in Polar Regions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.556.

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Availability of Mercator projection in polar regions mainly suffers from gross scale error and only can be improved by control of scale error; methods of scale error control such as properly adjusting of standard parallels, appropriately defining and relaxing acceptable scale error thresholds together with adopting appropriate chart scales and sheet specifications are presented; appropriate acceptable scale error thresholds are discussed by referring to domestic and abroad chart compilation specifications and existing Russian polar nautical charts; availability of Mercator projection in latitudes of 75°~85°is analyzed on charts with various standard parallels, scale error thresholds and latitude ranges, the result indicates that Mecator projection still satisfies compiling requirements of nautical charts with commonly used scales and sheet specifications in latitudes between 75°and 85°.
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BENEDITO, MIGUEL ANGEL PEREZ. "Explaining Accounting Structures Changes by Applying the Accounting Methodology of Radar-Polar Chart." Archives of Business Research 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.105.12289.

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The manuscript analyzes the relationship between the dynamic activity of entities and its effects on accounting structures of their financial statements. Radar charts and tetragrams visually represent the dynamic activity of features, respectively. To overcome discrepancies in qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis, the manuscript introduces polar equation parameters that drive research towards qualitative analysis. Classes of management – kinds and types - are conductor threads for explaining relations between charts and diagrams, and level of employment as well as market prices are environment variables for confirming hypothesis of manuscript. The Euclidean distances of the accounting relative centers in the tetragrams and the management optima are indicators developed for both stakeholders and managers to explain the evolution of decision making over time. The accounting applied is an economic science.
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Carroll, William M. "Using a Polar Coordinate System in the Classroom." Arithmetic Teacher 37, no. 8 (April 1990): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.37.8.0042.

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Most elementary school students have experiences with a rectangular graphing system that helps to prepare them for ideas in algebra and analytic geometry. Mathematics books at the elementary school level contain a section on graphing, though it is often one of the later chapters, where it may be treated as supplementary material. In science and in social studies, students may find various data graphed or may have a project in which they have to graph daily temperatures, rainfall, or test scores. Biorhythms, record sales charts, or, for the more ambitious, the daily stock market give additional exposure. Designing graphics on the computer monitor often requires some placement by a rectangular coordinate system. By the time students meet the Cartesian coordinate system with its x- and y-axes and use it to graph equations, the idea and techniques should be somewhat familiar.
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Song, Min, Minhyuk Lee, Taesung Park, and Mira Park. "MP-LASSO chart: a multi-level polar chart for visualizing group LASSO analysis of genomic data." Genomics & Informatics 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): e48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5808/gi.22075.

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Penalized regression has been widely used in genome-wide association studies for joint analyses to find genetic associations. Among penalized regression models, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method effectively removes some coefficients from the model by shrinking them toward zero. To handle group structures, such as genes and pathways, several modified LASSO penalties have been proposed, including group LASSO and sparse group LASSO. Group LASSO ensures sparsity at the level of pre-defined groups, eliminating unimportant groups. Sparse group LASSO performs group selection as in group LASSO, but also performs individual selection as in LASSO. While these sparse methods are useful in high-dimensional genetic studies, interpreting the results with many groups and coefficients is not straightforward. LASSO's results are often expressed as trace plots of regression coefficients. However, few studies have explored the systematic visualization of group information. In this study, we propose a multi-level polar LASSO (MP-LASSO) chart, which can effectively represent the results from group LASSO and sparse group LASSO analyses. An R package to draw MP-LASSO charts was developed. Through a real-world genetic data application, we demonstrated that our MP-LASSO chart package effectively visualizes the results of LASSO, group LASSO, and sparse group LASSO.
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McConnell, Anita. "Surveying terrestrial magnetism in time and space." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.346.

