Journal articles on the topic 'Poland – Intellectual life – 20th century'
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1
Robbins-Panko, Jessica. "THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY HISTORIES OF ACTIVE AGING IN POLAND." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2650.
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Abstract In contemporary Poland, Universities of the Third Age are the most visible institutional forms of active aging. These lifelong-learning institutions that are specifically for retirees often cultivate ideals of independence through workshops and classes that teach new, and potentially transformative, skills and hobbies (Kobylarek, 2018). Universities of the Third Age in Poland emerged out of the fields of andragogy, pedagogy, and social work, fields that have regional intellectual roots in the late 19th/early 20th-century presocialist era, and are based on radically different ideals of personhood, relationality, and care than those of the contemporary postsocialist neoliberal era (Robbins, 2021). This paper analyzes 1) historical data from institutional archives of two Universities of the Third Age in Poland, and 2) secondary sources on histories of andragogy, pedagogy, and social work, to create a locally grounded intellectual history of active aging in central and eastern Europe. The Polish case offers an opportunity to think across divergent political-economic eras, in which assumptions about the value of a person to society have shifted. By tracing how the fields of andragogy, pedagogy, and social work have shaped active aging in Poland, this paper finds that 1) dichotomies of East/West, socialist/capitalist, and individual/collective are insufficient to explain the history of contemporary practices of active aging, and 2) intellectual history can reveal complex relations between political-economic change, and ideals and practices of aging. These findings have implications for advancing gerontological theories of 1) active aging in cross-cultural contexts, and 2) how active aging relates to sociopolitical change.
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Krzyżowski, Tomasz. "Korespondencja arcybiskupa ormiańskokatolickiego Józefa Teodorowicza z prymasem Polski kardynałem Augustem Hlondem z lat 1924-1938." Lehahayer 6 (December 31, 2019): 165–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lh.06.2019.06.06.
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The Correspondence between the Armenian Catholic Archbishop Józef Teodorowicz and the Polish Primate Cardinal August Hlond in the years 1924-1938
Cardinal August Hlond (1881-1948) and Archbishop Józef Teodorowicz (1864-1938) are notable representatives of the Polish Episcopate of the first half of the 20th century. They were men of extraordinary abilities, spiritual and intellectual values and organizational skills. As devout shepherds and great patriots, they took an active part in public life. Their letters, which constitute the main subject of this edit, illustrate the comprehensive and multi-layered involvement of both hierarchs in the area of Church and state, as well as their intense mutual cooperation. The article raises a number of issues, mainly concerning the problems of the Catholic Church in Poland at that time, i.e. the establishment of the Catholic News Agency, the work to create the facilities of the Catholic Action and their activities, the Catholic press in Poland, religious ceremonies, the education reform, catechisation, religious congregations, and the work of the episcopacy: the agenda, pastoral letters, activities of individual committees, etc. In addition, the letters provide information on the position of the two hierarchs on the parliamentary elections and the political situation in Poland, and also on the dispute between Archbishop Teodorowicz and the Jesuit Paweł Siwek about the Catholic mystic Therese Neumann of Konnersreuth.
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Majewicz, Alfred F. "Bronisław Piłsudski’s heritage and Lithuania." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 10, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2009): 63–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2009.3670.
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Adam Mickiewicz University The paper aims at introducing the results of research on the cultures and languages of the aboriginal peoples of the island of Sakhalin, the Lower Amur Region (Priamurye), and northern Japan (Ainu, Nivhgu, Uilta, Ulcha, and Nanai) conducted at the turn of the 19th and 20th century by Polish political exile Bronisław (Ginet) Piłsudski (1866–1918) and at presenting his ties with Lithuania: he used to introduce himself as Samogitian and Lithuanian (besides Polish―here the so-called nested ethnic identity is involved) and especially towards the end of his life emphasised this identity by inserting the name of his Lithuanian ancestors before his Polish family name. His seemingly long-forgotten legacy is now brought back to the attention of specialists with the appearance of the consecutive volumes of his Collected Works. The argumentation and conclusion of this Vilnius University anniversary article is that Piłsudski belongs to the same degree to the history of Oriental studies in both Lithuania and Poland and that both countries involved can only be proud of such a figure in the annals of their intellectual heritage.
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Jones, Mark. "20th century composers." Psychiatric Bulletin 15, no. 7 (July 1991): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.15.7.442.
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At the turn of the century, opera was leaderless after the heady days of Verdi and Wagner. Puccini emerged as the new voice of Italian opera, where realism, or verismo, was the way forward. But verismo could never be the answer to the operatic dilemma that faced the latest composers, since it only gave a musical dimension to a stage painting of ‘life as it is’, without reference to underlying psychodynamics — I personally have never thought Puccini much of an intellectual. Beautiful his music may be, but as thinking pieces of theatre they are devoid of real challenges. Their appeal and potency lies, to a great extent, in Puccini's obsession with needless suffering.
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Gołaszewska-Rusinowska, Dominika. "JOAQUÍN COSTA I REGENERACJA HISZPANII." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 17 (June 15, 2018): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2018.17.19.
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This case study focuses on the life and work of Joaquín Costa. He was a Spanish intellectual who in late 19th century and early 20th century started the intellectual and political movement called Regenerationism. This movement emerged in response against the political system of Spanish Restoration.
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Tokajuk, Andrzej, and Ewa Tokajuk. "New Life of Postindustrial Factories in Bialystok – Chosen Aspects." Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.1488.
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The revitalization is one of the most essential processes associated with transformations of urban structures in the 20th and 21st centuries. Revitalization actions, carried out in Polish cities at the beginning of the 21st century, concern mainly postindustrial areas and buildings. The most known revitalization operations in Poland have been carried out in Lodz and Poznan. The authors of the article will present analyses concerning revitalization problems of some old factories in Bialystok – former significant centre of the textile industry in Poland in the end of 19th and first half of the 20th century. The authors will present significant architectural, spatial and economical effects of such transformations.
The research was carried out in the frame of scientific project No. S/WA/2/2016 at the Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and financed from science research sources by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
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Grochowski, Mateusz. "Freedom of Contract on Crossroads: The Struggle over the Concept of Contract Liberty in 20th Century Poland." osteuropa recht 66, no. 1 (2020): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2020-1-34.
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The text delves into the origins and theoretic premises of the concept of freedom of contract that developed in Poland throughout the 20th century. It attempts to provide a more precise understanding of the economic and political dynamics that led to creation of the quite strong laissez faire perception of contract liberty, which still seems to underpin most of the Polish discourses about contract law. In so doing, the article seeks to analyze two crucial dynamics that seem to be determinative for the current shape of freedom of contract in Poland: the direct translation of the inter-war model of contract liberty into the current civil law, as well as the rapidity and profoundness of the transformation from the centrally-steered to free market economy in the 1990s. This view on intellectual history of contract liberty is, in turn, applied to analyze frictions in transposition of EU contract law, which occur conspicuously in the Polish realities.
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Żarnowski, Janusz. "Dzienniki Marii Dąbrowskiej jako źródło wiedzy o historii." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 52, no. 1 (January 22, 2008): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2008.52.1.2.
