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Academic literature on the topic 'Poisonous plants in literature'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Poisonous plants in literature"

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Šramková, Katarína Fatrcová, and Miroslava Kačániová. "Selected toxicological aspects of honey." Archives of Ecotoxicology 2, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ae.2020.2.4.95-99.

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The aim of the present review was to analyze grayanotoxin and its healthy and poisoning effect to human health according to available resources of literature. Plants contain many compound components which can be categorized as "medical" or "poisonous" depending on their effects to human body. There are also secondary products derived from plants, such as honey, which can contain many chemical compounds with medicinal or poisonous effects depending on their concentration and application. Many plants of the Ericaceae family, Rhododendron, Pieris, Agarista and Kalmia, contain diterpene grayanotoxins. The consumption of grayanotoxin containing leaves, flowers or secondary products as honey may result in intoxication specifically characterized by dizziness, hypotension and atrial-ventricular block.
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Rasool, Faisal, Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani, Khawaja Shafique Ahmad, Fahmida Parveen, Shahzad Akbar Khan, and Naveed Sabir. "Phytotoxicological study of selected poisonous plants from Azad Jammu & Kashmir." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): e0263605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263605.

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Poisonous plants cause tremendous economic losses to the livestock industry. These economic losses are deterioration in their health, decreased productivity, deformed offspring, and reduced longevity. The current study is the first comprehensive report on poisonous plants of Azad Jammu and Kashmir which systematically documents the phytotoxicological effect and mode of action in livestock. The information was gathered from 271 informants including 167 men and 104 women through semi-structured interviews and literature search through available databases. The data collected through interviews was analyzed with quantitative tools viz. the factor informant consensus and fidelity level. A total of 38 species of flowering plants belonging to 23 families and 38 genera were reported. Family Asteraceae (5 spp) was the most dominant, followed by Solanaceae (4 spp), Fabaceae (4 spp), Euphorbiaceae (4 spp) and Convolvulaceae (3 spp). Among all the species collected, herbs were the dominant life form (22 spp, 57.89%), trailed by shrubs (11 spp, 28.95%), and trees (5 spp, 13.16%). Whole plant toxicity was reported to be the highest (15 spp, 39.47%), followed by leaf toxicity (12 spp, 31.58%), seed toxicity (4 spp, 7.89%), fruit toxicity (3 spp, 10.53%), latex toxicity (2 spp, 5.26%), flowers toxicity (1 spp, 2.63%), and berries toxicity (1 spp, 2.63%). The most toxic route of administration was found oral (39 spp, 40.63%), followed by intraperitoneal (24 spp, 25%), and intravenous (21 spp, 21.88%). The most commonly affected organ was found liver (20.41%), followed by gastrointestinal tract (20.341%), CNS (16.33%), skin (14.29%), kidneys (12.24%), lungs (4.04%), reproductive organs (2.04%), spleen (1.75%), blood (1.75%), heart (1.75%), urinary tract (1.75%), and pancreas (1.75%). The maximum Fic value was found for dermatological disorders (0.91), followed by the endocrine system (0.90), gastrointestinal (0.82), neurology (0.77), nephrology (0.67), cardiovascular (0.67), urinary (0.67), respiratory (0.60), sexual (0.60) disorders. Senecio vulgaris, and Ageratum conyzoides were the most important plants with fidelity level (0.95) and (0.87). Nerium oleander, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, and Ricinus communis were the important poisonous plant with maximum fidelity level (100%). Ricinus communis with reported lowest LD50 (<20 mg/kg) was the top-ranked poisonous plant followed by Lantana camara and Justicia adhatoda (25–50 mg/kg), Nerium Oleander (157.37 mg/kg), and Datura innoxia (400 mg/kg). We found that knowledge about poisonous plants is less prevailing in the rural areas of Azad Kashmir compared to the knowledge about medicinal plants and poisonous nature of reported plants is due to production of toxic substances and presence of essential oils.
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Price, Cheryl Blake. "VEGETABLE MONSTERS: MAN-EATING TREES IN FIN-DE-SIÈCLE FICTION." Victorian Literature and Culture 41, no. 2 (February 15, 2013): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150312000411.

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Gothic stories and fictionalized travel accounts featuring dangerous exotic plants appeared throughout the nineteenth century and were especially prevalent at the fin de siècle. As the century progressed and the public's fascination with these narratives grew, fictional plants underwent a narrative evolution. By the end of the Victorian period, deadly plants had been transformed from passive poisoners into active carnivores. Stories about man-eating trees, among the most popular of the deadly plant tales, reflect this narrative progression. The trope of the man-eating tree developed out of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century accounts of a much less dangerous plant: the Javanese upas. Tales about the upas described the tree as having a poisonous atmosphere which killed every living thing within a several mile radius. The existence of this plant was first reported by a Dutch surgeon named Foersch in a 1783 article published in the London Magazine, and the story was recounted several times throughout the century (“The Valley of Poison” 46). A typical account of the popular tale would highlight the exotic location and the mysterious power of the tree: Somewhere in the far recesses of Java there is, according to Foersch, a dreadful tree, the poisonous secretions of which are so virulent, that they not only kill by contact, but poison the air for several miles around, so that the greater number of those who approach the vegetable monster are killed. Nothing whatever, he tells us, can grow within several miles of the upas tree, except some little trees of the same species. For a distance of about fifteen miles round the spot, the ground is covered with the skeletons of birds, beasts, and human beings. (“The Upas Tree of Fact and Fiction” 12) Even though more credible adventurers revealed the inaccuracies of Foersch's report and thoroughly discredited the fantastic powers attributed to the upas, the story nonetheless took hold of the Victorian imagination. As a result of Foersch's widely-circulated narrative, the word “upas” was rapidly incorporated into the English lexicon; writers such as Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Carlyle, Charlotte Brontë, and Charles Dickens use the upas as a metaphor for a person, object, or idea that has a poisonous, destructive atmosphere. The upas was even a subject for nineteenth-century art, as evidenced by Francis Danby's 1820 gothic painting of a solitary upas tree in the midst of a desolate rocky landscape. Although the myth of the upas focuses on the tree's lethal powers, it is important to note that the upas is, relatively speaking, a very passive “vegetable monster.” The plant is potentially dangerous, but stationary; extremely isolated, it is only harmful to those who rashly ignore the warning signs and wander within the area of its poisonous influence. Even in these exaggerated accounts, the upas is a non-carnivorous monster that grows in a remote, uninhabited area of Java.
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Lekmanov, O. A. "Botanical Key to Fedor Sologub’s Short Story "It Didn’t Work"." Russkaya literatura 3 (2020): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2020-3-251-252.

