Academic literature on the topic 'Point de ruptures'
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Journal articles on the topic "Point de ruptures"
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Ro, Ayako, and Norimasa Kageyama. "Pathomorphometry of ruptured intracranial vertebral arterial dissection: adventitial rupture, dilated lesion, intimal tear, and medial defect." Journal of Neurosurgery 119, no. 1 (July 2013): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.2.jns121586.
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Object Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to ruptured intracranial vertebral artery (VA) dissection is a life-threatening disease. Angiographic and symptomatic prognostic factors for rupture and rerupture have been investigated, but the pathological characteristics have not been fully investigated. The authors aimed to investigate these features by performing a pathomorphometic study of ruptured intracranial VA dissections. Methods This study included 50 administrative autopsy cases of fatal SAH due to ruptured intracranial VA dissection among 517 fatal nontraumatic cases of SAH occurring between March 2003 and May 2011. Pathomorphometry was performed using serial 5-μm histological cross-sections with elastica van Gieson staining from each 0.2-mm segment around the ruptured intracranial VA. The longitudinal lengths of 4 types of vascular lesions—adventitial ruptures, dilated lesions where the internal elastic lamina (IEL) was ruptured with adventitial extension, intimal tears where the IEL was ruptured, and medial defects—were calculated based on the numbers of the slides in which these lesions were continuously detected (minimum 2 adjoining slides). The distance from the vertebrobasilar junction to the center of adventitial rupture was also calculated in 37 cases. Results All cases showed one adventitial rupture with a mean length of about 1.9 ± 1.1 mm. The center of the adventitial rupture was located 5.0–26.8 mm (mean 14.6 ± 5.5 mm) from the intracranial VA bifurcation. Adventitial ruptures existed in the centers of dilated lesions, where the adventitia was highly extended. Other vascular lesions were serially observed surrounding the adventitial rupture. The mean lengths of dilated lesions, intimal tears, and medial defects were 9.4 ± 4.8 mm, 13.2 ± 6.3 mm, and 15.6 ± 7.2 mm, respectively. The lengths between proximal lesions and distal lesions from the center of the adventitial rupture for both medial defects and intimal tears were significantly longer at proximal lesions than at distal ones (chi-square test, p < 0.01). Conclusions Every ruptured intracranial VA dissection has a single point of adventitial rupture where the adventitia was maximally extended, so dilation appears to be a valuable predictive factor for hemorrhagic intracranial VA dissections. The adventitial ruptures were as small as 2 mm in length, and clinically detectable dilated lesions were about 9 mm in length. However, vascular vulnerability caused by IEL ruptures and medial defects existed more widely across a length of VA of 1.3–1.5 cm. Comparatively broader protection of the intracranial VA than the clinically detected area of dissection might be desirable to prevent rebleeding. Broader protection of proximal lesions than distal lesions might be effective from the viewpoint of site distribution of vascular lesions and blood flow alteration to the pseudolumen caused by the dissecting hematoma. Medial defects are the most widely seen lesions among the 4 types of vascular lesions studied. Medial degenerative disease, known as segmental arterial mediolysis, is suspected in the pathogenesis of intracranial VA dissections.
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Rojas, Carlos Antonio Aguirre. "1968 as a turning point in historical thinking: changes in western historiography." História (São Paulo) 23, no. 1-2 (2004): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-90742004000200010.
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This article deals with an evolution of the meaning of 1968 Cultural Revolution as an "rupture event". Big ruptures have occurred since then in the historiography, affecting convictions present in several conceptions of History and directing this discipline to the cultural studies.
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Jung, Tae-Hwa, and Sangyoung Son. "The Effect of Surface Ruptures on the Propagation of Tsunamis: An Analysis of 1993 Hokkaido Earthquake." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.1.365.
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An earthquake occurs when the energy condensed at certain points in the Earth's crust exceeds a certain threshold. Changes in depth of the seabed (induced by subsurface deformation) can cause irregular undulations and tsunamis. Surface ruptures usually start at one point and propagate in diverse directions (typically one or two). In this study, we used numerical analysis to examine the effects of surface ruptures on the generation and propagation of tsunamis. The 1993 Hokkaido earthquake was chosen for the test, and three subfaults were adopted to account for the history and process of the rupture. The results revealed the clear effects of surface rupture near the epicenter, showing either an increase or decrease in run-up heights (depending on spatial locations). Although the effects on run-up heights along the coast of the East Sea were unclear, the maximum effect (observed at specific points) generated twice the normal run-up heights.
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Ogle, Kathleen, Sohaib Mandoorah, Matthew Fellin, Hamid Shokoohi, William Probasco, and Keith Boniface. "Point-of-care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Bilateral Patellar Tendon Rupture." Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2019.10.44194.
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Musculoskeletal complaints are one cornerstone of urgent issues for which orthopedic and emergency physicians provide care. Ultrasound can be a useful diagnostic tool to help identify musculoskeletal injuries. We describe a case of bilateral patellar tendon rupture that presented after minor trauma, and had the diagnosis confirmed at the bedside by point-of-care ultrasound.Physicians caring for patients with orthopedic injuries should be familiar with the use of ultrasound to diagnose tendon ruptures.
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Zhuo, Yan-Qun, Yanshuang Guo, and Sergei Alexandrovich Bornyakov. "Laboratory Observations of Repeated Interactions between Ruptures and the Fault Bend Prior to the Overall Stick-Slip Instability Based on a Digital Image Correlation Method." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050933.
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Fault geometry plays important roles in the evolution of earthquake ruptures. Experimental studies on the spatiotemporal evolution of the ruptures of a fault with geometric bands are important for understanding the effects of the fault bend on the seismogenic process. However, the spatial sampling of the traditional point contact type sensors is quite low, which is unable to observe the detailed spatiotemporal evolution of ruptures. In this study, we use a high-speed camera combined with a digital image correlation (DIC) method to observe ruptures during stick-slip motions of a simulated bent fault. Meanwhile, strain gages were also used to test the results of the DIC method. Multiple cycles of the alternative propagation of ruptures between the two fault segments on the both sides of the fault bend were observed prior to the overall failure of the fault. Moreover, the slip velocity and rupture speed were observed getting higher during this process. These results indicate the repeated interactions between the ruptures and the fault bend prior to the overall instability of the fault, which distinguishes the effect of the fault bend from the effect of asperities in straight faults on the evolution of ruptures. In addition, improvement in the temporal sampling rate of the DIC measurement system may further help to unveil the rupture evolution during the overall instability in future.
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Bommer, Julian J., and Valentina Montaldo Falero. "Virtual Fault Ruptures in Area-Source Zones for PSHA: Are They Always Needed?" Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 4 (April 29, 2020): 2310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190345.
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Abstract Seismic source models for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), except when using zoneless approaches based directly on the earthquake catalog, invariably include area-source zones, even if active fault sources are modeled explicitly. Because most modern ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) employ source-to-site distance metrics defined relative to extended fault ruptures rather than to the epicenter or hypocenter, it becomes necessary to generate virtual fault ruptures within the area-source zones to enable calculation of the correct distance of each earthquake scenario from the site of interest. For a site-specific PSHA, the work of defining the virtual rupture characteristics such as strike, dip, and style of faulting, for more distant source zones, and the computational effort of simulating these ruptures for each earthquake scenario in the hazard calculations, may be unnecessary. Beyond a certain distance from the site, it can be demonstrated that the loss of accuracy introduced by modeling the individual earthquake scenarios as point sources rather than as extended ruptures is usually sufficiently small to allow the distance metric in the GMPEs to be treated as epicentral or hypocentral distance. Such simplifications can significantly increase the efficiency of the hazard calculations and also relieve the seismic source modelers of considerable effort to characterize virtual ruptures far beyond the host zone of the site. Treating earthquake scenarios in the more remote source zones as points also brings the additional benefit of avoiding problems that can arise with the largest magnitude scenarios leading to ruptures that approach the site in cases for which the ruptures are not constrained to remain within the source boundaries.
