Academic literature on the topic 'Point State Park (Pa.)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Point State Park (Pa.)"
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Diz, Harry R., and Jason Murnock. "Distribution of Arsenic in Presque Isle State Park Pond Sediments." Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 87, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.87.3.0134.
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ABSTRACT A study of arsenic in pond sediments on the Presque Isle peninsula, Erie, PA, was conducted in 2000 and 2001 by Murnoch (2002) due to concerns expressed by citizens and various local officials. Samples of pond and lagoon sediments were collected at thirteen primary sites and additional reference sites for analysis of arsenic content during the fall, 2000, and again in spring, 2001. The probable effect concentration (PEC) for arsenic of 33.0 mg/kg-DW, an indication of the concentration above which adverse impacts on benthic organisms are expected to occur, was exceeded in the surface sediments at all 13 primary sites during fall sampling and in all but one site during spring sampling, with concentrations as high as 393 mg/kg-DW measured. For deeper sediments, the PEC was exceeded in the fall at nine sites and in the spring at six sites. Surface sediments contained more arsenic than did deeper sediments. These differences were more pronounced in the spring samples than in the fall samples. There was a general trend, with numerous exceptions, for sites closer to Gull Point (the geologically ‘new’ end of the peninsula) to have lower arsenic levels. While the source of the arsenic in the sediments of Presque Isle is unknown, these high levels are likely due to natural processes that, over time, have resulted in an enrichment of arsenic in surface sediments. A possible mechanism for this enrichment is proposed. This study has not attempted to document the risk to the ecosystem associated with elevated arsenic concentrations, but it is reasonable to speculate that there could be an adverse impact on some organisms.
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Chorba, Carrie C. "James Mandrell, Don Juan and the point of honor: Seduction, patriarchal society, and literary tradition. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA, 1992; 310 pp." Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH) 44, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v44i1.1924.
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Classen, Albrecht. "Robert the Devil: The First Modern English Translation of Robert le Diable, an Anonymous French Romance of the Thirteenth Century. Prepared by Samuel N. Rosenberg. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018, 157 pp., 1 frontispiece." Mediaevistik 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_477.
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Quite commonly, medieval poets deal with a royal couple that seems to be infertile, when suddenly the wife becomes pregnant after all. But where and when would the devil be the one who creates this miracle after the poor queen has appealed to him, having turned despondent over God’s unwillingness to listen to her prayers? Even in the Middle English Sir Gowther (late 15th century), the future mother does not know that the devil takes on the shape of her husband in order to sleep with her, while in the Old French text, Robert le Diable, the poor woman even prays to the devil to help her. It also seems rather unusual that the poet then describes the child as virtually possessed by the devil, demonstrating egregiously aggressive behavior toward everyone, until at one point the protagonist learns from his mother the truth about his origin and immediately tries to atone for his evil deeds and turns into a most curious fool, obeying God’s command that he no longer speak and act like an utter madman, taking food only from a dog’s mouth.
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Lambert, Rodney K., Peter D. Paré, and Mitsushi Okazawa. "Stiffness of peripheral airway folding membrane in rabbits." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 2041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2041.
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We have observed that small, membranous bronchioles from rabbits, in which the smooth muscle is not activated, experience a critical elastic buckling involving the whole airway wall during deflation of the lung. This implies that, at some point during the deflation, the airway wall goes from being in a state of tension to a state of compression. At the transition, there is neither net tension nor net compression in the wall, and the transmural pressure difference must, therefore, be zero. Thus at this point, the pressure difference across the muscle that results from the passive stress in the muscle is just balanced by the pressure difference across the folded mucosal membrane. We estimated the muscle stress, and hence the pressure across the muscle, from published data on rabbit trachealis (Opazo-Saez A and Paré PD, J Appl Physiol 77: 1638–1643, 1994) and equated this to the pressure across the folded membrane. By using a theoretical prediction of this pressure (Lambert RK, Codd SL, Alley MR, and Pack RJ, J Appl Physiol 77: 1206–1216, 1994), together with the results of our morphometric measurements on these airways, we estimated that the flexural rigidity of the folding membrane in peripheral rabbit airways is of the order of 10−12 Pa · m3. This value implies that, in these airways, membrane folding provides significant resistance to airway smooth muscle shortening.
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Wright, Samuel J., Minae An, Byung Hoon Min, You Jeong Heo, Milan Parikh, Lynn Bi, Hyuk Lee, et al. "Abstract 6846: Tumor cell metaplastic programs and failure of T cell remodeling drive resistance and progression to frontline chemoimmunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (March 22, 2024): 6846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-6846.
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Abstract Adding aPD1 to 5-FU/platinum in advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GEA) has yielded modest and heterogeneous results. Understanding cooperativity between these two treatment modalities will inform novel combination treatments for GEA. Towards this end, we conducted a trial (n = 47) sequentially adding pembrolizumab to 5-FU/platinum in previously untreated advanced GEA. Using serial biopsy of the primary tumor at baseline, after one cycle of 5-FU/platinum, and after the addition of pembrolizumab we transcriptionally profiled 358,067 single cells and obtained TCR-sequences from single tumor-resident T cells. Stratifying patients into slow- (> 6 months) and fast-progressing (< 6 months) groups based on progression-free survival allowed us to quantify differences in immune, stromal and epithelial subpopulations across treatment time points. Using topic modeling with consensus non-negative matrix factorization (cNMF), we identified gene expression programs in each population at each time point and developed a methodology to verify the stability of those programs across the cohort using cross-validation. Faster clinical progression featured decreased M1-like macrophage repolarization and increased MUC5A and MSLN containing metaplasia programs in tumor cells. We next selected features from cell state gene programs and identified trajectories of tumor cells across a spectrum of treatment sensitive and resistant states. We identified several factors that correlated with these trajectories and regulons that may be influencing them. After pembrolizumab we observed slower progression was associated with further increased CD8 T cell infiltration with increased CXCL13+ T cells. We next calculated covarying programs between patient samples at each time point and performed permutation testing to identify which programs (and respective cell types they were expressed in) were significantly correlated to infer the presence of multicellular tumor communities. We found that the tumor cell interferon program co-varied with the CXCL13 T cell program, and the emergence of a covarying module with tumor-reactive CXCL13 program expression happens as early as after the first dose of chemotherapy. To better understand the behavior of tumor reactive T cells within the tumor microenvironment, we leveraged TCR-sequencing data to study T cell clonality and diversity across treatment time points and between fast and slow progressors. Our data provide an invaluable resource to dissect chemoimmunotherapy response in tumor cells, understand T cell behavior and propose strategies to drive anti-tumor immune hub formation to expand the portion of patients benefiting from immunotherapy approaches. Citation Format: Samuel J. Wright, Minae An, Byung Hoon Min, You Jeong Heo, Milan Parikh, Lynn Bi, Hyuk Lee, Taejun Kim, Song-Yi Lee, Jeonghyeon Moon, Ryan J. Park, Matthew R. Strickland, Woong Yang Park, Won Ki Kang, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Seung Tae Kim, Arnav Mehta, Samuel J. Klempner, Jeeyun Lee. Tumor cell metaplastic programs and failure of T cell remodeling drive resistance and progression to frontline chemoimmunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6846.
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SILVA (IFPA), Wagner Luiz Gonçalves da, and Gilberto de Miranda ROCHA (UFPA). "DINÂMICA ESPACIAL DE USO E OCUPAÇÃO DO SOLO URBANO NO MUNICÍPIO DE BREU BRANCO-PA." Revista Margens Interdisciplinar 14, no. 22 (February 19, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18542/rmi.v14i22.9648.
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Breu Branco é um município do estado do Pará, localizado na microrregião do lago de Tucuruí. Ao longo dos anos o município experimentou um crescimento populacional acelerado, consequência da migração de pessoas oriundas de outras regiões em busca de trabalho e moradia próximos às obras de barragem. O crescimento espacial tem forte relação com a Hidroelétrica. Além do fator populacional, outros três fatores foram importantes para o crescimento espacial de Breu Branco: o preço da terra, a topografia da área de expansão e a falta de políticas de proteção ambiental no município. Nesse trabalho utilizamos ferramentas cartográficas e sensoriamento remoto para a construção de mapas em três períodos 1996, 2006 e 2016. Os resultados obtidos mostram novas dinâmicas espaciais, como a duplicação da área urbana, saturação do núcleo projetado da cidade em direção ao norte, conversão de áreas de floresta e preservação (APP) em ocupações, concentração imobiliária e especulação sobre novas áreas, do ponto de vista populacional um aumento de 58% da população em vinte anos.Palavras-chave: Hidroelétrica. Território, Dinâmicas de uso e ocupação do solo. Cartografia. Plano diretor.SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF USE AND OCCUPATION OF URBAN SOIL IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BREU BRANCO-PAAbstract: Breu Branco is a municipality in the state of Pará, located in the microregion of Lake Tucuruí. Over the years, the municipality experienced an accelerated population growth, a consequence of the migration of people from other municipalities of Pará and the northeast region of Brazil in search of work and housing near the works. The spatial growth has a strong relationship with the implementation phases of the Tucuruí HPP. In addition to the population factor, three other factors were important for the Breu Branco spatial growth: the price of land, the topography of the expansion area and the lack of environmental protection policies the municipality. In this work, we used cartographic tools and remote sensing for the construction of maps in three periods 1996, 2006 and 2016. The results obtained show new spatial dynamics, such as the duplication of the urban area, saturation of the projected nucleus of the city towards the north, conversion of forest and preservation areas (APP) into occupations, real estate concentration and speculation about new areas, from the point of view. population view an increase of 58% of the population in twenty years. Keywords: Hydroelectric.Territory. Dynamics of use and Soil occupation. Cartography. Master Plan.
