Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'POCS'

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Computer Optical Sectioning Microscopy (COSM) is widely used in morphological studies of cellular structures. COSM appears as a great challenge to digital image processing, because the large size of the three-dimensional files. The major problem in COSM is the blurring, which practically turn the image unusable without the use of digital image processing techniques. In this work, based on projection onto convex set were developed image processing techniques to restore COSM images, obtained by a confocal microscope. Although confocal microscope presents less blurring than the wide field microscope, it has a larger Poisson noise level. To reduce the Poisson noise the Anscombe Transform (AT) was used as well a pointwise Wiener Filter. The POCS methods were evaluated by means of simulations, using synthetic images (phantom), and the results was evaluated by ISNR (Improvement in Signal Noise Ratio) and UIQ (Universal Quality Index). The developed algorithms, using RAP (Row Action Projection) present satisfactory results, but the computational costs were expensive.
A técnica de Microscopia de Seccionamento Óptico por Computador (COSM) é muito utilizada no estudo morfológico de estruturas celulares. Essa técnica apresenta um grande desafio para a área de processamento de imagens, pois os arquivos tridimensionais possuem grande volume de dados para serem processados. O principal problema do COSM é o borramento existente, que praticamente inviabiliza a utilização dessa imagem sem o uso de técnicas de processamento de imagem. Nesse trabalho, foram desenvolvidas técnicas de projeção em conjuntos convexos POCS (Projection Onto Convex Sets) de processamento de imagens para a restauração das imagens de COSM, obtidas por microscópio confocal. Embora os microscópios confocais apresentem menor borramento da imagem que os microscópios wide field, ele possuem um nível maior de ruído Poisson. Para atenuar o ruído Poisson foi utilizada a Transformada de Anscombe (AT) e o filtro de Wiener pontual. Os métodos POCS, foram avaliados através de simulações utilizando imagens sintéticas (phantoms), e os resultados foram avaliados através do ISNR(Improvement Signal to Noise Ratio) e do UIQ(Universal Quality Index). Os algoritmos desenvolvidos, utilizando RAP (Row Action Projection) apresentaram bons resultados, mas o custo computacional para imagem tridimensional é bastante elevado.

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The number of applications in remote sensing has widely increased in the last years. The reason for this is mainly the high quality of imaging systems onboard. Among this new generation of satellites, the CBERS-1 (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) was developed through a partnership between Brazil and China, and its main mission is to capture high-resolution images of the Earth using panchromatic and multispectral detectors. However, the information provided by remote sensing needs to be processed to better reflect the radiometric quality of the data, using for this purpose a technique called image restoration. The main goal of image restoration is the reconstruction or recovery of the degraded image using some a priori knowledge of the degradation phenomenon. In this work we developed five image restoration algorithms based on the theory of convex projections, which were obtained through the CBERS-1 band 2 CCD sensor. These algorithms are based on the application of restrictions in convex sets form, through the POCS (Projections Onto Convex Sets) method, where the intersection among these sets, if it exists, gives a satisfactory solution for the problem. The simulations were developed using the RAP (Row-Action Projections), the SIRT (Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique) and an algorithm that uses prototype image constraints, which were obtained by the methods cited above and by the MIF (Modified Inverse Filter). The results were visually and numerically evaluated.
A quantidade de aplicações oriundas do sensoriamento remoto tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Isso se deve, principalmente, à alta qualidade dos equipamentos a bordo dos sistemas sensores. Entre essa nova geração de satélites, o CBERS-1 (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) foi desenvolvido através de uma parceria entre Brasil e China, sendo sua missão principal a de capturar imagens de alta resolução da Terra utilizando detectores pancromáticos e multiespectrais. Contudo, as informações oriundas do sensoriamento remoto necessitam ser processadas para melhorar a qualidade radiométrica dos dados, utilizando para tal uma técnica conhecida por restauração de imagens, sendo seu principal objetivo a reconstrução ou recuperação de uma imagem degradada utilizando algum conhecimento a priori do fenômeno de degradação. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos cinco algoritmos de restauração de imagens baseados na teoria de projeções convexas, as quais foram obtidas através do sensor CCD da banda 2 do satélite CBERS-1. Estes algoritmos são baseados na aplicação de restrições na forma de conjuntos convexos, através do método de POCS (Projections Onto Convex Sets), sendo que a intersecção entre esses conjuntos, caso exista, fornece uma solução satisfatória para o problema. As simulações foram desenvolvidas utilizando o RAP (Row-Action Projections), SIRT (Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique) e um algoritmo que utiliza uma restrição de imagem protótipo, a qual foi obtida pelos métodos citados acima e pelo FIM (Filtro Inverso Modificado). Os resultados foram avaliados visualmente e através de análises numéricas.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
In this dissertation four algorithms are presented for the tomographic reconstruction of images using methods denominated POCS - Projections onto Convex Sets, which are the ART - Algebraic Reconstruction Technique, the SIRT - Simultaneous Iterative Reconstructive Technique, the sequencial POCS and parallel POCS. A comparison is made between the reconstruction methods named above, in the presence of noise and in the reconstruction from limited view. In each reconstruction, the result of each iteration is compared with the desired image, also showing the convergence curve for each method. For the tomographic reconstructions, projections from test bodies obtained throught simulation were used and also experimental projections obtained by the mini-tomograph scanner of CNPDIA-EMBRAPA. Although were considered only the reconstruction based an projections obtained with parallel beams, the methods here described can also reconstruct images that are independent of the source-detector geometry used by the tomograph scanner. The use of restrictions over the solutions, as in the case of serial and parallel POCS, demonstrated efficiency in reducing the variability due to the ill-conditioning of the problem.
Nesta dissertação são apresentados quatro algoritmos para reconstrução tomográfica de imagens utilizando o método de projeções em conjuntos convexos (POCS - Projections onto Convex Sets), sendo eles o ART (Algebraic Reconstruction Technique), o SIRT (Simultaneous Iterative Reconstructive Technique), o POCS sequencial e o POCS paralelo. É feita a comparação entre os métodos de reconstrução, acima citados, na presença de ruído e na reconstrução à partir de ângulos limitados. Em cada reconstrução o resultado obtido em cada iteração é comparado com a imagem desejada, mostrando-se também o gráfico de convergência de cada método. Utilizaram-se, para reconstrução tomográfica, projeções de corpos de testes obtidas através de simulação e também projeções obtidas experimentalmente no minitomógrafo do CNPDIA-EMBRAPA. Embora seja considerada somente a reconstrução a partir de projeções obtidas em tomógrafos com feixe de raios paralelos, os métodos expostos podem reconstruir imagens independentemente da geometria fonte-detetor utilizada pelo tomógrafo. O uso de restrições sobre as soluções, como no caso dos métodos POCS sequencial e paralelo, mostrou-se eficaz para reduzir as variações devido ao malcondicionamento do problema.

The body motion of patients, during magnetic resonance (MR) imaging causes significant artifacts in the reconstructed image. Artifacts are manifested as a motion induced blur and ghost repetitions of the moving structures. which obscure vital anatomical and pathological detail. The techniques that have been proposed for suppressing motion artifacts fall into two major categories. Real-time techniques attempt to prevent the motion from corrupting the data by restricting the data acquisition times or motion of the patients, whereas the post-processing techniques use the information embedded in the corrupted data to restore the image. Most methods currently in widespread use belong to the real-time techniques, however with the advent of fast computing platforms and sophisticated signal processing algorithms, the emergence of post-processing techniques is clearly evident. The post-processing techniques usually demand an appropriate model of the motion. The restoration of the image requires that the motion parameters be determined in order to invert the data degradation process. Methods for the correction of translational motion have been studied extensively in the past. The subject of this thesis encompasses the rotational motion model and the effect of rotational motion on the collected MR data in the spatial frequency space (k-space), which is in general, more complicated than the translational model. Rotational motion artifacts are notably prevalent in MR images of head, brain and limbs. Post-processing techniques for the correction of rotational motion artifacts often involve interpolation and re-gridding of the acquired data in the k-space. These methods create significant data overlap and void regions. Therefore, in the past, proposed corrective techniques have been limited to suppression of artifacts caused by small angle rotations. This thesis presents a method of managing overlap regions, using weighted averaging of redundant data, in order to correct for large angle rotations. An iterative estimation technique for filling the data void regions has also been developed by the use of iterated application of projection operators onto constraint sets. These constraint sets are derived from the k-space data generated by the MR imager, and available a priori knowledge. It is shown that the iterative algorithm diverges at times from the required image, due to inconsistency among the constraint sets. It is also shown that this can be overcome by using soft. constraint sets and fuzzy projections. One of the constraints applied in the iterative algorithm is the finite support of the imaged object, marked by the outer boundary of the region of interest (ROI). However, object boundary extraction directly from the motion affected MR image can be difficult, specially if the motion function of the object is unknown. This thesis presents a new ROI extraction scheme based on entropy minimization in the image background. The object rotation function is usually unknown or unable to be measured with sufficient accuracy. The motion estimation algorithm proposed in this thesis is based on maximizing the similarity among the k-space data subjected to angular overlap. This method is different to the typically applied parameter estimation technique based on minimization of pixel energy outside the ROI, and has higher efficiency and ability to estimate rotational motion parameters in the midst of concurrent translational motion. The algorithms for ROI extraction, rotation estimation and data correction have been tested with both phantom images and spin echo MR images producing encouraging results.