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Charts marked with the lines of magnetic variation have been published since Halley's Atlantic chart of 1701. It was already known that the location of the magnetic poles shifted over time, and that the north and south poles were not diametrically opposite. As more seafarers penetrated the Southern Ocean, isogons on the charts were extended southwards with greater confidence. At sea variation was measured by comparing compass direction with the Sun's midday shadow. In polar regions, where horizontal force is too weak to attract a compass needle, the location of the pole was sought by observing the inclination of a dip needle swinging in the magnetic meridian, which would hang vertically at the pole. The Fox dip circle, developed in 1834, was the first instrument capable of measuring dip and intensity at sea, and allowed James Clark Ross to predict the location of the South Magnetic Pole. In 1902 Discovery's crew landed an observatory ashore, but a trek on to the plateau failed to reach the magnetic pole. Success came in 1909 during Shackleton's Nimrod expedition, when T. Edgeworth David's party reached the zone of maximum dip. Over the following years data from photographic magnetometers recording declination, vertical and horizontal intensity were routinely made at the various national bases round Antarctica; they contributed to our knowledge of the Earth's internal magnetism and on the solar influences.
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Savours, Ann. "The first publication of The South Polar Times, Volume IV." Polar Record 50, no. 1 (May 22, 2013): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000259.

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Polar bibliophiles, librarians and readers will be familiar with the three handsome facsimile volumes of the first Antarctic newspaper, published in 1907 and 1914 and edited in turn by E. Shackleton, L.C. Bernacchi and A. Cherry-Garrard during the National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904 and the British Antarctic Expedition 1910–1913. These expeditions were led by Captain R.F. Scott R.N. in Discovery and Terra Nova respectively. From S.Y. Discovery, beset for two winters in the ice of McMurdo Sound were made the first extensive sledge journeys into the interior of the Antarctic continent, including the great ice sheet or plateau. These were further prolonged, following Shackleton's Nimrod expedition, while the pursuit of science during both Scott expeditions led to the publication in London of two monumental sets of scientific and geographical results, plus new charts and maps.
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Schröder, W., K. H. Wiederkehr, and K. Schlegel. "Georg von Neumayer and geomagnetic research." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 22, 2010): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-1-77-2010.

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Abstract. Neumayer was a prominent figure in the development of geophysics in the 19th century from a scientific as well as from an organisational point of view. In this paper we review and highlight his activities and efforts in geomagnetic research within five different aspects of geomagnetism: regional geomagnetic surveys, geomagnetic work in German naval observatories, geomagnetic investigations during the First Polar Year 1882/83, modifications of the Gaussian theory, and geomagnetic charts. In each field Neumayer was a researcher, a thinker, and a stimulating coordinator.
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Johnson, Art. "Now and Then: Displaying Data Is As Easy As Pie! Polar Area Graphs: Early Pie Charts." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 4, no. 6 (March 1999): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.4.6.0390.

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Imagine having to cut your household budget by 10 percent. Where would you make the cuts? Would you eat less food? Change the climate control in your home? Buy fewer new clothes? At times, we all must live on a budget and cut back on expenses. For Mark Conrad, these tasks are a bit more challenging. Mark is in charge of a $60 million school budget for Nashua, New Hampshire. When Nashua's mayor or the city council asks the board of education to cut expenses, Mark is at the center of debate about whether the cuts are even possible and where they might be made.
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Japaridze, Darejan, Marina Gigolashvili, and Vasili Kukhianidze. "Solar Differential Rotation of Compact Magnetic Elements and Polarity Reversal of the Sun." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S257 (September 2008): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309029251.

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AbstractThe differential rotation of the compact elements of the large-scale magnetic fields is studied using Solar Synoptic Charts (1966–1986). It is revealed that compact magnetic elements with the similar polarity of the polar magnetic field of the Sun have a larger rotation rate than the elements with the opposite polarity at all stages in the cycle.From the comparison of the experimental measuring data of the solar magnetic elements there are received the results: a) The differential rotations of the compact magnetic elements with negative and positive polarities have the similar behavior for the solar 20 and 21 cycles; b) It is established that in the rotation rate of compact magnetic elements there are present some variations at the time of polarity reversal of the Sun.There is assumed that the physical understanding of the connections of differential rotation of compact magnetic elements and polarity reversal of the Sun depends upon establishing a connection between the temporal variability of spatially resolved solar magnetic elements and polar reversals.
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Capelotti, P. J., and M. Forsberg. "The place names of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa: the Wellman polar expedition, 1898–1899." Polar Record 51, no. 6 (December 29, 2014): 624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000801.