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Lee, Meng-Hua, Kevin Louault, Krinio Giannikou, Xiangming Ding, Alice Yanovsky, Jin-Seok Park, Yves A. DeClerck, and Shahab Asgharzadeh. "Abstract 3543: Mesenchymal stromal cells and tumor-associated macrophages modulate adrenergic to mesenchymal state switching in neuroblastoma." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 3543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3543.
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Abstract Neuroblastoma (NB), a common solid tumor of children, can adopt a lineage-committed adrenergic (ADRN) or an immature mesenchymal (MES) tumor cell type, which differs in phenotype, epigenetic landscape, transcription factors, and core regulatory circuitries. These cell types can spontaneously interconvert, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we hypothesize that the tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) within the tumor microenvironment contribute to pro-tumorigenic factors production and drive switching from ADRN to MES state in neuroblastoma. We first demonstrate the ADRN and MES lineage identity of NB cell lines by Western blot and compared the control and NB cell lines co-cultured with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), the precursor cell of CAF, and monocyte in transwell. Initial experiments demonstrated the morphology of NB cell line CHLA255 and CHLA136 showing increased spreading area and spindle shape in TAM-CAF co-cultures compared to control cells. As compared to control cells, monocytes and MSC-CAF co-culture induced the MES lineage markers SOX9 and Notch1 of NB cell lines that had low basal SOX9 expression, with a reduction in protein levels of ADRN lineage markers PHOX2B, and GATA3. Next, single-cell RNA-sequencing was utilized to analyze the expression of TAM and CAF, and MES- and ADRN-signature genes of NB cells in NB-TAM-CAF co-cultures. Single-cell analyses of TAM-CAF co-cultured CHLA255 and CHLA136 demonstrated enrichment of MES signature over time providing clear evidence of mesenchymal differentiation of NB cells within a TME-rich environment. Pathway enrichment analyses reveal enrichment of pathways associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and epithelial to mesenchymal of TAM-CAF co-cultured NB cell lines. Our results suggested that the presence of CAF and TAM in the tumor microenvironment drives neuroblastoma ADRN: MES switch akin to that observed in epithelial: mesenchymal switch in adult tumors. ADRN-MES state switching has been shown relevant for tumor relapse and therapy resistance. Our studies point to a therapeutic vulnerability by targeting cells and pathways activated in the NB-TAM-CAF axis. Citation Format: Meng-Hua Lee, Kevin Louault, Krinio Giannikou, Xiangming Ding, Alice Yanovsky, Jin-Seok Park, Yves A. DeClerck, Shahab Asgharzadeh. Mesenchymal stromal cells and tumor-associated macrophages modulate adrenergic to mesenchymal state switching in neuroblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3543.
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Groshong, Lisa, Sonja A. Wilhelm Stanis, Andrew T. Kaczynski, J. Aaron Hipp, and Gina M. Besenyi. "Exploring Attitudes, Perceived Norms, and Personal Agency: Insights Into Theory-Based Messages to Encourage Park-Based Physical Activity in Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 14, no. 2 (February 2017): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0069.
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Background:Public parks hold promise for promoting population-level PA, but studies show a significant portion of park use is sedentary. Past research has documented the effectiveness of message-based strategies for influencing diverse behaviors in park settings and for increasing PA in nonpark contexts. Therefore, to inform message-based interventions (eg, point-ofdecision prompts) to increase park-based PA, the purpose of this study was to elicit insights about key attitudes, perceived norms, and personal agency that affect park use and park-based PA in low-income urban neighborhoods.Methods:This study used 6 focus groups with youth and adults (n = 41) from low-income urban areas in Kansas City, MO, to examine perceptions of key attitudinal outcomes and motivations, perceived norms, key referents, and personal agency facilitators and constraints that affect park use and park-based PA.Results:Participant attitudes reflected the importance of parks for mental and physical health, with social interaction and solitude cited as key motivations. Of 10 themes regarding perceived norms, influential others reflected participants’ ethnic makeup but little consensus emerged among groups. Social and safety themes were cited as both facilitators and constraints, along with park offerings and setting.Conclusions:Information about attitudes, perceived norms, and personal agency can increase understanding of theoretically derived factors that influence park-based PA and help park and health professionals create communication strategies to promote PA.
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Kelley, Kathleen, Jeffrey Hyde, James Travis, and Robert Crassweller. "Assessing Consumer Preferences of Scab-resistant Apples: A Sensory Evaluation." HortTechnology 20, no. 5 (October 2010): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.5.885.
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One hundred forty-nine consumers participated in a sensory evaluation, conducted on 14 Nov. 2008, at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, to determine consumer acceptance and perceptions of scab-resistant apples (Malus ×domestica). Consumers were exclusively screened for liking and eating apples. The study provides tree fruit growers and marketers in the mid-Atlantic United States with information on consumer preferences for apples that might substitute for common cultivars that require frequent apple scab pesticide applications. Resistant cultivars are also attractive in organic production systems. During the 10-minute sensory evaluation, panelists rated five scab-resistant apples [‘Crimson Crisp’, ‘GoldRush’, NY 75907–49 (NY 49), ‘Crimson Topaz’, and ‘Sundance’] and a commercially available non-resistant cultivar, Jonagold, on appearance, aroma, texture, flavor, and overall liking using a nine-point hedonic scale (9 = “like extremely” and 1 = “dislike extremely”). Three of the four apples tested with a red peel (‘Crimson Topaz’, NY 49, and ‘Crimson Crisp’) were rated significantly higher than the other apples on the basis of appearance, receiving mean ratings that were between “like moderately” and “like very much,” a rating of 7 and 8, respectively. In regards to texture, ‘Crimson Topaz’ and ‘Crimson Crisp’ were significantly higher than ‘Jonagold’ and NY 49, with mean ratings between “like slightly” and “like moderately.” For overall liking scores, ‘Crimson Crisp’, which was rated between “like slightly” and “like moderately,” was not significantly different from ‘Crimson Topaz’ and ‘GoldRush’; however, ‘Crimson Crisp’ was rated higher than ‘Jonagold’, NY 49, and ‘Sundance’. Panelists also responded to questions regarding their food-purchasing attitudes and behaviors. Sixty-two percent of panelists purchased fresh apples for themselves and/or other household members at least “two or three times a month” during an average year. Only 2.7% responded that they purchased fresh apples “more than once a week.” This study of consumer preferences provides an initial assessment of the feasibility of marketing new apple cultivars and organic apples within the mid-Atlantic U.S. region. Those that performed well in the sensory evaluation should be candidates for additional market research.
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Santos, Gedinara Paiva dos, Amanda Frederico Mortati, Luis Gustavo De Castro Canani, and Leidiane Leão Oliveira. "Efeitos da integridade ambiental da zona ciliar e sua influência na qualidade da água de igarapés urbanos em Santarém-PA, Amazônia, Brasil." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 7 (January 3, 2022): 4035. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.7.p4035-4055.