Nesta tese é apresentado um novo método de reconstrução de imagens, por tomografia de transmissão, de projeções sujeitas a ruído na contagem de fótons. O método de reconstrução selecionado utiliza a técnica POCS (Projections Onto Convex Sets). A estimação das projeções originais a partir das observações ruidosas se dá por meio de quatro métodos: a) estimação utilizando o critério MAP (Maximum a Posteriori); b) filtragem nos coeficientes wavelets das projeções ruidosas; c) aplicação do filtro de Wiener pontual e d) aplicação do filtro de Goodman-Belsher. É apresentado o resultado da reconstrução após a estimação das projeções, mostrando o ISNR (Improvement Signal-to-Noise Ratio) entre as imagens reconstruídas, a partir das projeções ruidosas, com a técnica POCS, estimando as projeções e sem a realização da estimação. Foram utilizados, para reconstrução tomográfica, projeções de corpos de prova obtidos por meio de simulação e também projeções obtidas experimentalmente no minitomógrafo do CNPDIA - EMBRAPA. O uso de estimação sobre as projeções ruidosas mostrou-se eficaz para melhorar a relação sinal-ruído na imagem final, pois esse pré-processamento faz com que os conjuntos impostos pelas projeções sejam mais restritivos. Deve-se observar que a melhoria das imagens obtidas com o uso de filtragem das projeções é obtida com uma relação custo-benefício bastante baixa, pois a maior parte do custo computacional está na fase de reconstrução das imagens.
In this thesis is pesented a new method for image reconstruction, by transmission tomography, for projections under noise in the counting of photons. The selected method of reconstruction uses the POCS (Projections Onto Convex Sets) technique. The estimation of the original projections from the noisy projections observed is performed through four methods: a) estimation using the MAP (Maximum a Posteriori) criteria; b) through of filtering of the wavelets coefficients of the noisy projections; c) using the pointwise Wiener filter and d) using the Goodman-Belsher filter. We present the result of reconstruction after projection estimation, showing the ISNR (Improvement Signal-to-Noise Ratio) between the reconstructed images on noisy projections, using POCS technique after the estimated projections and without this estimation. We use, for tomographic reconstruction, test body projections obtained through simulation and also projections obtained experimentally in the minitomograph scanner of CNPDIA-EMBRAPA. The use of estimation on noisy projections demonstrated to be efficient in improving the signalnoise ratio in the final image, since this pre-processing makes the sets that projections more restrictive. We should observe that the use of projection filtering is obtained with a cost-benefit ratio rather low, since the largest part of the computational effort is in the image reconstruction phase.

El presente trabajo de tesis surgió debido a la necesidad de obtener imágenes de campos de cultivo de alta resolución a partir de un conjunto de imágenes de baja resolución capturadas por un dispositivo óptico. La propiedad de desplazamiento sub-pixel existente entre las imágenes de baja resolución capturadas por el dispositivo óptico hace posible la obtención de imágenes digitales de alta resolución mediante la aplicación de un algoritmo de reconstrucción de imágenes. Con el fin de poder incrementar la resolución de las imágenes de campos de cultivo, de tal modo que estas puedan ser procesadas y analizadas con mayor precisión, se seleccionó y programó el algoritmo POCS (Projections Onto Convex Sets) debido a su robustez, simplicidad y flexibilidad para incorporar información conocida a priori de las imágenes deseadas al proceso de reconstrucción. El presente trabajo se desarrolla en cuatro capítulos. En el primer capítulo se presenta el concepto de Agricultura de Precisión y la necesidad de aplicar técnicas que mejoren la resolución de imágenes de campos de cultivo. En el segundo capítulo se describen los principales problemas que presentan los dispositivos ópticos para aumentar la resolución de imágenes, se presenta el modelo que describe el proceso de degradación de imágenes y se realiza un recuento de los principales algoritmos que aumentan la resolución de las mismas. En el tercer capítulo se presentan los objetivos del presente trabajo de tesis, se detalla el marco teórico del algoritmo POCS y se muestra la programación del mismo. En el cuarto capítulo se definen las métricas usadas para evaluar el algoritmo y se presentan los resultados de diversas pruebas aplicadas a las imágenes de campos de cultivo. Finalmente, se concluyó que el algoritmo POCS incrementa la resolución de imágenes de campos de cultivo de manera satisfactoria, además, se concluyó que POCS presentó mejor desempeño con respecto a los algoritmos de interpolación y de deconvolución que formaron parte de las pruebas.
Tesis

Usually, image compression techniques that use only one transform exhibit some poor properties. For instance, the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) cannot efficiently represent high frequency components, resulting in blurred images. The Multiple Bases Representation (MBR) compression technique, which uses two or more transforms, is found to be superior to the single transform techniques in terms of representation efficiency. However, some bits in the MBR representation are needed to track the basis information. The MBR image quality is deteriorated by discontinuities at block boundaries, as is the standard DCT transform.

In this thesis, test images are distorted by MBR compression using a Recursive Residual Projection algorithm. This algorithm is a sub-optimal method to find the best basis vector subset for representing images based on multiple orthogonal bases. The MBR distorted images are reconstructed by the iterative method of Projection onto Convex Sets (POCS). Many constraints that form convex sets are reviewed and examined.

Due to the high distortion at the block boundaries, some constraints are introduced particularly to reduce artifacts at the boundaries. Some constraints add energy to the reconstructed images while others remove energy. Thus, the initial vectors play a key role in the performance of the POCS method for better MBR reconstruction. This thesis also determines the most appropriate initial vector for each constraint.

Finally, the composite projections associated with the sign, minimum decreasing and norm-of-slope constraints are used to improve the reconstruction of the MBR distorted images and the effect of ordering of the projections is investigated.
Master of Science

Avec le besoin croissant en bande-passante, les technologies dites de radio-cognitive sont de plus en plus étudiées par la communauté scientifique. L’enjeu est d’utiliser au mieux le spectre disponible. L'une de ces technologies, Transform Domain Communication System (TDCS), dont les performances en termes d’efficacité énergétique et spectrale étaient jusqu'à présent méconnues, constitue le sujet d'étude de cette thèse. Après une présentation du contexte scientifique et industriel de la thèse, le système TDCS est introduit, ainsi que ses similarités et différences avec OFDM et MC-CDMA. Le système est ensuite décrit sous le formalisme algébrique des modulations linaires. Cela a permis d’établir une expression de l’efficacité spectrale du système. Plusieurs techniques sont alors proposées pour améliorer celle-ci tout en améliorant, dans certains cas, le taux d’erreur binaire. Étant composé d’un de plusieurs composantes sinusoïdales, le signal TDCS souffre d’un fort Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). La théorie ensembliste est alors présentée puis mise à profit en troisième partie de cette thèse pour proposer les algorithmes Douglas-Rachford et ROCS de réduction du PAPR des signaux TDCS. Ces algorithmes convergent plus rapidement et vers des valeurs plus basses que l’algorithme POCS précédemment utilisé dans la littérature
For about ten years, spectrum scarcity and the growing need of bandwidth have pushed the studies on cognitive-radio technologies to counter this waste. Among them: the Transform Domain Communication System (TDCS), on which this thesis focuses. Until now, TDCS’ performance in terms of spectral and power efficiency was largely unknown. After introducing the thesis’ industrial and scientific context, the TDCS is introduced and compared with popular technologies such as OFDM and MC-CDMA. The system is then studied by means of the linear modulations’ algebraic framework. This has led to the TDCS’ spectral efficiency determination and to new design rules to jointly achieve a better spectral efficiency and a lower BER. Several methods are then proposed to further increase the spectral efficiency by means of a dense multidimensional modulation. Since a TDCS signal is made of several sines, it suffers from a strong Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Set theoretic estimation is then introduced in a third part and new PAPR-reduction algorithms such as Douglas-Rachford and Reflection Onto Convex Sets are brought to light and achieve better performance than the usual POCS algorithm regarding to the convergence rate, as well as the achieved PAPR

Bildgruppen på enheten för dokument och informationsteknik hos SKL har ett behov av att kunna förbättra bilder med extremt låg upplösning. Detta bildmaterial kan komma från diverse övervakningskameror där det intressanta objektet endast utgör en väldigt liten del, i detta fall registreringsskyltar på förbipasserande bilar. Att skapa en högupplöst bild av en registreringsskylt utav ett fåtal lågupplösta bilder är ett välkänt problem med ett flertal förslag på metoder och lösningar. I denna rapport kommer vi att undersöka vilka metoder som passar bäst vid bildförbättring av registreringsskyltar. Vi kommer även att skapa ett användargränssnitt där man kan läsa in en bild och välja mellan att automatiskt hitta registreringsskylten i bilden eller att manuellt klippa ut den. Efter att man erhållit en bild innehållandes endast registreringsskylten ska de olika implementerade bildförbättringsmetoderna kunna användas. Slutligen diskuteras vilka för- och nackdelar de respektive metoderna har. Förslag på eventuella förbättringar och hur man kan utveckla dessa metoder vidare presenteras därtill.

Resumo: Os compostos organoclorados (OCs), como as bifenilas policloradas (PCBs) e os pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs) representam um importante grupo de poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs), devido a sua toxicidade e elevada persistência no ambiente. A distribuição horizontal e os níveis e base das PCBs e dos OCPs foram investigados em amostras de sedimentos superficiais e de testemunho na Baía de Guaratuba, um estuário bem preservado da costa do Brasil. A distribuição espacial dos OCs sugeriu que as fontes dos OCs estão localizadas fora da baía, relacionadas as atividades humanas ao longo das margens dos dois principais rios da região. A distribuição vertical dos OCs foi utilizada para estimar os níveis de base da Baía. As baixas concentrações de POCs e a não detecção de PCBs no topo do testemunho foram relacionadas às restrições legais ao seu uso. Compostos relacionados à deposição atmosférica também foram detectados, destacando a importância deste estudo para o inventário da distribuição de POPs em diferentes regiões do mundo.

This work deals with the task of image scaling using GPU paralelization. Portion of text is devoted to signal processing and his affection of whole result including measuring it's quality. Describtion of the most important methods including super-resolution is given further in the text. An important part of this thesis is library implementing choosen methods with usage of paralelization on graphic chip. Achieved results of paralelization are demonstrated on set of speed tests.