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The article analyzes Fedor Sologub’s early story "It Didn’t Work". The key to this story is the names of cities in which the events take place, and the names of the characters. All of them are derived from the names of plants. In the works of Sologub, Russia is often presented as a plant kingdom, where the weedy and poisonous fl ora stupefi es the unfortunate inhabitants.
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Moshobane, Moleseng Claude, Alessia Bertero, Carine Marks, Cindy Stephen, Natasha Palesa Mothapo, Lorraine Middleton, and Francesca Caloni. "Plants and mushrooms associated with animal poisoning incidents in South Africa." Veterinary Record Open 7, no. 1 (November 2020): e000402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000402.

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BackgroundThere is extensive literature on animal poisoning from plants and mushrooms worldwide; however, there is limited account of poisoning from South Africa.MethodsThis study sought to describe and provide an overview of animal poison exposures in South Africa. Poisoning episodes reported to the Poisons Information Helpline of the Western Cape, jointly run by the Poisons Information Centres at the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Tygerberg Hospital over a period of approximately 2.5 years, from June 2015 to November 2017, were analysed to identify exposure patterns, severity and clinical outcomes.ResultsAlien plant species accounted for most cases (n=10) of reported poison exposures. Among the 26 recorded animal poisoning episodes, the dog was the most commonly implicated species (n=24), whereas just two enquiries were related to other animals (one rabbit and one cow) . There were 20 plant cases and 6 mushroom cases (all dogs). There was only one fatal case involving cycad in a dog.ConclusionFeatures of animal poisoning in South Africa were similar to those in other countries. The reported cases of animals exposed to poisonous plants and mushrooms could represent only a fraction of the actual exposures. Since most reported cases involved taxa that could not be identified to species level, more attention should be paid in case reporting and in animal poisoning prevention, engaging the public to enable people to recognise potentially hazardous plants and reduce the risk of poisoning in animals.
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Mamta, Ritu Kapoor, and Manoj Adlakha. "Medicinal use of poisonous plant Arka its pharmacological study." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 8, no. 6 (July 29, 2023): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.6.17.

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A poisonous plant is one that, when touched or consumed in large enough quantities, can be hazardous or lethal to humans or other animals. These plants can be utilized as herbal medicines with therapeutic effects when used in the right proportions and in small doses. One of the herbs listed in all of the old Ayurvedic texts is Calotropis procera. In Ayurveda, it is referred to as Arka. In many traditional medical systems, the various portions of the plant are used to cure a wide range of illnesses, including worm infestation, strangury, and ulcers. Ascites, anasarca, intestinal worms, skin diseases, and cough have all been treated with the root bark. The root-powered can treat cancer, scrotal enlargement, piles, boils, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, dysentery, and dyspepsia. Science-based pharmacological screens have been used by researchers to confirm the effectiveness of the compound. According to pharmacological studies, Calotropis procera Linn. exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including those that are hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, anti-diabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, anthelmintic, wound healing, and anti-tumor. Details regarding the plant are documented in Ayurvedic botanical literature such as Dhanwantari Nighantu, Madana Pala Nighantu, and Bhavaprakash and therapeutical literature in Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita. This review presents pharmacognostic, pharmacological, and traditional uses of Calotropis procera.
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Devi, Nirmala, Ajay Kumar Gupta, and Sunil K. Prajapati. "Prospects of Traditionally important Apocynaceae plants of India in Cancer Remediation." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1.2208.

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Objectives: Apocynaceae Family plants in India had wide array of traditional uses and practised since years ago. This review aims to report selected plants of this possessing anticancer activity. Selected literature compiled from the search of electronic journals, books and encyclopedias etc. using search engines viz. Google, PubMed, Sciencedirect, GoogleScholar and SciFinder for all periods. The Dogbane family is includes atleast 150 genera and 1700 species. Around 25 genera and 50 species of the family reviewed here possess anticancer activity. The reason for this potential is due to: a) phytoconstituents b) poisonous constituents c) antimalarial activity and d) abundance of literature in traditional medicinal use. Folk medicinal uses and reported anticancer potential suggests that the Apocynaceae plants can be formulated or developed into lead compounds or novel drugs or multidrug complex for treatment of cancer. Detailed screening of each species has to be performed in 64 pannel cell lines, mechanistic study performed clearly and effectiveness of extracts, fractions or pure isolated compounds is to be compared. Keywords: Apocynaceae; Traditional Medicines; cancer; anticancer plants.
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Marina Silalahi. "Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.: Poisonous and its potential." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 6, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2022.6.1.0064.

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Thevetia peruviana is a poisonous plant but also has potential as a medicine. This study aims to explain the botany, toxicity and bioactivity of T. peruviana. The research method is through a literature study on articles, books published online, especially on Google Scholar, using the keywords T. peruviana, T. peruviana toxicity and T. peruviana bioactivity. In Indonesia, T. peruviana is easy to find in the surrounding environment such as yards, yards, and roadsides, which are used as ornamental plants because they have beautiful flower colors and structures. All parts of T. peruviana are toxic because they contain various cardiac glycosides including neriifolin, thevetin A, thevetin B, and oleandrin, so consuming any of these parts can result in death in both animals and humans. Clinical-pathological features of T. peruviana poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness and dilated pupils, rapid, weak and irregular pulse. Although T. peruviana is a poisonous plant, several studies have reported the bioactivity of T. peruviana as anti-cancer, fertility, abortion and antimicrobial, but the processing and use need strict control so that its toxicity is minimized.
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Zahariev, Dimcho. "The medicinal plants in Bulgaria: list of species, usable parts, fields of application, toxicity and contraindications." Acta Scientifica Naturalis 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/asn-2022-0004.

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Abstract The aim of this survey is to present an up-to-date list of medicinal plants on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria and to systematize the information on: usable parts, the number of medicinal plants used in various fields of medicine, in cosmetics, the degree of toxicity and availability of information on contraindications for all wild medicinal plants that are found in the Republic of Bulgaria. As a result, we identified a total of 845 species of wild medicinal plants. Most of them are described in a special annex to the Medicinal Plants Act of the Republic of Bulgaria. In the literature on the use of medicinal plants in Bulgaria we found information about another 115 species of wild medicinal plants. In the present survey we did review of the usable parts of medicinal plants. We made a comparative analysis of the use of medicinal plants in the official, popular and veterinary medicine. The method of application of medicinal plants in medicine is discussed: externally and internally. Attention is paid to the use of medicinal plants in aromatherapy, dentistry and cosmetics. Considered are the poisonous plants among the medicinal plants and their degree of toxicity. A review of the available data on contraindications for the use of medicinal plants has been made.
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N.N., Bakhramova, Abidova R.M., Ergashov O.I., Boymurodov B.T., and Qalandarova F.S. "ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTI-FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF THE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCE PREPARED FROM LOCAL PLANT EXTRACTS." American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 03, no. 04 (April 1, 2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-06.