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Kozacı, Özgür, and Erhan Altunel. "Characteristics of the North Anatolian Fault at the eastern end of Marmara seismic gap based on multidisciplinary field evidence." Geophysical Journal International 229, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1785–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac022.
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SUMMARY The northern branch of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is the primary source of the greatest natural hazard for the Marmara Megapolis and specifically the İstanbul Metropolitan area. The Sea of Marmara section of the NAF is a ∼125-km-long seismic gap bound by the M7.4 1912 Mürefte earthquake rupture in the west and M7.4 1999 İzmit earthquake rupture in the east. Terminations of these ruptures define the length of the seismic gap in the Marmara Sea and consequently the magnitude and rupture extent of the expected large magnitude earthquake. The Hersek Peninsula is the last location where the NAF can be studied on land before it enters the Sea of Marmara. In addition, it is a geologically key location for the western termination of the M7.4 İzmit surface rupture. This study integrates high-resolution onshore and offshore data from Hersek Peninsula and its vicinity in İzmit Bay to assess the seismic hazard for the Marmara region. Detailed geological and geomorphic mapping, palaeoseismic trenching, geophysical and geotechnical subsurface data and archeoseismologic investigations demonstrate that the 1999 İzmit earthquake surface rupture died off east of the Hersek Peninsula due to structural complexity of the NAF at this location and the most recent earthquake to rupture the surface at Hersek Peninsula was the historical 1509 CE event. A restraining bend and bifurcation of the NAF at Hersek Peninsula suggests that this location might be a persistent asperity forming a surface rupture segmentation point at least since Pleistocene. Surface ruptures documented in palaeoseismic trenches north of the Hersek Lagoon and an offset 6th century East Roman aqueduct; however, suggests that this section of the NAF has ruptured the surface multiple times in the past and is highly likely to rupture again during the expected Marmara earthquake. The aqueduct; which crosses the surface trace of the NAF, is offset 14 ± 1 m and yields 13.6 ± 1 mm yr–1 dextral slip rate indicating that the northern branch of the NAF accrues and releases the majority of the stress between Eurasia and Anatolian block in the Marmara region. If the ∼125-km-long seismic gap between the 1912 and 1999 ruptures fail during a single event the expected Marmara earthquake can reach M7.4.
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Sérgio, Manuel, and Fábio Ricardo Mizuno Lemos. "Futebol: necessárias rupturas." MOTRICIDADES: Revista da Sociedade de Pesquisa Qualitativa em Motricidade Humana 3, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29181/2594-6463-2019-v3-n1-p69-76.
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Resumo A intenção desse ensaio é apontar reflexões sobre o futebol, em sua possível relação com a motricidade humana, que considera o ser humano no constante movimento intencional da transcendência. Para isso, são sinalizadas algumas rupturas, entre elas: o ser humano que vivencia o desporto não é um ser mecânico, uma máquina, uma dicotomia corpo-mente, sentimentos-consciência, natureza-cultura; seus movimentos não são matematicamente explicados; o mundo não é um relógio. A complexidade humana é afirmada, os sentimentos considerados, para além das táticas e técnicas desportivas. A transformação do futebol é proposta (de mera atividade física à atividade verdadeiramente humana) a partir do desporto escolar e do desporto popular.Palavras-chave: Futebol. Ruptura. Motricidade Humana. Soccer: necessary ruptures Abstract The aim of this essay is to point reflections on soccer and human motricity, which considers the human being in the constant intentional movement of transcendence. For this, some ruptures are signaled, among them: the human being who experiences sport is not a mechanical being, a machine, a dichotomy body-mind, feelings-consciousness, nature-culture; their movements are not mathematically explained; the world is not a clock. The human complexity is affirmed, the sentiments considered, besides the sports tactics and techniques. The transformation of soccer is proposed (from mere physical activity to truly human activity) from school sports and popular sport.Keywords: Soccer. Rupture. Human Motricity. Fútbol: necesarias rupturas Resumen La intención de este ensayo es apuntar reflexiones sobre el fútbol, en su posible relación con la motricidad humana, que considera al ser humano en el constante movimiento intencional de la trascendencia. Para ello, se señalan algunas rupturas, entre ellas: el ser humano que vivencia el deporte no es un ser mecánico, una máquina, una dicotomía cuerpo-mente, sentimientos-conciencia, naturaleza-cultura; sus movimientos no se explican matemáticamente; el mundo no es un reloj. La complejidad humana es afirmada, los sentimientos considerados, además de las tácticas y técnicas deportivas. La transformación del fútbol es propuesta (de mera actividad física a la actividad verdaderamente humana) a partir del deporte escolar y del deporte popular.Palabras clave: Fútbol. Ruptura. Motricidad Humana.
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Voegtli, Michaël. "Du Jeu dans le Je : ruptures biographiques et travail de mise en cohérence." Lien social et Politiques, no. 51 (August 23, 2004): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008877ar.
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Résumé Cet article porte sur les points de bifurcation qui jalonnent la carrière de l’acteur social, et qui sont souvent appréhendés dans l’analyse en tant que « ruptures biographiques ». Cette conceptualisation ne va pas sans poser problème. À partir de trois phénomènes distincts où s’observent de manière tangible des cas de bifurcation — l’entrée en retraite, l’entrée dans la maladie (chronique ou VIH-sida) et la constitution de l’identité homosexuelle —, il s’agit de réinterroger cette notion de «†rupture biographique†» afin de mettre en exergue le travail de mise en cohérence de la personne. En déplaçant le regard en amont et en aval du point de bifurcation, l’interrogation porte davantage sur la succession des positions objectives et des remaniements subjectifs qui y sont associés. On milite au final en faveur d’une utilisation mesurée, voire de l’abandon, de la notion de « rupture biographique ».
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Dávila, Juan, and Juncheng Wei. "Point Ruptures for a MEMS Equation with Fringing Field." Communications in Partial Differential Equations 37, no. 8 (April 18, 2012): 1462–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03605302.2012.679990.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Point de ruptures"
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BROSSEAU, GERARD. "Mise au point actuelle sur les ruptures isthmiques aortiques." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU31039.
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Truong, Charles. "Détection de ruptures multiples – application aux signaux physiologiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLN030/document.