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The author considers the diaries of Maria Dąbrowska covering the period 1914 to 1966 which have recently been made available in electronic form and recognises her as the most important Polish storyteller of the first half of the 20th century. He considers the importance of this work to research into the history of Poland during the 20th century. He emphasises Maria Dąbrowska’s specific view of political and social reality, which is not surprising given that she was a leading intellectual and artist. However, the diaries are not just a reflection of the author’s personality but they also illustrate the attitudes that part of the Polish intelligentsia which during the years prior to independence in 1989 was called the “independence intelligentsia”. This was a community which was largely liberal and left-wing whose views were shaped by concepts adopted at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. A broad spectrum of Polish society did not fully accept the views of that community. Nevertheless, at critical times (e.g. the invasion of Poland in 1939, resistance against the Germans in 1939–1944 or the communist crisis in 1956) Maria Dąbrowska’s diaries reflect the attitudes of most Poles. The diaries shed light on the situation and attitudes of the intelligentsia and intellectuals during the communist era and their attitudes to the authorities and the communist or socialist social and political programme.
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Mirecka, Agata. "Polski krytyk teatralny Andrzej Wirth – mistrz przemieszczania się i jego rola w kształtowaniu nowego oblicza teatru w Niemczech." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 22 (December 31, 2022): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20811853.22.10.
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Andrzej Wirth, a 20th century Polish essayist, philosopher and theatre critic, is one of the often forgotten theatre and drama scholars in Poland, perhaps due to his long life in exile. A recognized expert in theatre studies and philosophy, he has lectured at many universities around the world, especially in the United States and Europe. He gained particular recognition as the founder and director of the Institute for Applied Theatre Studies at the University of Giessen in Germany. The aim of this article is to introduce Wirth’s personality, outline his life between cultures and highlight his importance for the development of theatre studies in Germany, as well as his great contribution to the promotion of Polish literature in Germany in the mid-20th century. Andrzej Wirth’s life was beyond borders and divisions, although with a particular attachment to the culture of his homeland and Germany; he was rooted in childhood memories and a desire for theatre as a liberated art in an age of evolving media technologies.
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Dénes, Iván Zoltán. "Contributing to Healing the World." European Review 23, no. 4 (September 22, 2015): 597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798715000241.
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This paper investigates the resistance, and life-saving activities during the Shoah, of the greatest Hungarian democratic political thinker of the 20th century, István Bibó – one of the most original political theorists of his time. It places this in the context of his intellectual development, and provides an overview of his later thought on Anti-Semitism and the various forms of Jewish identity.
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Boyakova, Sardana I., and Inna I. Yurganova. "Parochial schools in Yakutia’s intellectual landscape (the second half of 19th - early 20th century)." RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 904–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-4-904-921.
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The article deals with the activities of the parochial schools in the Yakut region in the second half 19th - early 20th century as the region’s main primary schools. The authors consider the effect of the climate and the local population’s living conditions to explain the slow growth of these schools. Among other, it also discusses disagreements between the region’s secular and spiritual authorities about education, as well as how the institutions were financed. It argues the teachers, as members of the intelligentsia, were Yakutia’s intellectual elites, which enabled them to influence public opinion. Their educational activities, involvement in academic research, journalism and art significantly enriched the region’s intellectual life. The authors conclude that parochial schools enabled the population to receive primary education, as well as the possibility of further study. Both secular and religious educators contributed to the formation of the intelligentsia nationally and the integration of the Yakut periphery into the empire.
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Christensen, Bryce. "The Fissioning of the Modern Family in Utopia- The Real- World Consequences of Political Illusions." Legal Culture 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.37873/legal.2018.1.1.13.
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Since the mid-20th century, the United States-, like many Europeancountries, -has witnessed dramatic changes in family life, resulting inremarkably low rates for marriage and fertility, remarkably high rates fordivorce, cohabitation, and out-of-wedlock births. To understand these changes the article presents, on the example of literature, ideologies, philosophical trends, and intellectual opinions, which in a particularly destructive way influenced the contemporary condition of the family.
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Kovářová, Helena. "Travels by the Czech teacher and school director František Slaměník in the footsteps of Comenius in Poland and the Netherlands as evidence of commitment to the comeniology." Siedleckie Zeszyty Komeniologiczne, seria PEDAGOGIKA VI (December 22, 2019): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6264.
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At the turn of the 20th century, the interest in John Amos Comenius’ legacy was on the rise. While various basic monographs and studies were published at the time, his biography still contained a lot of uncertainties and the list of his works was incomplete. In addition to histori-ans, some teachers who admired Comenius engaged in searching for new facts that would con-tribute to answering some issuable questions. One of them was František Slaměník, the founder of the oldest Comenius Museum. This paper focuses in detail on Slaměník’s reports from his private travels abroad to places linked to Comenius’ life. Slaměník’s texts are interesting evi-dence of comeniological discourse in the Czech lands at the last quater of 19th century with overlap to the beginning of 20th century.
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Pawłowska, Aneta Joanna. "Visual text or "words-in-freedom" from Futurism through concrete poetry to electronic literature." Text and Image: Essential Problems in Art History, no. 1 (2019): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-4801.2019.1.06.
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The aim of the article is to present the changes which the literary text with visual values is subjected to. As the starting point of our intellectual considerations we chose the turning-point between 19th and 20th century, when as a result of artistic actions of such avant-garde artists as Guillaume Apollinaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, dramatic changes in the perception of the semantic meaning of poety occurred, which brought about the situation in which the visual structure of the text became quite essential. In the beginning of the 20th century the need for the necessary changes within the scope of literature and visual arts, were noticed by such diverse artists connected with Futurism, as Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who advocated in his „one-day” publications and manifestoes the slogans which were spelled out in various different languages parole in libertá – with „words-in- freedom”. In Poland a similar role was played by such artists as Brunon Jasieński (1901-1938), Stanisław Młodożeniec (1895-1959), Alexander Watt (1900-1967), Anatol Stern (1899-1968) and Tytus Czyżewski (1880-1945), who presented a multi-sensual reality, in the poetry with „mechanical instinct”. The aim of the article is to present the changes which the literary text with visual values is subjected to. As the starting point of our intellectual considerations we chose the turning-point between 19th and 20th century, when as a result of artistic actions of such avant-garde artists as Guillaume Apollinaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, dramatic changes in the perception of the semantic meaning of poety occurred, which brought about the situation in which the visual structure of the text became quite essential. In the beginning of the 20th century the need for the necessary changes within the scope of literature and visual arts, were noticed by such diverse artists connected with Futurism, as Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who advocated in his „one-day” publications and manifestoes the slogans which were spelled out in various different languages parole in libertá – with „words-in- freedom”. In Poland a similar role was played by such artists as Brunon Jasieński (1901-1938), Stanisław Młodożeniec (1895-1959), Alexander Watt (1900-1967), Anatol Stern (1899-1968) and Tytus Czyżewski (1880-1945), who presented a multi-sensual reality, in the poetry with „mechanical instinct”. A vivid interest concerning the modern typography in the period which took place immediately after the end of the First World War and during the interwar period of the Great Avant-Garde, was shown by various artists who were closely related to Dadaism and the Polish art group called „a.r”. Here a special mention is desrved by the pioneer accomplishments in the range of lettering craft and the so-called „functional printing” of the famous artist Władysław Strzemiński (1893-1952). The next essential moment in the development of the new approach to the synesthesia of the printed text and fine arts is the period of the 1960s of the 20th century and the period of „concrete poetry” (Eugen Gomringer, brothers Augusto and Haroldo de Campos from Brazil, Öyvind Fahlström). In Poland, the undisputed leader of this movement was the artist Stanisław Dróżdż (1939-2009), the originator of the so-called „conceptual-shapes”. In the 21st century, the emanation of actions which endevour to join and link closely poetry with visual arts is the electronic literature, referred to as digital or html. Artists associated with this formation, usually produce their works only by means of a laptop or personal computer and with the intention that the computer the main carrier / medium of their work. Among the creators of such works of art, it is possibile to mention such authors of the young generation as Robert Szczerbiowski, Radosław Nowakowski, Sławomir Shuty.