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In this research work presented, the results obtained in the study of the general pharmacological properties of plant damalamari with anti-anemia activity, in particular, the effect on the an analysis of the literature on antimicrobial and pathogenic fungal activity was carried out. All the studies carried out were carried out in different animals, which serves to increase the reliability level and efficiency values of these experiments. Thus, a fresh decoction, developed on the basis of local medicinal plants, is less poisonous, it is from local tickling, cumulative and allergic effects. At the same time, the possibilities of applying the studied extract damalam against microbes and pathogenic fungi mainly in solution are being studied. The overall safety or non-toxicity of each biologically active substance is important for this reason, in this article we did not dwell in detail on its main activity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poisonous plants in literature"

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Sani, Yulvian. "Toxicopathologic studies of selected poisonous plants in southern Queensland /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16263.pdf.

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Domozoro, Charles Yaw Fosu. "Ethnobotany and molecular identification of poisonous plants affecting ruminant livestock in Ghana." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25814.

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McFerren, Marcus Anthony. "Traditional plant-based fishing in the Americas an ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigation /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2000. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9978142.

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Crosby, Sara Lynn. "Poisonous mixtures : gender, race, empire, and cultural authority in antebellum female poisoner literature /." Notre Dame, Indiana : Universoty of Notre Dame, 2005. http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06202005-105725/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2005.
Thesis directed by Sandra Gustafson for the Department of English. "June 2005." Thesis also available in PDF file via the Internet. Access may be restricted or require Notre Dame logon. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 330-350).
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Pereira, Tamara Nishanthi. "Cytotoxic effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18303.pdf.

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Ishee, Jeanette Carol. "An Insight into the Poetry of A C Swinburne: Art and the Image of the Poisonous Flower." W&M ScholarWorks, 1988. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625452.

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Mariano-Souza, Domenica Palomaris. "Avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos da Senna occidentalis em ratos. Parâmetros: bioquímicos, hematológicos, anatomopatológicos e inflamatórios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-03052007-142639/.