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Ce travail s’intéresse au problème de détection de ruptures multiples dans des signaux physiologiques (univariés ou multivariés). Ce type de signaux comprend par exemple les électrocardiogrammes (ECG), électroencéphalogrammes (EEG), les mesures inertielles (accélérations, vitesses de rotation, etc.). L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir des algorithmes de détection de ruptures capables (i) de gérer de long signaux, (ii) d’être appliqués dans de nombreux scénarios réels, et (iii) d’intégrer la connaissance d’experts médicaux. Par ailleurs, les méthodes totalement automatiques, qui peuvent être utilisées dans un cadre clinique, font l’objet d’une attention particulière. Dans cette optique, des procédures robustes de détection et des stratégies supervisées de calibration sont décrites, et une librairie Python open-source et documentée, est mise en ligne.La première contribution de cette thèse est un algorithme sous-optimal de détection de ruptures, capable de s’adapter à des contraintes sur temps de calcul, tout en conservant la robustesse des procédures optimales. Cet algorithme est séquentiel et alterne entre les deux étapes suivantes : une rupture est détectée, puis retranchée du signal grâce à une projection. Dans le cadre de sauts de moyenne, la consistance asymptotique des instants estimés de ruptures est démontrée. Nous prouvons également que cette stratégie gloutonne peut facilement être étendue à d’autres types de ruptures, à l’aide d’espaces de Hilbert à noyau reproduisant. Grâce à cette approche, des hypothèses fortes sur le modèle génératif des données ne sont pas nécessaires pour gérer des signaux physiologiques. Les expériences numériques effectuées sur des séries temporelles réelles montrent que ces méthodes gloutonnes sont plus précises que les méthodes sous-optimales standards et plus rapides que les algorithmes optimaux.La seconde contribution de cette thèse comprend deux algorithmes supervisés de calibration automatique. Ils utilisent tous les deux des exemples annotés, ce qui dans notre contexte correspond à des signaux segmentés. La première approche apprend le paramètre de lissage pour la détection pénalisée d’un nombre inconnu de ruptures. La seconde procédure apprend une transformation non-paramétrique de l’espace de représentation, qui améliore les performances de détection. Ces deux approches supervisées produisent des algorithmes finement calibrés, capables de reproduire la stratégie de segmentation d’un expert. Des résultats numériques montrent que les algorithmes supervisés surpassent les algorithmes non-supervisés, particulièrement dans le cas des signaux physiologiques, où la notion de rupture dépend fortement du phénomène physiologique d’intérêt.Toutes les contributions algorithmiques de cette thèse sont dans "ruptures", une librairie Python open-source, disponible en ligne. Entièrement documentée, "ruptures" dispose également une interface consistante pour toutes les méthodesThis work addresses the problem of detecting multiple change points in (univariate or multivariate) physiological signals. Well-known examples of such signals include electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), inertial measurements (acceleration, angular velocities, etc.). The objective of this thesis is to provide change point detection algorithms that (i) can handle long signals, (ii) can be applied on a wide range of real-world scenarios, and (iii) can incorporate the knowledge of medical experts. In particular, a greater emphasis is placed on fully automatic procedures which can be used in daily clinical practice. To that end, robust detection methods as well as supervised calibration strategies are described, and a documented open-source Python package is released.The first contribution of this thesis is a sub-optimal change point detection algorithm that can accommodate time complexity constraints while retaining most of the robustness of optimal procedures. This algorithm is sequential and alternates between the two following steps: a change point is estimated then its contribution to the signal is projected out. In the context of mean-shifts, asymptotic consistency of estimated change points is obtained. We prove that this greedy strategy can easily be extended to other types of changes, by using reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. Thanks this novel approach, physiological signals can be handled without making assumption of the generative model of the data. Experiments on real-world signals show that those approaches are more accurate than standard sub-optimal algorithms and faster than optimal algorithms.The second contribution of this thesis consists in two supervised algorithms for automatic calibration. Both rely on labeled examples, which in our context, consist in segmented signals. The first approach learns the smoothing parameter for the penalized detection of an unknown number of changes. The second procedure learns a non-parametric transformation of the representation space, that improves detection performance. Both supervised procedures yield finely tuned detection algorithms that are able to replicate the segmentation strategy of an expert. Results show that those supervised algorithms outperform unsupervised algorithms, especially in the case of physiological signals, where the notion of change heavily depends on the physiological phenomenon of interest.All algorithmic contributions of this thesis can be found in ``ruptures'', an open-source Python library, available online. Thoroughly documented, ``ruptures'' also comes with a consistent interface for all methods
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Garreau, Damien. "Change-point detection and kernel methods." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE061/document.
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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à une méthode de détection des ruptures dans une suite d’observations appartenant à un ensemble muni d’un noyau semi-défini positif. Cette procédure est une version « à noyaux » d’une méthode des moindres carrés pénalisés. Notre principale contribution est de montrer que, pour tout noyau satisfaisant des hypothèses raisonnables, cette méthode fournit une segmentation proche de la véritable segmentation avec grande probabilité. Ce résultat est obtenu pour un noyau borné et une pénalité linéaire, ainsi qu’une autre pénalité venant de la sélection de modèles. Les preuves reposent sur un résultat de concentration pour des variables aléatoires bornées à valeurs dans un espace de Hilbert, et nous obtenons une version moins précise de ce résultat lorsque l’on supposeseulement que la variance des observations est finie. Dans un cadre asymptotique, nous retrouvons les taux minimax usuels en détection de ruptures lorsqu’aucune hypothèse n’est faite sur la taille des segments. Ces résultats théoriques sont confirmés par des simulations. Nous étudions également de manière détaillée les liens entre différentes notions de distances entre segmentations. En particulier, nous prouvons que toutes ces notions coïncident pour des segmentations suffisamment proches. D’un point de vue pratique, nous montrons que l’heuristique du « saut de dimension » pour choisir la constante de pénalisation est un choix raisonnable lorsque celle-ci est linéaire. Nous montrons également qu’une quantité clé dépendant du noyau et qui apparaît dans nos résultats théoriques influe sur les performances de cette méthode pour la détection d’une unique rupture. Dans un cadre paramétrique, et lorsque le noyau utilisé est invariant partranslation, il est possible de calculer cette quantité explicitement. Grâce à ces calculs, nouveaux pour plusieurs d’entre eux, nous sommes capable d’étudier précisément le comportement de la constante de pénalité maximale. Pour finir, nous traitons de l’heuristique de la médiane, un moyen courant de choisir la largeur de bande des noyaux à base de fonctions radiales. Dans un cadre asymptotique, nous montrons que l’heuristique de la médiane se comporte à la limite comme la médiane d’une distribution que nous décrivons complètement dans le cadre du test à deux échantillons à noyaux et de la détection de ruptures. Plus précisément, nous montrons que l’heuristique de la médiane est approximativement normale centrée en cette valeurIn this thesis, we focus on a method for detecting abrupt changes in a sequence of independent observations belonging to an arbitrary set on which a positive semidefinite kernel is defined. That method, kernel changepoint detection, is a kernelized version of a penalized least-squares procedure. Our main contribution is to show that, for any kernel satisfying some reasonably mild hypotheses, this procedure outputs a segmentation close to the true segmentation with high probability. This result is obtained under a bounded assumption on the kernel for a linear penalty and for another penalty function, coming from model selection.The proofs rely on a concentration result for bounded random variables in Hilbert spaces and we prove a less powerful result under relaxed hypotheses—a finite variance assumption. In the asymptotic setting, we show that we recover the minimax rate for the change-point locations without additional hypothesis on the segment sizes. We provide empirical evidence supporting these claims. Another contribution of this thesis is the detailed presentation of the different notions of distances between segmentations. Additionally, we prove a result showing these different notions coincide for sufficiently close segmentations.From a practical point of view, we demonstrate how the so-called dimension jump heuristic can be a reasonable choice of penalty constant when using kernel changepoint detection with a linear penalty. We also show how a key quantity depending on the kernelthat appears in our theoretical results influences the performance of kernel change-point detection in the case of a single change-point. When the kernel is translationinvariant and parametric assumptions are made, it is possible to compute this quantity in closed-form. Thanks to these computations, some of them novel, we are able to study precisely the behavior of the maximal penalty constant. Finally, we study the median heuristic, a popular tool to set the bandwidth of radial basis function kernels. Fora large sample size, we show that it behaves approximately as the median of a distribution that we describe completely in the setting of kernel two-sample test and kernel change-point detection. More precisely, we show that the median heuristic is asymptotically normal around this value
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Bellalouna, Faouzi. "Un point de vue linéaire sur la programmation dynamique : détecteur de ruptures dans le cadre des problèmes de fiabilité." Paris 9, 1992. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1992PA090030.
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On montre une analogie, induite par un morphisme algébrique, entre la programmation dynamique et les probabilités. On développe l'analyse d'une théorie des probabilités dans un dioide, dans laquelle nous montrons des résultats remarquables qui correspondent au cas usuel; par exemple: la loi des grands nombres et le théorème de la limite centrale en programmation dynamique. Les entités de la programmation dynamique sont donc, en un certain sens, linéaires
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Ferfache, Anouar Abdeldjaoued. "Les M-estimateurs semiparamétriques et leurs applications pour les problèmes de ruptures." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2643.