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Belov, Sergey G., and Aleksey Yu Suslov. "A Provincial Intellectual at the Breaking Point of History (on the Chistopol Doctor D.D. Avdeyev, the Prototype of Doctor Zhivago)." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v150.
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This article dwells on the biography of the provincial doctor Dmitry D. Avdeyev (1879–1952) unfolding during the dramatic events in 20th-century Russia. The methods of intellectual history and micro-historiography allow us to create a certain “portrait of a provincial doctor against the background of the era”, who had to make cultural choices. The paper analyses the impact of Avdeyev’s life on the image of Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist in Boris Pasternak’s famous novel, who embodied the best features of the Russian intelligentsia: selfless devotion, action for the common good, disregard of material wealth, and commitment to the timeless humanistic ideals. Avdeyev’s origin and family as well as his professional path are described. Further, the paper studies the everyday life and practice of the ordinary provincial doctor in the early 20th century, including the period of the Civil War and famine of 1921–1922 in the Volga region. It is emphasized here that Avdeyev’s reminiscences of these tragic events, which he had shared with writers evacuated to Chistopol and Yelabuga (1941–1943), were directly and indirectly reflected in Doctor Zhivago. During the war, the doctor’s house in Chistopol became a kind of a writers’ club and a literary salon. It is concluded that the dramatic clash between Avdeyev’s (and Doctor Zhivago’s and, to some extent, Pasternak’s) thoughts and dreams and the reality of post-revolutionary Russia, as well as their being fettered by the actualities of the epoch were, nevertheless, overcome through the spirit of creativity and due to finding meaning in serving the Russian people. This paper provides deeper insights into the lives and behavioural patterns of Russian intellectuals during this landmark period and can be used in interdisciplinary research on the intellectual history of 20th-century Russia and in literary studies.
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Rzońca, Wiesław. "Zenon Przesmycki wśród młodopolskich „wskrzesicieli” Norwida." Przegląd Humanistyczny 61, no. 4 (459) (May 21, 2018): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0648.
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The author argues that a role of Zenon Przesmycki in the process of bringing back Cyprian Norwid to the Polish literary life is slightly overestimated. At the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries on the Polish lands, the reception of French symbolism took place, which determined the perception of the author of Vade-mecum working in Paris (since 1849) as a great precursor of intellectual “visual poetry”. However, by making Norwid a strictly Romantic poet, the generation of the Young Poland artists effectively distanced themselves from artistic borrowings associated with Baudelaire, Verlaine, etc., thus obtaining the effect of the “nativeness” of modern Polish poetry at that time.
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Zyukina, Zulfira, Yulia Voropaeva, and Zoya Zyukina. "Intellectual games concept review in THE XIX – XXI century (Google book Ngram Corpus scientific materials base)." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 16035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021016035.
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In the context of the development of information technology in the world, modern scientists have noted in children, youth and adults the processes of creative and intellectual degradation, the growth of functional illiteracy. In the 20th century, the value of general intelligence for each new generation was one more statistical “norm” than the previous one. Scientists have discovered that the activity of a man of the 21st century in his free time becomes more significant for the development of his intellect and creativity (gaining a state of "flow") than activity during working hours. The intellectual load during leisure time allows a person to maintain a high level of mental activity until the end of his life, to prevent brain degradation. In the scientific community, from the mid-19th century, the verbal definition of the term “intellectual games” is enclosed in different types of games. Drawing analogies between the concepts of “Quiz” and “intellectual games”, the authors of the article determine that they are the product of two opposites: mass, entertainment culture and intellectual culture, which is characteristic of a rational person, capable of endless development. The authors described a modern tool for working in the database of scientific materials Google Book Ngram Corpus. This database contains also materials concerning architecture, construction, machine-buliding fields of research. With its help, connotations of intellectual games in the history of their development were considered.
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Federici Vescovini, Graziella. "La storia della filosofia medievale dei secoli XIII e XIV." Bochumer Philosophisches Jahrbuch für Antike und Mittelalter 6 (December 31, 2001): 53–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpjam.6.04ves.
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An overview of current medieval philosophical and scientific studies would seem justified at the beginning of the 21st century. While no part of the history of philosophy has been so much despised as the Middle Ages (this period having been called until the beginning of the 20th century the ›dark ages‹), numerous internationally signi;cant studies on this topic have recently been published. Essays and monographs, critical editions, anthologies and reviews have addressed many facets of medieval thought, particularly the medieval institutional context and the intellectual life of the Middle Ages along with the history of medieval philosophy and science. This essay looks at studies of different philosophical tendencies from the end of the 13th century to the 15th century, not restricting itself to medieval Aristotelianism.
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White, Anne. "New receiving countries and the European ‘mobility laboratory’: integration and family reunification aspirations among Ukrainians in Płock." Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 46, no. 4 (178) (2020): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.20.037.12774.
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Poland has recently become a country with net immigration, thanks largely to an influx of labour migrants from all over Ukraine. This begs the question of how similar its experiences will be to those of European countries which made the same migration transition in the 20th century. The article explores how recently-arrived Ukrainians experience life in a medium-sized Polish city, Płock, which has itself only recently achieved net international immigration. I argue that one should not overplay Poland’s status as a new receiving country, differentiating it from established receiving countries such as the UK. In fact, there are many parallels between the experiences of migrants in the UK and Poland, primarily linked to 21st century opportunities to establish dynamic transnational migration networks. All receiving countries need to adjust to this unexpected situation. For the Ukrainian factory workers interviewed in this study, its most important aspect is that the majority aspire to bring their families to Poland – just as Polish families rapidly reunited abroad in the aftermath of Poland’s EU accession.
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White, Anne. "New receiving countries and the European ‘mobility laboratory’: integration and family reunification aspirations among Ukrainians in Płock." Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 46, no. 4 (178) (2020): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.20.037.12774.
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Poland has recently become a country with net immigration, thanks largely to an influx of labour migrants from all over Ukraine. This begs the question of how similar its experiences will be to those of European countries which made the same migration transition in the 20th century. The article explores how recently-arrived Ukrainians experience life in a medium-sized Polish city, Płock, which has itself only recently achieved net international immigration. I argue that one should not overplay Poland’s status as a new receiving country, differentiating it from established receiving countries such as the UK. In fact, there are many parallels between the experiences of migrants in the UK and Poland, primarily linked to 21st century opportunities to establish dynamic transnational migration networks. All receiving countries need to adjust to this unexpected situation. For the Ukrainian factory workers interviewed in this study, its most important aspect is that the majority aspire to bring their families to Poland – just as Polish families rapidly reunited abroad in the aftermath of Poland’s EU accession.
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WILSON, PETER. "Gilbert Murray and International Relations: Hellenism, liberalism, and international intellectual cooperation as a path to peace." Review of International Studies 37, no. 2 (August 25, 2010): 881–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210510000744.