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Tanto no Brasil como em vários outros países, a Senna occidentalis é uma planta de interesse agropecuário, pois é encontrada em pastos ou como contaminante de cereais, podendo, causar intoxicação na criação animal. Além disto, vem sendo utilizada, empiricamente, na Medicina Humana, para o tratamento de várias afecções. Em estudo recente, verificou-se que frangos tratados com sementes de S. occidentalis apresentavam, além das lesões musculares, alterações em órgãos linfóides. Assim, o presente trabalho procurou verificar se as sementes de S. occidentalis poderiam produzir efeitos tóxicos nos órgãos linfóides de mamíferos, utilizando, para tal, ratos como modelo experimental. As sementes de S. occidentalis foram administradas, durante 14 dias, a ratos Wistar (150-200g), em diferentes concentrações de sementes desta planta na ração: 1% (So1), 2% (So2) e 4%(So4). Os animais do grupo peer-feeding (PF) receberam a mesma quantidade de ração consumida pelos animais tratados com So4, porém isentas da planta. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: consumo de água e ração e ganho de peso, avaliação hematológica e bioquímica, além da histopatologia, morfometria e de ensaios preconizados para o estudo da resposta imunológica não específica. Todos os ratos pertencentes aos diferentes grupos experimentais apresentaram diminuição no consumo de ração e água e no ganho de peso. A avaliação hematológica revelou anemia microcítica e hipocrômica nos animais que receberam 4% da planta. Além disso, todos os animais dos grupos So2 e So4 apresentaram depleção de células linfóides e redução da polpa branca do baço. Os ratos pertencentes ao grupo So4 apresentaram redução significante no peso relativo do timo e diminuição significante na região cortical e também no diâmetro dos folículos medulares deste órgão. Estes mesmos animais apresentaram diminuição da produção de água oxigenada e óxido nítrico. Em relação à resposta inflamatória, todos os animais dos grupos experimentais, apresentaram redução na evolução do edema inflamatório agudo e crônico. Assim, a presente pesquisa mostrou que, também em mamíferos, a S. occidentalis pode comprometer o sistema imunológico, haja vista as alterações encontradas no timo e baço dos ratos expostos à planta. Além disso, verificou-se que as sementes desta planta também promovem efeitos tóxicos sobre eritrócitos e alterações na resposta inflamatória. A inclusão do grupo PF permitiu verificar que os efeitos aqui encontrados não são devidos a possíveis alterações nutricionais promovidas pela queda do consumo de alimento e sim relacionados ao efeito tóxico direto da S. occidentalis.
Senna occidentalis is a weed which grows in pasture along fences and fields cultivated with cereals as corn and soybean and many reports have been showing intoxication with this plant in different animal species. The effects of daily administration of S. occidentalis seeds in different concentrations 1% (So1), 2 % (So2) and 4% (So4) in ration was investigated in rats. It was also evaluated the effects of rats that received the same amount of ration to those of So4-group, however free of S. occidentalis seeds, (PF-rats). The experimental period lasted 14 days and the effects were evaluated on the basis of food consumption, weight gain, hematological and biochemical parameters, inflammatory and immunological responses, as well as histopathology, relative organ weight and morphometric analysis. All experimental animals, showed significant decrease in ration and water consumption and body weight gain. The hematological parameters revealed microcytic and hypochromic anemia in those animals treated with the higher concentration S. occidentalis seeds. Morphometric analysis of the spleen from So2 and So4-animals displayed a significant decrease in the cortical thickness. The thymus from So4-rats showed reduction in the organ size, and the morphometry revealed thickness and reduction of the diameter of the follicles at the cortical area. The same animals presented reduction in hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production. In inflammatory response all experimental animals, showed significant decrease in the evolution of acute and chronic edema. These results showed that the alterations found in this present study are related to the poisonous effects of the S. occidentalis and not to the malnutrition.
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Souza, Domenica Palomaris Mariano de. "Efeitos tóxicos da senna occidentalis sobre o sistema linfo-hematopoiético: avaliação da exposição de ratos durante a fase de crescimento e pré-natal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-10082009-100222/.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos tóxicos da Senna occidentalis (So) sobre o sistema linfo-hematopoiético em ratos recém-desmamados ou expostos pré-natalmente. Avaliou-se nestes animais: o consumo de água e ração, o ganho de peso; parâmetros hematológicos, padrões histopatológicos, além da resposta imunológica específica e não específica. Inicialmente, o estudo foi realizado em ratos recém-desmamados, os quais foram expostos a diferentes concentrações de sementes de So na ração a saber: 1% (So1), 2% (So2) e 4% (So4) durante 14 dias ou que receberam So4 durante 28 dias. Os animais do grupo peer-feeding (PF) receberam a mesma quantidade de ração consumida pelos animais expostos a So4, porém isentas da planta. Após 14 dias de exposição, os resultados obtidos mostraram uma diminuição significante nos parâmetros de consumo de ração, de ganho de peso e da celularidade da medula óssea e do peso relativo no timo nos grupos So2 e So4 e um aumento no peso relativo do baço nos grupos So2 e So4. Entretanto, os animais dos grupos So4 e PF também apresentaram diminuição da celularidade da medula óssea. Na avaliação da resposta imune não especifica todos grupos expostos às sementes da planta, bem como o grupo PF, apresentaram redução na porcentagem de fagocitose por neutrófilos; porém, apenas o grupo So4 mostrou redução do burst basal por neutrófilos. O estudo morfológico do baço mostrou proliferação hematopoiética extramedular e aumento de megacariócitos multinucleados nos ratos do grupo So4. Apenas nos experimentos com animais do grupo So4 expostos por 28 dias, verificou-se similaridade entre resultados dos parâmetros acima descritos, além da ocorrência de anemia microcítica e hipocrômica. Num segundo momento avaliou-se as proles de ratas que receberam sementes de S. occidentalis a 4% na ração, do 6º ao 20º dia de gestação, assim como as proles das ratas do grupo peer-feeding (PF). Os filhotes provenientes de mães do grupo So4 e PF apresentaram um aumento do burst oxidativo e da fagocitose por neutrófilos. Os animais da prole do grupo PF apresentaram hemograma indicativo de anemia megaloblástica. Já no estudo morfológico do baço verificou-se hematopoiese extramedular nos filhotes das mães do grupo So4. Portanto, a presente pesquisa mostrou que a S. occidentalis pode comprometer alguns parâmetros do sistema imunológico de ratos expostos às sementes da planta durantes diferentes fases do desenvolvimento. Além disso, verificou-se que as sementes desta planta também promovem efeitos tóxicos sobre eritrócitos. A inclusão do grupo PF permitiu verificar que os efeitos observados não são decorrentes de possíveis alterações nutricionais promovidas pela redução do consumo de ração, mas sim relacionados ao efeito tóxico direto da S. occidentalis.
The aim of present study was to determinate the Senna occidentalis (So) toxic effects on lymphohematopoetic system in rats during the growth and pre-natal period. The effects were evaluated on the basis of food consumption, weight gain, hematological and immunological parameters, as well as histopathology analysis. Initially, the study was done in growing rats exposed to S. occidentalis seeds in different concentrations: 1% (So1), 2% (So2) and 4% (So4) in feed during 14 or 28 days. Peer feeding-group of rats (PF) was also evaluated; this group received the same amount of feed of those from So4-group, however, free of S. occidentalis seeds. S. occidentalis 14 days exposure decreased food consumption, weight gain, thymus relative organ weight and bone marrow cellularity and increased the spleen relative weight of rats from So2 and So4-group. However, So4- and PF- groups also presented a decreased bone marrow cellularity. All seed exposed-groups and also PF-group had a decrease on neutrophil phagocytosis percentage; however, only rats from So4-group had a decreased neutrophil basal burst. Spleen morphologic analysis indicated the presence of extramedular hematopoietic proliferation and increased multinucleated megakariocytes on So4-group. Similar results were found for all the parameters described after S. occidentalis exposure during 28 days. Furthermore, the rats of So-4 group presented microcytic and hypochromic anemia. On a second moment, rats offspring exposed to S. occidentalis at 4% in feed during the 6th to 20th gestational day and rats offspring of PF group were evaluated. The So4- and PF- rats offspring groups presented an increased neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytosis, however PF-rats offspring group also had an altered complete blood count compatible with megaloblastic anemia. Moreover spleen morphologic analysis indicated the presence of extramedular hematopoiesis on So4 rats offspring group. Therefore, the present study showed that S. occidentalis can compromise some immunological parameters in rats exposed to seeds during different development periods. This exposure also promotes toxic effects on erythrocytes. The PF group allowed us to verify that the observed effects are related to direct S. occidentalis toxic effects and not due a possible nutritional alteration caused by the reduced feed ingestion.
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Giordani, Claudia. "Investigação de plantas medicinais e tóxicas em Pelotas-RS e determinação da atividade antifúngica frente a Malassezia pachydermatis." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2498.