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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons principalement aux modèles semiparamétriques qui ont reçu beaucoup d’intérêt par leur excellente utilité scientifique et leur complexité théorique intrigante. Dans la première partie, nous considérons le problème de l’estimation d’un paramètre dans un espace θ de Banach, en maximisant une fonction critère qui dépend d’un paramètre de nuisance inconnu h, éventuellement de dimension infinie. Nous montrons que le bootstrap m out of n, dans ce cadre général, est consistant sous des conditions similaires à celles requises pour la convergence faible des M-estimateurs non-réguliers. Dans ce cadre délicat, des techniques avancées seront nécessaires pour faire face aux estimateurs du paramètre de nuisance à l’intérieur des fonctions critères non régulières. Nous étudions ensuite le bootstrap échangeable pour les Z-estimateurs. L’ingrédient principal est l’utilisation originale d’une identité différentielle qui s’applique lorsque la fonction critère aléatoire est linéaire en termes de mesure empirique. Un grand nombre de schémas de rééchantillonnage bootstrap apparaissent comme des cas particuliers de notre étude. Des exemples d’applications de la littérature sont présentes pour illustrer la généralité et l’utilité de nos résultats. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux modèles statistiques semiparamétriques de ruptures multiples. L’objectif principal de cette partie est d’étudier les propriétés asymptotiques des M-estimateurs semiparamétriques avec des fonctions critères non lisses des paramètres d’un modèle de rupture multiples pour une classe générale de modèles dans lesquels la forme de la distribution peut changer de segment en segment et dans lesquels, éventuellement, il y a des paramètres communs à tous les segments. La consistance des M-estimateurs semi-paramétriques des points de rupture est établie et la vitesse de convergence est déterminée. La normalité asymptotique des M-estimateurs semiparamétriques des paramètres est établie sous des conditions générales. Nous étendons enfin notre étude au cadre des données censurées. Nous étudions les performances de nos méthodologies pour des petits échantillons à travers des études de simulationsIn this dissertation we are concerned with semiparametric models. These models have success and impact in mathematical statistics due to their excellent scientific utility and intriguing theoretical complexity. In the first part of the thesis, we consider the problem of the estimation of a parameter θ, in Banach spaces, maximizing some criterion function which depends on an unknown nuisance parameter h, possibly infinite-dimensional. We show that the m out of n bootstrap, in a general setting, is weakly consistent under conditions similar to those required for weak convergence of the non smooth M-estimators. In this framework, delicate mathematical derivations will be required to cope with estimators of the nuisance parameters inside non-smooth criterion functions. We then investigate an exchangeable weighted bootstrap for function-valued estimators defined as a zero point of a function-valued random criterion function. The main ingredient is the use of a differential identity that applies when the random criterion function is linear in terms of the empirical measure. A large number of bootstrap resampling schemes emerge as special cases of our settings. Examples of applications from the literature are given to illustrate the generality and the usefulness of our results. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the statistical models with multiple change-points. The main purpose of this part is to investigate the asymptotic properties of semiparametric M-estimators with non-smooth criterion functions of the parameters of multiple change-points model for a general class of models in which the form of the distribution can change from segment to segment and in which, possibly, there are parameters that are common to all segments. Consistency of the semiparametric M-estimators of the change-points is established and the rate of convergence is determined. The asymptotic normality of the semiparametric M-estimators of the parameters of the within-segment distributions is established under quite general conditions. We finally extend our study to the censored data framework. We investigate the performance of our methodologies for small samples through simulation studies
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Debbabi, Nehla. "Approche algébrique et théorie des valeurs extrêmes pour la détection de ruptures : Application aux signaux biomédicaux." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMS025/document.
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Ce travail développe des techniques non-supervisées de détection et de localisation en ligne de ruptures dans les signaux enregistrés dans un environnement bruité. Ces techniques reposent sur l'association d'une approche algébrique avec la TVE. L'approche algébrique permet d'appréhender aisément les ruptures en les caractérisant en termes de distributions de Dirac retardées et leurs dérivées dont la manipulation est facile via le calcul opérationnel. Cette caractérisation algébrique, permettant d'exprimer explicitement les instants d'occurrences des ruptures, est complétée par une interprétation probabiliste en termes d'extrêmes : une rupture est un évènement rare dont l'amplitude associée est relativement grande. Ces évènements sont modélisés dans le cadre de la TVE, par une distribution de Pareto Généralisée. Plusieurs modèles hybrides sont proposés dans ce travail pour décrire à la fois le comportement moyen (bruit) et les comportements extrêmes (les ruptures) du signal après un traitement algébrique. Des algorithmes entièrement non-supervisés sont développés pour l'évaluation de ces modèles hybrides, contrairement aux techniques classiques utilisées pour les problèmes d'estimation en question qui sont heuristiques et manuelles. Les algorithmes de détection de ruptures développés dans cette thèse ont été validés sur des données générées, puis appliqués sur des données réelles provenant de différents phénomènes, où les informations à extraire sont traduites par l'apparition de rupturesThis work develops non supervised techniques for on-line detection and location of change-points in noisy recorded signals. These techniques are based on the combination of an algebraic approach with the Extreme Value Theory (EVT). The algebraic approach offers an easy identification of the change-points. It characterizes them in terms of delayed Dirac distributions and their derivatives which are easily handled via operational calculus. This algebraic characterization, giving rise to an explicit expression of the change-points locations, is completed with a probabilistic interpretation in terms of extremes: a change point is seen as a rare and extreme event. Based on EVT, these events are modeled by a Generalized Pareto Distribution.Several hybrid multi-components models are proposed in this work, modeling at the same time the mean behavior (noise) and the extremes ones (change-points) of the signal after an algebraic processing. Non supervised algorithms are proposed to evaluate these hybrid models, avoiding the problems encountered with classical estimation methods which are graphical ad hoc ones. The change-points detection algorithms developed in this thesis are validated on generated data and then applied on real data, stemming from different phenomenons, where change-points represent the information to be extracted
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Allab, Nedjmeddine. "Détection d'anomalies et de ruptures dans les séries temporelles. Applications à la gestion de production de l'électricité." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066658.
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Continental est l'outil de référence utilisé par EDF pour la gestion d'électricité à long terme. il permet d'élaborer la stratégie d'exploitation du parc constitué de centrales réparties sur toute l'europe. l'outil simule sur chaque zone et chaque scénario plusieurs variables telles que la demande d'électricité, la quantité générée ainsi que les coûts associés. nos travaux de thèse ont pour objectif de fournir des méthodes d'analyse de ces données de production afin de faciliter leur étude et leur synthèse. nous récoltons un ensemble de problématiques auprès des utilisateurs de continental que nous tentons de résoudre à l'aide des technique de détection d'anomalies et de ruptures dans les séries temporellesContinental is the main tool that edf uses for the long-term management of electricity. It elaborates the strategy exploitation of the electrical parc made up by power plants distributed all over europe. the tool simulates for each zone and each scenario several variables, such as the electricity demand, the generated quantity as well as the related costs. our works aim to provide methods to analyse the data of electricity production in order to ease their discovery and synthesis. we get a set of problmatics from the users of continental that we tent to solve through techniques of outliers and changepoints detection in time series
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Harlé, Flore. "Détection de ruptures multiples dans des séries temporelles multivariées : application à l'inférence de réseaux de dépendance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT043/document.