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AbstractGilbert Murray was one of the towering figures of 20th century cultural and intellectual life, and the foremost Hellenist of his generation. He was also a tireless campaigner for peace and international reconciliation, and a pioneer in the development of international intellectual cooperation, not least in the field of International Relations (IR). Yet in IR today he is largely forgotten. This article seeks to put Murray back on the historiographical map. It argues that while in many ways consistent with the image of the inter-war ‘utopian’, Murray's thinking in certain significant ways defies this image. It examines the twin foundations of his international thought – liberalism and Hellenism – and their manifestation in a version of international intellectual cooperation that while aristocratic and outmoded in some respects, nonetheless contains certain enduring insights.
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Bołdyrew, Aneta, and Agnieszka Wałęga. "Edukacja zawodowa młodzieży a wyzwania modernizacji w dyskursie prasowym w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1905–1918." Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny, no. 67/1 (July 10, 2022): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2657-6007.kp.2022-2.2.
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The article describes the main directions of the discussion on the vocational education of young people in the context of the challenges of modernisation, conducted in the pages of Polish magazines in the Kingdom of Poland at the beginning of the 20th century. This period brought intensive development and new forms of vocational education, and new contexts, problems and arguments about the legitimacy of further development of this form of education appeared in the journalistic discussion. In 1905–1918, in the public debate about the modernisation of education in the Kingdom of Poland the constantly raised issue was the vocational education of young people, which was supposed to respond to the rapidly changing reality of social life. So far, these issues had not been the subject of historical and pedagogical analyses, while the discussion about vocational education at the beginning of the 20th century was conducted in various periodicals. The first part of the article attempts to analyse the ideological contexts of the discussion on practical education. The subsequent parts are devoted to the two issues particularly important in the press discourse after 1905 – the vocational education of peasants and the professional educationof girls and women. These problems are discussed on the basis of extensive press research.
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Hrabovskyj, Serhiy. "ANTY-COLONIAL DISCOURCE OF UKRAINIAN THINKERS OF THE LATE 19th AND THE FIRST THIRD OF 20th CENTURY." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 22 (2017): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2017.22.18.
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The problems of colonialism and post-colonialism are very important for the modern world. Postcolonial studios are one of the key components of intellectual discourse. However, most of them have a serious flaw, namely the reduction of the topic to the collapse of colonial expansion and colonial exploitation to racial and geographical factors. These studios are about as colonizers view Europeans, and as oppressed peoples of the colonies view residents of other parts of the world. These researchers also do not pay attention to the fact that the Russian Empire had a colony at one time, not in America or Africa, but most of its colonies were in Asia. In addition, the Russian Empire had colonies in Europe: Finland, part of Poland, most of Ukraine, and so on. In turn, the German empire held in colonial condition the part of Poland that belonged to it. In Europe, therewere other colonies of other states. Therefore, at the end of the 19th and in the first third of the 20th century, the concept of "colony of the European type" appeared in socio-political thought. Ukrainian thinkers of this age (namely, Julian Bachinsky, Ivan Franko, Lesja Ukrainka Sergey Mazlakh and Vasyl Shahray, Mikhaylo Volobuev and others) by using certain methodologies investigated various aspects of the existence of such colonies, primarily of the case of Ukraine. Bachinsky puts the focus on purely economic factors that determine the colonial status of Ukraine, Franco – on national-political, Lesja Ukrainka – on existential, Mazlakh and Shahray – emphasized the aggregate of national, political and economic. At the same time, none of them took as the basis of the ethnolinguistic factor, like some Ukrainian researchers of colonialism do now. The article focuses on the ideas of Mikhaylo Volobuyev, which combine economic, political, socio-cultural and existential factors. Volobuyev, in addition, thoroughly criticized the substantial limitations of the racial-geographical approach to the problem of colonialism. Many of his ideas are relevant to modern challenges, others need rethinking in the context of the mutual struggle between different projects of globalization. Thus, in Ukraine at the end of the 19th century and in the first third of the 20th century there was a powerful intellectual direction of anti-colonial socio-political thought that did not reduce the problem of colonialism either to the racial factor, or to the geographical, or to the ethno-linguistic one. The author believes that such an integrated, multi-factor approach to the problems of colonialism and vision of overcoming the colonial heritage is the most urgent one. Therefore, it is expedient and necessary to appeal to the heritage of Ukrainian thinkers who turned to anti-colonial discourse.
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Kucharski, Leszek, Marek Kloss, Jadwiga Sienkiewicz, Małgorzata Liszewska, and Piotr Kiełtyk. "Impact of climate change on ivy (Hedera helix L.) expansion in forests of Central Poland." Folia Forestalia Polonica 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2019-0020.
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Abstract The article refers to a broader context of scientific debates on the effect of climate warming on shifts in species ranges and describes the recent changes in the distribution and life strategy of Hedera helix close to its eastern limit, in light of climate changes. European ivy is an ecotone species, occurring in fringe communities, in deciduous and mixed deciduous forests in fresh and moist habitats that are occupied by oak-hornbeam and riparian alder-ash forests in Central Poland. Since the mid-20th century, the ivy, a species rarely reproducing generatively, has become an expansive plant with a growing number of sites where flowering and fruiting individuals are encountered. We studied the distribution, habitat requirements and flowering of H. helix in Central Poland in the years 2015–2017 and compared to the situation in the mid-1970s. Climate changes in terms of average air temperatures and precipitation amounts for the past four decades were also assessed. Within the study area, 474 stands of naturally growing Hedera have recently been identified. Ivy was found to reproduce generatively on 121 of those locations. There has been an almost 10-fold increase in the number of fruiting ivy specimens since the mid-1970s of the 20th century. Changes in the species life strategy can be ascribed to the increase in both average air temperatures and solar radiation intensity observed for the past decades. Both enhanced fragmentation of woodland tracts and development of forest ecotones and forest canopy openings promote the expansion of H. helix, while its habitat preferences remain unchanged.
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Krzysztofiński, Mariusz. "Tadeusz Żenczykowski-Zawadzki — biografia polityka, publicysty i żołnierza Recenzja publikacji: Karolina Trzeskowska, Tadeusz Żenczykowski-Zawadzki (1907–1997). W kraju i na emigracji." Przegląd Sejmowy 5(160) (2020): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/ps.2020.74.
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The life of Tadeusz Żenczykowski-Zawadzki was sofull that it could be lived by more than one person. Karolina Trzeskowska’s book presents this outstanding politician, conspirator and publicist against the background of the 20th-century history of Poland, marked by the aggression and occupation of Polish lands by Germany and the USSR. Żenczykowski-Zawadzki, subordinating his life to the service to the country, wrote the honorable page in the history as a soldier, a politician, and finally a journalist and an activist in exile. In the latter role, he defended the good name of the Polish Underground State and the Home Army discredited by the communists.
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Michalska, Iwonna. "On the Education of Girls at the Beginning of the 20th Century as Described in the Journal “Świat Kobiecy”." Nauki o Wychowaniu. Studia Interdyscyplinarne 11, no. 2 (November 6, 2020): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2450-4491.11.04.
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This paper presents the issue of the education of girls as described in the weekly titled “Świat Kobiecy” (Women’s World), published in 1905–1906 by Zjednoczone Koło Ziemianek (the United Landladies’ Association). Analysis of 104 issues of that journal showed that it believed in the great importance of not only learning how to read and write, but also of the further education of women. It showed solutions adopted in that area in European countries and, on the other hand, proposed various ways to gain an education in Poland, describing specific types of schools and their locations. For the daughters of landowners, it recommended mainly occupational schools. It also provided detailed advice concerning the organization of home schooling to mothers of young girls who could not be educated in institutions for various reasons. For talented girls interested in their own intellectual development and having the necessary funds, it proposed secondary and university education. The approach of the editors of “Świat Kobiecy” fits the tendency of discussions concerning the education of women held at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Wolff, Larry. "The Poetry and Prose of Everyday Life in Communist Kraków: Moths, Old Maids, and the Memoirs of Adam Zagajewski." Slavic Review 61, no. 2 (2002): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2697121.