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ABSTRACTIn 1898–1899, the first American polar expedition to Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa [Franz Josef Land], under the leadership of journalist Walter Wellman, added at least forty place names to the islands, of which many survive on modern charts. These include the main discovery of the expedition, the large island named for Scottish-born Alexander Graham Bell, then president of the National Geographic Society, along with numerous smaller islands, capes and waterways. The origins of several of these names are now confirmed using recently discovered notes in the papers of Wellman's brother and business manager, Arthur Wellman. They demonstrate the close relationship between Walter Wellman and the political, financial and scientific elites of turn-of-the-century Chicago, Illinois, Washington, D.C., and the state of Ohio, associations derived from Wellman's profession as a Washington correspondent for Chicago newspapers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polar charts"

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Schoeler, Andreas Martin. "Charge of water droplets in non-polar oils." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/charge-of-water-droplets-in-nonpolar-oils(583a7eea-71c6-4499-a15a-f421d6e681f6).html.

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Water-in-oil microdroplets are an attractive “tool” in lab-on-a-chip devices, as they offer simple compartmentalisation, constitute tiny reaction chambers and can be used to perform “digital” operations. One of the many benefits they offer is the ability to manipulate droplets by electric fields, which can be implemented on-chip, using electrodes and suitable wiring. Water droplets dispersed in a non-polar oil are manipulated by exploiting the fundamental phenomenon of electrophoretic motion, i.e. motion in response to an external, electric field. There are surprisingly little data regarding the electrophoretic mobility of water droplets dispersed in a non-polar oil and this work aims to elucidate some of the properties of droplet charge from measurements of the electrophoretic mobility of individual water droplets in two different, non-polar oils of similar, physical fluid properties: silicone and paraffin oil. Single droplets of varying pH and ion concentrations were investigated and it was found that the effective initial droplet charge (i.e. the charge a water droplet has before making contact with a biased electrode) is always positive and independent of pH and ion concentration. When the anionic surfactant SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) was dispersed in the water phase, the initial droplet charge could be altered from positive to negative at concentrations greater than 1 g/l. However, using cationic surfactant CTAB (Hexadecyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide) had no impact on droplet surface charge. Once the droplet touches a biased electrode, the droplet charge in increased by a factor of 10 and any surfactant charge effects are overridden. Lastly, complex oil-in-water-in-oil and water-in-oil-in-water-in-oil droplets were created and their electrophoretic mobility was studied. It was found that the inner droplet does not affect electrophoretic motion of the core shell drop, regardless of size and composition, nor does it experience the same (if any) electric field strength the outer water shell is subjected to. This is advantageous in a variety of applications. For example, oil droplets of varying types and sizes could accurately be transported and manipulated at the same speed using monodisperse water shells, which can be either thick or ultrathin. This could also be used for the manipulation of materials that would otherwise be damaged by an electrical field.
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Oishi, Yohei. "Dynamics and structure of polybutadienyl lithium living anionic chains aggregated in non-polar solvent." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136259.

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Dudin, Bashar. "Compactification ELSV des champs de Hurwitz." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENM059.

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On s'intéresse à une compactification, due à Ekedahl, Lando, Shapiro et Vainshtein, du champ des courbes lisses munies de fonctions méromorphes d'ordres fixés. Celle-ci est obtenue comme une adhérence du champ de départ dans un champ propre. On commence par en donner deux constructions alternatives et on étudie les déformations de ses points. On la relie par la suite à la compactification à la Harris-Mumford par les revêtements admissibles et on donne une interprétation modulaire des points du bord
We study a compactification, due to Ekedahl, Lando, Shapiro and Vainshtein, of the stack of smooth curves endowed with meromorphic functions having fixed orders. The original compactification is obtained as the closure of the initial stack in a proper substack. We start by giving two alternative constructions of the E.L.S.V compactification and by studying the deformation theory of its points. We finally link it to the Harris-Mumford compactification by admissible covers and give a modular interpretation of boundary points
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Gholami, Sara [Verfasser]. "Association of neighboring β-Strands to form the β-barrel structure of the voltage-dependent anion channel, human isoform 1 (hVDAC1) precedes membrane insertion and is largely driven by polar interactions between basic and acidic amino acid side-chains / Sara Gholami." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1232431893/34.

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Gaimard, Patricia. "Fonctions de distribution de vitesses non-maxwelliennes dans le plasma ionosphérique et application à la mesure par diffusion incohérente." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724945.