Avec le besoin croissant en bande-passante, les technologies dites de radio-cognitive sont de plus en plus étudiées par la communauté scientifique. L'enjeu est d'utiliser au mieux le spectre disponible. L'une de ces technologies, Transform Domain Communication System (TDCS), dont les performances en termes d'efficacité énergétique et spectrale étaient jusqu'à présent méconnues, constitue le sujet d'étude de cette thèse. Après une présentation du contexte scientifique et industriel de la thèse, le système TDCS est introduit, ainsi que ses similarités et différences avec OFDM et MC-CDMA. Le système est ensuite décrit sous le formalisme algébrique des modulations linaires. Cela a permis d'établir une expression de l'efficacité spectrale du système. Plusieurs techniques sont alors proposées pour améliorer celle-ci tout en améliorant, dans certains cas, le taux d'erreur binaire. Étant composé d'un de plusieurs composantes sinusoïdales, le signal TDCS souffre d'un fort Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). La théorie ensembliste est alors présentée puis mise à profit en troisième partie de cette thèse pour proposer les algorithmes Douglas- Rachford et ROCS de réduction du PAPR des signaux TDCS. Ces algorithmes convergent plus rapidement et vers des valeurs plus basses que l'algorithme POCS précédemment utilisé dans la littérature.

Sentiment Analysis is a task that aims to calculate the polarity of text automatically. While some languages, such as English, have a vast array of resources to enable sentiment analysis, most under-resourced languages lack them. Cross-lingual Sentiment Analysis (CLSA) attempts to make use of resource-rich languages in order to create or improve sentiment analysis systems in an under-resourced language. In this thesis, we propose cross-lingual sentiment approaches that have minimal parallel data requirements, while making the best use of available monolingual data. We propose a model to incorporate sentiment information into bilingual distributional representations, by jointly optimizing them for semantics and sentiment, showing state-of-the-art performance when combined with machine translation. We then move these approaches to aspect-level and subsequently test them on a variety of language families and domains. Finally, we show that this approach can also be suitable for domain adaptation.
L’anàlisi de sentiment és una tasca que ens permet calcular la polaritat de un text de manera automàtica. Mentre algunes llengües, com l’anglès per exemple, tenen una àmplia varietat de recursos per crear sistemes d’anàlisi de sentiment, n’hi ha més que els troben a faltar. L’Anàlisi de Sentiment Cross-lingüe (ASCL) intenta fer servir els recursos de llengües riques en recursos per crear o millorar sistemes d’anàlisi de sentiment en llengües pobres en recursos. A aquesta tesi proposem mètodes d’anàlisi de sentiment cross-lingües que requereixen menys data paral·lela i treuen el màxim profit de data monolingüe que tenim a l’abast. Proposem un model que optimitza les representacions distribucionals cross-lingües perquè tinguin informació semàntica i també de sentiment, i que demostra ser l’estat de l’art en combinant-se amb traducció automàtica. Després passem a un nivell de granularitat més fina i examinem com canvia el rendiment dels models amb diferents llengües metes i dominis. Finalment, demostrem que aquestes tècniques també són adequats per a l’adaptació de domini.

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanaças
A informação contabilística desde sempre foi e será uma ferramenta crucial no apoio à tomada de decisão para qualquer organização. Por isso, também no Setor Público Administrativo (SPA), um sistema de informação contabilístico útil e oportuno, ajuda os seus utilizadores avaliar e a tomar decisões de maneira mais apropriada. Este estudo objetiva identificar se a informação contabilística resultante da aplicação obrigatória do POCP no SPA e do POC-Educação no ensino superior público em particular, é utilizada como apoio à gestão de uma instituição de ensino superior público, quer através da sua análise direta quer de indicadores de gestão calculados a partir dela. Para a concretização do objetivo proposto, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica e exploratória, cuja abordagem teve preponderância qualitativa via de estudo de caso. O instrumento de recolha de dados utilizado foi um inquérito, respondido pelos Órgãos de Gestão e Unidades de caráter Científico ou Pedagógico da ESCE do IPS, que teve um nível de respostas de 54%. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que todos os respondentes reconhecem importância aos indicadores apresentados no inquérito que são calculados com base na informação contabilística, bem como a necessidade desses indicadores serem comparados entre Escolas do IPS e também a nível nacional, nas Instituições de Ensino Superior. Porém, no desempenho dos seus cargos de gestão, no respetivo Órgão/Unidade, apenas cerca de 33% dos respondentes dispõem de informação com base na informação contabilística e a 61,5% dos respondentes são disponibilizados indicadores cujo cálculo, para ser efetuado, não necessita de informação contabilística.
Abstract: Since ever the accounting information was and will be a crucial tool in the support for decision in any company. On this, also in the public administrative sector, having a useful and timely accounting system information can help the users of this information evaluate and take decisions in more appropriate way. The present study has the propose to identify if the accounting information resultant from the mandatory application of POCP (The Oficial Plan of Public Accounts) in the public administrative sector and the POC-Education (the official plan of public accounts – education) in the public high education, in particular, is used as support to management of one institution of high education, through either a direct analysis through either management indicators calculated from this. To achieve the main objective was conducted a literature research and exploratory, whose approach had a qualitative preponderance through a case study. The data collection instrument was a survey and the answers were given by the Governing Bodies Management and character Units Scientific or Pedagogical ESCE IPS, which had a level of 54% answers. The obtained results showed that: The results showed that all the respondents to the inquiry recognize the importance of the indicators presented in the inquiry which are calculated on the basis of accounting information, as well as the need of those indicators be compared between IPS schools and also at national level, in higher education institutions. However, in the performance of its management positions, in the respective Body/ Unit, only about 33% of the respondents has information based on data accounting (or accounting information) and the 61.5% of respondents disposes of indicators that for its calculation be done, do not need accounting information.

Synthese bibliographique sur le developpement de la culture du pois proteagineux, en france et en europe, son interet et sa place dans l'approvisionnement proteique du porc, sa valeur alimentaire en complementation des cereales et l'opportunite economique de son introduction dans les regimes porcins. Conditions d'utilisation optimale du pois dans les regimes pour porcs charcutiers, porcelets et truies, a partir d'une interpolation statistique des resultats experimentaux francais et etrangers. Etude a l'aide d'un outil informatique de simulation economique de l'interet d'introduire le pois dans les assolements du nord de la france

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Rodrigues de Amorim
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Currículos-Hipertextos-Pops assume, em sua escrita como tese, a banalidade, o ordinário e o comum aos quais remetem as culturas escolares, em seus ritmos espaço-temporais. Enfrenta esta condição de práticas educativas que se movimentam em três escolas, com professoras e professor de distintas experiências, com projetos educativos em multiplicidades. É tese que se inverte no caos. E nele se efetua. O trabalho com conceitos de Gilles Deleuze, na tese, coloca-os em fluxos para o campo dos estudos de currículo, invadindo-o e com ele seatritando. Não é uma conversa tranqüila, com canais abertos ao diálogo, à hospitalidade. Trabalhou-se na barbárie, foi preciso fazer do currículo passagem para a multidão, desconstrutora e violenta. A opção foi deixar vazar os fluxos pelo que há de mais comum e poderoso no pensamento curricular sobre a escola: sua organização em espaços e tempos da modernidade, sua centralidade nos conteúdos, sua expectativa em comunicar para ensinar. As pontencialidades do encontro do currículo com os tempos ¿deleuzianos¿ são, nesta tese, o desassossego das relações entre escola e culturas. Também são os traçados, linhas do ¿conto¿ para se considerar a política curricular como estética artística
Abstract: Curriculum-hypertexts-pops assumes, in its writing as a thesis, the banality, the ordinary and the common to which the scholastic cultures are sent, in their space-temporal rhythms? It faces this condition of educational practices that are set in motion in three schools,with teachers with different experiences, with educational projects in multiplicities. It is a thesis that inverts in the chaos. And it is made effective on it. The work with concepts of Gilles Deleuze, in the thesis, puts them into fluxes to the curriculum field studies, invading it with attrition. It is not a relaxed chatting, with open channels to dialogue, to the hospitality. It was worked under barbarism, it was necessary to make from the curriculum passage to a violent and deconstructive multitude. The option was to let empty the fluxes of the most common and powerful in the curricular thinking of the school: its organization into spaces and times of the modernity, its centrality in contents, its expectation to communicate to teach. The potentialities of the meeting of the curriculum with the ¿Deleuzian¿ times are, in this thesis, the disturbance of the relations between school and cultures. They are also the draw, lines of ¿story¿ to let curricular politics be considered artistic esthetics
Doutorado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Doutor em Educação

This is an investigation of the Combinatorial Perfect Information Game Beans and Pots. The Conway number system will be explained and used to calculate values of Beans and Pots configurations. Known theorems are included, as well as new results. The Appendices contain game trees as well as calculations for a number of configurations.

La formulation des aliments pour porcs est effectuée sur la base de la valeur nutritionnelle des matières premières. Celle-ci est généralement déterminée par des mesures de digestibilité effectuée en utilisant la technique de marquage isotopique. Deux variantes de cette technique ont été mises en œuvre sur des porcs en croissance, celle du marquage de l'animale et celle du marquage des aliments. Nous avons évalué dans le cas du marquage de l'animal la variabilité des valeurs absolues de pertes endogènes en fonction de l'échantillon plasmatique pris comme référence d'enrichissement. Nos résultats soulignent que le choix du site et du moment de prélèvement de cet échantillon a un impact plus quantitatif que qualitatif sur l'estimation des valeurs de pertes endogènes. Grâce au marquage de l'aliment, nous avons u mesurer les variations de profils de composition en acides aminés de ces pertes endogènes. Ceux-ci semblent peu affectés par le type de matière première ou le traitement technologique que nous avons mis en œuvre même si ces paramètres affectent quantitativement les pertes. Grâce à une étude conjointe in vitro et in vivo, nous avons établi que les matières premières répondaient différemment au broyage. Contrairement au blé, le pois et la mai͏̈s voient leur digestibilité augmenter linéairement avec la réduction de la taille de particules. L'effet mesuré in vivo sur la digestibilité standardisée résulte d'une augmentation de la digestibilité réelle. Les pertes endogènes peuvent être diminuées sans effet négatif sur la digestibilité réelle au moyen de traitement hydrothermiques
Formulation of pig diets is conditioned by the nutritional values ofits raw materials. This nutritional value is generally determined by in vivo digestibility trials that do not take into account the physical form of the diets offered to animals. The objective of this thesis was to assess the impacts of feed manufacturing on amino acid availability. To this purpose ileal digesta was separated between endogenous and dietary indigestible components by a isotope dilution method involving either labelling of the animals of labelling of the feedstuffs. Regarding labelling of the animals, we assessed the variability of the absolute values of the endogenous losses using the plasma sample as the enrichment reference. Our results showed that choice of time and vessel for blood sampling induces more quantitative than qualitative variations on estimations of endogenous losses. Amino acid composition of the endogenous losses was measured by use of 15N labelled feedstuffs. Our results showed that even in endogenous protein losses were quantitatively different, their amino acid profile remained stable and were neither affected by the feedstuffs studied nor by the technological treatments. Through joint in vivo and in vitro studies, we were able to show that, according to the raw materials, grinding had a different impact on amino acid digestibility. Thus, is contrast to wheat, digestibility values of pea and corn were linearly improved with particle size reduction. Technological treatments involved in feed manufacturing affect amino acid availability. The proposal of an availability criteria derived from standardised disgestibility, taking in account the metabolic cost of endogenous losses, will allow a better assessment of the bioavailability of amino acids