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The rescue and use of medicinal plants have been gaining space in human and veterinary medicine, as treatment and prophylaxis of diseases. In the treatment of mycosis, there is still issues regarding the limited amount of drugs and the occurrence of resistance, adverse reactions and relapses. Thus, the objective was to conduct a survey of medicinal plants and toxic found in the region of the Veterinary Clinic-Federal University of Pelotas, organize an instructional manual of the studied plants and uses in animal health, and to determine the antifungal effect of plant extracts on clinical isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis. In the survey, animal owners in the Veterinary Ambulatory were interviewed and visited. There were 111 interviews, which 74 species cited for medical use but the minority used them in animals. With respect to toxic plants 20 species were observed, but only six were reported by the population, and from the results in the survey was made a manual on plants. To evaluate the antifungal activity were tested six hydroalcoholic extracts of Aroeira, Carqueja, Erva-de-bicho, Lanceta, Pitangueira e Rabo-de-lagarto, the techniques microdilution and disk diffusion against M. pachydermatis isolated from dogs (dermatitis=38, otitis=10). The extracts that resulted in higher activity were Aroeira, Erva-de-Bicho and Pitangueira. From these results, we can see the importance of further studies of the activities of plants to determine more precisely its action and toxicity. With this study concludes that there are many medicinal and toxic species distributed in the region of the Veterinary Clinic-UFPel, but is still scarce use of medicinal plants in animal, and that the hydroalcoholic extracts of Aroeira, Erva-de-bicho and Pitangueira had action on M. pachydermatis, opening the possibility of numerous studies in veterinary medicine.
O resgate e uso das plantas medicinais vêm ganhando espaço na medicina e veterinária, como tratamento e profilaxia de doenças. No tratamento das micoses, ainda observa-se uma quantidade limitada de medicamentos e a ocorrência de resistência, reações adversas e recidivas. Assim, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento das plantas medicinais e tóxicas encontradas na região do Ambulatório Veterinário-Universidade Federal de Pelotas, organizar um manual didático das plantas estudadas e usos na saúde animal, e determinar a ação antifúngica de extratos vegetais sobre isolados clínicos de Malassezia pachydermatis. No levantamento, foram entrevistados e visitados proprietários de animais atendidos no Ambulatório Veterinário. Foram 111 entrevistas, citando 74 espécies medicinais, porém a minoria usava-as em animais. Com relação às plantas tóxicas foram observadas 20 espécies, porém apenas seis eram relatadas pela população; e por fim, confeccionado um manual informativo das plantas. Para avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram testados extratos hidroalcoólicos de Aroeira, Carqueja, Erva-de-bicho, Lanceta, Pitangueira e Rabo-de-lagarto, pelas técnicas de microdiluição em caldo e difusão em disco frente a M. pachydermatis isolada de cães (dermatite=38; otite=10). Os extratos com maior atividade foram Aroeira, Erva-de-bicho e Pitangueira. Assim, percebe-se a importância de aprofundar os estudos sobre as plantas, determinando mais precisamente sua ação e toxicidade. Com o estudo conclui-se que existem muitas espécies medicinais e tóxicas na região do Ambulatório Veterinário-UFPel, porém ainda é escasso o uso das plantas medicinais em animais; e que os extratos hidroalcoólicos de Aroeira, Erva-de-bicho e Pitangueira apresentaram ação sobre M. pachydermatis, abrindo a possibilidade de inúmeras pesquisas em veterinária.
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Stewart, Kirsty. "Nature and narratives : landscapes, plants and animals in Palaiologan vernacular literature." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2c1ad3f2-6ca1-4a5b-b682-fbb0bfc58fd2.

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This thesis identifies the role of nature within Palaiologan entertainment literature. The texts on which this thesis focuses include a selection of the Palaiologan novels, namely the Achilleid, Velthandros and Chrysandza, Kallimachos and Chrysorroi and Livistros and Rodamni, as well as two other, more satirical works, The Synaxarion of the Honourable Donkey, and An Entertaining Tale of Quadrupeds. These texts seem to be different from earlier works in which nature is prominent, utilising such material in an innovative way. The study of these texts provides us with information both on the Byzantine view of the natural world and on the use of literature during a particularly troubled period of Byzantine history. My main questions therefore are how nature is portrayed in these texts and what can this tell us about the society that produced them. The study of these vernacular texts indicates that the natural world is given a prominent place in the literature of the period, using landscapes, plants and animals in diverse ways to express assorted ideas, or to stress particular aspects of the stories. The animals and landscapes provide hints of the plot to the audience, which the authors sometimes then subvert. The authors draw on earlier Greek material, but parallels with literature from other cultures show similarities which imply a shared medieval perspective on nature with local differences.
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Books on the topic "Poisonous plants in literature"

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Gould, Margee. Poisonous plants. New York: PowerKids Press, 2012.

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Coil, Suzanne M. Poisonous plants. New York: F. Watts, 1991.

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Allen, Missy. Dangerous plants and mushrooms. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1993.

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Miller, Connie Colwell. The deadliest plants on earth. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2010.

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Lerner, Carol. Moonseed and mistletoe: A book of poisonous plants. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1988.

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Skidmore, Steve. Poison! Beware! Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press, 1991.

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Lawrence, Ellen. Poison petals: Don't eat! New York, N.Y: Bearport, 2013.

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Spilsbury, Louise. Creeping killers: Extreme plants. New York: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2015.

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Platt, Richard. Plants bite back! New York, N.Y: DK Pub., 1999.

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Nishiumi, Daisuke. Sugoku kiken na dokuseibutsu zukan. Tōkyō: Sekai Bunkasha, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Poisonous plants in literature"

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Knight, Anthony P. "Poisonous plants." In Nutritional Management of Equine Diseases and Special Cases, 119–88. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119191926.ch9.

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Poppenga, Robert H. "Poisonous plants." In Experientia Supplementum, 123–75. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_4.

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Gupta, PK. "Poisonous Plants." In Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology, 227–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22250-5_11.

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Mustehasan, Gulwaiz Akhter, and Azamal Husen. "Poisonous Plants." In Exploring Poisonous Plants, 3–30. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b23017-2.

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Vernon, Siobhan, Susan Irwine, Joanna Patton, and Neil Chapman. "Common poisonous plants." In Landscape Architect's Pocket Book, 145–47. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003119500-26.

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Dash, Umakanta, Ankita Bhardwaj, M. N. Ashwath, Preeti Vats, Sourav Ranjan Mohapatra, and Kajal Samantara. "Gloriosa superba (Glory Lily)." In Exploring Poisonous Plants, 255–75. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b23017-20.

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Pradhan, Yashashree, Hina Alim, Nimisha Patel, Johra Khan, Belkıs Muca Yiğit, Kamal Fatima Zahra, and Ahmad Ali. "Acorus calamus (Sway or Muskrat Root)." In Exploring Poisonous Plants, 113–24. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b23017-9.

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Sen, Surjit, Sudeshna Nandi, Rupa Sanyal, Abhijit Dey, and Manjula Rai. "Aristolochia indica (The Indian Birthwort)." In Exploring Poisonous Plants, 139–56. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b23017-12.

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Sharma, Neha, and Riddhima Singh. "Colchicum autumnale (Naked Ladies)." In Exploring Poisonous Plants, 195–202. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b23017-16.

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Tina, Vedanshi Pal, and Manu Pant. "Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove Plant)." In Exploring Poisonous Plants, 241–54. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b23017-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Poisonous plants in literature"

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Iriskhanova, Z., M. A.Takaeva, and L. Molochaeva. "Systematic and Ecological-cenotic Analysis of Poisonous Plants of the Chechen Republic." In I International Conference "Methods, models, technologies for sustainable development: agroclimatic projects and carbon neutrality", Kadyrov Chechen State University Chechen Republic, Grozny, st. Sher. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011568300003524.