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En période magnétiquement perturbée il est nécessaire de considérer une fonction de distribution des vitesses ioniques non-Maxwellienne, si l'on veut pouvoir estimer correctement les paramètres ionosphériques de l'ionosphère aurorale, mesurés par diffusion incohérente. Nous avons comparé deux modèles de fonction de distribution non-Maxwellienne : l'approximation polynomiale généralisée qui est une solution analytique de l'équation de Boltzmann et une distribution numérique basée sur une méthode Monte Carlo. Ces deux approches conduisent, pour les deux espèces ioniques 0+ et NO+, à des résultats semblables lors de champs électriques inférieurs à 100 m V lm. La fonction analytique a été introduite dans l'analyse des spectres EISCAT afin d'étudier l'ionosphère sous des champs électriques pouvant atteindre 100 m V /m. Cette nouvelle analyse a, dans un premier temps, été testée sur plusieurs jeux de simulations avec notamment des études de sensibilité aux modèles utilisés. Dans une seconde étape, nous avons étudié des spectres présentant des caractéristiques non-Maxwelliennes et avons ainsi déterminé la composition de l'ionosphère sous forts champs électriques. Enfin avec une dernière série de données réelles nous avons estimé quantitativement l'erreur commise lors d'une interprétation "Maxwellienne" de spectres non-Maxwelliens dans le cas d'une ionosphère composée d'ions moléculaires.
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Alhassan, Mosaad. "MKH-Haase Charts of Binocular Vision Measurements: Repeatability and Validity of Associated Phoria and Stereotests." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8238.

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Abstract Introduction: H.J.-Haase developed a systematic set of tests for evaluating binocular vision called the Pola Test. The Pola Test measures associated phoria and stereoacuity at distance and near using a variety of different targets for each. This testing method and interpretation is referred to as MKH-Haase (Measuring and Correcting Methodology after H.J.Haase ???the MKH) method. The MKH method is more commonly used in Germany and other European countries than English speaking countries. The MKH-Haase method has been considered a reliable method for prescribing prisms to symptomatic binocular vision patients. Purpose: To investigate the test-retest reliability of binocular vision measurements using the MKH-Haase series of tests that comprise the Pola Test. In addition, I will compare the Pola results with other associated phoria and stereoacuity tests used in North America. Methods: Thirty-four symptomatic and 40 asymptomatic subjects (based on a symptoms questionnaire) participated in this study. Associated phoria and stereoacuity with different tests, including the Pola Test at distance and near, were measured for those subjects on two different sessions. Not all of subjects were tested with all tests. Only 30 subjects in each group completed all of tests. The Pola Test protocol requires the associated phoria and stereoacuity to be measured twice within a session; once with the Polariods oriented with their axes at 45o and 135o and again with the axes switched. Results: Within and between-sessions repeatability of MKH-Haase associated phoria and stereoacuity tests results revealed that most of MKH-Haase associated phoria and stereoacuity tests showed good repeatability within and between-sessions at both distance and near. However, there were a few exceptions to this general finding. Distance horizontal associated phoria values for the Cross Test and Pointer Test at the first session, and the distance Double Pointer Test values at the second session showed some differences between the two views. Between-sessions repeatability of the associated phoria tests did not show any significant differences. For the stereoacuity tests, the differences between the two disparities were statistically significant at the first session for the symptomatic group Line Test and asymptomatic group Step Test. For the second session at distance, the differences were significant with Step Test for both groups. The differences between sessions for both disparities were not significant for most of tests. The symptomatic group???s Step Test for crossed disparity and asymptomatic group's Step Test for uncrossed disparity were exceptions. A repeated measures ANOVA test was conducted to compare different associated phoria tests. Horizontal associated phoria tests without central fusion lock were significantly different from those with central fusion lock at distance and near. Comparison of different stereoacuity tests was conducted by comparing the number of subjects who could identify specific stereothreshold values. Results showed that at both distance and near, there were no significant differences between contour and global stereoacuity tests based on number of subjects who could attain 60 sec of arc or better. Discussion and Conclusion: Most of MKH-Haase associated phoria and stereoacuity charts have reasonable within and between-sessions repeatability. However, some associated phoria tests showed some differences especially with subjects who had higher values. Although there was a significant difference between various horizontal associated phoria tests at distance and near, most of the values differed by around 0.50 ???. The exception was the difference between the Wesson Card and Disparometer. The Wesson card was more exo by 1.50 ??? than the Disparometer. Vertical associated phoria tests did not show any significant differences. Although MKH-Haase chart can measure local stereothreshold down to 10 sec of arc at distance, the AO Slide is easier to perceive. Random dot stereoacuity can be measured with MKH-Haase charts at distance down to 30 sec of arc. All of the contour stereoacuity tests are comparable at near. However, the MKH-Haase chart was easier to perceive. The Random Dot Randot test would be more useful for fast screening purposes. Random dot MKH-Haase test would be easier than TNO Test to measure random dot stereothreshold at near.
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Books on the topic "Polar charts"