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Não recebi financiamento
The super-resolution aims to obtain a higher resolution image, using information from one or more low resolution images. There are different applications where super-resolution may be used, such as medical and forensic images. This work proposes a study and development of algorithms, based on Tekalp and Sezan’s algorithm, using the projection onto convex sets theory, in order to obtain super-resolution, therefore obtaining a higher resolution image, from a low resolution images set, with subpixel informations. We proposed the adition of a convex restriction based on Richardon-Lucy’s algorithm, modified to be weighted by Canny’s filter, along with total variation regularization, aiming to restore frequencies lost during high resolution images decimation and degradation processes . Therefore, we have a hybrid approach, that implements spatial and spectral super-resolution simultaneously, based on projection onto convex sets. The obtained results by the proposed algorithms were compared to Tekalp and Sezan’s base algorithm. The visual analysis of the images, along with the mean square error were taken in consideration for comparisons. In development, grayscale images were used, but the methods are extensible for color images. Results showed improvement in the obtained images, with less noise, blurring and more edge definition than the low resolution images. We conclude that the approach has potential for medical applications and forensic computation.
A super-resolução tem por objetivo a obtenção de uma imagem de maior resolução, utilizando informações de uma ou mais imagens de baixa resolução. Existem diferentes aplicações onde a utilização da super-resolução é empregada, como imagens médicas e forenses. A proposta deste trabalho é o estudo e desenvolvimento de algoritmos, baseados no algoritmo de Tekalp e Sezan, que utilizam a teoria de projeções sobre conjuntos convexos com o objetivo de super-resolução, obtendo uma imagem de maior resolução a partir de um conjunto de imagens com informações subpixel. Propomos também, uma restrição convexa baseada no algoritmo de Richardson-Lucy, modificado para ser ponderado pelo filtro de Canny, juntamente com regularização total variation, com o intuito de restaurar frequências perdidas durante os processos de decimação e degradação das imagens de alta resolução. Com isso temos uma abordagem híbrida, que implementa super-resolução espacial e espectral simultaneamente, baseada em projeções sobre conjuntos convexos. Os resultados obtidos pelos algoritmos propostos foram comparados com o algoritmo base de Tekalp e Sezan. Para as comparações, levou-se em consideração a análise visual das imagens juntamente com o erro quadrático médio. No desenvolvimento, foram utilizadas imagens em tons de cinza, mas os métodos são extensíveis para imagens coloridas. Os resultados apresentaram melhoria nas imagens obtidas em relação as imagens de baixa resolução, minimizando o ruído, o borramento e melhor definição das bordas. Concluímos que a abordagem possui potencial para aplicações médicas e em computação forense.

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção de grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças
Num contexto de extrema exigência e transparência na gestão dos dinheiros públicos, as Instituições de Ensino Superior Público, são obrigadas, de acordo com o POC-Educação, a implementar três sistemas contabilísticos, a contabilidade orçamental, a contabilidade patrimonial e a contabilidade analítica, exigindo-se que a informação contabilística, quer através da consulta direta quer através de indicadores calculados com a sua informação, permita que a gestão do ensino superior público, disponha de mais instrumentos para apoiar e avaliar a sua gestão. Neste contexto, este estudo pretende saber se a Contabilidade implementada nas Instituições de Ensino Superior Público permite para além do cumprimento da legalidade, apoiar a gestão na tomada de decisão, quer por consulta direta dos seus mapas, quer através de indicadores calculados com base na informação contabilística. Na componente empírica apresentou-se um estudo de caso, no qual, foi elaborado um inquérito, que foi enviado, por e-mail, ao Senhor Presidente do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Através das respostas obtidas, foi possível responder à nossa questão de investigação, para a qual tinham sido previamente definidas hipóteses. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a instituição, relativamente à contabilidade orçamental e à contabilidade patrimonial, para além de cumprir os requisitos legais, utiliza a informação contabilística para apoiar a gestão, por consulta direta ou através de indicadores calculados com essa informação. Relativamente à contabilidade analítica, não está implementada, não tem prevista a data para a sua implementação e não atribui importância à sua informação, para apoiar a gestão.
Abstract: In a context of extreme demand and transparency in the management of public funds, the public sector higher education institutions, are required, in accordance with POC-Education, to implement three accounting systems, budgetary accounting, accrual accounting and cost accounting, requiring was found that accounting information, either by direct consultation or indicators calculated with your information, allow the management of public higher education, has more tools to support and evaluate its management. In this context, this study asks whether the Accounting implemented in Public Higher Education Institutions allows beyond compliance with the law, support management decision-making, either by direct consultation of your maps or through indicators calculated based on the information accounting. In the empirical study presented a case study, in which, a survey that was sent was prepared, by mail, the President of the Polytechnic Institute of Setubal. Through the answers obtained, it was possible to answer our research question, to which had been previously defined hypotheses. The results showed that the institution, on fiscal accounting and accrual accounting, in addition to meeting the legal requirements, uses accounting information to support management by direct consultation or by indicators calculated with this information. With regard to cost accounting is not implemented, no target date for implementation and not assign importance to your information, to support the management.

Antoni Pous, poeta i traductor és un estudi monogràfic de la figura d'Antoni Pous i Argila (Manlleu, 1932 - Barcelona, 1976), activista cultural i home de lletres que va destacar de molt jove, en la immediata postguerra, com a poeta de gran talent; que als anys seixanta va dur a terme una tasca cultural i pedagògica de gran transcendència a Igualada, amb la fundació del grup Lacetània i la creació de la revista Textos; que a partir de 1968 va impulsar de manera decisiva els estudis de llengua i literatura catalanes en l'àmbit alemany, primer des de Tübingen i després des de Zuric, i que finalment, amb la seva tasca de traductor, va introduir a l'àmbit literari català l'obra de dos autors clàssics del segle XX: Walter Benjamin i Paul Celan.
La tesi es divideix en quatre grans blocs: el primer, titulat "L'home", reconstrueix la trajectòria vital de Pous a partir dels seus propis escrits, molts d'ells inèdits, i del testimoni de les persones que el van tractar directament, sigui a través de la correspondència que van mantenir-hi o bé de les entrevistes orals fetes expressament per a aquest treball; el segon, titulat "El pensament", analitza els escrits en prosa que ens va deixar Pous, tant els publicats com els inèdits, per tal d'esbossar les seves idees sobre la religió, la filosofia, la política i la literatura; el tercer, amb el títol de "La poesia", recull i comenta la seva obra poètica, en gran part també inèdita, i en traça l'evolució des de la filiació ribiana dels inicis fins a l'hermetisme influït per Paul Celan de la darrera època, passant per la poesia de to social de finals dels seixanta; finalment, el quart bloc, sota el títol de "Les traduccions", cataloga i analitza les versions que Pous va fer de textos poètics, teològics i filosòfics al català, especialment de l'alemany, amb especial atenció a les seves seleccions de textos de Walter Benjamin i Paul Celan, les primeres que es van fer en català, i també les seves versions en alemany, fetes en col·laboració amb Johannes Hösle, de poesia catalana del segle XX.
A banda de ser el primer treball exhaustiu sobre aquesta figura fins ara pràcticament desconeguda de les nostres lletres, Antoni Pous, poeta i traductor aporta també dades de primera mà sobre diversos aspectes fins ara poc estudiats de la literatura i la cultura catalanes al llarg del tercer quart del segle XX, com ara la formació de l'anomenat "Grup de Vic" i la relació que aquest grup va mantenir amb Carles Riba, a través de Joan Triadú, o la relació d'amistat i de fecunda influència mútua que Antoni Pous va establir amb Miquel Martí i Pol i Jordi Sarsanedas.
Antoni Pous, poet and translator, is a monographic study on Antoni Pous i Argila (Manlleu, 1932 -- Barcelona, 1976), the cultural activist and man of letters who distinguished himself from an early age as a highly gifted poet, during the immediate post-war period; who in the 1960s developed an important cultural and pedagogical work in Igualada, while founding the group Lacetània and creating the magazine Textos; who since 1968 decisively encouraged the studies of Catalan language and literature in the German-speaking world, first in Tübingen and then in Zürich; and who finally, thanks to his translations, introduced to the Catalan literary world the work of two classical authors from the XXth century: Walter Benjamin and Paul Celan.
This thesis is divided into four main parts: the first with the title "The Man", reconstructs Pous' biography based on his own writings, many of them still unpublished, as well as on the testimony of those who knew him personally, using both correspondence and the taped interviews especially made for the present work; the second part, called "The Thought", analyses the prose by Pous, both published and unpublished, in order to outline his ideas about religion, philosophy, politics and literature; the third part, called "The Poetry", collects and comments upon his poetic work, for the most part unpublished, describing the evolution from his first period, influenced by Carles Riba, to the hermetism of his last phase, under the influence of Paul Celan, through his social poetry from the late 1960s; finally, the fourth part is called "The Translations", which catalogues and analyzes the versions made by Pous of poetic, theological and philosophical texts into Catalan, particularly from the German, focusing mainly on his own selection of texts by Walter Benjamin and Paul Celan, the first translations ever made into Catalan, as well as his versions of XXth century Catalan poetry into German, in collaboration with Johannes Hösle.
Besides being the first exhaustive study on this figure, up till now practically unknown in our literature, Antoni Pous, poet and translator also provides first-hand, scarcely studied data on different aspects of Catalan literature and culture in the third quarter of the XXth century, as the formation of the so called "Vic Group" and the relationship this group had, through Joan Triadú, with Carles Riba, or the friendship between Antoni Pous, Miquel Martí i Pol and Jordi Sarsanedas, which was one of fruitful and mutual influence.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 25 p. : col. ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-19).