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This essay analyzes Adam Zagajewski’s recent memoir W cudzym pigknie (Another beauty), in which he reflects particularly on the decades of the 1960s and 1970s, when he was a student and young poet in Kraków. The essay addresses Zagajewski’s perspective on the city of Kraków, his reflections on communism in Wladyslaw Gomulka’s Poland, his sense of the relations between older and younger Polish generations, and his efforts to negotiate a personal balance between poetry and politics. Zagajewski’s memoir is discussed in the context of his own poetry, of Polish intellectual life, and of Kraków’s cultural history from the 1890s to the 1980s. Intellectual points of reference and comparison range from Tadeusz “Boy“ Żeleński and Stanisław Wyspiański in fin-de-siècle Kraków, to Witold Gombrowicz, Czesław Miłosz, and Adam Michnik in later twentieth-century Polish letters and politics. The essay, finally, attempts to assess the significance and implications of communism for Polish poetry, literature, and intellectual life.
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Arciszewska, Barbara, and Makary Górzyński. "Urban Narratives in the Age of Revolutions: Early 20th century Ideas to Modernize Warsaw." Artium Quaestiones, no. 26 (September 19, 2018): 101–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/aq.2015.26.6.
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In January 1906, in the turbulent period of 1905–1907, the poet, artist, and socialactivist Antoni Lange published in the Warsaw weekly Świat an essay called“Marzenia warszawskie” (“The Warsaw Dreams”). A several page text, illustratedwith woodcuts by the painter Andrzej Zarzycki, included a spectacular vision of metropolitanWarsaw of the future: a capital city with many public buildings and moderninfrastructure, a genuine center of Polish national and cultural life. The present essayanalyzes unexamined ideas of Lange in terms of the history of architecture, andin a double political and social context. “The Warsaw Dreams” was deeply rooted inthe political reality of the former Kingdom of Poland, addressing the issue of liberalizationof the Russian rule during the 1905 revolution. Using the vocabulary of urbanplanning and making a list of changes in the city’s architecture, Lange articulateda vision of the future space of Warsaw as a Polish metropolis of modernity, administeredindependently of Russia. In his essays he proposed to extend the city limits andremove its fortifications as well as introduce local government with significant prerogativesas an instrument of Warsaw’s great transformation – its aestheticization and construction of public buildings, such as national government edifices, schools,and cultural centers. The authors argue that by describing public architecture of thefuture Warsaw as a “dream” full of copies of well-known European architectural monumentsfrom Venice, Prague, and Cracow, Lange created a comprehensive politicalproject of autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland in the Russian empire. “The WarsawDreams” originally combined together architecture and politics, urban space and theproblems of Polish modernization, and the discourses of nationalism and socialism.Lange’s visionary proposal from 1906 is of the most imaginative responses to thechallenges of the development of Warsaw at the turn of the 20th century in the contextof Polish political and social problems of those times.
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Swedberg, Richard. "Tocqueville in Sweden." Tocqueville Review 22, no. 1 (January 2001): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.22.1.201.
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If a non-Swedish observer was asked to hazard a guess if Tocqueville had influenced Swedish political, cultural and intellectual life, she would probably answer that this would be quite unlikely, given the strong position of colleetivistic ideologies in this country.1 This answer is both correct and incorrect, as I shall try to show in this brief note which attempts to add to our knowledge of the reception of Tocqueville in Europe — a genre that was initiated by Francoisc Mélonio in Tocqueville et les Français in 1993. During the 19th century Tocqueville’s ideas were well known in political as well as cultural and intellectual circles in Sweden. During the 20th century, on the other hand, the interest more or less disappeared, although there exist some signs of a recent revival, set off by a new translation of De la démocratie en Amérique in 1997 (L’Ancien régime has never been translated into Swedish).
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PACHOWICZ, ANNA. "POLISH EMIGRATION IN FRANCE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 28 (December 27, 2017): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2017.28.134-146.
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The main aim of the article is an attempt to show the life of Polish emigration in France in the first half of the 20th century and, above all, the circumstances and organization of the trips, the number of people, their distribution within the territory of individual departments, working conditions and the problem of assimilation. In those times, Poles were coming to work in France from the territory of Germany (Westphalia) and from Poland. France was a destination Poles were very keen on and emigrated to on several occasions. On the one hand, France needed workers and, on the other hand, the difficult economic situation prompted Poles to leave their country and look for work outside their borders. The Polish-French convention on emigration and immigration, concluded on 3rd September 1919, played an important role in this matter. It set out the rules that gave grounds for many Poles to leave Poland in the following years. Polish immigration in the 1920s and 30s was of economic nature. Poles chose to work in various branches of heavy industry, primarily in mining, metallurgy, construction, textile and, least profitable, agriculture. They had to get used to the new conditions of life such as learning the language, the culture and mentality of Frenchmen, which was different from Polish. For the first groups of Poles arriving in France, French was a serious problem, yet with each passing year the problem started to fade away. Poles were ambitious and tried to educate their children and young people. Working in France, despite many difficulties, meant an improvement of material conditions for them compared to those in Poland. Compared with the French workers, their position was much worse, their status was significantly lower, they performed physical work, they generally received lower wages, and did not have full occupational rights.
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Joanna Ostrowska, Joanna Ostrowska. "Festiwale – święta sztuki czy projekty intelektualne." Człowiek i Społeczeństwo 33 (June 15, 2012): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cis.2012.33.11.
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The article tries to analyze the phenomenon of the growing numbers of artistic festivals with an intellectual agenda. In the author's opinion the very appearance of artistic festivals in the beginning of the 20th Century was already an intellectual project of healing war wounds through art, which later created the background for the political project of a common union of European countries. Contemporary artistic festivals are as much presentations of different kinds of art as they are intellectual projects that try to introduce various issues: urban studies, ethnical diversity or results of scientific research. Artistic festivals are analyzed here as cultural performances (in order to be presented, issues undertaken by the festivals need to be performed) that have subversive, transformative and normative power. From the viewpoint of performance studies and aesthetics of performativity, contemporary festivals crushed the division between art and events that are part of everyday, "real" life.
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Kalita, Liliana. "Filmowe Tbilisi, Moskwa i Warszawa we wspomnieniach Heleny Amiradżibi-Stawińskiej." Acta Polono-Ruthenica 4, no. XXIV (December 30, 2019): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.4878.
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Amiradżibi-Stawińska (1932–2017), a director born in Tbilisi, was educated in Moscow Film Institute. She came to Poland with her first husband, Jerzy Ziarnik, where she made a dozen or so documentaries and feature films. However, she reached the peak of her career when she was married to her second husband – a screenwriter and director, Jerzy Stefan Stawiński. In Poland, Amiradżi-bi-Stawińska published three memoirs: Słodkie życie księżniczki (1996), Książka antykucharska(2007) and Moja filmowa Moskwa. Białym pociągiem dookoła wódki... i nie tylko (2011), where we can find many interesting comments on life in Georgia, Russia and Poland in the 30s–70s in the 20thcentury. The text concentrates on the subject of film that is present in all her books, which shows cultural relationships and habits of the artistic circles in those years and in each of the three coun-tries. In the memoirs we can see the director’s artistic path against the background of the turbulent events of the 20th century; they are also a source of information about important figures in the film industry in Georgia, Russia and Poland.