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Os igarapés urbanos são afetados pela supressão da floresta ripária o que ocasiona degradação ambiental. Devido às atividades antrópicas, esses ambientes são alterados e descaracterizados, sofrendo profundas mudanças em suas estruturas aquática e terrestre. Essas alterações se refletem na qualidade das águas, e usualmente são estimadas através da análise quantitativa de parâmetros hidrológicos e físico-químicos. O Índice de Integridade do Habitat (IIH) é um método qualitativo de avaliação das condições ambientais dos igarapés. Este estudo busca avaliar se a variação da integridade do habitat reflete a variação hidrológica e físico-química decorrente das alterações antrópicas nos ambientes aquáticos. Foram medidas as variáveis ambientais da zona ripária (Índice de Integridade do Habitat - IIH e cobertura vegetal média); do canal (vazão, largura e profundidade médias) e da água (pH, condutividade, oxigênio dissolvido e turbidez médias, temperatura média) em de seis igarapés urbanos de Santarém- PA. Dos seis igarapés analisados, cinco encontram-se em estado degradado e com a área de proteção permanente em desacordo com o Código Florestal Brasileiro. Foi avaliada a correlação do IIH com as variáveis ambientais e análise de variância para verificar se houve diferença significativa entre os valores das variáveis ambientais nos pontos amostrados. Verificou-se que o Índice de Integridade do Habitat - IIH apresentou uma correlação significativa (p<0,05) com as variáveis oxigênio dissolvido e condutividade, sendo capaz de captar a influência destas variáveis na qualidade da água. Em termos de variação espacial dos parâmetros físico-químicos, o Ponto 6 se destacou com o maior número de diferenças significativas em relação aos demais pontos amostrados e foi o único classificado pelo IIH como íntegro, demonstrando que o IIH foi capaz de detectar a variação da qualidade da água e que pode ser uma ferramenta para um rápido e efetivo diagnóstico das condições ambientais de corpos d’água. Diante dos resultados, medidas de recuperação devem ser tomadas para minimizar e reverter as fontes de impacto que promovem a degradação dos igarapés urbanos na cidade de Santarém- PA.Palavras-chave: Gestão de microbacias urbanas, qualidade da água, mata ciliar. Effects of the environmental integrity of the riparian zone and its influence on the water quality of urban streams in Santarém-Pa, Amazonia, Brazil A B S T R A C TUrban streams are affected by the suppression of riparian forest, which causes environmental degradation. Due to human activities, these environments are altered and uncharacterized, undergoing profound changes in their aquatic and terrestrial structures. These changes are reflected in the water quality and are usually estimated through the quantitative analysis of hydrological and physical-chemical parameters. The Habitat Integrity Index (IIH) is a qualitative method for assessing the environmental conditions of streams. This study aims to assess whether the variation in habitat integrity reflects the hydrological and physical-chemical variation resulting from anthropic changes in aquatic environments. The environmental variables from the riparian zone (Habitat Integrity Index - IIH and average vegetation cover), from the channel (mean flow, width, and depth) and from the water (pH, average conductivity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity, average temperature) were measured; in six urban streams in Santarém-PA. Among the six streams analyzed, five are in a degraded state and have a permanent protection area that does not comply with the Brazilian Forest Code. The correlation of the IIH with the environmental variables and an analysis of variance was performed in order to verify if there was a significant difference between the environmental variables’ values at the sampled points. It was found that the Habitat Integrity Index - IIH showed a significant correlation (p <0.05) with the variables dissolved oxygen and conductivity, being able to capture the influence of these variables on water quality. In terms of spatial variation of the physical-chemical parameters, the Point 6 stood out with the largest number of significant differences in relation to the other sampled points and was the only one classified by the IIH as intact, which demonstrates that the IIH could detect the variation of the water quality and that it can be a tool for a quick and effective diagnosis of the environmental conditions of water bodies. In view of the results, recovery measures must be taken to minimize and reverse the sources of impact that promote the degradation of urban streams in the city of Santarém-PA.Keywords Management of urban micro basins, water quality, riparian forest.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Point State Park (Pa.)"
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Hoch, Richard J. "Uneven development of nature an historical geography of Ohiopyle State Park /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=880.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 44 p. : col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-44).
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Quintanilla, Bedregal Pablo A. "Reorganizing popular politics: Participation and the new interest regime in Latin America. Collier, R. y Handlin, S. (eds) University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press." Politai, 2011. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/91902.
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Gregr, Tomáš. "Posouzení možnosti připojení větrného parku Drahany 45 MW do sítě 110 kV." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219419.
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This Master's thesis is focused on connecting of new power sources into electrical network, particularly, the steady state and allowed voltage variation in network nodes, which occur in steady state before and after connection of a new power source into distribution network, with regard to valid legislation. The new power source in question is the new wind farm Drahany with active power of 45 MW, which should be connected into distribution network 110kV, operated by distribution company E.ON. The aim of this work is to find the most suitable connection point of a wind farm into distribution network, considering transmission capacity of individual electric lines and voltage variations in network nodes, as well as Drahany wind farm's investor's expenses on construction of a connection line to connection point and the distribution network's operator's expenses on modification of the connection point. Also, methods of calculating of electric networks in steady state are described in this paper, particularly, linear calculations, because these are needed for the calculations in E-vlivy program, in which the possible options of Drahany wind farm's connection into network 110 kV, in various places, were modeled. The description of the E-Vlivy program is also included in this paper. The E.ON company's materials form the basis for this Master's thesis, which will later serve as one of the documents needed for Drahany wind farm’s connection point evaluation into distribution network 110 kV.
Books on the topic "Point State Park (Pa.)"
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Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission., ed. Lime Kiln Point State Park. Olympia, WA: Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2004.
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Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission., ed. Lime Kiln Point State Park. Olympia, WA: Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2004.
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Reed, Brandy. A realigned Lime Kiln Point State Park interpretive position. Bellingham, Wash: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1990.
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United States. National Park Service., ed. Niobrara/Missouri: Missouri National Recreational River : Gavins Point Dam to Ponca State Park. [O'Neill, Neb: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, 1993.
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Montana. Dept. of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Flathead Lake State Park-West Shore/Finley Point land exchange: NEPA/MEPA/HB495 checklist. Kalispell: Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 1993.
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Carlson, Robert. Building conditions survey for the Viereck House: At Halibut Point State Park, Rockport, Massachusetts. Edited by Massachusetts. Dept. of Environmental Management. Historic Curatorship Program and Ocmulgee Associates Consulting Structural Engineering. Boston, Mass: The Dept., 1996.
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Montana. Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Region 1. [Environmental assessment on easement for an underground powerline at Flathead Lake State Park-Finley Point]. Kalispell, Mont: The Region, 1994.
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Thompson, Melody M. Best practices of computer conferencing in distance education: February 25-26, 1996, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA : conference report. University Park, PA: American Center for the Study of Distance Education, 1997.
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H, McCormick Larry, Gottschalk Kurt W, and Northeastern Forest Experiment Station (Radnor, Pa.), eds. 8th Central Hardwood Forest Conference: Proceedings of a meeting held at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, March 3-6, 1991. Radnor, Pa: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1991.
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Conference on Atmospheric Deposition in Pennsylvania (1989 University Park, Pa.). Proceedings of the Conference on Atmospheric Deposition in Pennsylvania: A critical assessment : the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, September 11-14, 1989. University Park, PA: Environmental Resources Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Point State Park (Pa.)"
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Akşin, Jocelyn. "Kristin Dickinson (2021): DisOrientations: German-Turkish Cultural Contact in Translation, 1811 – 1946, University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press (257 pp.)." In Türkisch-Deutsche Studien, 133–35. Göttingen: Göttingen University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17875/gup2022-1935.
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Batz, Kevin, Mingshuai Chen, Benjamin Lucien Kaminski, Joost-Pieter Katoen, Christoph Matheja, and Philipp Schröer. "Latticed k-Induction with an Application to Probabilistic Programs." In Computer Aided Verification, 524–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81688-9_25.
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AbstractWe revisit two well-established verification techniques, k-induction and bounded model checking (BMC), in the more general setting of fixed point theory over complete lattices. Our main theoretical contribution is latticed k-induction, which (i) generalizes classical k-induction for verifying transition systems, (ii) generalizes Park induction for bounding fixed points of monotonic maps on complete lattices, and (iii) extends from naturals k to transfinite ordinals $$\kappa $$ κ , thus yielding $$\kappa $$ κ -induction.The lattice-theoretic understanding of k-induction and BMC enables us to apply both techniques to the fully automatic verification of infinite-state probabilistic programs. Our prototypical implementation manages to automatically verify non-trivial specifications for probabilistic programs taken from the literature that—using existing techniques—cannot be verified without synthesizing a stronger inductive invariant first.
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"58. Kamoa Point State Historical Park." In Beaches of the Big Island, 105–6. University of Hawaii Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780824840815-062.
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Emblidge, David. "New York." In The Appalachian Trail Reader, 260–73. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195100914.003.0015.
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Abstract New York Ramblers hiking club on Black Mt., Harriman State Park, New York. Trail miles: 95 Trail maintenance: New York-New Jersey Trail Conference Highest point: Prospect Rock, 1,433 ft., on Prospect Mt., near Greenwood Lake Lowest point on the AT: 124 ft., near Bear Mt. Bridge Broadest river: Hudson, crossable on Bear Mt. Bridge Features: Surprisingly wild areas, with sharp climbs and descents, yet so close to New York City (views of Manhattan, 50 miles distant, at several points). First section of the AT was built in Bear Mt. State Park, 1922-23.
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Emblidge, David. "Georgia." In The Appalachian Trail Reader, 85–116. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195100914.003.0007.