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McCormick, M. Patrick. SAM II measurements of the polar stratospheric aerosol. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1986.

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Kirk, Andy. Polar Chart. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529775778.

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Comiso, Josefino C. Polar microwave brightness temperatures from Nimbus-7 SMMR: Time series of daily and monthly maps from 1978 to 1987. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989.

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Hildén, Jonatan. Learn to Create a Polar Chart in Python With Data From NCHS (2018). 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529777420.

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Cooke, David L. Pre-flight POLAR code predictions for the CHAWS space flight experiment. Hanscom Air Force Base, Ma: Philips Laboratory, Air Force Materiel Command, 1994.

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Boscán, Guillermo, Nerea González-García, and Ana Nieto-Librero. Learn to Create a Polar Chart in RStudio With Child-Mortality Data (1960–2018). 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529780697.

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Wilson, G. R. Achieving zero current for polar wind outflow on open flux tubes subjected to large photoelectron fluxes. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Pyka, Jerzy L. Zmienność pola barycznego i termicznego swobodnej atmosfery nad Europą w latach 1961-1985. Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1990.

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Gauge field theory and complex geometry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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I, Manin I͡U. Gauge field theory and complex geometry. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polar charts"

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Pajankar, Ashwin. "Pie and Polar Charts." In Hands-on Matplotlib, 125–34. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7410-1_9.

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Nord, Douglas C. "Chairs and International Organizations: The Case of the Arctic Council." In Springer Polar Sciences, 53–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03107-7_4.

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Met, Philippe. "The banlieue wore black: post-war French polar, from Becker to Corneau." In Screening the Paris suburbs. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526106858.003.0012.

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This overview charts the evolution from the 1950s to the 1980s of the French detective or crime film (le polar). Proto-noir films shot before World War II had been primarily centred on Paris, a trend furthered in post-war works which regularly conjoined seedy Pigalle and the glamorous Champs-Elysées as two sides of the same coin. From Jacques Becker (Casque d’or, 1952; Grisbi, 1954) to Jean-Pierre Melville (Le Doulos, 1962; Le Samouraï, 1967) via Jules Dassin (Rififi, 1955), a gradual shift toward suburban locales takes place around new genre conventions and motifs. The suburbs variously lend themselves to hideouts, shootouts and executions; to the sale of all things illegal or counterfeit; to the gloomy atmospherics of railway tracks, deserted roadways and abandoned villas. A subsequent generation of directors would exploit the multi-faceted social and geographical reality of the modern housing estates that encroached upon traditional allotments of single-family homes and pockets of suburban wasteland; Henri Verneuil’s mainstream caper Mélodie en sous-sol (1963) thus portrays a disorientatingly mutating Sarcelles. Most decisively, Alain Corneau’s naturalistic noirs Série noire (1979) and Choix des armes (1981) add a sociological dimension to the genre by broaching questions of violence, alienation and devastation.
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Kuznetsov, A. M. "Electron hopping in polar crystals." In Charge Transfer in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 1–36. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003077244-1.

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Saxena, Anurag. "A “La” Shape Antenna for High Frequencies Applications." In Design and Optimization of Sensors and Antennas for Wearable Devices, 1–14. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9683-7.ch001.