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Zhukova, O. A. "National Culture as a Problem of Philosophical and Cultural Analysis: Current Discourse." Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no. 12 (December 20, 2022): 983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2212-03.
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The article shows that the 20th century has significantly changed the social structure of societies, transforming the self-consciousness of a person of European culture. The 20th century prepared the actual modernity of the third millennium with its global structure of cultural and political interrelations, allowing for both the continuous development and critical revision of cultural traditions. National cultures, their spiritual traditions, ethical and aesthetic values are deconstructed under the pressure of unifying practices of the information society. The author raises the question: is the historical and spiritual experience of Russian culture relevant for modern Russia, for its political and cultural agenda? The article puts forward the thesis that the basic concepts included in the philosophical thesaurus and defining the research horizon of Russian cultural philosophers — the state, nation, culture, personality, freedom, religious experience, creativity — are determined by the meanings, ideals and values of the Modernity project. However, currently in relation to Modernity seems to be a radically new project. Modernity, which defined the cultural and political configuration of Russia and Europe in the 18th — early 20th century, cannot compete with this project. The present situation poses a serious challenge to the historical integrity and subjectivity of national cultures. In this context, one of the key tasks is to re-actualize the intellectual heritage of Russian culture, its concepts of man, history, and spiritual life, which were formulated by Russian thinkers.
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Tsipko, Alexander S. "Is it Possible to Combine “Free-Thinking” and Belief in God?" Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 102 (March 1, 2020): 756–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-1-756-767.
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The author addresses the subject of the opposition of “free-thinking” and belief in God in the domestic liberal thought and draws parallels between modern Russian society and similar philosophic discussions a century from the present time. In both cases liberalism in Russia kept to aggressive atheistic position, supporting in that aspect radical materialists. The author examines the historical preconditions for such worldview on the basis of the polemics inside the “Religious and Philosophical Society” that existed in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century. According to the author, in that period there existed a very promising direction in Russian liberal thought, when the representatives of Russian liberal ideas (along with the representatives of other intellectual directions) were the architects of the renascence of Russian religious philosophy on the eve of the Russian empire collapse. Their intellectual activity dealt with relieving the ideological hostility of liberalism towards religion and spiritual life traditions. The representatives of that direction supposed that without solving that problem of antagonism, liberalism would inevitably degenerate into culturally and politically destructive nihilism. The author stresses the relevance of similar antagonism and confrontation nowadays, drawing attention in that regard to the importance of studying and further development of all directions of thought that we inherit from Russian religious philosophy of the beginning of the 20th centu
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Rethelyi, Mari. "A Place of Pretense and Escapism: The Coffeehouse in Early 20th Century Budapest Jewish Literature." Religions 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9100320.
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In Budapest, going to the coffeehouiennese Café and Fin-De-Siecle Cultuse was the quintessential urban habit. The coffeehouse, a Judaized urban space, although devoid of any religious overtones, was Jewish in that most of the owners and significant majority of the intellectual clientele were Jewish—secular and non-affiliated—but Jewish. The writers’ Jewishness was not a confessed faith or identity, but a lens on the experience of life that stemmed from their origins, whether they were affiliated with a Jewish institution or not, and whether they identified as Jews or not. The coffeehouse enabled Jews to create and participate in the culture that replaced traditional ethnic and religious affiliations. The new secular urban Jew needed a place to express and practice this new identity, and going to the coffeehouse was an important part of that identity. Hungarian Jewish literature centered in Budapest contains a significant amount of material on the coffeehouse. Literature provided a non-constrained and unfiltered venue for the secular Jewish urban intellectuals to voice freely and directly their opinions on Jewish life at the time. In the article I examine what the Jewish writers of the early 20th century wrote about Budapest’s coffeehouses and how their experience of them is connected to their being Jewish.
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Katz, Kimberly. "URBAN IDENTITY IN COLONIAL TUNISIA: THE MAQĀMĀT OF SALIH SUWAYSI AL-QAYRAWANI." International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 4 (October 12, 2012): 693–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000827.
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AbstractThis article presents a microhistory of an early 20th-century Tunisian intellectual, Salih Suwaysi, within the context of cross-regional (Maghrib–Mashriq) literary and intellectual trends. Analyzing Suwaysi's use of the conventional literary genre of maqāmāt illustrates his deep understanding of the problems caused by France's occupation of Tunisia and highlights the significance of historical and contemporary urban space for the author. Revitalized during the nahḍa period, maqāmāt were employed by writers to address issues and problems facing contemporary society, in contrast to some of the earlier maqāmāt that focused on language and language structure more than on narrative content. Suwaysi followed his eastern Mediterranean, especially Egyptian, contemporaries in turning to this genre to convey his critical commentaries on social, religious, and political life under the French Protectorate in Tunisia.
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SHEN, Mingxian. "“延續生命 擴大生命”——何懷宏教授〈預期壽命與生命之道〉讀後." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 12, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.121568.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor He’s paper raises a very interesting question: how does life span relate to way of life? Moving beyond clichéd approaches to health preservation, Professor He innovatively attributes the longevity of Chinese philosophers in the 20th century to their special way of life, informed by traditional Chinese wisdom. In my paper, I use the life history of Shen Congwen to show how we can lead long and prosperous lives. Shen Congwen’s devotion to academic research, beginning in 1949, enabled him to maintain his integrity in later life despite his unfavorable political environment. I suggest that independent intellectual self-actualization played a significant role in the happy life enjoyed by Shen and the lives of many intellectuals like him.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 33 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Hyrych, Ihor. "Does Kyiv need further decolonization and derusification of urban intellectual space?" Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 2 (2018): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.2.130-9.
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The article deals with the actual question of building the cultural landscape of Kyiv through the toponymic renewal of its spatial components. The author refers to the experience of other countries of Eastern Europe, in particular Poland, to analyse the process of renaming the streets and squares of the capital of Ukraine. He evaluates what has been done to change the place names of Kyiv in recent times. At the same time, the article demonstrates how incomplete and unsystematic the renaming process in Kyiv was. The author points out to the preservation of the Soviet-nostalgic discourse in the name of the streets and squares of the city. Attention is focused on such issues as perpetuating the names of public, political, and educational figures, whose activities contributed to the design of the so called “Ukrainian” Kyiv at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. There were especially the representatives of socio-political movement in the second half of 19th century and people who distinguished themselves in the period of national-liberation struggle. It is proved, that a meaningful sense of urban place names form the basis of symbolic cultural landscape of Kyiv. It promotes the designation of “places of memory” in the city and accelerates the processes of decolonization and de-communization of its intellectual space.
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Wrzesińska, Katarzyna. "Megalomania narodowa w ujęciu twórców polskich początku XX wieku." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 42 (June 16, 2015): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2013.005.