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Cette thèse présente une méthode pour la détection hors-ligne de multiples ruptures dans des séries temporelles multivariées, et propose d'en exploiter les résultats pour estimer les relations de dépendance entre les variables du système. L'originalité du modèle, dit du Bernoulli Detector, réside dans la combinaison de statistiques locales issues d'un test robuste, comparant les rangs des observations, avec une approche bayésienne. Ce modèle non paramétrique ne requiert pas d'hypothèse forte sur les distributions des données. Il est applicable sans ajustement à la loi gaussienne comme sur des données corrompues par des valeurs aberrantes. Le contrôle de la détection d'une rupture est prouvé y compris pour de petits échantillons. Pour traiter des séries temporelles multivariées, un terme est introduit afin de modéliser les dépendances entre les ruptures, en supposant que si deux entités du système étudié sont connectées, les événements affectant l'une s'observent instantanément sur l'autre avec une forte probabilité. Ainsi, le modèle s'adapte aux données et la segmentation tient compte des événements communs à plusieurs signaux comme des événements isolés. La méthode est comparée avec d'autres solutions de l'état de l'art, notamment sur des données réelles de consommation électrique et génomiques. Ces expériences mettent en valeur l'intérêt du modèle pour la détection de ruptures entre des signaux indépendants, conditionnellement indépendants ou complètement connectés. Enfin, l'idée d'exploiter les synchronisations entre les ruptures pour l'estimation des relations régissant les entités du système est développée, grâce au formalisme des réseaux bayésiens. En adaptant la fonction de score d'une méthode d'apprentissage de la structure, il est vérifié que le modèle d'indépendance du système peut être en partie retrouvé grâce à l'information apportée par les ruptures, estimées par le modèle du Bernoulli DetectorThis thesis presents a method for the multiple change-points detection in multivariate time series, and exploits the results to estimate the relationships between the components of the system. The originality of the model, called the Bernoulli Detector, relies on the combination of a local statistics from a robust test, based on the computation of ranks, with a global Bayesian framework. This non parametric model does not require strong hypothesis on the distribution of the observations. It is applicable without modification on gaussian data as well as data corrupted by outliers. The detection of a single change-point is controlled even for small samples. In a multivariate context, a term is introduced to model the dependencies between the changes, assuming that if two components are connected, the events occurring in the first one tend to affect the second one instantaneously. Thanks to this flexible model, the segmentation is sensitive to common changes shared by several signals but also to isolated changes occurring in a single signal. The method is compared with other solutions of the literature, especially on real datasets of electrical household consumption and genomic measurements. These experiments enhance the interest of the model for the detection of change-points in independent, conditionally independent or fully connected signals. The synchronization of the change-points within the time series is finally exploited in order to estimate the relationships between the variables, with the Bayesian network formalism. By adapting the score function of a structure learning method, it is checked that the independency model that describes the system can be partly retrieved through the information given by the change-points, estimated by the Bernoulli Detector
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Top, Alioune. "Estimation paramétriques et tests d'hypothèses pour des modèles avec plusieurs ruptures d'un processus de poisson." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1014/document.
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Ce travail est consacré aux problèmes d’estimation paramétriques, aux tests d’hypothèses et aux tests d’ajustement pour les processus de Poisson non homogènes.Tout d’abord on a étudié deux modèles ayant chacun deux sauts localisés par un paramètre inconnu. Pour le premier modèle la somme des sauts est positive. Tandis que le second a un changement de régime et constant par morceaux. La somme de ses deux sauts est nulle. Ainsi pour chacun de ces modèles nous avons étudié les propriétés asymptotiques de l’estimateur bayésien (EB) et celui du maximum de vraisemblance(EMV). Nous avons montré la consistance, la convergence en distribution et la convergence des moments. En particulier l’estimateur bayésien est asymptotiquement efficace. Pour le second modèle nous avons aussi considéré le test d’une hypothèse simple contre une alternative unilatérale et nous avons décrit les propriétés asymptotiques (choix du seuil et puissance ) du test de Wald (WT)et du test du rapport de vraisemblance généralisé (GRLT).Les démonstrations sont basées sur la méthode d’Ibragimov et Khasminskii. Cette dernière repose sur la convergence faible du rapport de vraisemblance normalisé dans l’espace de Skorohod sous certains critères de tension des familles demesure correspondantes.Par des simulations numériques, les variances limites nous ont permis de conclure que l’EB est meilleur que celui du EMV. Lorsque la somme des sauts est nulle, nous avons développé une approche numérique pour le EMV.Ensuite on a considéré le problème de construction d’un test d’ajustement pour un modèle avec un paramètre d’échelle. On a montré que dans ce cas, le test de Cramer-von Mises est asymptotiquement ”parameter-free” et est consistentThis work is devoted to the parametric estimation, hypothesis testing and goodnessof-fit test problems for non homogenous Poisson processes. First we consider two models having two jumps located by an unknown parameter.For the first model the sum of jumps is positive. The second is a model of switching intensity, piecewise constant and the sum of jumps is zero. Thus, for each model, we studied the asymptotic properties of the Bayesian estimator (BE) andthe likelihood estimator (MLE). The consistency, the convergence in distribution and the convergence of moments are shown. In particular we show that the BE is asymptotically efficient. For the second model we also consider the problem of asimple hypothesis testing against a one- sided alternative. The asymptotic properties (choice of the threshold and power) of Wald test (WT) and the generalized likelihood ratio test (GRLT) are described.For the proofs we use the method of Ibragimov and Khasminskii. This method is based on the weak convergence of the normalized likelihood ratio in the Skorohod space under some tightness criterion of the corresponding families of measure.By numerical simulations, the limiting variances of estimators allows us to conclude that the BE outperforms the MLE. In the situation where the sum of jumps is zero, we developed a numerical approach to obtain the MLE.Then we consider the problem of construction of goodness-of-test for a model with scale parameter. We show that the Cram´er-von Mises type test is asymptotically parameter-free. It is also consistent
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Bara, Richard J. "Rupture point movement in journal bearings." Link to electronic thesis, 2004. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0607104-105624/.
Full textBooks on the topic "Point de ruptures"
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Cardinal, Mario. Point de rupture Québec-Canada: Le référendum de 1995. Montréal: Bayard Canada, 2005.
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Labonté, Marie Lise. Le point de rupture: Comment les chocs d'une vie nous guident vers l'essentiel. Paris: Albin Michel, 2009.
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Sygusch, Nikolai. Stochastic Approach to Rupture Probability of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene based on Three-Point-Bending Tests. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27113-8.
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Shute, Jenefer. Point de rupture. Fayard, 1999.
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Clancy, Tom. Net Force 4 : Point de rupture. Albin Michel, 2002.
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Raynaud, Claudine, and Peter Vernon, eds. Usure et rupture - Breaking points. Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pufr.4474.
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Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. The Mightie Frame. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879808.001.0001.
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Inspired by Michel Foucault’s The Order of Things, this book tells a story about epochal change in the modern world. While both books are concerned with how we moderns think about ourselves and our world, this book emphasizes the conceptual links in the ways we think, talk, get things done, conduct ourselves, and run societies. Both tell the story as a succession of epochs or ages separated by great ruptures. First is the Renaissance as the age of similitudes, ending around 1650. In its wake is the classical epoch as the age of tables, succeeded around 1800 by the modern epoch as a time of exponential growth and changing scales. Then follows the modernist age, beginning around 1900, which Foucault failed to identify as such but this book treats as the modern epoch turned inside-out. Last comes Foucault’s “end of man,” c. 1970, a time of rupture and renewal—or not. Despite Foucault’s rhetoric of rupture, modernity has changed within the confines of a “mightie frame” (a turn of phrase borrowed from John Milton). From epoch to epoch, the mighty frame has gained features that continue to function even as they recede from view, all the while fixing the limits of possible knowledge for modern minds and the conditions of rule in the modern world. These two sets of conditions constitute modernity as we know it now, give us clues about what comes next, and point to a plausible ethics for a time of uncertainty, stasis, and, quite possibly, decline.
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Hollah, Ansgar, ed. Zur Geschichte der Dienstrechtspolitik im Innenministerium. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748928065.
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The ruptures and continuities that the German civil service policy has experienced are impressively illuminated in the contributions by Andreas Wirsching and Frieder Günther on the history of today's Department D "Civil Service" in the Federal Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Community. The starting point for this account of administrative history is the tradition of the civil service. Since 1949, there has been a continuous, but by no means conflict free development. The range of tasks in the department has been subject to considerable fluctuations over the decades. Ansgar Hollah takes a look at the future goals of service law policy against this background of administrative history. With contributions by Dr. Frieder Günther, Ansgar Hollah and Prof. Dr. Andreas Wirsching.
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Astarci, Parla, Laurent de Kerchove, and Gébrine el Khoury. Aortic emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0061.