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In this chapter, a ‘ला' shape antenna for high frequencies is designed which has been simulated under CST software using copper material (i.e., FR-4). The dielectric constant of this material is 4.4. The return loss of ‘ला' shaped antenna is -28 dB at 6.774 giga-hertz and -19 dB at 7.7 GHz resonant frequencies. It covers the bandwidth from 6.555 GHz to 7.122 GHz and 7.38 GHz to 8.07 GHz. In this chapter, simulated results like polarization, smith chart, return loss graph, 2-D pattern, 3-D pattern, and polar plot are presented.
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Tiwari, Sandip. "Major scattering processes." In Semiconductor Physics, 379–416. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759867.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses major scattering processes found in semiconductors, including phonon scattering (deformation scattering, piezoelectric scattering, polar scattering and non-polar scattering), scattering arising from impurities (charged, so a Coulomb scattering, and charge neutral) and scattering arising in compositional randomness, from carrier-carrier events and due to coupled-particle interactions. The discussion starts by making connections between the classical scattering cross-section and its quantum-mechanical origins through the matrix elements for scattering. The ability to write the matrix element is employed for describing scattering by phonons in its various forms, for impurities and their various levels of accuracy of the description. Umklapp processes are described. When multiple scattering processes are present, the resulting transport manifests the processes’ independence and dependence. With an understanding of the scattering, observed behavior in semiconductors of interest is summarized to show their relative importance. The chapter concludes by discussing frequency and high field behavior manifested by electron ensembles.
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Aveyard, Bob. "Adsorption of surfactants at solid/liquid interfaces." In Surfactants, 130–55. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828600.003.0007.

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The physical properties of solid/liquid interfaces are more diverse than those of liquid/fluid interfaces, and consequently the interactions giving rise to adsorption of surfactant or polymeric surfactant are more varied. Solid surfaces can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic, the former being water-wetted and containing polar or ionogenic sites. Electrical charge at the solid surface is neutralized by ions in the inner and outer Helmholtz planes and in the diffuse part of the electrical double layer. Surface charge has a strong influence on adsorption of ionic surfactants. Standard free energies of surfactant adsorption are obtained by use of an appropriate adsorption isotherm such as the Stern–Langmuir equation. Micellar aggregates of various shapes and sizes can also form at solid/liquid interfaces.
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Newnham, Robert E. "Electrical resistivity." In Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0019.

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The next six chapters describe the transport phenomena associated with the flow of charge, heat, and matter. In each case there is a vector flux that is governed by a vector field. Linear relationships between flux and field include electrical resistivity (Chapter 17), thermal conductivity (Chapter 18), diffusion (Chapter 19), and thermoelectricity (Chapter 21). All are represented by second rank tensors similar to electric permittivity (Chapter 9), but the underlying physics is somewhat different. Transport properties are nonequilibrium phenomena governed by statistical mechanics and the concept of microscopic reversibility, rather than the second law of thermodynamics that applies to equilibrium properties such as specific heat, permittivity, and elasticity. Higher order tensors appear when the transport experiments are carried out in the presence of magnetic fields or mechanical stresses. Galvanomagnetic, thermomagnetic (Chapter 20), and piezoresistance effects (Chapter 22) require third- and fourth-rank tensors. When an electric field is applied to a conductor, an electric current flows through the sample. The field Ei (in V/m) is related to the current density Jj (in A/m2) through Ohm’s Law, where ρij is the electrical resistivity (in Ω m). In tensor form, . . . Ei = ρijJj . . . Ei and Jj are polar vectors (first rank polar tensors) and ρij is a second rank polar tensor property which follows Neumann’s law in the usual way. Sometimes it is more convenient to use the reciprocal relation involving the electrical conductivity σij : . . . Ji = σijEj . . . .
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Jha, Anjali. "Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Organic Compounds and Nanomaterials." In Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98224.

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In the Conventional laboratory or industry heating technique involve Bunsen burner, heating mental/hot plates and electric heating ovens. To produce a variety of useful compounds for betterment of mankind, the Microwave Chemistry was introduced in year 1955 and finds a place in one of the Green chemistry method. In Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave radiation to chemical reactions. Microwaves act as high frequency electric fields and will generally heat any material containing mobile electric charges, such as polar molecules in a solvent or conducting ions in a solid. Polar solvents are heated as their component molecules are forced to rotate with the field and lose energy in collisions i.e. the dipole moments of molecules are important in order to proceed with the chemical reactions in this method. It can be termed as microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS), Microwave-Enhanced Chemistry (MEC) or Microwave-organic Reaction Enhancement synthesis (MORE). Microwave-Assisted Syntheses is a promising area of modern Green Chemistry could be adopted to save the earth.
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Autschbach, Jochen. "Hydrogen-like Atomic Wavefunctions: A First Sketch." In Quantum Theory for Chemical Applications, 99–108. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190920807.003.0006.