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Krause, Julius, Nanina Tron, Georg Maier, Andrea Krähmer, Robin Gruna, Thomas Längle, and Jürgen Beyerer. "Detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing herbs using hyperspectral imaging in the short-wave infrared." In OCM 2021 - 5th International Conference on Optical Characterization of Materials. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58895/ksp/1000128686-5.

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Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are unwanted contaminants in consumer products such as herbal tea due to their toxicity to humans. The detection of these plants or their components using hyperspectral imaging was investigated, with focus on application in sensor-based sorting. For this, 431 hyperspectral images of leafs from three common herbs (peppermint, lemon balm, stinging nettle) and the poisonous common groundsel were acquired. By using a convolutional neural network, a mean F1 score of 0.89 was obtained for the classification of all four plant products based on the individual spectra. To validate the neural network, significant wavelengths were determined and visualized in an attribution map.
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Hridoy, Rashidul Hasan, Fatema Akter, and Maisha Afroz. "An Efficient Computer Vision Approach for Rapid Recognition of Poisonous Plants by Classifying Leaf Images using Transfer Learning." In 2021 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt51525.2021.9580011.

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Marschik, T., and K. Zitterl-Eglseer. "Antiviral Medicinal Plants of Veterinary Importance (A Literature Review)." In GA – 69th Annual Meeting 2021, Virtual conference. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1736812.

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Akif qızı Səfərova, Fəridə. "CONİUM MACULATUM L. – LƏKƏLİ BADYAN BİTKİSİNİN BİOLOJİ XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ." In III REPUBLICAN CONFERENCE ON FUNDAMENTALS OF NATURAL SCIENCE. https://aem.az/, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/03/21/5-9.

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Açar sözlər: Apiaceae Lindl., Conium maculatum L., zəhərli bitkilər, alkoloidlər, qlikozidlər Key words: Apiaceae Lindl., Conium maculatum L., poisonous plants, alkaloids, glycosides Hesablamalara görə Yer kürəsində təqribən 10 mindən çox zəhərli bitki növünün olduğu güman edilir ki, onların da böyük əksəriyyəti tropik və subtropik zonalarda yayılmışdır, lakin soyuq iqlim qurşaqlarında da zəhərli bitkilərə rast gəlinir. Bitkilərdə həyat fəaliyyətləri dövründə əmələ gələn və özündə toplanan maddələrdən bir çoxu insanlar və digər canlılar tərəfindən istifadə edilir. Ən çox şəkərli, vitaminli və digər bioaktiv maddələrin toplandığı bitkilər təbiətdə canlılar tərəfindən sərf edilir, lakin bəzi bitkilər də vardır ki, onların sintez edərək vegetativ və ya generativ orqanlarında topladıqları maddələr insan və ya heyvanların qidalanması zamanı onları zəhərləyir.
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Strugova, Galina Nikolaevna, and Natalia Rudolfovna Sungurova. "Landscaping of the territory of preschool educational institutions as an important factor in the development and upbringing of children." In III All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation "Science, technology, society: Environmental engineering for sustainable development of territories". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/nto.3.2022.6.710-716.

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Landscaping and landscaping of preschool educational institutions (pre-school) performs various functions: recreational, aesthetic, protective, cognitive, developmental, wellness, camouflage. The territory adjacent to the kindergarten should be safe for children, have a good rest and proper development. And first of all, green spaces will contribute to this: trees, shrubs, flower crops and herbaceous vegetation. Landscaping of the territory of preschool educational institutions is an important and responsible task assigned to landscape architects, since it is necessary to strictly comply with all regulatory requirements for specialized objects of landscape architecture. Plants containing poisonous and toxic substances in their organs, small edible stone fruits, thorns and thorns, species that can cause allergic reactions should not be used. The space in which a child develops largely determines the future worldview, lays the foundations of a careful attitude to nature, forms aesthetic taste.
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Rajić, Tomislav, Koviljka Stanković, and Nenad Trkulja. "GASNI DIELEKTRIK SF6-FIZIČKE I ELEKTRIČNE OSOBINE." In 36. Savetovanja CIGRE Srbija 2023 Fleksibilnost elektroenergetskog sistema. Srpski nacionalni komitet Međunarodnog saveta za velike električne mreže CIGRE Srbija, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/cigre36.2063r.

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Dielectrics represent an important group of materials from the aspect of power engineering. The basic characteristic of dielectrics is their tendency to polarize under the influence of an electric field, which distinguishes them from conductors. Gases occupy a special place among dielectric materials. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is the best and, next to air, the most commonly used insulating gas. In addition to the application for the construction of metal-clad plants, it is used for the insulation of high-voltage cables, capacitors, transformers and generators. The gas itself is not poisonous, but it is heavier than air, so it can be dangerous for humans due to suffocation. Gas is a good conductor of heat, that is, it has good characteristics for extinguishing an electric arc. The paper describes the physical and electrical properties of SF6 gas and compares it with other gases.
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Savin, Olivian, Carmen Badina, Julien Baroth, Sylvie Charbonnier, and Christophe Bérenguer. "Start and Stop Costs for Hydro Power Plants: A Critical Literature Review." In Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL). Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-14-8593-0_4102-cd.

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Aminah, Siti, Abdurahman Adisaputera, and Daulat Saragi. "Development of Listening Teaching Materials based on Literature “Love Animal And Plants”." In Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership, AISTEEL 2022, 20 September 2022, Medan, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-9-2022.2324527.

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Mansur, Ejah Said, Mahmud Rizal Mustopa, Ricky Habibullah, and Shofwatul Uyun. "Identification of Disease in Tomato Plants Based on Image: Systematic Literature Review." In The 6th International Conference on Science and Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-oan0u7.

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Plant diseases are taken into consideration as one of the major factors affecting food production and minimizing losses in production, and plant diseases must have rapid detection and recognition. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the foodstuffs that are rich in nutrition and nutrients. Tomatoes are widely consumed by many countries including Indonesia and are hunted to be created in various spices, so tomatoes have a role in the economy due to the large demand. The recent enlargement of device studying techniques has found its application in plant disease detection especially tomato plants, presenting a powerful tool with relatively accurate effects. In this study, we present a systematic literature review aimed at identifying disease images in tomato plants. In this regard, we review 16 studies selected in the last five years with different approaches to address aspects related to tomato plant disease detection.
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Reports on the topic "Poisonous plants in literature"

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Villaran, Michael, Meng Yue, Robert Lofaro, Athi Varuttamaseni, Pranab Samanta, and Gerardo Martinez-Guridi. A Literature Review: Smart Grids Impacts on Nuclear Power Plants Task 4: Project Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1457357.