Cooperation among humanitarian organizations has attracted increasing attention to enhance effectiveness and efficiency of relief supply chains. Our research focuses on horizontal cooperation in inventory management which is currently implemented in the United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot (UNHRD) network. The present work follows a two-step research approach, which involves collection of empirical data and quantitative modeling to examine and overcome the coordination challenges of the network. Our interviews with members of the network identified several managerial issues for sustainable cooperative inventory management that the UNHRD network pursues. Using a newsvendor model in the context of non-cooperative game theory, our research has explored member humanitarian organizations' incentive of joining the network, a coordination mechanism which achieves system optimality, and impacts of members' decisions about stock rationing. Our results indicate that behaviors of member HOs do not necessarily align with the UNHRD's expectation. Our results suggest that for system optimality, a system coordinator should carefully assess the circumstances, including demand coefficient and stock rationing. Our research also proposes a policy priority for the first-best system optimal inventory management.

Thesis(Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2010
Title from PDF (viewed on 2009-12-22) Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

Os modos de interação de silsesquioxano poliédrico oligomérico (POSS) de gaiolas fechadas com distintos grupos funcionais foram avaliados na nanoestruturação de polipropileno isotático (iPP) via processamento reativo. Analisaram-se POSS com grupos substituintes isobutila, alila e vinila em concentrações de 0,5, 1, 2 e 5%m misturados a iPP fundido utilizando peróxido de dicumila (DCP) como iniciador. Na caracterização dos nanocompósitos foram utilizadas diversas técnicas. A morfologia foi avaliada através de cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, microscopia de transmissão e difração de raios X. O comportamento viscoelástico dos materiais no estado fundido foi medido por reologia oscilatória e no estado sólido por análises dinâmico-mecânicas. As transições térmicas foram levantadas tanto por análises dinâmico-mecânicas como por calorimetria diferencial de varredura. Modificações morfológicas e viscoelásticas importantes foram observadas para os nanocompósitos em dependência do tipo e teor de POSS empregado. A adição do Octaisobutil-POSS (OI) sugere ação estabilizante radicalar e lubrificante para este POSS. Os efeitos da incorporação do Alilisobutil-POSS (AL) indicam que este atuou como agente plastificante em função da concentração. Com Octavinil-POSS (OV) os nanocompósitos parecem adquirir estrutura ramificada ou interligada em dependência da concentração. A ativação radicalar promovida pelo DCP mostrou-se fundamental na enxertia de alguns POSS. Assim, a forma e intensidade das interações entre nanocargas e matriz foram definidas pelos grupos funcionais e concentração dos POSS. Alterações observadas na morfologia, propriedades térmicas e viscoelásticas são resultantes dessas formas e graus de interação. Deste modo, foi possível propor mecanismos de interação e arranjos morfológicos entre iPP, DCP e POSS pela avaliação do conjunto de resultados obtidos.
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The interaction modes of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) of closed cages with distinct functional groups were evaluated on isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nanostructuration via reactive processing. POSS were analyzed with isobutyl, allyl and vinyl substituent groups in concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5m% mixed with melting iPP using dicumil peroxide (DCP) as initializer. Several techniques were used to characterize the nanocomposites. The morphology was evaluated through size exclusion chromatography, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The samples viscoelastic behavior in melting state was measured by oscillatory rheometry and in solid state by dynamic mechanical analysis. The thermal transitions were obtained through dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Important morphology and viscoelastic modifications were observed in nanocomposites by dependency on the type and content of POSS used. The addition of OctaIsobutyl-POSS (OI) suggests lubricant and radicalar stabilizing action for this POSS. The AllylIsobutyl-POSS (AL) incorporation effects indicate that this one acted as plasticizing agent in function of concentration. With OctaVinyl-POSS (OV), the nanocomposites seem to acquire ramified or interlinked structure in dependency on concentration. The radicalar activation promoted by DCP was decisive in the grafting efficiency for some POSS. Therefore, the mode and the interaction intensity between nanoparticles and polymeric matrix were defined by functional groups and POSS concentration. Changes observed in morphology, thermal and viscoelastic properties as in solid state as in melting state are results of these modes and interaction degrees. It was possible to propose interaction mechanisms and morphology arrangements among iPP, DCP and POSS by evaluation of the obtained results as a whole.

Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações
On the technology era that we are living, all the citizens of the world are connected in a network. Nowadays, either shopping or meet the most remote place on Earth without leaving home is possible due to the Internet. Because of the proliferation of the services that the Internet provides, the bandwidth and capacity of the networks as they are known are facing their limit. In order to solve this problem, the only solution that the service providers have to properly supply their clients are the optical communications. They allow bitrates in the order of Terabits/s and a reach that can go up to thousands of kilometers. Passive Optical Networks (PONs) are already standardized and deployed by some of service providers. However, they do not use all the fibre capabilities. In order to take full advantage of the fibre capacities, networks that use Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and advanced modulation formats such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) must be used. Owing to the growth and evolution of the optical networks, they will become more complex. This complexity will also be at a hardware level that nowadays is still composed by discrete components. The room needed for units such as Optical Line Terminals (OLTs) will be high if integrated optical circuits are not used. Thus, the development of optical networks must be done using Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs). As a contribution for the development of optical networks of future generations, this work presents the design and implementation of an integrated optical transceiver for PONs with WDM topology that supports advanced modulation formats. These type of networks are called, in the scope of this work, hybrid PONs. At the beginning, a market analysis of the transceivers available is done so that it can be used for comparison and positioning of the developed product. Afterwards, one can read about the theory background of different optical components. For the ones needed on the chip, models are created. The architecture of the transceiver is then presented and divided in three blocks. For each one, its working principle and on chip implementation are presented. At the end, laboratory tests are performed. Their goal is to validate the chip functionalities and architecture.

Orientador : Newton de Oliveira Pinto Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil
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Mestrado

Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Na sequência do Regulamento (CE) 1606/2002, o Ministério das Finanças e da Administração Pública aprovou o Decreto-Lei n.° 158/2009, de 13 de Julho, criando o Sistema de Normalização Contabilística, revogando assim, o Plano Oficial de Contabilidade e legislação complementar. O estágio foi realizado na empresa Fernandes & Silva - Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Consultoria, S.A., no departamento de contabilidade. As principais tarefas desenvolvidas foram: a classificação e lançamento informático de documentos em ambos os normativos contabilísticos, a realização de reconciliações bancárias, criação de mapas de especialização, e finalmente, a mais importante, o apoio à transição do antigo normativo contabilístico para o novo.
Vaz, Márcia Alexandra Rodrigues
In line with the regulation (CE) 1606/2002, the Ministry of Finance and Public Administration approved the Decreto-Lei n.° 158/2009, de 13 de Julho creating the Sistema de Normalização Contabilística, thereby revoking the Plano Oficial de Contabilidade and complementary legislation. The professional training was done on the firm Fernandes&Silva - Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Consultoria,S.A., on the department of accounting. The main tasks carried was: classification and accounting registration on the computer system of documents in both accounting normatives, realization of banking reconciliations, elaboration of specialization maps, and finally, the most important, the assistance in the transition from the old to the new accounting normative.

POTS (Plain Old Telephony Service) systems have traditionally been connected via synchronous connections. When installing new nodes in the telephone network, they may sometimes be connected via packet networks such as Ethernet. Ethernet is an asynchronous network which means that nodes connected to the network don’t have access to the same clock frequency if it is not provided in some other way. If two nodes have different clock frequency, the receiver’s buffer will eventually overflow or starve. While not being a severe problem for telephony, devices used for data transmission, e.g. modems and fax will not be able to function properly. To avoid this it is necessary to synchronize the nodes.

This thesis investigates methods to synchronize nodes connected over Ethernet by simulating them in Matlab. The simulations show that under certain circumstances it is possible to produce a clock signal conforming to relevant standards.

The United States held almost 500,000 enemy combatants within her borders during World War II. Out of those 500,000 men, 380,000 were from Nazi Germany. Nazi POWs were confined to camps built near small rural towns in almost every state. It was not something that was well known to the American public. Even less known was the American Military's effort, through reeducation, to introduce Hitler's soldiers to a new political ideology-democracy. This thesis will explore how the reeducation program was formed; examine the people, both German and American, who participated in it, and make a determination on whether or not it was successful. While Special Projects did not completely win over the majority of the German POWs, it was my finding that for the Americans to have done nothing when faced with such a situation would have been foolish.

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This study will seek to understand and explain the production of meaning in magazine journalism, from a complex view to weekly magazines, Veja and ?poca. To investigate the spinning of significations, we need the unraveling of the weave. To this end, we selected the categories, a priori, that will guide our gaze: Figures of Language, from Domingos Paschoal Cegalla, and Stereotype, Myth, Culture, Power and sociolect, from Roland Barthes. Through them, barthesian Semiology, as analysis technique, and Paradigm of Complexity morinean, as research method, we will quest for decoding of signs of our object. During the course of investigation, we will see, still, two categories emerge a posteriori, that will contribute to our vision and vidence of speech in magazines: Postmodernity, from Michel Maffesoli, and Self-Help, from Arnaldo Chagas. On this basis, theoretical and methodological, we will reflect by a transdisciplinary and dialogic way on the metamorphoses in making and narrating of the magazines, at contemporaneity. We will see that the interactions, complementary, competing and antagonistic, between reason and emotion, ethics and esthetics, wisdom and dementia, reveals a postmodern magazine journalism, with their own strategies for adherence and enchantment
Este estudo buscar? compreender e explicar a produ??o de sentido no Jornalismo de revista, a partir de um olhar complexo ?s semanais de informa??o, Veja e ?poca. Para investigarmos o tecer dos significados ser? preciso o desfazer da trama. Com este fim, selecionamos as categorias, a priori, que nortear?o o nosso olhar: Figuras de Linguagem, de Domingos Paschoal Cegalla, e Estere?tipo, Mito, Cultura, Poder e Socioleto, de Roland Barthes. Por meio delas, da Semiologia barthesiana, como t?cnica de an?lise, e do Paradigma da Complexidade moriniano, como m?todo de pesquisa, iremos ao encontro da decifra??o dos signos de nosso objeto. Durante a trajet?ria de investiga??o, veremos, ainda, surgirem duas categorias, a posteriori, que contribuir?o para a nossa vis?o e vid?ncia do discurso nos magazines: P?s- Modernidade, de Michel Maffesoli, e, Autoajuda, de Arnaldo Chagas. Com esta base, te?rica e metodol?gica, refletiremos de forma transdisciplinar e dial?gica sobre as metamorfoses no modo de fazer e de narrar dos magazines, na contemporaneidade. Veremos que as intera??es, complementares, concorrentes e antag?nicas, entre raz?o e emo??o, ?tica e est?tica, sabedoria e dem?ncia, revelam um Jornalismo de revista p?s-moderno, com estrat?gias pr?prias de ades?o e de encantamento.