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Acute aortic dissections account for the leading and most feared of aortic emergencies. Acute dissections are associated with a dreadful mortality rate; therefore, an accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment are mandatory. The key point of a lifesaving management strategy is the distinction between acute type A dissection, uncomplicated type B dissection, and complicated type B dissection, and those including contained ruptured aorta (severe pleural effusion) and/or malperfusion syndrome (by end-organ ischaemia: paraplegia, intestinal ischaemia, renal insufficiency, limb ischaemia). Type A generally requires urgent surgery; uncomplicated type B dissections are treated conservatively, while complicated type B dissections are currently managed by means of minimally invasive endovascular techniques, eventually associated with a tight surgical time (e.g. in the case of limb ischaemia). Surgical repair of type A dissection consists of the replacement of the ascending aorta. The repair is extended proximally towards the aortic root and valve, and distally towards the aortic arch, in function of the lesions found and the clinical presentation of the patient (haemodynamic status, age, comorbidities). The emergence of endovascular techniques and the contribution of thoracic endovascular aortic repair, with thoracic stent-grafts deployed from the proximal descending aorta to reopen the true lumen and to seal the entry tear in type B dissections, have revolutionized the surgical treatment algorithm in this pathology, and thus the patient’s immediate and medium-term survival. In the same group of acute aortic syndromes, traumatic aortic isthmic ruptures are also life-threatening conditions and account for one of the main causes of death at the time of traumatic accidents. As in the case of complicated type B dissections, the introduction of aortic stent-grafts has changed the outcome of these patients.
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Alain, Chanlat, and Dufour M, eds. La Rupture entre l'entreprise et les hommes: Le point de vue des sciences de la vie. Montréal: Editions Québec/Amérique, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Point de ruptures"
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Porro, Pasquale. "Duns Scot et le point de rupture avec Avicenne." In Textes et Etudes du Moyen Âge, 195–218. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tema-eb.3.2143.
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Sicuri, Giovanni Marco, Nicola Galante, and Roberto Stefini. "Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Classifications: A Surgical Point of View." In Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, 101–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63453-7_15.
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AbstractBrain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) classification has been the subject of extensive discussion. The aim of our work was to review the main classification schemes proposed in the literature, which can be summarized in four main groups: (a) traditional schemes oriented to evaluate the operability of AVMs have been joined by (b) specific classifications that evaluate the outcome and the predictability of obliteration of other treatment modalities and (c) others that evaluate the outcome of intracerebral hemorrhages in ruptured AVMs. Eventually, (d) topographical classifications that categorize the subtypes of AVMs located in specific anatomical regions have been drawn. For each classification, we discuss the implications on surgical management.
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Ivantsits, Matthias, Leonid Goubergrits, Jan Brüning, Andreas Spuler, and Anja Hennemuth. "Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture Prediction with Computational Fluid Dynamics Point Clouds." In Cerebral Aneurysm Detection, 104–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72862-5_11.
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Eubanks, Catherine F., Lisa Wallner Samstag, and J. Christopher Muran. "Conclusion: Don't be afraid to get messy—Points of convergence in rupture and repair." In Rupture and repair in psychotherapy: A critical process for change., 305–17. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000306-013.
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Grajeda, Tony. "Listening to Violence: Point-of-Audition Sound, Aural Interpellation, and the Rupture of Hearing." In The Palgrave Handbook of Sound Design and Music in Screen Media, 169–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51680-0_12.
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Ohnaka, Mitiyasu. "A Constitutive Scaling Law for Shear Rupture that is Inherently Scale-dependent, and Physical Scaling of Nucleation Time to Critical Point." In Computational Earthquake Science Part I, 1915–29. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7873-9_7.
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Ganghoffer, Jean-François. "Mechanical Models of Cell Adhesion Incorporating Nonlinear Behavior and Stochastic Rupture of the Bonds." In Handbook of Research on Computational and Systems Biology, 599–627. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-491-2.ch027.
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The rolling of a single biological cell is analysed using modelling of the local kinetics of successive attachment and detachment of bonds occurring at the interface between a single cell and the wall of an ECM (extracellular matrix). Those kinetics correspond to a succession of creations and ruptures of ligand-receptor molecular connections under the combined effects of mechanical, physical (both specific and non-specific), and chemical external interactions. A three-dimensional model of the interfacial molecular rupture and adhesion kinetic events is developed in the present contribution. From a mechanical point of view, this chapter works under the assumption that the cell-wall interface is composed of two elastic shells, namely the wall and the cell membrane, linked by rheological elements representing the molecular bonds. Both the time and space fluctuations of several parameters related to the mutual affinity of ligands and receptors are described by stochastic field theory; especially, the individual rupture limits of the bonds are modelled in Fourier space from the spectral distribution of power. The bonds are modelled as macromolecular chains undergoing a nonlinear elastic deformation according to the commonly used freely joined chains model, while the cell membrane facing the ECM wall is modelled as a linear elastic plate. The cell itself is represented by an equivalent constant rigidity. Numerical simulations predict the sequence of broken bonds, as well as the newly established connections on the ‘adhesive part’ of the interface. The interplay between adhesion and rupture entails a rolling phenomenon. In the last part of this chapter, a model of the deformation induced by the random fluctuation of the protrusion force resulting from the variation of affinity with chemiotactic sources is calculated, using stochastic finite element methods in combination with the theory of Gaussian random variables.
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Holzer, Boris. "Communication, Differentiation and the Evolution of World Society." In What in the World?, 63–80. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529213317.003.0004.
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This chapter uses a systems theory perspective to examine how the globalization processes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries affected social contacts, societal groups, and social change. It looks at developments and changes that took place in the nineteenth century that point to both continuities and ruptures with earlier epochs and their further consolidation and elaboration throughout the twentieth century. It also discusses a sociological perspective on a 'long twentieth century' and discernible transformations of the social world, which provided the foundation for a global modernity and popularized the aspiration towards it. The chapter implies an interest in fundamental sociological concepts, namely communication, differentiation, and evolution. It investigates the integral part of a long-term transformation that is developed by fundamental or societal revolution.
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David Evan, Richard. "Grave Visions: Visual Experience and Adaptation." In Film Phenomenology and Adaptation. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722100_ch01.
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Rather than approaching the ‘look’ of adaptation through point of view or the ‘vision’ of the adapter, this chapter examines the material, visible texture of screen adaptation. Using two adaptations of Bram Stoker’s gothic novel Dracula, I analyse how each uses mise en scène, cinematography, and editing to thicken and make tangible Stoker’s questioning of the reliability of vision in modernity. The first, Nosferatu (F.W Murnau, 1922) employs the tricks of early cinema to shock spectators, while the second—Bram Stoker’s Dracula (Francis Ford Coppola, 1992)—uses a neo-baroque aesthetic that ruptures the screen and engulfs the spectator, much like one of Dracula’s victims. This chapter suggests that critical insight into an adaptation can be found quite literally in sight, and embraces how the materiality of adaptation overlaps with the materiality of vision.
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Frühauf, Tina. "The End of Dystopia?" In Transcending Dystopia, 97–100. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197532973.003.0008.
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While the year 1945 marked a turning point in the sense of a new beginning for Jewish communities, the immediate postwar period was by no means a clear break with the past. Ruptures—in the sense of historical and cultural breaks—affecting the course of Jewish culture had, in fact, occurred earlier. As such, the postwar period saw a unique dialectic between changes in the aftermath of the Holocaust and a cultural persistence, which drew on historical musical models and practices that gave way to cultural mobility. As such, musical life in the Jewish communities appears as a brief epilogue to a glorious pre-Nazi past. The peculiar dialectic between cultural change and persistence is an indicator of the complexities the Jewish community faced in reestablishing itself after the Holocaust and for a provisional new beginning.
Conference papers on the topic "Point de ruptures"
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Simonen, F. A., S. R. Gosselin, J. E. Rhoads, and A. T. Chiang. "Failure Frequency Estimates for Boiling Water Reactor Pressure Vessels." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25232.