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This chapter reiterates the quantum numbers for atomic orbitals, known from general chemistry, and places them into the context developed so far. It is sketched how the Schrodinger equation (SE) for the hydrogen atom hydrogen-like systems (one electron plus a nucleus of charge Z) is set up. When the nucleus is treated as a fixed point charge, the SE is only for the electron. The solutions of the SE can be obtained by switching to spherical polar coordinates, such that the variables are separable in terms of the electron distance from the nucleus, r, and two angles. The kinetic energy of the electron then has a radial component, and an angular component. The latter is associated with the angular momentum quantum number, which is codified by the letters s, p, d, f, and so forth. A step by step solution of the SE is provided later, in chapter 19.
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Conference papers on the topic "Polar charts"

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Elkelesh, A., M. Ebada, S. Cammerer, and S. ten Brink. "Improving Belief Propagation decoding of polar codes using scattered EXIT charts." In 2016 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itw.2016.7606802.

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Chiani, Marco, and Enrico Paolini. "A Note on Channel Polarization and Mutual Information Transformation Charts of Polar Codes." In 2019 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/aeit.2019.8893326.

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Barz, Dominik P. J., Michael J. Vogel, and Paul H. Steen. "Generation of Electrokinetic Flow in a Doped Non-Polar Liquid." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30258.

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The presence of considerable amounts of free charge dispersed in a liquid is the basis for electrokinetic phenomena which are related to the existence of an electrical double layer (EDL). In polar liquids, the dissociation of electrolytes into ionic species is well understood and numerous electrokinetic phenomena are known; a good overview is given by e.g. Delgado et al. [1]. In nonpolar liquids it is known that electrical charges can exist as well. The presence of these electrical charges is utilized, for example, in colloid science to stabilize particle suspensions [2]. For this purpose, surfactants are added which enhance the zeta potential of the particles in order to prevent their agglomeration. Additionally to the manipulation of surface charges, it is reported that the electrical conductivity of nonpolar liquids essentially increases when surfactant is added and traces of water are present [3]. Such ternary solutions of nonpolar liquid-water-surfactant are known to contain surfactant agglomerations, so-called inverted micelles with a size of several nanometers, detectable for instance by quasielastic lightscattering measurements. Figure 1 sketches the generation and structure of an inverted micelle. In general, surfactants are macromolecules consisting of different functional groups, e.g. a polar “head” and a nonpolar “tail”. Above the critical micelle concentration (cmc), surfactant molecules attach with their polar head at a water droplet forming the inverted micelle. It is assumed that electrical charges are dissolved in the polar core of the inversed micelles enabling opposite charges to be held sufficiently far apart and preventing an agglomeration of different micelles [4].
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Misirlioglu, I. B., and M. Yildiz. "Stabilization and thickness dependence of depletion charge induced domains in ferroelectric nano capacitors." In Nanoscale Phenomena in Polar Materials. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isaf.2011.6014139.

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Yang, Xiaofeng, Tang-Wei Kuo, Orgun Guralp, Ronald O. Grover, and Paul Najt. "In-Cylinder Flow Correlations Between Steady Flow Bench and Motored Engine Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." In ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2016-9316.

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Intake port flow performance plays a substantial role in determining the volumetric efficiency and in-cylinder charge motion of a spark-ignited engine. Steady-state flow bench and motored engine flow CFD simulations were carried out to bridge these two approaches for the evaluation of port flow and charge motion (such as discharge coefficient, swirl/tumble ratios). A one dimensional block analytical model was used to mimic the downstream honeycomb in a flow bench experiment, which forced the flow motion in one direction. The intake port polar velocity profile and polar physical clearance profile were generated to evaluate the port performance based on local flow velocity and physical clearance in the valve-seat region. The measured data were taken from standard steady-state flow bench tests of an intake port. When using an appropriate mesh resolution near the walls, the steady-state flow bench simulation predicted that discharge coefficient and swirl/tumble index are in agreement with the measured data. It was reconfirmed that the predicted discharge coefficients and swirl/tumble index of steady flow bench simulations have a good correlation with those of motored engine flow simulations. The polar velocity inhomogeneity factor correlates well with the port discharge coefficient, swirl/tumble index. A port performance evaluation guideline was generated by taking advantage of steady flow bench and motored engine flow simulations and port polar velocity inhomogeneity factor.
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Knepley, Matthew G., and Jaydeep P. Bardhan. "Work/Precision Tradeoffs in Continuum Models of Biomolecular Electrostatics." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53579.