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National megalomania in Polish reflection in the early 20th centuryIn the early 20th century, a number of Polish thinkers betrayed a mentality in which was deeply rooted the notion of the Polish nation’s unique character. These thinkers also expressed a conviction that Poles had a special mission both in Europe in general and towards other European nations. The signs of the intellectual elite’s national megalomania were reflected in Polish journalistic writings in the final period of World War I and the initial period of regained independence shortly after it.The article analyzes the views of selected thinkers: the philosopher W. Lutosławski, the journalist and literary critic A. Górski, the publicist A. Chołoniewski, and the historian J.K. Kochanowski. All of them believed in an optimistic picture of Polish history and emphasized the significance of the Polish mission in an ethical dimension understood as a desire to establish European order based both on respect towards the individual and at the same time on national diversity. This attitude was clearly based on Romantic thought – a historiosophy tinted with mesianism. All these authors dealt with the same themes from Polish history, treating them as a justification of their attitudes (such as: the Republic of Nobility as an embodiment of the ideal of freedom, Poland as an intermediary between the East and the West, as well as the propagator of Christian civilization in the East; the prominent role of Poles among the Slavic peoples, the importance of Catholicism). All in all, they created a mythologized vision of the Polish Republic in order to integrate the Polish society and mobilize it to act. This stream of glorification of the Polish statehood met with severe criticism after Poland regained its independence. S. Zakrzewski, F. Bujak, J.S. Bystroń, Bocheński brothers and others protested against falsifying the history of Poland.
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Żebrok, Przemysław. "Religijność mieszkańców Śląska Cieszyńskiego w ujęciu statystycznym." Człowiek i Społeczeństwo 52 (December 31, 2021): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cis.2021.52.11.
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In recent years Poland has been undergoing rapid socio-cultural changes. Along with these changes one can observe a systematic decline in the importance of religious life. This leads to reflection on the direction and depth of transformations, and consequently on the place of religion in the life of future generations. The study attempts to statistically present the religious situation of the inhabitants of Cieszyn Silesia. This is a very specific region mainly due to the diversity of confessions. Historical conditions, as well as the current religious structure make this subject difficult to study, but at the same time very interesting. For a more complete picture, the data from the beginning of the 20th century, as well as from the present day, were used.
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Miller, Nicola. "Recasting the Role of the Intellectual: Chilean Poet Gabriela Mistral." Feminist Review 79, no. 1 (March 2005): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400206.
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The life and work of Gabriela Mistral, the first Latin American writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1945, is examined as an example of how difficult it was for women to win recognition as intellectuals in 20th-century Latin America. Despite an international reputation for erudition and political commitment, Mistral has traditionally been represented in stereotypically gendered terms as the ‘Mother’ and ‘Schoolteacher’ of the Americas, and it has been repeatedly claimed that she was both apolitical and anti-intellectual. This article contests such claims, arguing that she was not only committed to fulfilling the role of an intellectual, but that she also elaborated a critique of the dominant male Latin American view of intellectuality, probing the boundaries of both rationality and nationality as constructed by male Euro-Americans. In so doing, she addressed many of the crucial issues that still confront intellectuals today in Latin America and elsewhere.
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Bunout, Estelle. "Olgierd Górka’s Polemics on the Contours of the Polish Nation (1933- 1955)." Connexe : les espaces postcommunistes en question(s) 4 (April 15, 2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5077/journals/connexe.2018.e160.
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Olgierd Górka was a historian specialized in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe who took actively part in the political debate concerning the place of minorities in Poland. He occupied different roles in the public sphere and appeared to have insistently tried to embody the voice of politically marginalised citizens of Poland. Olgierd Górka argued for a strong link between the Polish state and its citizens as a precondition for their mutual survival. His life exemplifies the discussion around the definition of the people, at the heart of the legitimation of modern nation-states in Central Europe during the 20th century. The debate initiated by Olgierd Górka helps to better understand how the modern Polish state, born from the ashes of three empires, defined Polish citizenship and how it evolved during the upheavals of the interwar and the post-war period.
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Fox, Alistair. "University of Otago, New Zealand, 10th July 1988." Moreana 41 (Number 157-, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2004.41.1-2.14.
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In this paper, Prof. Fox investigates the inspiration that More, the man for all seasons, may have for our epoch. Observing the early post-war development of postmodernism, the author draws a comparison between the intellectual challenges that were experienced in the second half of the 20th century and those known to More in this writings, his spiritual development and his concerns as a lawyer. The contradictions revealed in More’s life are fully explored in this essay, culminating in More’ existential certainty expressed in the paradox of this trial and death: More’s experience was therefore archetypal for the concerns of a post-modern age.
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Ivanenko, Valentyn. "Professor of History Vitaliy Stetskevich : notes to intellectual portrait." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210409.
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The aim of the article is to characterize the key fragments of life and career of the famous military historian of contemporary Ukraine proffessor V. V. Stetskevych. Research methods: chronological, historical-genetic, historical-biographical. Sources: archival documents of special origin, unpublished epistolary materials and memorials of the scholar, current historiography. Main results. The most distinctive biographical dates, events, facts of V. V. Stetskevych’s life from his birth till nowadays are identified and briefly characterized; his formation as a scientist and an educator at Dnipropetrovsk classical university are specified; the progress of his further career development in the leading technical higher educational institution of Kryvyi Rig (KMU–KTU), which became an integral part of his almost half-century professional activity, is investigated. An attempt is made to discover and outline the factors which determined his choice of the scientific research strategies, at first within the framework of special historical reproduction of Ukrainian life at the final stage of the war of 1941–1945, and then, historiographical understanding of historical science in its most difficult first period. The overall creative heritage of the scientist is preliminary summed up (initiated and implemented scientific projects, published works, defended dissertations, organized conferences etc.).Conclusions. V. V. Stetskevych left a noticeable mark in the professional environment of Dnipro region and Ukraine of the late 20th – first quarter of the 21st century as an authoritative scholar in the field of national history of the Second World War. He went through a difficult path of professional self-improvement, theoretical and methodological transformation, the so-called “paradigm shift”, thanks to which he was able to create intellectual products corresponding to the modern era. Practical value. The material of the article can be used in research projects devoted to the history of war, in the educational process of history departments of universities. Scientific novelty. Some traits of the intellectual portrait of the distinctive historian are foregrounded and defined for the first time. Type of the article: research.
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Vlasenko, Valerii. "Serhii Tymoshenko: Ukrainian Architect and Diplomat." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXIII (2022): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2022-32.
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This research is focused on the life and legacy of Serhii Tymoshenko (1881–1950), Ukrainian political emigrant, political activist, statesman, and a member of the Ukrainian national liberation movement in the early 20th century and the Ukrainian Revolution in 1917–21. In addition to his political involvement, Mr Tymoshenko was also famous for his achievements in architecture, engineering and arts. The research is based on the documents found in the National Archive of the Czech Republic, several Ukrainian national archives and the Manuscript Institute of the Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine. Serhii Tymoshenko is considered one of the founders of Ukrainian Art Nouveau architecture in the early 20th century. He took active part in the Ukrainian state-building process as a member of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party, the Central Council of Ukraine, and by holding leadership positions in Ukrainian state institutions in Kharkiv region, as well as being appointed as a Minister of Roads of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and a member of the Council of the Republic in Tarnów. Moreover, he played an important role in the foreign policy of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. The research covers Tymoshenko’s artistic, scientific and political legacies in Poland (1921–3) and Czechoslovakia (1924–9), and his life trials and tribulations during World War II and emigration to the United States. Serhii Tymoshenko is presented as a public and political figure, the leader of the Ukrainian political emigration in Volyn, the head of the Volyn Ukrainian Association and the Lutsk Centre of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, a member of the Polish Sejm (since 1935) and Senate (since 1938), and the head of the Ukrainian Parliamentary Representation of Volyn. Keywords: Poland, Serhii Tymoshenko, Ukrainian emigration, Ukrainian architecture, Ukrainian People’s Republic.