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This paper reviews estimates of rupture frequencies for reactor pressure vessels (RPV) at boiling water reactor (BWR) nuclear power plants as reported in the literature. Results permit improved probabilistic risk assessments (PRA) for severe accidents that could cause core damage and/or challenge the capabilities of BWR reactor containment systems. Current and historical estimates of failure frequencies are considered for light water reactors in general and more specifically for BWR plants. The focus is on large ruptures that could give flow rates exceeding the rates associated with double ended breaks of large diameter recirculation piping. Rupture frequencies for BWR vessels as used for PRA evaluations have historically been assigned low values (e.g. 10−7 to 10−6 per vessel per year). The objective of the present work was to establish possible technical bases for more realistic values of rupture frequency (i.e. 10−8). Historical estimates from the early WASH-1400 reactor safety study were first reviewed and used as a point-of-reference. More recent estimates came from various sources such as a U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission expert elicitation process that estimated Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) frequencies. Other studies both by industry and by the USNRC have addressed rupture frequencies for BWR vessels subject to low-temperature-over-pressure (LTOP) events. On the other hand, recent comprehensive evaluations have focused mostly on RPV failure frequencies for pressurized water reactors (PWRs) caused by pressurized thermal shock events. An important consideration was that rupture frequencies for BWR vessels are believed to be lower than those for PWR vessels, because BWR vessels are less embrittled than PWR vessels and are subject to less severe thermal transients. The review concludes that prior studies support an estimate of 10−8 or less for BWR vessel rupture frequencies. Probabilistic fracture mechanics calculations for individual vessels accounting for plant specific conditions are recommended to support even lower estimated frequencies. Use of more realistic vessel rupture frequencies in a plant’s PRA provides an improvement in not only the perceived plants risk of core damage, but also provides better decision making for plant operation and maintenance activities in that a conservative initiating event treatment within a PRA can mask other initiating events of higher importance.
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Bowles, Edgar B., Thomas B. Morrow, Cecil R. Sparks, and John G. Gregor. "Gas Pipeline Rupture Detection and Control." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1924.
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Automatic and remotely controlled main line valves are used in natural gas transmission pipelines to provide early shutoff of gas flow in the event of a pipeline rupture. Operating experience, however, shows that these valves and their associated rupture detection and valve operator systems are not always reliable in sensing a line break and in achieving valve closure. There are documented instances of pipeline ruptures going undetected, and of main line valves not closing completely after even a full line break. False valve closures have also occurred, causing pipelines to be shut down unnecessarily. Under sponsorship of the Gas Research Institute (GRI), a technology assessment program was conducted by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) to define the present state of the art of automatic and remotely controlled main line valves, to evaluate their effectiveness in achieving isolation of a ruptured line, and to identify technology improvements that are needed to improve valve reliability. This study was based on a survey of the U.S. natural gas industry’s experience with line break control equipment, and upon computational modeling of typical pipeline systems to simulate the generation and propagation of pressure and flow transients created by a line break. Line break transients were also compared to the transient levels generated by normal pipeline operations (start-up and shutdown of compressors, branch load changes, etc.). Also during this study, a semi-empirical computer model was developed to calculate pipeline blowdown time as a function of break size, pipeline configuration, and operating conditions, even in cases where valve closure is delayed for some period after the line break occurs. This information can be of value to pipeline engineers and emergency response planners. Results of the technology assessment show that the primary source of unreliability in present day line break control systems lies in their inability to discriminate between a line break transient, and those generated by other pipeline operations. In most cases, automatic control valves (ACV’s) sense the rate of pipeline pressure drop (ROPD) to detect a line break. In many field applications, however, transient pressure signals caused by compressor operations and load changes are stronger than those produced by a line break. In order to avoid false valve closures which could otherwise result, sensitivity of the rupture detection systems is “backed off,” often to the point of inoperability of the ACV. Other fluid transient signals besides pressure drop are also generated in the pipeline during a line break, and these can sometimes be used advantageously to replace or confirm the traditional ROPD signal. In looped parallel pipelines, for example, crossover flow rate is usually a more reliable line break signal when crossovers are open. The resultant line-to-line differential pressure also provides a viable option when crossovers are either open or closed. In general, however, no one detection parameter is optimum for all applications. Of even more importance is the rupture sensor location. The concept of locating additional sensors between the main line valves (rather than just at the valves) provides the most promising approach for enhancing the reliability of present ACV’s and for providing needed line break information to remote controlled valves (RCV’s). In either case (ACV’s or RCV’s), rupture sensor location is much more important than valve location or valve spacing in ensuring reliable rupture isolation. However, valve spacing does affect the volume of gas blown down after shut-in of a ruptured section. This time can often be from 10 to 60 minutes for typical pipeline valve spacings.
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Baptista, Renan Martins, Paulo Henrique Mello de Oliveira, Renata Nunes Ramos dos Santos, and Marcos José Moraes da Silva. "On the Influence of the Fluid Dynamics Over the Valve Line Break Set Point in a Dual Phase Gas Pipeline." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90627.
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Shut down valves (SDV) actuated by a reaction against a pressure decay are an approach to face pipeline leakages, full ruptures, amidst several other important operational events. They are ordinarily employed at single phase pipelines throughout the world. Their usage at a dual phase gas pipeline is however subjected to specific scenarios in which their actuators (usually line breaks) are not impacted somehow by the presence of liquids, and other particular effects of fluid dynamics. This paper approaches a study based on dual phase numerical flow simulations, using a commercial flow simulator, performed for a Brazilian pipeline, in which a relevant amount of liquid is always present, as well as one or two pigs. The main focus is on the upper bound of the time derivative of pressure distributed along the developed length, aiming to produce a sensitivity analysis, describing situations in which this variable may falsely and appropriately trigger a SDV closure. As most of other important flow events, the critical moment is when the pig approaches the pipeline tail, when major variations on important variables such as flow, pressure and holdup are experienced. Those effects may be deeply augmented when worst case scenarios are imposed and coupled with pigs’ arrivals/withdrawals, such as a pipeline blockage at it’s head or flow rate relevant increase at the tail. These scenarios are simulated and analysed, and the way pressure may relate to the dimensioning of line brakes, is commented.
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Dyment, Nathaniel A., Jason T. Shearn, Marc T. Galloway, R. Michael Greiwe, Keith Kenter, Samer S. Hasan, David L. Butler, and Gregory P. Boivin. "Comparative Histological and Biomechanical Effects of Prostaglandin-E2 and Bacterial Collagenase on the Rabbit Patellar Tendon." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192395.
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Ninety-seven percent of tendon ruptures are found in areas of chronic tendon degeneration, which is thought to be a cell-mediated process involving increased extracellular matrix turnover and remodeling [1,2]. The degenerative aspects seen within regions of tendon degeneration include collagen matrix disorganization, collagen fibril thinning, cellular hyperplasia, and neovascularization [1–3]. The etiology of tendon degeneration is unclear at this point. One theory involves the introduction of multiple mechanical insults (mechanical overuse) that act to trigger a degenerative pathway of increased matrix degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Inflammation is not seen within regions of degenerative tendon. However, inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) may have a role as they have been shown to be upregulated by fibroblasts as a result of mechanical over-stimulation in culture [4]. Multiple injections of PGE2 within the midsubstance of the rabbit patellar tendon (PT) also produced collagen fibril disorganization and thinning [5].
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Wang, David H. J., Michel S. Makaroun, and David A. Vorp. "Noninvasive Estimation of Wall Strength Distribution in Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/bed-23017.
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Abstract Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an irreversible focal dilation of the infrarenal aorta. If left untreated, AAA will continue to expand and eventually rupture. Ruptured AAA is ranked as the 13th leading cause of death in the United States [1]. Accurate prediction of AAA rupture is critical for patient management. From a biomechanical point of view, this occurs when the stress in the aneurysm wall exceeds its strength. Therefore, reliable assessment of the risk of AAA rupture demands information on wall stress as well as wall strength.