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Abstract Blooming shadbush and cumulus clouds, Blood Mt., Georgia. Trail miles: 75.4 Trail maintenance: Georgia AT Club Highest point: Blood Mt., 4,461 ft. Features: Springer Mt. (3,728 ft.), southern terminus of the AT. Rugged wilderness, few towns, high elevation, lovely flowering plants (dogwood). Parks, forests, and nature preserves: Amicalola Falls State Park, Chattahoochee National Forest, Vogel State Park Most intriguing names on the trail: Chattahoochee, Slaughter Gap, Blood Mt.
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Emblidge, David. "Tennessee." In The Appalachian Trail Reader, 156–73. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195100914.003.0009.
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Abstract Day hiker and Catawba rhododendron in the mountains of Tennessee. Trail miles: 69.5 in Tennessee, 207.7 shared with North Carolina Trail maintenance: Tennessee Eastman Hiking Club Highest point: Roan Mt., 6,285 ft. Broadest river: Laurel Fork Features: The AT follows the Tennessee border with North Carolina, frequently entering and leaving the state along the mountain crests in Great Smoky Mts. National Park. Spectacular views and rich plant life, including famous Roan Mt. wild rhododendron garden.
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Emblidge, David. "West Virginia." In The Appalachian Trail Reader, 206–39. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195100914.003.0011.
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Abstract View from Jefferson Rock, Harpers Ferry: the Potomac River, West Virginia, and Maryland. Trail miles: 2.4 in West Viriginia, shortest one-state distance on the AT, with 23-24 miles sharing the border with Virginia in two places Trail maintenance: Potomac AT Club, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park Highest point: Peter’s Mt., 3,484 ft. (southern West Virginia, near Lindside) Broadest rivers: Shenandoah, crossable on auto bridge; Potomac, crossable on 600-ft.-long Goodloe Byron Pedestrian Walkway Features: Lovely woodland stroll culminating at the tiny historic town of Harpers Ferry, home base of the Appalachian Trail Conference, the psychological midpoint for north- or southbound AT thru-hikers.
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Emblidge, David. "Maine." In The Appalachian Trail Reader, 350–78. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195100914.003.0020.
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Abstract The end and the beginning: atop foggy, mile-high Katahdin, Baxter State Park, Maine. Trail miles: 281.4 Trail maintenance: Appalachian Mountain Club, Maine AT Club Highest point: Mt. Katahdin, 5,267 ft. (Baxter Peak) Broadest river: Kennebec, dangerous to ford, crossable by ferry (provided in season by Appalachian Trail Conference and Maine AT Club) Features: Northern terminus of AT, 2,150+ miles from Springer Mt., Georgia. Western section begins with the Mahoosucs, known as the toughest, bedeviling narrow, rocky climb on the AT, then continues with several steep 4,000-ft. mountains, including Saddleback (4,116 ft.), which the AT climbs, and Sugarloaf (4,237 ft.), which the trail skirts. Northernmost section, from Monson to Mt. Katahdin, offers 100+ miles of isolated, roadless travel.
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Buttenwieser, Ann L. "Epilogue." In The Floating Pool Lady, 227–36. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501716010.003.0013.
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This chapter recounts how the State Department of Environmental Conservation allowed the Parks Department to open the Floating Pool Lady at Barretto Point Park in the Bronx on June 27, 2018. It points out the appreciation that the author has received since the floating pool started its voyage, emphasizing how people enjoying and having fun provided proof that creating the swimming facility yielded many accomplishments. It also discusses how the Floating Pool Lady weathered two hurricanes and a formidable rainstorm, such as superstorm Sandy in 2012, which only caused minimal damage. The chapter mentions how children in the Bronx from a recreationally underserved neighborhood no longer have to swim in putrid waters now that the floating pool has become accessible. It notes how the Floating Pool Lady had a seasonal record of nearly fifty thousand swimmers in 2019, despite over twelve inches of rainfall in July and August.
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Lang*, Nicholas P., Christopher Dolanc, Kennedy Beasley-Watson, Katie Goodenow, Kiana Harris, Albert Jackson, Joseph McCarthy, Cole Nypaver, Nicole Schwab, and Trevor Wood. "Post-glacial tectonism and bluff erosion in northern Erie County, Pennsylvania, USA." In Field Excursions to the Appalachian Plateaus and the Valley and Ridge for GSA Connects 2023, 123–48. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2023.0066(04).
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ABSTRACT This one-day field trip will visit northern Erie County in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA, and is divided into two parts. The first part will highlight brittle and ductile deformation preserved in Upper Devonian bedrock. It is possible that this deformation occurred in relation to the Alleghenian orogeny during the late Paleozoic. However, some of this deformation displays possible evidence of postdating Wisconsin glaciation, but this interpretation is speculative and based largely on possible topographic disruption of Quaternary river terrace deposits. Morphologic characteristics of outcrops in creeks that expose these tectonic structures will be used as a starting point to discuss structure origin, timing, and their implications. The second part of the trip will visit Erie Bluffs State Park (EBSP) and will examine ongoing mass wasting of bluffs along the southern Lake Erie shoreline. The timing (as determined from dendrochronological analyses) and styles of mass wasting that have occurred at EBSP will be discussed and compared to two other locations along Pennsylvania’s Lake Erie shoreline. An appended road log serves as a geologic guide to the features and processes highlighted on this trip.
Conference papers on the topic "Point State Park (Pa.)"
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Barrett, Lauren, Lucas Grimm, Cynthia Venn, and Christopher P. Hallen. "INITIAL GEOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF SHANERBURG RUN, WORLDS END STATE PARK, SULLIVAN COUNTY, PA." In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-328612.
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Vasylenko, Klavdiya, Christopher B. Hornung, Tessa King, Leah John, Carey Johnston, Emma Young, Shannon Hibbard, and Ilya V. Buynevich. "CLAST DISTRIBUTION AND FLOW INDICATORS ALONG A GRAVEL BAR, NESHAMINY CREEK, TYLER STATE PARK, PA." In Joint 52nd Northeastern Annual Section and 51st North-Central Annual GSA Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017ne-289857.
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Elick, Jennifer M. "A GEOLOGIC GUIDE TO SHIKELLAMY STATE PARK (OVERLOOK AND MARINA SECTIONS): UNION AND NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTIES, PA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-287570.
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Grimm, Lucas, Lauren Barrett, Cynthia Venn, and Christopher P. Hallen. "WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE RUN DRAINAGE, INCLUDING MINERAL SPRING, AT WORLD’S END STATE PARK (SULLIVAN COUNTY), PA." In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-328648.
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Hyatt, James A., James O. Farlow, Peter Galton, Ryan Cueto, and Jeffrey D. Fontaine. "BUILDING AND ANALYZING STRUCTURE-FROM-MOTION POINT CLOUD DATA FOR VISIBLE AND BURIED TRACKSITES AT DINOSAUR STATE PARK, ROCKY HILL, CT." In 53rd Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018ne-310322.
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Contreras-Aguilar, L., and N. Garcia. "Fast convergence to the steady-state operating point of a VFT park using the limit cycle method and a reduced order model." In Energy Society General Meeting (PES). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2009.5275393.
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Barliba, Luminita Livia, C. Barliba, Ionel Samfira, Anisoara Ienciu, and F. C. Barliba. "EXECUTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC WORKS IN ORDER TO RAISE AND DRAW AN ITINERARY FOR A TYROLEAN IN TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/2.1/s09.26.
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The purpose of the paper is to perform a topographic lifting and traction of an architectural project for the execution of a Tyrolean that is arranged on various relief forms, in a hilly area, halfway between Timisoara and Lugoj, Timis County, Romania. The development of an adventure park in an area so close to urban settlements has a great impact on the public of all age categories. Children are the main beneficiaries of such objectives because they test their minds and, at the same time, implement an active and healthy life rate. After the execution of this Tyrolean, the investment made will lead to the development of the area and its transformation into a tourist and leisure attraction point and the localities in the area will be an alternative for private investors or for the locals living in the city and wanting to settle in these localities. By building new opportunities for recreation, creating competitions and events, the development is acquired from many points of view: growing and establishing the population, bringing new investments and investors for the development of the area. The proposed Tyrolean is made up of 4-5 routes established according to the degree of difficulty proposed for different children�s age categories, at the same time ensuring the safety of the user and avoiding accidents, the routes being established only on the trees of certain ages and dimensions. In order to execute the topographic elevations, in order to achieve the situation plan, the state-of-the-art topographic, devices and methods adapted to the conditions of the field (covered with forest vegetation on most routes) were used.
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Barnard, Andrew R., Philip Gillett, Kamal Idrisi, Stephen A. Hambric, and Marty Johnson. "Noise Levels During College Football Games and Associated Effects on Players and Fans." In ASME 2008 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2008-73012.