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Kowalczyk, Michał. "FASCYNACJA LUDEM JANA LUDWIKA POPŁAWSKIEGO." Saeculum Christianum 23 (September 22, 2017): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/sc.2016.23.19.
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Jan Ludwik Popławski (1854-1908) was one of the fathers of the Polish National Democratic ideology in the late 19th and early 20th century. He was particularly fascinated with matters pertaining to the common people, and especially Polish peasantry. He considered them to be the genuine Poles, free of foreign influences. It is worth pointing out that that he also served as an inspiration to Roman Dmowski, the founder of the National Democracy movement and one of the leaders whose efforts secured Polish independence. According to Popławski, the Polish gentry were servile to the powers occupying Poland. He therefore hoped that the common people would play a greater role in the political life of the nation.
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Semenova, Angelina I. "“The Last of the Mohicans of the Russian Thought”: Pavel S. Popov about Gustav G. Shpet. Popov, Pavel S. “Shpet, Publication by Angelina I. Semenova." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 7 (2021): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-7-105-124.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the intellectual heritage of the famous Russian philosopher, literary scholar and translator Pavel Sergeevich Popov (1892-1964), whose works have been preserved in his family archive. The article precedes the publication of the chapter on Gustav Gustavovich Shpet from Popov’s unpublished memoirs Images of the Past. Memories from university, gymnasium and childhood years (P.S Popov began to write this book in the 1920s and finished in the 1940s). Popov's manuscript is primarily of historical and philosophical value, opening up new interesting pages for us in the history of domestic Russian thought in the first half of the 20th century. It allows to take a fresh look at both Popov and Shpet, clarifies the nuances of the relationshipbetween philosophers of that time, confirms the ideological and biographical assumptions of researchers (for example, about the existence of a typewritten version of the second volume of Shpet’s A View on the History of Russian philosophy»). In addition, thanks to these memories, various details of the intellectual life in the first half of the 20th century are discovered (including the internal ideological connections within the Psychological Society, and the intellectual atmosphere of the “editing” of Shpet's translation of the G.W.F Hegel’s The Phenomenology of Spirit. The author defends on P.S. Popov’s archival materials the idea of the existence of a continuity between the philosophy of pre-revolutionary Russia and the Soviet period. Their link, according to the author, is the work of university philosophers (precisely, the generation that caught the interruption of the pre-revolutionary and the formation of the Soviet philosophy: G.G. Shpet, P.S. Popov, B.A. Fokht, V.F. Asmus etc.), since the university style of thinking is, in principle, aimed at preserving and transmitting the historical intellectual experience of generations.
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Sekenova, Olga, and Natalia Pushkareva. "TOWARDS A HISTORY OF EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN WOMEN HISTORIANS OF THE LATE 19TH — BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY: LEISURE AND RECREATION." Antropologicheskij forum 17, no. 49 (June 2021): 132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2021-17-49-132-153.
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The article focuses on the study of the anthropology of everyday life of persons of intellectual labor. The subject of the study are the leisure peculiarities of the everyday life and home life of the first Russian women historians of the pre-revolutionary period, the variety of forms of free time available to the first women scientists among professional historians, as well as the budget and the ratio of their working and free time. Reflecting on the peculiarities in the study of the everyday life of the academic and teaching communities and describing the main forms of leisure of “learned ladies”, the authors give examples of how they organize and attend intellectual “evenings”, reading professional and fictional literature, forms of public engagement, including charitable activities. Various documents of personal origin—memoirs, diaries, personal correspondences of the first Russian women historians—made it possible to draw conclusions about the complex interweaving of free and working time in the life of women scientists, the flow of work into leisure and vice versa. The authors also demonstrate that the gradual entry of women into the male academic environment significantly influenced the practice of leisure: the contamination of work and rest was sometimes forced, and the adaptation to an academic career went, among other things, through the assimilation of appropriate leisure practices, which became an integral part of the lifestyle of women scientists. The marginalized position of the first Russian women historians forced them to try to keep being involved in social interactions. For this purpose, they sought to consolidate professional acquaintances at informal evenings, where it was possible to understand the unwritten rules of conduct and corporate norms of the academic environment. That said, the real joy for women was the presence of personal space in which they could devote themselves to the scientific process—engaging in fruitful research work.
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VICKERMAN, KEITH. "“Not a very nice subject.” Changing views of parasites and parasitology in the twentieth century." Parasitology 136, no. 12 (August 7, 2009): 1395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009990825.
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SUMMARYThe man in-the-street who frequently asks the question “Why am I here?” finds even more difficulty with the question “Why are parasites here?” The public's distaste for parasites (and by implication, for parasitologists!) is therefore understandable, as maybe was the feeling of early 20th century biologists that parasites were a puzzle because they did not conform to the then widely held association between evolution and progress, let alone the reason why a benevolent Creator should have created them. In mid-century, the writer, contemplating a career in parasitology was taken aback when he found that extolled contemporary biologists disdained parasites or thought little of parasitology as an intellectual subject. These attitudes reflected a lack of appreciation of the important role of parasites in generating evolutionary novelty and speciation, also unawareness of the value of parasite life-cycle studies for formulating questions of wider significance in biology, deficiencies which were gratifyingly beginning to be remedied in the latter half of the century.
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Hedo, Anna, and Anastasia Kaluzhyna. "CITY REVIEW: KYIV BY PAGES OF THE MEMORIAL HERITAGE OF SCIENTISTS (20–30s, 20TH CENTURY)." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2019): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2019.1.15.
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In scientific research on the basis of analytical and synthetic criticism of the memoirs of Ukrainian scientists S. Yefremov, M. Hrushevskyi, K. Kharlampovych, A. Krymskyi, N. Polonska-Vasylenko is made an attempt to analyze the daily life of the scientific elite in the conditions of the establishment of Soviet power and to trace the influence of cultural transformations and the scientific atmosphere of Kyiv of 20–30s of the 20th century on the socio-legal status of scientists and their further destiny.In the brutal conditions of the Soviet system writing letters and memoirs, it was the only way of expressing a person of intellectual work that could not accept the loss of a sovereign right on free labor.Soviet propaganda had created an attractive image of Kyiv as an All-Union scientific center, attracting more and more attention to VUAN as the only institution capable of meeting the intellectual requirements of scholars. Dozens of emigre scholars had believed in the demagogy of the Bolsheviks, made a fateful step in their lives back to their homeland, because crossed the Soviet border was difficult to remain a rebellious person with preserved principles and views on morality, without losing their own lives. However, in such conditions there were people who, despite all the obstacles, tried to serve the Ukrainian people as long as possible in the bosom of science, to preserve its identity and historical heritage at the cost of their own lives. With the establishment of Soviet power, the Bolsheviks tried to "re-educate" and conquer the scientific elite as the main generator of democratic and national ideas for a totalitarian system. On the way to this goal, the Soviet authorities used any methods, starting with material domestic pressure, and ending with open repressions against the scientific elite of Kyiv, in order to destroying its authority as a sociocultural phenomenon. The result of this policy was a sharp decline in living standards and productivity of Ukrainian scientists, numerous repressions against so-called "bourgeois nationalists" as a symbol of the impoverishment of the Ukrainian idea. Thus, the transformation of the cultural and scientific atmosphere of Kyiv under the influence of the Soviet ideology turned it from the All-Union scientific center into the city of thousands of ruined fates.