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Raghavan, Madhavan, Jarin Kratzberg, and Erasmo Sima˜o da Silva. "Heterogeneous, Variable Wall-Thickness Modeling of a Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60018.
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Pressure-induced mechanical stress in ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) was investigated using a finite element model with measured variations in wall thickness and material properties. We harvested an 8-cm ruptured AAA from a cadaver and recorded its geometry on bi-plane photographs and three-dimensionally reconstructed. The wall thickness was measured at over 100 sites on the aneurysm surface using digital calipers. Regional mechanical property variation (failure strengths and hyperelastic material parameters) was determined using data from uniaxial extension tests of 19 test strips cut from various regions of the AAA surface. The measured data for wall thickness and mechanical properties were transferred to the 3D AAA surface model and nonlinearly interpolated on the surface to obtain the point-to-point regional distribution for thickness and material parameters. Modeling the AAA as a thick shell, finite element stress analysis was performed. The peak stress was found to be exactly at the rupture site and was substantially higher than population averages. The measured low wall thickness at the rupture site appeared to play a major role in elevating stresses indicating that localized thin wall may be an important risk factor for AAA rupture.
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Moreno, Felipe M., José Amendola, Eduardo A. Tannuri, and Marcos D. Ferreira. "Development of a Control Strategy for Underway Tandem-Like Oil Transfer Operation Between a Conventional and a DP Tanker." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96335.
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Abstract Ship-to-ship (STS) operations have been widely applied for oil and cargo transfer in order to improve operational efficiency and reduce operational costs. Brazil has seen an increase in underway Ship-to-Ship operations due to the lack of available berths and terminals. The transfer operation is carried in sheltered locations in Brazil and abroad, but still has issues such as cable ruptures and high downtimes due to environmental conditions. This work proposes the development and validation of a control system for an innovative configuration for oil transfer between a DP shuttle and a conventional tanker, using a modified tandem configuration. The conventional vessel is underway and the DP vessel follows it with a lateral offset that provides a safe route for escape in case of any failure. The focus of the present paper is the control system design applied to the DP vessel that ensures the safe operation inside the offloading site. This control applies two individual sliding mode controllers for rudder and thruster control, with coefficients obtained from numerical simulations, associated with a line-of-sight strategy for course and speed over ground controllers. The set-point for the controller is obtained from the conventional vessel that is navigating ahead from the controlled vessel. Control performance and operation safety are evaluated through a set of real-time simulations of the transfer operation, where performance is evaluated through measurement of the Bow Loading System point position in both straight line navigation and in a 10km radius curve. The control robustness is evaluated by varying the environmental conditions in the simulations. Safety issues are also considered by evaluating the possibility of evasive maneuvers in case of component failure.
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Tomic, Aleksandar, Shahani Kariyawasam, and Pauline Kwong. "Effective Consequence Evaluation for System Wide Risk Assessment of Natural Gas Pipelines." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33474.
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System Wide Risk Assessment (SWRA) is an integral part of an Integrity Management Program (IMP), and it is the first step in most IMPs. Risk is the expected value of loss (often expressed as damage per year, i.e. expected number of annual injuries or fatalities). Risk is calculated as the product of the Probability/Likelihood of Failure (LoF) and the consequence of failure, where failure is defined as a loss of containment event. Hence, it is necessary to calculate both the Likelihood and the consequences of failure in order to accurately model risk. For natural gas pipelines, consequence is primarily human safety-based. The primary threat to the population is the effect of the thermal radiation due to ignited pipeline ruptures. Currently, most pipeline industry system wide risk assessment models are qualitative risk models, where consequence is generally characterized by class, relative population measures, or some other relative measure. While this may be adequate for some relative risk ranking purposes, it is generally not accurate in representing the true consequences and the arbitrary nature leads to poor representation of actual consequences. Qualitative risk models are also highly subjective, and can have a high degree of bias. Thus, in this study, quantitative LoF assessment and a rigorous quantitative consequence model were used to make the risk assessment process more accurate, more objective, and transparent. The likelihood algorithm developed in this study is described in a companion paper. It should be noted that a quantitative estimate is never completely objective as subjective assumptions and idealizations are still involved, however it provides a framework to make it as objective as possible. The consequence model implemented in this study is highly quantitative, and it depends on the pipeline properties (i.e. diameter, MAOP etc.) in addition to the structure properties (i.e. precise location and type of structures). The lethality zone utilized in the consequence model is a curve which has 100% lethality at the point of rupture but recedes in lethality as the point of concern moves away from the rupture location. The lethality curve is calculated using the PIPESAFE software [6] that is developed by rigorous analytical, experimental, and verification work. This ensures that the lethality curves are pipeline specific. Furthermore, the position of the structures inside the lethality zones is taken into consideration, which means the structures located closer to the pipeline see a higher degree of lethality than the structures further away from the pipeline. Risk is represented by two specific, well defined measures: Individual Risk (IR), and Societal Risk (SR). These two measures are well accepted concepts of risk that go beyond the pipeline industry, and are particularly used in the pipeline industry in countries where quantitative risk is required by regulation (e.g. UK and Nederlands). IR takes into account the inherent risk of the pipeline to the single individual who may happen to be in the vicinity of the pipeline. SR, on the other hand, takes into account known population centers, settlements, and structures to define the risk to communities. When risk is calculated quantitatively, it is possible to use well defined and widely accepted criteria to determine the acceptability of risk in terms of IR and SR criteria for all pipelines. The advantages of using IR and SR are discussed and shown through implemented examples.
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Quintela, P., and M. T. Sánchez. "The Modulus of Rupture from a Mathematical Point of View." In 10TH ESAFORM CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL FORMING. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2729722.
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Danturthi, Ramalinga S., Lloyd D. Partridge, and Vincent T. Turitto. "Vulnerable Points of Rupture of an Intracranial Aneurysm." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0240.
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Abstract Clinical trials indicate that an intracranial aneurysm is most likely to rupture on the dome area where the wall is weak (1-3). Even though several factors contribute, the cause for rupture is still unclear; hemodynamic forces are believed to significantly effect the growth, development and rupture of an aneurysm. The entrance length or the ostium width, the shape and size of the aneurysm, the Reynolds number of the flow and the shape of the parent artery, all can contribute toward the rupture of an aneurysm (4, 7). A neck area, if present, can substantially influence the flow into the aneurysmal volume resulting in higher hemodynamic forces on the aneurysmal wall. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of hemodynamic forces for suggesting vulnerable regions or points of rupture of an aneurysm considering the shape and size of the aneurysm, its ostium width and the Reynolds number (Re) of the flow. The research was done in two parts — theoretical computations with a CFD software Fluent were performed on 2D models of aneurysms and experimental determinations of the in-vitro velocity vector field with 2-D particle image velocimetry (PIV) were made with glass models of aneurysms.
Reports on the topic "Point de ruptures"
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HYSTERETIC PERFORMANCE OF WEAK-AXIS CONNECTION WITH I-SHAPED PLATES IN STEEL FRAME. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.3.1.
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This paper elucidates numerically the behavior of weak-axis moment connections proposed by welding I-shaped plates in the H-section column to increase connection strength and ductility in steel frame. After validating the numerical methods through comparing the results of numerical analysis and experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed weak-axis connection were examined through comparing to the traditional weak-axis connection. The proposed weak-axis connection could move the highest stresses away from the start-stop points of a weld, and thus preventing the premature brittle fracture of the beam flange welds. The plastic hinge formed away from the beam-column interface, while the local buckling occurred in the weld access holes region in the traditional weak-axis connection. The proposed weak-axis connections can be classified as rigid in a strong-bracing system, and be classified as semi-rigid in weak-supported or unsupported system. And then a series of parametric studies was conducted to better understand the behavior of proposed weak-axis moment connections. The force-displacement relationships, location of the plastic hinge, Mises index (MI), triaxiality index (TI) and rupture index (RI) distributions at the beam flange welds were reported in detail. According to the numerical analysis, the design variables of I-shaped plates and widened flange plate are suggested, along with a design procedure.