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Crowd noise levels in large stadiums are often discussed in the press and by the casual stadium patron; however, there has been little scientific evaluation of these levels and their corresponding effects. An effort was undertaken at Penn State University to measure noise on the field at Beaver Stadium (State College, PA: capacity 107,282) during a PSU football game. The two-fold purpose of these measurements was to evaluate the noise levels with respect to how they affect the game and make real-time, calibrated recordings for future use in the football team’s indoor practice facility. Measurements were taken on the field level using sound levels meters and DAT recorders throughout the PSU vs. Ohio State University football game on 27 October 2007. As a point of comparison, similar measurements were conducted by a team of researchers from Virginia Tech during the VT vs. University of Miami game on 17 November 2007 at Lane Stadium (Blacksburg, VA: capacity 66,233). The crowd noise levels are compared between the two stadiums taking into account the circumstances of the two games, time of day, and design of the stadiums. The levels on the field are evaluated in terms of speech intelligibility, i.e. the ability of the players to communicate with each other. In addition, a hearing loss safety assessment for both fans and players is presented.
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Omri, Riadh, Matthias Semel, Antonio Delgado, and Hans J. Russwurm. "Design Study of a Pyrolysis Plant Compressor With Heavy Wall Erosion From Metal Particle Impact." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69108.
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In a pyrolysis plant, a mounted centrifugal compressor takes heavy damage because of erosion originating from metal particle mixed with the inlet air flow impacting its blades and volute walls. In a first step, the original impeller design as well as other centrifugal compressor designs are studied to identify the design parameters which influence the erosion distribution, shape and magnitude. It has been concluded that the first impact plays an important role in defining the particles trajectories and the erosion on the walls. A novel impeller design method based on particle trajectories after a controlled first impact is introduced. The new setup is simulated via CFD coupled with Finnie erosion model to assess the damage. This design is improved in a further step. Adequate simulation setups such as interfaces, boundary conditions and particle coupling methods with carrier fluid are introduced. This study focuses on predicting the particle trajectory within the impeller to reduce the impacts on blade walls and thus reducing the erosion rate. For all designs, the analysis is conducted in the same stage operating point, this point is defined at a predefined volume flow VF [kg/m3] and total-to-static pressure Δp[Pa] as is recommended for the pyrolysis facility including the compressor. Simulations are conducted in a steady state with compressible air at high static temperature going to 530°C. For CFD calculations the software in use is CFX of the ANSYS Group. All mesh used is structured and produced by TurboGrid for the blade rows and with Icem for inlet, outlet and volute. The final compressor design contain the design recommendation for hub form and outlet flow angle.
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Swienty, Andreas, Evgenii Palamarchuk, Raja Abou Ackl, and Paul Uwe Thamsen. "Noise Reduction Measures for an Axial Fan." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69287.
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The aim of this work is to investigate how a reduction of the noise emissions can be achieved by means of an irregular arrangement of the blades of the fan impeller and an additional blade skewing. For this purpose a fan impeller with a defined operating point is designed. Preliminary investigations have shown that a volumetric flow rate of 18 m3/h at a pressure of 200 Pa is required for cooling. Due to structural restrictions, only one axial impeller with a diameter of 68 mm can be used. The rotational speed of the electric motor is 10000 rpm. In a further step, the influences of the blade skewing and irregular arrangement of the blades are examined. These impellers are manufactured in a rapid prototyping process, which is a cost-effective and fast process. Thus, various variants can be examined to find the most suitable impeller. The study of the impellers is divided into two phases. Firstly, the fluid mechanical data of the impeller is measured. For this purpose, a chamber test stand is used to measure the characteristic curves of fan impellers. Thus, on the one hand, it can be examined whether the designed impeller reaches the operating point and, on the other hand, the influence of the noise reduction measures on the characteristic curves can also be evaluated. It is, of course, not desired that the noise reduction measures result in a deterioration of the pressure increase or in the volumetric flow rate. In the second phase, the noise generation of the impeller is measured in an installed state on an acoustic test stand. For this purpose, the impellers are installed in the electric motor and then acoustically examined in enveloping surface method according to DIN 45635. It can be seen that the sound load can be reduced by 5.6 dB by a sufficient design of the impeller compared to a reference impeller. The further measures taken, such as the irregular arrangement of the blades and the blade skewing, have shown a further improvement of 1.6 dB. The influence of the implemented measures on the characteristic curve lies in a small area. It is measured that the pressure increase has fallen due to the irregular arrangement of the blades and the blade skewing by 10 Pa with a constant remaining flow rate.
Reports on the topic "Point State Park (Pa.)"
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Cruickshank, Alexander. Gordon Research Conference on Optical Signal Processing and Holography Held at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA on June 27 - July 2, 1993. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada275092.
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ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT OMAHA NE. A Scoping Study of Water Quality Conditions in the Missouri National Recreational River Reach from Near Gavins Point Dam to Ponca State Park, Nebraska. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada635406.
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Stephens, Jaime, Thomas McLaren, Caitlyn Gillespie, and Claire Stuyck. Landbird monitoring: 2022 results from Crater Lake National Park, Lassen Volcanic National Park, Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve, and Whiskeytown National Recreation Area. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303313.
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In 2022, the Klamath Inventory and Monitoring Network (KLMN) of the National Park Service implemented the 14th year of a long-term landbird monitoring protocol. Klamath Bird Observatory, in partnership with the KLMN, developed the protocol and completed this 14-year effort. Multiple standard avian sampling methods were implemented, including variable circular plot point counts, area search surveys, mist netting, species checklists, and habitat surveys. In 2022, a fifth year of point counts was completed, along with corresponding species checklists and habitat surveys, at 35 locations within Crater Lake National Park, 4 locations within Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve, 24 locations within Lassen Volcanic National Park, and 30 locations within Whiskeytown National Recreation Area. Unlike in previous years, 4 rather than 2 national park units were monitored. This change in survey effort was made to compensate for surveys that were missed during 2020 when no monitoring was conducted due to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The operation of an ongoing constant effort monitoring station, which included mist netting, point counts, area searches, species checklists, and habitat surveys, continued at Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve during the breeding and fall migration seasons. Relative abundance (birds/station), as measured by point count and area search methods, was calculated for all survey sites combined within each park. Total captures, by season, were calculated using constant effort mist netting data. Species of conservation importance were among the most abundant species at each park. Results are presented along with conservation status of individual species based on Partners in Flight state and continental plans and Oregon and California Wildlife Conservation Strategies. This 14th year of implementation of the KLMN landbird monitoring program continued to lay the groundwork for improved understanding of landbird status and long-term trends in each park. When analyzed in the framework of the Klamath Bird Monitoring Network, the contribution of KLMN parks to bird conservation in this region will help inform landbird conservation in the West.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Trends in water quality at Bryce Canyon National Park, water years 2006–2021. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294946.
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The National Park Service collects water-quality samples on a rotating basis at three fixed water-quality stations in Bryce Canyon National Park (NP): Sheep Creek, Yellow Creek, and Mossy Cave Spring. Data collection began at Sheep Creek and Yellow Creek in November 2005 and at Mossy Cave in July 2008. Data on in-situ parameters, fecal-coliform samples, major ions, and nutrients are collected monthly, while trace elements are sampled quarterly. This report analyzes data from the beginning of the period of record for each station through water year 2021 to test for trends over time. Concentrations are also compared to relevant water-quality standards for the State of Utah. Overall, water quality at the park’s monitoring stations continues to be excellent, and park managers have been successful in their goal of maintaining these systems in unimpaired condition. Infrequent but continued Escherichia coli exceedances from trespass livestock at Sheep and Yellow creeks support the need for regular fence maintenance along the park boundary. High-quality conditions may qualify all three sites as Category 1 waters, the highest level of anti-degradation protection provided by the State of Utah. Minimum and maximum air temperatures at the park have increased, while precipitation remains highly variable. Increasing air temperatures have led to increasing water temperatures in Sheep and Yellow creeks. Sheep Creek also had a decrease in flow across several quantiles from 2006 to 2021, while higher flows decreased at Yellow Creek in the same period. Surface flows in these two creeks are likely to be increasingly affected by higher evapotranspiration due to warming air temperatures and possibly decreasing snowmelt runoff as the climate changes. The influx of ancient groundwater in both creek drainages helps sustain base flows at the sites. Mossy Cave Spring, which is sampled close to the spring emergence point, showed less of a climate signal than Sheep and Yellow creeks. In our record, the spring shows a modest increase in discharge, including higher flows at higher air temperatures. An uptick in visitation to Water Canyon and the Mossy Cave Trail has so far not been reflected by changes in water quality. There are additional statistical trends in water-quality parameters at all three sites. However, most of these trends are quite small and are likely ecologically negligible. Some statistical trends may be the result of instrument changes and improvements in quality assurance and quality control over time in both the field sampling effort and the laboratory analyses. Long-term monitoring of water-quality stations at Bryce Canyon NP suggests relatively stable aquatic systems that benefit from protection within the park. To maintain these unimpaired conditions into the future, park managers could consider: Regular fence checks and maintenance along active grazing allotments at the park boundary to protect riparian areas and aquatic systems from trespass livestock. Developing a springs-monitoring program to track changes in springflow at spring emergences to better understand bedrock-aquifer water supplies. These data would also help quantify springflow for use in water-rights hearings. Supporting hydrogeologic investigations to map the extent and flow paths of groundwater aquifers. Working with the State of Utah to develop groundwater-protection zones to protect groundwater aquifers from developments that would affect springs in the park. Prioritizing watershed management with proactive fire risk-reduction practices. Explicitly including watershed protection as a goal in plans for fire management and suppression. Using additional data and analyses to better understand the drivers of trends in water quality and their ecological significance. These could include higher-frequency data to better understand relationships between groundwater, precipitation, and surface flows at the sites. These could also include watershed metrics...