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The structure and function of biological molecules are strongly influenced by the water and dissolved ions that surround them. This aqueous solution (solvent) exerts significant electrostatic forces in response to the biomolecule’s ubiquitous atomic charges and polar chemical groups. In this work, we investigate a simple approach to numerical calculation of this model using boundary-integral equation (BIE) methods and boundary-element methods (BEM). Traditional BEM discretizes the protein–solvent boundary into a set of boundary elements, or panels, and the approximate solution is defined as a weighted combination of basis functions with compact support. The resulting BEM matrix then requires integrating singular or near singular functions, which can be slow and challenging to compute. Here we investigate the accuracy and convergence of a simpler representation, namely modeling the unknown surface charge distribution as a set of discrete point charges on the surface. We find that at low resolution, point-based BEM is more accurate than panel-based methods, due to the fact that the protein surface is sampled directly, and can be of significant value for numerous important calculations that require only moderate accuracy, such as the preliminary stages of rational drug design and protein engineering.
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Zhang, Zhiheng, Rencan Peng, Jian Dong, and Yonglei Chu. "Research of Equidistance Cylindrical Projection Applied in Polar Nautical Chart." In 4th International Conference on Information Technology and Management Innovation. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icitmi-15.2015.63.

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Hammonds, James S., Kimani A. Stancil, and Olalekan S. Adewuyi. "Selective Infrared Energy Harvesting by Nanoparticle Dispersions in Solar Thermal Desalination Systems." In ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1654.

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Abstract A significant portion of the infrared solar spectrum is either unused, or wasted by inefficient solar energy conversion. In this paper, we show that infrared light harvesting can also be accomplished by dispersions of polar nanoparticles. Polar nanoparticle dispersions in a selective absorber may result in Solar Thermal Desalination (STD) systems that aim to maximize the solar-to-heat conversion efficiency by managing the thermal radiative and conduction losses. In noting that irregular dispersions of polar nanoparticles are less costly than regularly spaced nanostructures to manufacture at large scales, we describe the solar absorptivity as a function of a nanoparticle chain model determined emissivity and thermal conductance. The near-field interactions between nanoparticles are explained by modeling the nanoparticles as dispersed electromagnetic dipole oscillations that interact with solar light. An FDTD model of polar nanodispersions near an optical cavity is used to demonstrate infrared harvesting. With this model, we show that the infrared light-harvesting mechanisms of silica nanoparticles involve local and propagating surface phonon polaritons and varying the volume fraction changes radiation transport properties by several orders of magnitude. In discussing STD systems, we demonstrate a potential to use nanoparticle chains to create novel selective absorbers with tunable solar absorptivity.
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Cheng, Fengyi, Aijun Liu, Qingshuang Zhang, Yingxian Zhang, and Biao Cai. "Codes design based on EXIT chart for polar coded BICM-ID." In 2017 IEEE 2nd Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iaeac.2017.8054189.

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Hamade, R. F., and A. H. Ammouri. "Current Rise Index (CRI) Maps of Machine Tool Motors for Tool-Wear Prognostic." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64706.

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Quantitative polar maps of tool-wear of cutting tools (here, chisel drills) undergoing dry machining are charted based only on transducers reporting electrical current measurements from machine (spindle and feed drives) motors. Associated with these maps are qualitative descriptions of the various modes of tool-wear afflicting the drill tools. These tool-wear maps are based a novel wear criterion developed here that relies on the % increase in motor (spindle and feed drive motors) RMS current values and is dubbed the Current Rise Index (CRI). For verification in a drilling operation application, this index is found to positively track the progressive increase in tool-wear. Utilizing this CRI and the associated polar plots, monitoring of cutting tools may be achieved simply by machine tool operator via visual monitoring of polar CRI maps generated in real-time. Naturally, such plots lend themselves to automated prognosis by common control techniques utilized in machine tool operations. Such maps may also serve as indirect means of predicting tool-wear in automated cutting operations.
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