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R. T. Jubin, D. M. Strachan, and N. R. Soelberg. Iodine Pathways and Off-Gas Stream Characteristics for Aqueous Reprocessing Plants ? A Literature Survey and Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1111056.

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Yu, Zhang, Fu Yao, Yang Xuefei, Aye Mya Mon, Pyae Phyo Hein, Li Jianwen, Yunn Mi Mi Kyaw, et al. Vegetables from local markets in Myanmar. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1011.

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This book enumerates the diversity in the prevalence and use of vegetables in parts of Myanmar. It draws on our field studies in Myanmar, where we encountered people consuming interesting plant species as vegetables. For example, we saw parts of the moorva dregea (Wattakaka volubilis), belonging to the family Apocyanaceae, and jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum), belonging to the family Fabaceae, being consumed as vegetables. These plants are generally considered poisonous by scientists. Likewise, the roots of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and the seedlings of the wine palm (Borassus flabellifer), which have a pungent taste, are very popular vegetables in the dry season in Myanmar. Tea is a globally well-known and widely-consumed beverage. However, in Myanmar, Pu’er tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) is consumed as a beverage and a vegetable. The leaf that is consumed as a vegetable is fermented and preserved.
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Duran, Felicia Angelica, and Russell L. Waymire. Computer Security for Commercial Nuclear Power Plants - Literature Review for Korea Hydro Nuclear Power Central Research Institute. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1325911.

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Palukaitis, Peter, Amit Gal-On, Milton Zaitlin, and Victor Gaba. Virus Synergy in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573074.bard.

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Transgenic plants expressing viral genes offer novel means of engendering resistance to those viruses. However, some viruses interact synergistically with other viruses and it is now known that transgenic plants expressing particular genes of one virus may also mediate synergy with a second virus. Thus, our specific objectives were to (1) determine if transgenic plants resistant to one virus showed synergy with another virus; (2) determine what viral sequences were essential for synergy; and (3) determine whether one of more mechanisms were involved i synergy. This project would also enable an evaluation of the risks of synergism associated with the use of such transgenic plants. The conclusion deriving from this project are as follows: - There is more than one mechanism of synergy. - The CMV 2b gene is required for synergistic interactions. - Synergy between a potyvirus and CMV can break natural resistance limiting CMV movement. - Synergy operates at two levels - increase in virus accumulation and increase in pathology - independently of each other. - Various sequences of CMV can interact with the host to alter pathogenicity and affect virus accumulation. - The effect of synergy on CMV satellite RNA accumulatio varies in different systems. - The HC-Pro gene may only function in host plant species to induce synergy. - The HC-Pro is a host range determinant of potyviruses. - Transgenic plants expressing some viral sequences showed synergy with one or more viruses. Transgenic plants expressing CMV RNA 1, PVY NIb and the TMV 30K gene all showed synergy with at least one unrelated virus. - Transgenic plants expressing some viral sequences showed interference with the infection of unrelated viruses. Transgenic plants expressing the TMV 30K, 54K and 126K genes, the PVY NIb gene, or the CMV 3a gene all showed some level of interference with the accumulation (and in some cases the pathology) of unrelated viruses. From our observations, there are agricultural implications to the above conclusions. It is apparent that before they are released commercially, transgenic plants expressing viral sequences for resistance to one virus need to be evaluated fro two properties: - Synergism to unrelated viruses that infect the same plant. Most of these evaluations can be made in the greenhouse, and many can be predicted from the known literature of viruses known to interact with each other. In other cases, where transgenic plants are being generated from new plant species, the main corresponding viruses from the same known interacting genera (e.g., potexviruses and cucumoviruses, potyviruses and cucumoviruses, tobamoviruses and potexviruses, etc.) should be evaluated. - Inhibition or enhancement of other resistance genes. Although it is unlikely that plants to be released would be transformed with HC-Pro or 2b genes, there may be other viral genes that can affect the expression of plant genes encoding resistance to other pathogens. Therefore, transgenic plants expressing viral genes to engender pathogen-derived resistance should be evaluated against a spectrum of other pathogens, to determine whether those resistance activities are still present, have been lost, or have been enhanced!
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Calomeni, Alyssa, Andrew McQueen, Ciera Kinley-Baird, and Gerard Clyde. Identification and preventative treatment of overwintering cyanobacteria in sediments : a literature review. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45063.

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Freshwaters can experience growths of toxin-producing cyanobacteria or harmful algal blooms (HABs). HAB-producing cyanobacteria can develop akinetes, which are thick-enveloped quiescent cells akin to seeds in vascular plants or quiescent colonies that overwinter in sediment. Overwintering cells produce viable “seed beds” for HAB resurgences and preventative treatments may diminish HAB intensity. The purpose of this literature review was to identify (1) environmental factors triggering germination and growth of overwintering cells, (2) sampling, identification, and enumeration methods, and (3) feasibility of preventative algaecide treatments. Conditions triggering akinete germination (light ≥0.5 μmol m-2s-1, temperature 22-27℃) differ from conditions triggering overwintering Microcystis growth (temperature 15-30℃, nutrients, mixing). Corers or dredges are used to collect surficial (0-2 cm) sediment layers containing overwintering cells. Identification and enumeration via microscopy are aided by dilution, sieving, or density separation of sediment. Grow-out studies simulate environmental conditions triggering cell growth and provide evidence of overwintering cell viability. Lines of evidence supporting algaecide efficacy for preventative treatments include (1) field studies demonstrating scalability and efficacy of algaecides against benthic algae, (2) data suggesting similar sensitivities of overwintering and planktonic Microcystis cells to a peroxide algaecide, and (3) a mesocosm study demonstrating a decrease in HAB severity following preventative treatments. This review informs data needs, monitoring techniques, and potential efficacy of algaecides for preventative treatments of overwintering cells.
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Ginzberg, Idit, Richard E. Veilleux, and James G. Tokuhisa. Identification and Allelic Variation of Genes Involved in the Potato Glycoalkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593386.bard.