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Muldavin, Esteban, Yvonne Chauvin, Teri Neville, Hannah Varani, Jacqueline Smith, Paul Neville, and Tani Hubbard. A vegetation classi?cation and map: Guadalupe Mountains National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302855.
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A vegetation classi?cation and map for Guadalupe Mountains National Park (NP) is presented as part of the National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring - Vegetation Inventory Program to classify, describe, and map vegetation communities in more than 280 national park units across the United States. Guadalupe Mountains NP lies in far west Texas and contains the highest point in the state, Guadalupe Peak (8,751 ft; 2,667 m). The mountain escarpments descend some 5,000 ft (1,500 m) to the desert basins below forming a complex geologic landscape that supports vegetation communities ranging from montane coniferous forests down to desert grasslands and scrub. Following the US National Vegetation Classi?cation (USNVC) standard, we identi?ed 129 plant associations hierarchically tiered under 29 groups and 17 macrogroups, making it one of the most ecologically diverse National Park Service units in the southwestern United States. An aspect that adds to this diversity is that the park supports communities that extend southward from the Rocky Mountains (?ve macrogroups) and Great Plains (one macrogroup) and northward from the Chihuahuan Desert (two macrogroups) and Sierra Madre Orientale of Mexico (three macrogroups). The remaining six macrogroups are found in the Great Basin (one macrogroup), and throughout the southwestern United States (remaining ?ve macrogroups). Embedded in this matrix are gypsum dunelands and riparian zones and wetlands that add further complexity. We describe in detail this vegetation classi?cation, which is based on 540 vegetation plots collected between 2006 and 2010. Full descriptions and diagnostic keys to the plant associations along with an overall plant species list are provided as appendices. Based on the vegetation classi?cation and associated plot data, the vegetation map was developed using a combined strategy of automated digital object-oriented image classi?cation and direct-analog image interpretation of four-band National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial photography from 2004 and 2008 and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery. The map is designed to facilitate ecologically-based natural resource management at a 1:24,000 scale with 0.5-ha minimum map unit size. The map legend is hierarchically structured: the upper Level 1 consists of 16 map units corresponding in most cases to the USNVC group level, and an additional map unit describing built-up land and agriculture; Level 2 is composed of 48 nested map units re?ecting various combinations of plant associations. A ?eld-based accuracy assessment using 341 vegetation plots revealed a Level 1 overall accuracy of 79% with 90% CI of 74?84% and 68% with 90% CI of 59?76% at Level 2. An annotated legend with summary descriptions of the units, distribution maps, aerial photo examples of map unit polygons, and representative photos are provided in Appendix D. Large wall-size poster maps at 1:35,000 scale were also produced following NPS cartographic standards. The report, plot data, and spatial layers are available at National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Program https://www.nps.gov/im/vegetation-inventory.htm). Outcomes from this project provide the most detailed vegetation classi?cation and highest resolution mapping for Guadalupe Mountains NP to date to support many uses including ?re, recreation, vegetation, and wildlife management, among others. The upper Level 1 map is particularly suited to landscape-scale, park-wide planning and linkages to its sister park, Carlsbad Caverns NP. The Level 2 mapping provides added detail for use at a more localized project scale. The overall accuracy of the maps was good, but because Guadalupe Mountains NP is primarily wilderness park, there were logistical challenges to map development and testing in remote areas that should be considered in planning management actions. In this context, some map units would bene?t from further development and accuracy assessment. In particular, a higher resolution mapping of McKittrick Creek riparian habitat at 1:6,000 scale or ?ner is recommended for this important habitat in the park. In addition, developing a structural canopy height model from LiDAR imagery would be useful to more accurately quantify woody canopy density and height to support ?re management and other habitat management issues. With respect to understanding vegetation dynamics in this time of rapid environmental change, the 540 vegetation plots themselves are su?ciently georeferenced and have the data resolution to be useful in detecting change at the decadal scales across much of the park. To this end, an additional recommendation would be to install more plots to ?ll the gaps among the main vegetation units of the park, both spatially and thematically. Overall, the Vegetation and Classi?cation Map for Guadalupe Mountains NP will support the park?s management e?orts and enhance regional understanding of vegetation and ecology of ecosystems of the southwestern United States.
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Sprague, Joshua, David Kushner, James Grunden, Jamie McClain, Benjamin Grime, and Cullen Molitor. Channel Islands National Park Kelp Forest Monitoring Program: Annual report 2014. National Park Service, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293855.
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Channel Islands National Park (CHIS) has conducted long-term ecological monitoring of the kelp forests around San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands since 1982. The original permanent transects were established at 16 sites between 1981 and 1986 with the first sampling beginning in 1982, this being the 33rd year of monitoring. An additional site, Miracle Mile, was established at San Miguel Island in 2001 by a commercial fisherman with assistance from the park. Miracle Mile was partially monitored from 2002 to 2004, and then fully monitored (using all KFM protocols) since 2005. In 2005, 16 additional permanent sites were established to collect baseline data from inside and adjacent to four marine reserves that were established in 2003. Sampling results from all 33 sites mentioned above are included in this report. Funding for the Kelp Forest Monitoring Program (KFM) in 2014 was provided by the National Park Service (NPS). The 2014 monitoring efforts utilized 49 days of vessel time to conduct 1,040 dives for a total of 1,059 hours of bottom time. Population dynamics of a select list of 71 “indicator species” (consisting of taxa or categories of algae, fish, and invertebrates) were measured at the 33 permanent sites. In addition, population dynamics were measured for all additional species of fish observed at the sites during the roving diver fish count. Survey techniques follow the CHIS Kelp Forest Monitoring Protocol Handbook (Davis et al. 1997) and an update to the sampling protocol handbook currently being developed (Kushner and Sprague, in progress). The techniques utilize SCUBA and surface-supplied-air to conduct the following monitoring protocols: 1 m2 quadrats, 5 m2 quadrats, band transects, random point contacts, fish transects, roving diver fish counts, video transects, size frequency measurements, and artificial recruitment modules. Hourly temperature data were collected using remote temperature loggers at 32 sites, the exception being Miracle Mile where there is no temperature logger installed. This annual report contains a brief description of each site including any notable observations or anomalies, a summary of methods used, and monitoring results for 2014. All the data collected during 2014 can be found in the appendices and in an Excel workbook on the NPS Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) portal. In the 2013 annual report (Sprague et al. 2020) several changes were made to the appendices. Previously, annual report density and percent cover data tables only included the current year’s data. Now, density and percent cover data are presented in graphical format and include all years of available monitoring data. Roving diver fish count (RDFC), fish size frequency, natural habitat size frequency, and Artificial Recruitment Module (ARM) size frequency data are now stored on IRMA at https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2259651. The temperature data graphs in Appendix L include the same graphs that were used in past reports, but include additional violin plot sections that compare monthly means from the current year to past years. In addition to the changes listed above, the layout of the discussion section was reordered by species instead of by site. The status of kelp forests differed among the five park islands. This is a result of a combination of factors including but not limited to, oceanography, biogeography and associated differences in species abundance and composition, as well as sport and commercial fishing pressure. All 33 permanent sites were established in areas that had or were historically known to have had kelp forests in the past. In 2014, 15 of the 33 sites monitored were characterized as developing kelp forest, kelp forest or mature kelp forest. In addition, three sites were in a state of transition. Two sites were part kelp forest and part dominated by Strongylocentrotus purpuratus...
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O'Connell, Kelly, David Burdick, Melissa Vaccarino, Colin Lock, Greg Zimmerman, and Yakuta Bhagat. Coral species inventory at War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Final report. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302040.