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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os diferentes padrões das construções nas quais o pois está inserido, visto que, como se observa, as gramáticas tradicionais fazem uma descrição superficial e inadequada do comportamento desse elemento. Analisa-se, também, essas construções sob a ótica da gramaticalização, a fim de verificar quais dessas construções estão mais gramaticalizadas. A gramaticalização é uma ferramenta de descrição lingüística por meio da qual é possível depreender mudanças semânticas e categoriais de um item ou uma construção. Pode ser analisada a partir de duas perspectivas: (i) diacrônica, que investiga a origem das formas gramaticais, descrevendo os caminhos que essa forma percorre durante o processo de mudança; e (ii) sincrônica, na qual é possível investigar os usos lingüísticos do ponto de vista dos padrões fluidos da linguagem, dentro de um determinado recorte de tempo. São sob esses enfoques que se analisam os usos do pois encontrados nos corpora. Para alcançar esse objetivo, adotam-se alguns critérios sintáticos e semânticos propostos por Bally (1965), além dos critérios que foram aplicados ao pois nos estudos lingüísticos descritivos de Guimarães (2007), Vogt (1978) e na discussão de Carone (1991) sobre coordenação e subordinação. A respeito dos pressupostos da gramaticalização, recorre-se às propostas de Traugott (1982), Traugott e König (1991) e Sweetser (1990) que focalizam a mudança semântico-pragmática, às hipóteses de Heine et al. (1991) e aos critérios de Hopper (1991), com o objetivo de verificar o grau de gramaticalidade das construções encontradas nos corpora. Com relação aos corpora, eles estão divididos quanto ao grau de formalidade e são compostos por textos epistolares e oratórios do século XVI ao XX, organizados por Barbosa (2008). Por essa investigação...
This research aims at investigating the different patterns in constructions presenting the word “pois”, taking into account that the description of this element’s behavior, in traditional grammars, is superficial and inadequate. Such constructions are also analyzed under the perspective of grammaticalization in order to verify which constructions are more grammaticalized. The grammaticalization is a tool used in linguistic description through which is possible to infer semantic and categorical changes suffered by an item or a construction. It can be analyzed considering two perspectives: (i) diachronic, that investigates the origin of the grammatical forms, describing all changes that such form has passed; and (ii) synchronic, in which is possible investigate the linguistic applications through the point of view of the language fluid patterns for a specific period of time. It is under this focus that the applications related to “pois” found in the corpora are analyzed. Besides the criteria applied to “pois” in the descriptive linguistic studies of Guimarães (2007), Vogt (1978) and the Carone’s discussion (1991) about coordination and subordination, some syntactic and semantic criteria proposed by Bally (1965) are also utilized in order to achieve the objective of this work. In respect to the grammaticalization’s presuppositions, the Traugott’s proposals (1982), Traugott and Konig (1991) and Sweetser (1990) who focus semantic-pragmatic change, the hypotheses of Heine el al. (1991) and the Hopper’s criteria (1991) are applied with the purpose of verifying the degree of grammaticality of the constructions found in the corpora. Related to the corpora, they are divided taking the degree of formality into account and they are composed of epistolary and oratory texts from the XVI and XX centuries, organized by Barbosa (2008). In this research, it was possible... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck
Banca: Sanderléia R. Longhin-Thomazi
Banca: Flávia B. de Menezes Hirata-Vale
Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os diferentes padrões das construções nas quais o pois está inserido, visto que, como se observa, as gramáticas tradicionais fazem uma descrição superficial e inadequada do comportamento desse elemento. Analisa-se, também, essas construções sob a ótica da gramaticalização, a fim de verificar quais dessas construções estão mais gramaticalizadas. A gramaticalização é uma ferramenta de descrição lingüística por meio da qual é possível depreender mudanças semânticas e categoriais de um item ou uma construção. Pode ser analisada a partir de duas perspectivas: (i) diacrônica, que investiga a origem das formas gramaticais, descrevendo os caminhos que essa forma percorre durante o processo de mudança; e (ii) sincrônica, na qual é possível investigar os usos lingüísticos do ponto de vista dos padrões fluidos da linguagem, dentro de um determinado recorte de tempo. São sob esses enfoques que se analisam os usos do pois encontrados nos corpora. Para alcançar esse objetivo, adotam-se alguns critérios sintáticos e semânticos propostos por Bally (1965), além dos critérios que foram aplicados ao pois nos estudos lingüísticos descritivos de Guimarães (2007), Vogt (1978) e na discussão de Carone (1991) sobre coordenação e subordinação. A respeito dos pressupostos da gramaticalização, recorre-se às propostas de Traugott (1982), Traugott e König (1991) e Sweetser (1990) que focalizam a mudança semântico-pragmática, às hipóteses de Heine et al. (1991) e aos critérios de Hopper (1991), com o objetivo de verificar o grau de gramaticalidade das construções encontradas nos corpora. Com relação aos corpora, eles estão divididos quanto ao grau de formalidade e são compostos por textos epistolares e oratórios do século XVI ao XX, organizados por Barbosa (2008). Por essa investigação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This research aims at investigating the different patterns in constructions presenting the word "pois", taking into account that the description of this element's behavior, in traditional grammars, is superficial and inadequate. Such constructions are also analyzed under the perspective of grammaticalization in order to verify which constructions are more grammaticalized. The grammaticalization is a tool used in linguistic description through which is possible to infer semantic and categorical changes suffered by an item or a construction. It can be analyzed considering two perspectives: (i) diachronic, that investigates the origin of the grammatical forms, describing all changes that such form has passed; and (ii) synchronic, in which is possible investigate the linguistic applications through the point of view of the language fluid patterns for a specific period of time. It is under this focus that the applications related to "pois" found in the corpora are analyzed. Besides the criteria applied to "pois" in the descriptive linguistic studies of Guimarães (2007), Vogt (1978) and the Carone's discussion (1991) about coordination and subordination, some syntactic and semantic criteria proposed by Bally (1965) are also utilized in order to achieve the objective of this work. In respect to the grammaticalization's presuppositions, the Traugott's proposals (1982), Traugott and Konig (1991) and Sweetser (1990) who focus semantic-pragmatic change, the hypotheses of Heine el al. (1991) and the Hopper's criteria (1991) are applied with the purpose of verifying the degree of grammaticality of the constructions found in the corpora. Related to the corpora, they are divided taking the degree of formality into account and they are composed of epistolary and oratory texts from the XVI and XX centuries, organized by Barbosa (2008). In this research, it was possible... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicação
We are living in a time where communications became essential for most of our lives, whether it's in the business world, or in our own homes. The increasing need of higher bandwidth inhibits other networks other than optical ber based ones. Nowadays communications are responsible for a substantial percentage of our energetic footprint, hence Passive Optical Network(PON) are a strong contender for the next step of network implementation. These networks present a low energy consumption because between the transmitter and the receiver the signal stays in the optical domain. Although the increasing needs of bandwidth is almost across the communication world, certain services/identities need more bandwidth whether is download or upload. It's easy to understand that di erent consumers have unique needs. It's necessary to develop an architecture that serves all the costumers, in other words, there is a need for a network that provides high bitrate tra c to the users that needs it but also a network that serves the low end user that is not interested in this increase of bandwidth and therefore price in ation. There is today technologies yet to be widely implemented like NG-PON2 that were not implemented in a large scale because they dont represent a nancial return to the telecom operators simply because there is not enough user that requires the high bandwidth delivered by NG-PON2. It's necessary to nd a solution that includes not only the modern technologies but also the already implemented ones. With the objective of nding a solution for the problems mentioned before, this dissertation has the objective of designing a Photonic Integrated Circuit(PIC) that aims to be a transceiver of a Multitech Network that will be composed by the following technologies: Video-Overlay, XG-PON e NG-PON2. This dissertation presents an approach on Passive Optical Networks( PON) and the standards of the said technologies as well as a study of the components needed to assemble the transceiver using the programs ASPIC and VPI Photonics . In the end, there will be presented an architecture for the transceiver to be used in a Optical Network Unit(ONU), and the respective mask Layout.
Vivemos numa época em que as comunicações se tornaram essenciais para grande parte da nossa vida, seja no mundo empresarial, seja nas nossas habitações. A crescente necessidade de aumento de largura de banda inviabiliza outras redes que não baseadas em braotica. Actualmente as comunicações são responsáveis por uma percentagem substancial dos nossos gastos energéticos, justamente por este facto Passive Optical Networks(PON) sao as principais candidatas ao próximo passo no desenvolvimento de redes. Estas apresentam menor consumo energético, pois entre o emissor e o receptor todo o sinal permanece no domínio óptico. Apesar da necessidade de largura de banda estar a aumentar de um modo transversal no mundo das telecomunicações, certos serviços/entidades necessitam de maiores velocidades tanto em termos de download como em termos de upload. E então fácil de perceber que consumidores diferentes têm necessidades diferentes. E necessário encontrar uma arquitectura que agrade a quem necessita de maiores larguras de banda mas também a quem não necessita de um aumento significativo e que, não está disposto a pagar por este. Existem neste momento tecnologias que ainda não foram implementadas em grandes escalas, como o caso de Next Generation Passive Optical Network (NG-PON2), porque não simbolizam um retorno financeiro para as grande operadores, uma vez que o número de potenciais consumidores de tais velocidades ainda não e substancialmente grande. E necessário encontrar uma solução que não so englobe as novas tecnologias como também as já existentes. Com o objectivo de se encontrar um solução para os problemas acima referidos, este trabalho assenta na elaboração de um Circuito integrado fotonico que visa ser um transrecetor de uma arquitetura multi-tecnologia em que irão ser incorporadas tecnologias como Video-Overlay, 10 Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (XG-PON) e NG-PON2. Esta dissertação apresenta uma abordagem as Redes Oticas Passivas e também um estudo feito aos componentes usados no transreceptor usando os programas Aspic e VPI Photonics . Porém ser a apresentado o desenho final do transreceptor que ser a usado numa Optical Network Unit(ONU).