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Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are secondary metabolites being part of the plant defense response. The two major SGAs in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are α-chaconine and α-solanine, which exhibit strong cellular lytic properties and inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, and are poisonous at high concentrations for humans. As SGAs are not destroyed during cooking and frying commercial cultivars have been bred to contain low levels, and their content in tubers should not exceed 20 mg/100 g fresh weight. However, environmental factors can increase tuber SGA content above the safe level. The focus of the proposed research was to apply genomic approaches to identify candidate genes that control potato SGA content in order to develop tools for potato improvement by marker-assisted selection and/or transgenic approaches. To this end, the objectives of the proposal included identification of genes, metabolic intermediates and allelic variations in the potato SGAbiosynthetic pathway. The SGAs are biosynthesized by the sterol branch of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway. Transgenic potato plants that overexpress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (HMG1) or squalene synthase 1 (SQS1), key enzymes of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway, exhibited elevated levels of solanine and chaconine as well as induced expression of genes downstream the pathway. These results suggest of coordinated regulation of isoprenoid (primary) metabolism and SGA secondary metabolism. The transgenic plants were further used to identify new SGA-related candidate genes by cDNA-AFLP approach and a novel glycosyltransferase was isolated. In addition, genes involved in phytosterol biosynthesis may have dual role and synthesize defense-related steroidal metabolites, such as SGAs, via lanosterol pathway. Potato lanosterol synthase sequence (LAS) was isolated and used to prepare transgenic plants with overexpressing and silencing constructs. Plants are currently being analyzed for SGA content. The dynamics of SGA accumulation in the various organs of a potato species with high SGA content gave insights into the general regulation of SGA abundance. Leaf SGA levels in S. chacoense were 10 to 20-fold greater than those of S. tuberosum. The leptines, SGAs with strong antifeedant properties against Colorado potato beetles, were present in all aerial tissues except for early and mid-developmental stages of above ground stolons, and accounted for the high SGA content of S. chacoense. These results indicate the presence of regulatory mechanisms in most tissues except in stolons that limit the levels of α-solanine and α-chaconine and confine leptine accumulation to the aerial tissues. The genomes of cultivated and wild potato contain a 4-member gene family coding for SQS. Three orthologs were cloned as cDNAs from S. chacoense and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Squalene accumulated in all E. coli lines transformed with each of the three gene constructs. Differential transcript abundance in various organs and amino acid sequence differences in the conserved domains of three isoenzymes indicate subfunctionalization of SQS activity and triterpene/sterol metabolism. Because S. chacoense and S. phureja differ so greatly for presence and accumulation of SGAs, we selected four candidate genes from different points along the biosynthetic pathway to determine if chcor phuspecific alleles were associated with SGA expression in a segregating interspecific diploid population. For two of the four genes (HMG2 and SGT2) F2 plants with chcalleles expressed significantly greater total SGAs compared with heterozygotes and those with phualleles. Although there are other determinants of SGA biosynthesis and composition in potato, the ability of allelic states at two genes to affect SGA levels confirms some of the above transgenic work where chcalleles at two other loci altered SGA expression in Desiree. Present results reveal new opportunities to manipulate triterpene/sterol biosynthesis in more targeted ways with the objective of altering SGA content for both human health concerns and natural pesticide content without disrupting the essential metabolism and function of the phytosterol component of the membranes and the growth regulating brassinosteroids.
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8

von Sperling, Marcos. Urban Wastewater Treatment in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009301.

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The major focus of this report is the description and critical analysis of the main wastewater treatment processes used in Brazil. Special emphasis is given to small to medium size communities with populations lower than 100,000 inhabitants, which represent approximately 95% of the 5,570 Brazilian municipalities. In terms of coverage, around 40% of the sewage generated in Brazil is treated, with an estimated number of treatment plants in the order of 2,800. Based on a survey of 2,187 treatment plants, the configurations most widely adopted are: anaerobic pond followed by facultative pond; UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor; activated sludge; ponds followed by maturation ponds; septic tank followed by anaerobic filter. An assessment of the actual performance of 166 treatment plants showed a great variability in the effluent concentrations and in the removal efficiencies, with performances that were usually inferior to those reported in the technical literature. Data on capital cost expendituresindicated values ranging from R$60/inhabitant to R$650/inhabitant, depending on the treatment process employed. Due to the favorable climatic conditions in Brazil, there are no technical limitations for the adoption of biological sewage treatment. Traditional options incorporate stabilization ponds and activated sludge, but the more recent trend involves the adoption of UASB reactors followed by some form of post-treatment.
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9

Gonzalez Diez, Verónica M. Ex Post Evaluation of Mitigation Measures in the Samalayuca II and Monterrey III Thermal Power Generation Projects. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010446.

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This evaluation conducts an ex post review of the mitigation measures in the Samalayuca II and Monterrey III thermal power generation projects in Mexico. In general, it can be concluded that both thermoelectric power plants took into account most of the environmental impacts and mitigation measures recommended by the literature. A more active role in project design, supervision, and monitoring by the IDB would increase the technical value added. Social action plans need to be considered, as well as local community participation during project design and monitoring. Targeted studies to solve environmental problems can reduce uncertainty when choosing alternatives for managing associated risks. The participation of multidisciplinary teams and local specialists in the drafting of evaluation and monitoring reports would strengthen the technical aspects of the reports.
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10

Tsur, Yacov, David Zilberman, Uri Shani, Amos Zemel, and David Sunding. Dynamic intraseasonal irrigation management under water scarcity, water quality, irrigation technology and environmental constraints. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7696507.bard.

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In this project we studied optimal use and adoption of sophisticated irrigation technologies. The stated objectives in the original proposal were to develop a conceptual framework for analyzing intra-season timing of water application rates with implications for crop and irrigation technology selection. We proposed to base the analysis on an intra-seasonal, dynamic, agro-economic model of plants' water demand, paying special attention to contamination of groundwater and soil in intensively cultivated areas that increasingly rely on water of lesser quality. The framework developed in the project integrates (i) a bio-physical model of water flow in the vadose zone and water uptake by plants and yield response with (ii) a dynamic management model to determine the optimal intra-season irrigation policy. It consists of a dynamic optimization model to determine irrigation rates at each point of time during the growing season and aggregation relating harvested yield with accumulated water input. The detailed dynamic approach provides a description of yield production processes at the plant’s level, and serves to determine intra-season irrigation decisions. Data derived from extensive field experiments were used to calibrate the model's parameters. We use the framework to establish the substitution between irrigation technology (capital) and water inputs; this is an important property of irrigation water productivity that has been overlooked in the literature. Another important feature investigated is the possibility to substitute fresh and saline water with a minimal productivity loss. The effects of soil properties and crop characteristics on optimal technology adoption have also been studied. We find that sandy soil, with low water holding capacity, is more conducive to adoption of sophisticated drip irrigation, as compared to heavier soils in which drainage losses are significantly smaller.
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