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The War in the Pacific National Historical Park (WAPA), a protected area managed by the National Park Service (NPS), was established "to commemorate the bravery and sacrifice of those participating in the campaigns of the Pacific Theater of World War II and to conserve and interpret outstanding natural, scenic, and historic values on the island of Guam." Coral reef systems present in the park represent a vital element of Guam?s cultural, traditional, and economical heritage, and as such, are precious and in need of conservation. To facilitate the management of these resources, NPS determined that a scleractinian (stony coral) species survey was necessary to establish a baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation. EnviroScience, Inc. performed a survey of stony coral species, coral habitat, and current evidence of stressors at WAPA?s H?gat and Asan Units in 2022. This report summarizes these findings from a management perspective and compares its findings to previous survey data from 1977 and 1999 (Eldridge et al. 1977; Amesbury et al. 1999). WAPA is located on the tropical island of Guam, located on the west-central coast of the island, and encompasses 2,037 acres. Underwater resources are a significant component of the park, as 1,002 acres consists of water acres. The park is comprised of seven units, of which two of these, the H?gat and Asan Beach Units, include all the oceanic water acres for the park. The H?gat Beach Unit (local spelling, formerly known as ?Agat?) is located at the south-west portion of the park and consists of 38 land acres and 557 water acres (NPS 2003). The Asan Beach Unit consists of 109 acres of land and 445 water acres (NPS 2003). A current baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation necessitates the need for up-to-date data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and present health of corals. Park managers need this updated data to determine where and how to best focus conservation priorities and identify restoration opportunities. Management actions in park reef areas informed by this inventory included identifying locations where there were: high rates of sedimentation; high coral biomass; rare or threatened species, with a priority given to species endemic to Guam and listed as ?threatened? under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA; Acropora globiceps, A. retusa, A. speciosa, and Seriatopora aculeata); coral persistence and decline, disease and/or nuisance species, including the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris, ?COTS?) and the sponge Terpios hoshinota; and bleached areas. All work carried out was in accordance with the NPS statement of work (SOW) requirements, which involved a quantitative inventory using both new and pre-existing transects. The resulting transects totaled 61 (including the four from the 1999 study), each measuring 50 meters in length and distributed across depths of up to 50 feet. Divers took photo-quadrat samples covering an area of approximately 9 m?, encompassing 50 photo-quadrats of dimensions 0.50 m x 0.36 m (n=50). The collective area surveyed across all 61 transects amounted to ~549 m?. Additionally, a qualitative search was conducted to enhance documentation of coral species that have limited distribution and might not be captured by transects, along with identifying harmful species and stressors. Timed roving diver coral diversity surveys were carried out at a total of 20 sites occurring within the waters of WAPA, including eight sites at the H?gat unit and 12 sites at the Asan unit. The findings from this report reveal significant disparities in benthic cover compositions between H?gat and Asan units. The H?gat unit exhibits high abundances of turf algae and unconsolidated sediment while the Asan beach unit presents a different scenario, with hard coral as the dominant benthic cover, followed closely by crustose coralline algae (CCA). The Asan unit is also more difficult to access from shore or boat relative to H?gat which provides that unit some protection from human influences. The Asan beach unit's prevalence of hard coral, CCA, and colonizable substrate suggests a more favorable environment for reef growth and the potential benefits of maintaining robust coral cover in the area. These distinct differences in benthic communities highlight the contrasting ecological dynamics and habitats of the two study areas. Across both H?gat and Asan beach unit transects, a total of 56 hard coral species were recorded from 27 genera, with 44 species recorded from the H?gat unit and 48 species recorded from the Asan unit. Of the four historical transects surveyed in the Asan unit from 1999, three experienced declines in percent coral cover (17.38-78.72%), while the fourth had an increase (10.98%). During the timed roving diver coral diversity surveys, a total of 245 hard coral species, including 241 scleractinian coral species representing 49 genera and 4 non-scleractinian coral species representing 4 genera were recorded. Uncertainties related to coral identification, unresolved boundaries between morphospecies, differences in taxonomists' perspectives, and the rapidly evolving state of coral taxonomy have significant implications for species determinations during coral diversity surveys. While the recent surveys have provided valuable insights into coral diversity in WAPA waters, ongoing taxonomic research and collaboration among experts will be essential to obtain a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of coral biodiversity in the region. Of the several ESA coral species that were searched for among the H?gat and Asan beach units, Acropora retusa was the only coral species found among quantitative transects (n=2) and A. globiceps was observed during coral diversity surveys. Acropora speciosa, which was dominant in the upper seaward slopes in 1977, is now conspicuously absent from all the surveys conducted in 2022 (Eldredge et al., 1977). The disappearance and reduction of these once-dominant species underscores the urgency of implementing conservation measures to safeguard the delicate balance of Guam's coral reefs and preserve the diversity and ecological integrity of these invaluable marine ecosystems. Other formerly common or locally abundant species were infrequently encountered during the diversity surveys, including Acropora monticulosa, A. sp. ?obtusicaulis?, A. palmerae, Stylophora sp. ?mordax?, Montipora sp. ?pagoensis?, and Millepora dichotoma. Significant bleaching-associated mortality was recorded for these species, most of which are restricted to reef front/margin zones exposed to moderate-to-high levels of wave energy. Sedimentation was present in both H?gat and the Asan units, though it was more commonly encountered in H?gat transects. While significant portions of the reef area within the WAPA H?gat unit are in poor condition due to a variety of stressors, some areas still hosted notable coral communities, which should be a potential focus for park management to prevent further degradation. There is a need for more effective management of point source pollution concerns, particularly when subpar wastewater treatment or runoff from areas with potential pollution or sediment-laden water is flowing from nearby terrestrial environments. Future monitoring efforts should aim to establish a framework that facilitates a deeper understanding of potential point source pollution incidents. This would empower park managers to collaborate with adjacent communities, both within and outside of park boundaries, to mitigate the localized impacts of pollution (McCutcheon and McKenna, 2021). COTS were encountered during transect surveys as well as in coral diversity surveys. including along the upper reef front/reef margin at site Agat-CS-2. The frequency of these observations, particularly in the WAPA H?gat unit and where stress-susceptible corals are already uncommonly encountered, raise concern about the ability of the populations of these coral species to recover following acute disturbance events, and calls in to question the ability of some of these species to persist in WAPA waters, and in Guam?s waters more broadly. More frequent crown-of-thorns control efforts, even if only a handful of sea stars are removed during a single effort, may be required to prevent further loss to vulnerable species. There were several documented incidents of Terpios hoshinota covering large sections of branching coral in the reef flat along transects, but it is still unclear how detrimental this sponge is to the overall reef system. There is a concern that elevated levels of organic matter and nutrients in the water, such as those resulting from sewage discharge or stormwater runoff, could lead to increased Terpios populations (De Voogd et al. 2013). Consequently, it is important to track populations in known areas of sedimentation and poor water quality. The presence of unique species at single survey sites within the study areas underscores the ecological importance of certain locations. Some species are known to occur in other locations in Guam, while a few may be limited to specific sites within WAPA waters. These differences are likely influenced by environmental and biological factors such as poor water quality, severe heat stress events, chronic predation by crown-of-thorns sea stars, disease, and reduced herbivore populations. These factors collectively shape the condition of the benthic community, leading to variations in species distribution and abundance across the study sites. Documenting coral stress and identifying potentially harmful species allows for proactive management strategies to prevent the establishment of nuisance or detrimental species while populations are still manageable. Updated data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and health of corals is essential for park managers to prioritize conservation efforts and identify restoration opportunities effectively. Observations from this report raise concerns about the health and resilience of coral ecosystems in the H?gat unit and emphasize the need for knowledge of local factors that shape benthic community structure. Understanding the drivers responsible for these variations is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies to preserve the ecological balance and overall health of coral reefs in both units. Continued monitoring efforts will be critical in assessing long-term trends and changes in benthic cover and enabling adaptive management approaches to safeguard these valuable marine ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.
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Bingham, Sonia, Craig Young, and Tanni Hubbard. Sentinel wetlands in Cuyahoga Valley National Park: II. Condition trends for wetlands of management concern, 2008?2018. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301705.