This master´s thesis is focused on development of business activities of company POSS-SLPC s.r.o., whose main activity is cutting production for the electronics industry. The company is determined to work on stable success and search for new opportunities at new markets. The thesis consists of analysis of the company´s current situation and market environment based on relevant theoretical knowledge. The main outcome of the thesis is an introduction to actual proposals for development of business activities for POSS-SLPC s.r.o. through acquisition of new customers from the automotive industry.

Les mycotoxines, comme la déoxynivalénol (DON), sont connues pour affecter les performances de croissance des porcs, principalement par une réduction de la prise alimentaire. Il est également reconnu que DON peut modifier la réponse immunitaire, incluant la réponse vaccinale, ainsi que le statut oxydatif des animaux exposés. La présente étude visait donc à déterminer les effets d'aliments contaminés par le DON et supplémentés en antioxydants ou en un additif antimycotoxine sur la réponse vaccinale des porcs contre le virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (VSRRP) et le circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Trois cent trente-deux porcelets ont été nourris avec l'une des trois rations contaminées à 0,70, 1,5 et 2,50 mg/kg de DON ainsi que trois autres rations contenant 2,5 mg/kg de DON plus un supplément antimycotoxinique (aluminosilicate hydraté de sodium et de calcium), ou un supplément d'antioxydants (vitamines A et E (20 000 UI/kg et 200 UI/kg), sélénium organique en lieu et place du sélénite de sodium (levures enrichies en sélénium)) ou encore une combinaison des deux suppléments pendant une période de 35 jours. Les porcelets furent tous vaccinés 7 jours après l'exposition au DON contre le VSRRP et le PCV2. Le poids des porcelets a été mesuré et des échantillons sanguins ont été prélevés. Aucun effet significatif de DON sur la prise alimentaire quotidienne, l'efficacité alimentaire et le gain moyen quotidien des porcelets ne fut observé. Toutefois, le poids à jour 35 tendait à diminuer linéairement avec l'augmentation du DON (P=0,096) alors que l'ajout de la combinaison des suppléments à l'aliment contaminé au DON tendait à augmenter le poids à jour 35 (P=0,075). La contamination au DON a augmenté la prolifération lymphocytaire in vitro après stimulation par la concanavaline A avec une valeur maximale à 1,5 mg/kg de DON (effet quadratique, P=0,005). La prolifération in vitro des lymphocytes en présence de PCV2 tendait également à augmenter linéairement chez les porcs exposés au DON (P=0,081). Les porcs exposés au DON ont aussi eu un niveau d'anticorps contre le VSRRP plus élevé avec une valeur maximale à 1,5 mg/kg de DON (effet quadratique, P=0,017). De plus, l'ajout de la combinaison des suppléments a significativement augmenté le niveau d'anticorps contre le VSRRP comparativement au traitement 2,5 mg/kg de DON. Cette étude a montré qu'une concentration en DON de 1,5 mg/kg stimule la prolifération lymphocytaire et la réponse vaccinale contre le VSRRP et que la combinaison des suppléments en antioxydants et antimycotoxine peut aussi agir positivement sur cette réponse vaccinale au VSRRP. Mots clés : déoxynivalénol, porcs, antimycotoxine, antioxydant, VSRRP, PCV2, réponse vaccinale

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Elizabeth Schroedl, for the Master of Science degree in Chemistry, presented on June 26, 2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: DETERMINATION OF VETERINARY ANTIBIOTICS VIA POLAR ORGANIC COMPOUND INTEGRATD SAMPLING (POCIS) MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Gary Kinsel A growing concern in the environment is the occurrence of antibiotics in our water systems. Antibiotics are used extensively in veterinary practices on mass production animal farms. The primary mode of transport of antibiotics into the water systems is waste-water runoff from animal lots and agricultural fields. Passive sampling systems can be deployed to monitor the amount of antibiotics entering the water systems. This paper compares the use of a commercially available passive sampling device to a home-built device using Oasis HLB sorbent disks in order to validate a less expensive method of monitoring antibiotics in water systems. The home-built device was exposed to water spiked with various concentrations of antibiotics lincomycin and oxytetracycline over a period of 10 days. Disks were extracted and sampled at days 3, 7 and 10 using LCMS detection. The mean (n=9) result for lincomycin percent recovery using HLB disks was 86% with a sampling rate of 0.02550 mL/day and 62% for oxytetracycline with a sampling rate of 0.01745 mL/day. The commercial device was exposed to various concentrations of the antibiotics for 7 days. The mean (n=3) percent recovery for lincomycin was 104% with sampling rate of 0.03204 mL/day, and 74% for oxytetracycline with a sampling rate of 0.02262 mL/day. Results between days were inconsistent; however both devices followed the same trend at each concentration. With additional investigation, the home-build device is a valid alternative to the commercially available device for monitoring antibiotics in water systems.

Chez les troupeaux porcins malades, l’ingestion irrégulière de moulée médicamenteuse peut diminuer l’efficacité du traitement et favoriser la sélection de bactéries antibio-résistantes. Pour vérifier l’influence du rang social sur le comportement alimentaire, 108 mâles castrés, pesant en moyenne 49,5 ± 4,71 kg, ont été logés en groupes de 12 et répartis en trois répétitions de trois parcs chacune. Chaque groupe a été soumis à deux tests de compétition alimentaire pour déterminer les rangs sociaux des porcs. Des stations d’alimentation informatisée IVOG© ont enregistré les données alimentaires individuelles durant dix jours d’alimentation médicamenteuse. Le test de corrélation de rangs de Spearman a démontré l’inconsistance des deux tests dans la détermination des rangs sociaux. L’analyse par regroupement des données alimentaires a séparé les porcs en 3 groupes. Le nombre de dominants et de subordonnés par groupe étant les mêmes, l’influence des rangs sociaux sur les patrons alimentaires n’a pu être démontrée.
In the pig industry, bacterial diseases are usually treated with in-feed antibiotics. Irregular ingestion can decrease treatment efficiency and promote the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of social rank on individual feeding patterns in pigs. A total of 108 barrows of 49.5 ± 4.71 kg were housed in groups of 12 pigs distributed into 3 replicates of 3 pens each. The IVOGÒ feeding-stations registered individual feeding data during a 10-day period of medicated feed (chlortetracycline). Two social rank tests were done to determine social ranks in each group. Spearman’s rank correlation tests confirmed inconsistency in social rank determination from one test to the other. Three clusters were established based on feeding data. The number of dominant and subordinate pigs was not significantly different from one cluster to the other. Therefore, no clear relationship could be demonstrated between social ranks and individual feeding patterns.

In the present thesis, levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), some chosen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were analyzed by gas chromatography in the yolk sac of newly hatched chicks of European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Brünnich’s guillemot (Uria lomvia) and common eider (Somateria mollissima) from the Norwegian coast and Svalbard. Levels of vitamin A (retinol), retinyl palmitate and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) were measured in plasma and liver of the hatchlings using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using statistics, possible significant relationships between levels of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and vitamin levels were examined. Hence, the study aimed to elucidate retinoids and tocopherol as potential biomarkers of POP exposure. An exposure study on domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos) eggs was also conducted to assess the effects of 2,2’,4,4’,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on vitamin levels under controlled laboratory conditions.

There were significant differences in POP levels between the bird species included in the present study. In general, kittiwake hatchlings had higher levels of POPs than the other species, followed by shag, Brünnich’s guillemot and common eider hatchlings. Levels of organochlorine compounds in the hatchlings seemed to be higher than reported in sea bird eggs from the Canadian Arctic but lower than reported in eggs of other seabirds from the Netherlands, the Baltic, the Great Lakes and Japan. In contrast to this, the levels of PBDEs and HBCD seemed to be high in some of the species (kittiwakes, shags) relative to a European scale.

Negative relationships were revealed between POPs and morphology in Brünnich’s guillemot hatchlings, indicating that this species may be more responsive with respect to effects of POPs on morphological variables than the other species included in the present study. The importance of considering possible confounding impacts of lipid content when studying effects of POPs on morphological variables was emphasized in shag hatchlings.

The study revealed negative correlations between POPs and liver tocopherol levels in domestic duck and shag hatchlings. In Brünnich’s guillemot hatchlings, liver tocopherol levels also were negatively associated with POPs, but the relationships were less strong when the effect of body mass on tocopherol levels was accounted for. In kittiwake and common eider hatchlings, however, there seemed to be a positive influence by POPs on tocopherol levels. Thus, the results should encourage further research on the effects of POPs on tocopherol levels (including oxidized forms of the vitamin).

In shag hatchlings, negative relationships between POPs and plasma retinol levels were observed, in line with several previous studies on birds. Since retinol was not influenced in any other species included in the study, tocopherol levels might be more responsive than retinol levels to POP exposure. Additional studies should, however, be conducted before certain conclusions are drawn.

Concerning the work needed for further development of vitamins as biomarkers of POP, effort should be done to characterize confounding factors, such as diet and condition of the avian mothers. Although there was no obvious link between the observed responses of vitamins to POP exposure and effects at higher biological levels (i.e. reproduction disturbances, population decline), the relevance of vitamins as potential biomarkers of POP exposure should not be repelled.