Full textAbstract:
Twenty important management areas (wetlands of management concern) and reference wetlands compose the sentinel wetlands at Cuyahoga Valley National Park. These wetlands are monitored more intensively than other wetlands in the program. This is the second report in a two-part series, designed to summarize the results from intensive vegetation surveys completed at sentinel wetlands from 2008 to 2018. The first report (Bingham and Young 2023) characterized the conditions in each wetland and provided baseline reference information for other reports and site-specific projects. In this report, we examine results from five selected metrics more closely within and across three natural wetlands of management concern groups (restoration wetlands, mitigation wetlands, and rare habitat wetlands) using the reference wetlands as overall benchmarks. We used the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method (ORAM) to evaluate habitat in the sentinel wetlands. In addition, a total of 37 long-term sample plots were established within these wetlands to monitor biological conditions over time using vegetation as an indicator. Multiple plots were located in larger wetland complexes to capture spatial differences in condition. Vegetation was intensively surveyed within the plots using the Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI), where all plant species are identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (genus or species). The sample plots were surveyed twice, and the five evaluation metrics included the VIBI score, Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI), percent sensitive plant species, percent invasive graminoids, and species richness. For the analysis, VIBI plot locations were rank ordered based on their 2018 scores, the range and average for each metric was examined across the wetlands of management concern groups and plotted against reference wetlands for comparison, and the two survey years (pre-2015 and 2018) were plotted against each other for substantial changes from the established baseline. Across the sample plot locations, VIBI scores ranged from a low of 7 (Stanford Run SF1) to a high of 91 (Columbia Run 554). The top scoring plots were at four reference wetlands (Stumpy Basin 526, Virginia Kendall Lake 241K, Columbia Run 554, and Boston Mills 683) and one rare habitat wetland (Beaver Marsh BM3). All of these plots fell within an excellent condition range in one or both survey years. They each have unique habitats with some specialized plant species. The majority (24) of the sentinel wetlands plots ranked within the poor or fair ranges. These include the three mitigation wetlands: Brookside 968, Rockside RS2, and Krejci, as well as all plots within the Pleasant Valley and Stanford Run wetlands. Most of the large wetlands had dramatic condition differences within their boundaries? effected by pollution sources, land-use modifications, and/or invasive species in some areas more than others. We documented these wide condition ranges at Fawn Pond, Virginia Kendall Lake, Beaver Marsh and Stumpy Basin, but the most pronounced within-wetland differences were at Virginia Kendall Lake, which had a 58-point difference between the highest and lowest scoring plot. Fawn Pond is in good condition at most plots and scored very high in comparison to other wetlands within the riverine mainstem hydrogeomorphic class. The average and range of most metric scores were notably different across the four different wetlands groups. Average values at rare habitat wetlands plots were similar to reference plots for VIBI and FQAI scores, percent invasive graminoids, and percent sensitive metrics. Krejci KR1 and Fawn Pond FP3 had unusually high percent cover of sensitive species (31.0% and 27.9%, respectively) for the mitigation and restoration groupings. However, average overall metric scores across the restoration and mitigation wetlands were generally very low, with Stanford Run being the lowest scoring restoration wetland and Brookside being the lowest scoring mitigation wetland. With restoration efforts completed, the expectation is that mitigation wetlands should be performing much higher. Two of the three mitigation wetlands sites are not meeting the mitigation benchmarks that were created for them by the US Army Corp of Engineers and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Contractor reports state that the wetlands met the criteria within the first five years of establishment. However, upon release from monitoring and maintenance, invasive species have gradually re-established, which has led to condition deterioration over time, and lower metric scores. VIBI scores stayed the same or improved (only slightly in many cases) in the majority of plots (67.6%) between survey years. The Krecji mitigation wetlands had the largest improvement in VIBI scoring. Scores at six plots decreased by at least 10 points from the baseline survey. Two of the park?s most beloved wetlands, Beaver Marsh (at one location) and the Stumpy Basin reference plot, had the two most notable declines in VIBI scores. In 2018, 11 plots (29.7%) had greater than 25% invasive graminoid cover (e.g. cattail, common reed grass, reed canary grass) and 18 plots (48.7%) experienced an increase in invasive graminoid cover between survey years. A marked increase (>10% cover) in invasive graminoids was documented at eight locations (Rockside 1079RS2, Beaver Marsh BM5, Fawn Pond FP3 and FP4, Brookside 968, Stumpy Basin SB1, and two other Pleasant Valley plots: 1049 and 969). These trends are likely to continue, and biological conditions are expected to deteriorate at these wetlands in response. Regardless of invasive species increases, many of the wetlands showed remarkable resilience over the last decade with fairly stable VIBI categories.
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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: 2019 data summary—Version 2.0. National Park Service, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2290196.
Full textAbstract:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted on 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve (TIMU). A total of 23 vegetation plots were established in the park in May and June. Data collected in each plot include species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches (in)]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve in 2019. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands, Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and three land parcels (Cedar Point, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Creek). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 157 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 23 vegetation plots, including nine species not previously known from the park. Three plots were located in the footprint of the Yellow Bluff Fire, and were sampled only two weeks following the fire event. Muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca), water oak (Quercus nigra), and swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetland habitat; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), and gallberry (Ilex glabra) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Open Upland and Woodland habitat; and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica), Spanish moss (Tillandsia usenoides), and red bay (Persea borbonia) were the most frequently encountered species in Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. There were no exotic species of the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council list of invasive plants (FLEPPC 2020) observed on any of these plots. Both red bay and swamp bay (Persea palustris) were largely absent from the tree stratum in these plots; however, they were present (occasionally in high abundance) in the seedling and sapling strata across all habitat types. Buckthorn bully (Sideroxylon lycioides)—listed as Endangered in the state of Florida by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS 2020)—was observed in three Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots. The tree strata in each broadly defined habitat were dominated by the following species: Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands-loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands-longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands-oaks (Quercus sp.) Most stems within the tree strata exhibited healthy vigor and only moderate dieback across all habitat types. However, there was a large amount of standing dead trees in plots within Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Downed woody biomass (fuel loads) were highest in the Cedar Point and Thomas Creek land parcels.
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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, David Jones, Hanna Pilkington, and Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping: Gulf Islands National Seashore. National Park Service, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299028.
Full textAbstract:
The Gulf Islands National Seashore (GUIS) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation on park-owned lands within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. The project began in June 2016. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Ocean Springs, Mississippi where representatives gathered from GUIS, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. Primary imagery used for interpretation was 4-band (RGB and CIR) orthoimages from 2014 and 2016 with resolutions of 15 centimeters (cm) (Florida only) and 30 cm. Supplemental imagery with varying coverage across the study area included National Aerial Imagery Program 50 cm imagery for Mississippi (2016) and Florida (2017), 15 and 30 cm true color Digital Earth Model imagery for Mississippi (2016 and 2017), and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Map imagery. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Geodetic Survey 30 cm true color imagery from 2017 (post Hurricane Nate) supported remapping the Mississippi barrier islands after Hurricane Nate. The preliminary vegetation classification included 59 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 250 plots in 2016 and 29 plots in 2017 and 2018, as well as other observational data. The final vegetation classification includes 39 USNVC associations and 5 park special types; 18 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 17 herbaceous, and 2 sparse vegetation types were identified. The final GUIS map consists of 38 map classes. Land cover classes include four types: non-vegetated barren land / borrow pit, developed open space, developed low – high intensity, and water/ocean. Of the 34 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, six map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, and two map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland associations had an abundance of sand pine (Pinus clausa), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), sand live oak (Quercus geminata), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). Shrubland associations supported dominant species such as eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), and sand live oak (Quercus geminata). Herbaceous associations commonly included camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), needlegrass rush (Juncus roemerianus), bitter seabeach grass (Panicum amarum var. amarum), gulf bluestem (Schizachyrium maritimum), saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), and sea oats (Uniola paniculata). The final GUIS vegetation map consists of 1,268 polygons totaling 35,769.0 hectares (ha) or 88,387.2 acres (ac). Mean polygon size excluding water is 3.6 ha (8.9 ac). The most abundant land cover class is open water/ocean which accounts for approximately 31,437.7 ha (77,684.2 ac) or 87.9% of the total mapped area. Natural and ruderal vegetation consists of 4,176.8 ha (10,321.1 ac) or 11.6% of the total area. Within the natural and ruderal vegetation types, herbaceous types are the most extensive with 1945.1 ha (4,806.4 ac) or 46.5%, followed by forest and woodland types with 804.9 ha (1,989.0 ac) or 19.3%, sparse vegetation types with 726.9 ha (1,796.1 ac) or 17.4%, and shrubland types with 699.9 ha (1,729.5 ac) or 16.8%. Developed open space, which can include a matrix of roads, parking lots, park-like areas and campgrounds account for 153.8 ha (380.0 ac) or 0.43% of the total mapped area. Artificially non-vegetated barren land is rare and only accounts for 0.74 ha (1.82 ac) or 0.002% of the total area. We collected 701 AA samples to evaluate the thematic accuracy of the vegetation map. Final thematic accuracy, as a simple proportion of correct versus incorrect field calls, is 93.0%. Overall weighted map class accuracy is 93.6%, where the area of each map class was weighted in proportion to the percentage of total park area. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Each map class had an individual thematic accuracy goal of at least 80%. The hurricane impact area map class was the only class that fell below this target with an accuracy of 73.5%. The vegetation communities impacted by the hurricane are highly dynamic and regenerated quickly following the disturbance event, contributing to map class disagreement during the accuracy assessment phase. No other map classes fell below the 80% accuracy threshold. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management are provided including the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and the PLOTS database. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 16 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout the NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.