Les acides aminés (AA) sont une composante essentielle du régime alimentaire des animaux de ferme, mais la détermination précise des besoins en AA est un défi. Les besoins en AA peuvent être influencés par de nombreux facteurs, notamment la génétique, la santé, l’âge et, comme récemment montrée, la variabilité individuelle. Dans les systèmes classiques d’alimentation des troupeaux par phase (SATP), tous les porcs reçoivent la même ration pendant de longues périodes. De ce fait et afin de s’assurer qu’ils expriment leur plein potentiel de croissance, la plupart des porcs reçoivent plus d’éléments nutritifs qu’ils n’en n’ont besoin, ce qui engendre des effets nuisibles sur l'environnement par l'excrétion d'azote accrue, et sur les coûts de production. Dans les systèmes d’alimentation individuelle de précision (SAIP), les porcs reçoivent une ration ajustée chaque jour en fonction de leurs besoins nutritifs. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de distinguer les exigences de l’AA d’une population de celles des individus. Les rapports optimaux d’AA entre les différents AA essentiels ont été établis pour les systèmes d’alimentation classiques par phase, mais ces rapports pourraient différer selon qu’il s’agit d’un système d’alimentation classique ou d’un système d’alimentation de précision des porcs. L’objectif principal de cette recherche a été de comparer le rapport optimal thréonine: lysine (Thr: Lys) entre le système d’alimentation classique par phase et le système individuel d’alimentation de précision. À l’aide d’une méthodologie de dose-réponse avec cinq ratios Thr: Lys pour des porcs en croissance dans un SATP ou SAIP la composition chimique et la concentration en AA de la carcasse ont été affectées par le ratio Thr: Lys et l’ampleur ainsi que le type de réponse était dépendant du système d’alimentation utilisé. Il a été possible de confirmer l’hypothèse de départ selon laquelle les ratios optimaux des AA utilisés par le SATP ne sont pas adéquats pour établir les besoins des AA dans les systèmes d’alimentation de précision. Dans une seconde étude de dose-réponse avec des rapports Thr: Lys similaires offerts aux porcs en finition, les besoins de Thr:Lys étaient plus élevés que ceux observés précédemment pour les porcs en croissance suggérant que les besoins en AA pour le dépôt de protéine est dépendant de l'âge. Ces deux études suggèrent que les porcs peuvent moduler leur croissance et leur composition corporelle en fonction du niveau d'apport en AA et peuvent répondre différemment à la même quantité d'AA ingérée. Ces études soulignent en outre la faiblesse de l'utilisation d'un profil protéique idéal en considérant des exigences fixes en AA en raison de la composition en AA de la carcasse supposée constante. L'estimation précise des besoins en AA pour les porcs dans un SAIP semble être limitée par l'utilisation de ratios AA fixes, car les porcs ont des exigences en AA différentes. Enfin, une nouvelle approche basée sur une conception composite centrale avec une configuration factorielle visant à estimer indépendamment les besoins pour la Lys et la Thr en temps réel chez les porcs nourris individuellement a été proposée. Une réponse non unique du dépôt de protéines à diverses combinaisons Thr et Lys a été observée en raison des différences dans les exigences en AA entre les porcs. Cet aperçu de la variabilité entre les porcs est utile pour affiner le système d'alimentation de précision en estimant les besoins en AA de manière plus précise et en nourrissant les porcs selon leurs besoins individuels. De plus, cela permettrait de réduire le gaspillage de nutriments chez les porcs avec moins de dépôt protéique. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse soutiennent l'idée que les changements dans la composition corporelle chez les porcs sont induits par des changements dans les niveaux alimentaires en AA. Par conséquent, la croissance peut être modulée en fonction de la composition corporelle optimale souhaitée par le consommateur. Cette thèse propose un changement de perspective dans la nutrition animale, où l’AA peut être un déclencheur de la réponse métabolique animale avec des exigences en AA dynamiques et distinctes chez les animaux de manière individuelle.
Amino acids (AA) are essential components of diets but accurate determination of AA requirements in farm animals is a challenge. Requirements for AA in pigs can be influenced by several factors, including genetics, health, age, and, as recently shown, also individual variability. In conventional group-phase feeding (GPF) systems, large groups of pigs receive the same feed during extended periods and most pigs receive more nutrients than required to express their growth potential with potential detrimental effects on the environment through increased nitrogen excretion, and on production costs. In individual precision feeding (IPF) systems, pigs are fed diets tailored daily to their individual nutrient requirements. In light of this, it is necessary to distinguish the AA requirements of a population from those of individuals. Optimal essential AA ratios have been established for pigs in conventional GPF systems, but these optimal AA ratios might differ for pigs in IPF systems. The main research objective was to compare the ideal protein profile in pigs using the optimal threonine-to-lysine (Thr:Lys) ratio between conventional GPF and IPF systems. Based on a dose-response approach with five levels Thr:Lys ratios offered to growing pigs in a GPF or IPF system, it was possible to confirm the initial hypothesis that optimal AA ratios differ between feeding systems. Carcass chemical composition and AA concentration was likewise affected by the Thr:Lys ratio, and the magnitude and type of response depended on the feeding system. In a second dose-response study with similar Thr:Lys ratios offered to late finishing pigs, requirements were larger than to those previously observed for growing pigs, suggesting that AA requirements for protein deposition is age dependent. These two studies suggest that individual pigs can modulate their growth and body composition according to the level of AA intake and can respond differently to same amount of ingested AA. These studies further highlighted the weakness of using an ideal protein profile by considering fixed requirements for AA due the assumed constant AA carcass composition. Accurate estimation of AA requirements for pigs in an IPF system seems to be mainly limited by the use of fixed AA ratios as pigs have different AA requirements. Finally, a novel approach to the dose-response approach based on a central composite design with a factorial design aiming at independently estimating real-time requirements for Lys and Thr in individual pigs was proposed. A non-unique response of protein deposition to various Thr and Lys combinations was observed due to the differences in AA requirements among individual pigs. This insight on variability among individual pigs is useful to fine-tune the precision feeding system by estimating AA requirements more accurately, feeding pigs according to their individual requirements, and, ultimately, reduce waste of nutrients in pigs with lower protein deposition. The results presented in this thesis support the idea that changes in body composition in pigs are induced by changes in dietary AA levels. Therefore, growth may be modulated to the optimal body composition desired by the consumer. This thesis proposes a change of perspective in animal nutrition, where AA may be seen as a trigger for animal metabolic response with dynamic and distinctive AA requirements in individual animals.
Os aminoácidos (AA) são componentes essenciais das dietas, mas a determinação exata das exigências de AA em animais de criação é um desafio. Exigências nutricionais de AA em suínos podem ser influenciadas por vários fatores os quais incluem: genética, estado sanitário, idade, e como recentemente demonstrado, a variabilidade individual. Tradicionalmente animais recebem a dieta usando um sistema convencional de alimentação de grupos por fase (AGF). Nesse sistema todos os suínos recebem a mesma ração durante toda uma fase de crescimento e a maioria dos animais recebem mais nutrientes do que o necessário para expressar o seu potencial de crescimento. Isso vai impactar negativamente no meio-ambiente devido a grande excreção de nitrogênio e nos aumentados custos de produção. Em sistemas de alimentação precisão individual (API), os suinos são alimentados com dietas diariamente adaptadas às suas exigências individuais de AA. Neste contexto, é necessário distinguir as exigência de AA de uma população e de indivíduos. O perfil de proteína ideal foi estabelecido para suínos em sistemas convencionais de AGF, mas estas relações ideais de AA podem ser diferentes para suínos em sistemas API. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi comparar o perfil de proteína ideal em suínos, usando a relação ideal treonina-para-lisina (Thr:Lys) entre sistemas convencionais de AGF e API. Usando a metodologia de dose-resposta com cinco relações Thr:Lys dentre de um sistema AGF ou API, foi possível confirmar a hipótese inicial que perfil de proteína ideal em suínos diferem entre sistemas de alimentação. A composição química e concentração de AA na carcaça também foi afetada pela relação Thr:Lys, e a magnitude e o tipo de resposta foram dependentes do sistema de alimentação usado. Em um segundo estudo de dose-resposta, com relações de Thr:Lys semelhantes as oferecidas anteriormente aos suínos em crescimento foram oferecidas à suínos em terminação. Foi possivel observar que para estes as exigências de Thr eram maiores do que aquelas observadas anteriormente para suínos em crescimento, sugerindo que as exigências de AA para deposição de proteína é idadedependente. Estes dois estudos sugerem que suínos podem modular a sua taxa de crescimento e composição corporal de acordo com o nível de ingestão de AA e podem responder de forma diferente a mesma quantidade de AA ingerido. Estes estudos destacam a fragilidade do uso do conceito perfil de proteína ideal, considerando exigências fixas de AA devido a assunção de que a composição de carcaça tem concentração de AA constante. A determinação exata das exigências de AA para suínos em um sistema API parece ser limitada principalmente pelo uso de relações fixas e constantes de AA, porém suínos têm exigências de AA diferentes entre eles. Finalmente, propõe-se uma nova abordagem baseada num desenho composto central com uma configuração fatorial visando independentemente estimar as exigências de Lys e Thr em tempo real para suínos em um sistema API. Com esta metodologia, observou-se uma resposta de deposição de proteína não-unica para diferent combinações de Thr e Lys, devido às diferenças nas exigências de AA entre suínos. Essa percepção sobre a variabilidade entre individuos é útil para ajustar o modelo de nutrição de precisão aprimorando as estimativas de exigências AA, nurrindo animais de acordo com suas necessidades individuais possibilitando a redução do desperdício de nutrientes especialmente em suínos com baixa deposição de proteína. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese, apoiam a ideia de que alterações na composição corporal em suínos são induzidas por alterações nos níveis dietéticos de AA. Portanto, o crescimento pode ser modulado para a composição de corporal ideal desejada pelo consumidor. Esta tese propõe uma mudança de perspectiva na alimentação animal, onde AA pode ser visto como um gatilho para desencadear uma resposta metabólica animal ao invés da tradicional visão de AA como exigências nutricionais fixas.