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Academic literature on the topic 'PNG'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PNG"

1

Kumar, Rajkishore, J. M. Patel, S. L. Pawar, Narendra Singh, and R. G. Patil. "Land characterization and soil-site suitability- evaluation of banana growing areas of South Gujarat, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1474.

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An investigation was carried out to evaluate the soil-site suitability and land characterization in some banana growing soils of South Gujarat. The soil belongs to Vertisols, Inceptisols and Enitisols soil order. Banana growing soil (Pedon-1) of Narmada district have ochric epipedon whereas, pedon 2, 3, 4,5, 6 and 9 are placed in order Inceptisols owing to ochric epipedon followed by cambic horizon (changes in colour, structure and texture). The presence of smectite mineralogy class, hyperthermic soil moisture regime and more than 30 per cent clay (but less than 60 per cent), pedon 7 and 8 classified as Inceptisols. In respect of land characteristics, The cumulative rating index of Jhagadia (PN2), Bardoli (PN5) and Palsana (P6) coming under highly sustainable (S2). Whereas, rest of the pedon i.e., Narmada (P1), Bharuch (PN3), Kamrej (PN4) Navsari (PN7), Jalalpore (PN8) and Valsad (PN9) are sustainable under high input (S3). Considering the soil-site suitability criteria, Bharuch (PN3), Palsana (PN6) and Jalalpore (PN8) are identified as highly suitable talukas for banana cultivation. While the Narmada (PN1), Jhagadia (PN2), Kamrej (PN4), Bardoli (PN5), Navsari (PN7) and Valsad (PN9) were categorized in moderately suitable class (S2). The suitability class can be improved if the correctable limitations (soil fertility characteristics) are altered through soil amelioration measures.

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2

Silva, Edson Lindolfo da, José Humberto Vilar da Silva, José Jordão Filho, and Marcelo Luís Gomes Ribeiro. "Efeito do plano de nutrição sobre o rendimento de carcaça de codornas tipo carne." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 31, no. 2 (April 2007): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542007000200036.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do plano de nutrição (PN) e do sexo (S) sobre rendimento de carcaça de codornas utilizou-se 576 codornas, distribuídas num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 9 X 2 (PN X S), que resultaram em 18 tratamentos com quatro repetições de oito aves. Os PN foram avaliados de 1 a 21 e de 22 a 42 dias de idade: PN1 = 28% PB, 1,5% de lisina (L) e 1,1% de metionina+cistina (MC), e 24% de PB, 1,3% L e 0,9% MC; PN2 = 25,2% PB, 1,23% L e 0,83% MC, e 21,6% PB, 1,0% L e 0,74% MC; PN3= 22,4% PB, 1,2% L e 0,71% MC, e 19,2% PB, 0,95% L, 0,64% MC; PN4 = PN2+L; PN5 = PN3+L; PN6 = PN2+MC; PN7 = PN3+MC; PN8 = PN2+L+MC e PN9 = PN3+L+MC. As suplementações com fontes industriais de Lys e Met+Cys foram realizadas para garantir níveis semelhantes destes aminoácidos nas dietas em que a proteína foi reduzida (do PN4 até o PN9). Houve interações do PN com o sexo para o peso vivo, peso de carcaça, peito e pernas. Para a fase de 1 a 21 recomendam-se 22,4% de PB, 1,2% de lisina e 1,1% de aminoácidos sulfurosos (AAS), e de 22 a 42 sugerem-se 19,2% de PB, 0,95% de lisina e 0,9% de AAS.

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3

Silva, Edson Lindolfo da, José Humberto Vilar da Silva, José Jordão Filho, Marcelo Luís Gomes Ribeiro, Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa, and Paulo Borges Rodrigues. "Redução dos níveis de proteína e suplementação aminoacídica em rações para codornas européias (Coturnix coturnix coturnix)." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 35, no. 3 (June 2006): 822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982006000300027.

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O experimento foi realizado objetivando-se avaliar o efeito de nove planos de nutrição (PN) sobre o desempenho de um lote misto de 576 codornas, distribuído em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições de 16 aves. Nas fases de 1 a 21 dias de idade, os PN foram: PN1 = 28% de proteína bruta (PB), 1,5% lisina (L) e 1,1% de metionina+cistina (MC) de 1 a 21 dias e 24%PB, 1,3%L e 0,9%MC de 22 a 42 dias (controle); PN2 = 25,2% PB, 1,23% L e 0,83% MC de 1 a 21 dias e de 21,6% PB, 1,0% L e 0,74% MC de 22 a 42 dias; PN3 = 22,4% PB, 0,71% MC de 1 a 21 dias e 1,2% L e 19,2% PB, 0,64% MC e 0,95% L de 22 a 42 dias; PN4 = PN2+L; PN5 = PN3+L; PN6 = PN2+MC; PN7 = PN3+MC; PN8 = PN2+L+MC; e PN9 = PN3+L+MC. A suplementação da ração do PN4 ao PN9 com L, MC ou L+MC foi realizada para proporcionar valores de L e de MC semelhantes aos do PN1. As rações nas duas fases continham 2.900 kcal EM/kg e, como a água, foram oferecidas à vontade. Na fase de 1 a 21 dias, a redução da proteína de 28 para 22,4% reduziu o consumo, o peso vivo e o ganho de peso, mas não afetou a conversão alimentar. A suplementação da dieta com MC melhorou o desempenho das aves. O uso do nível de L recomendado (1,5%) em ração deficiente em PB (19,2%) e em MC (0,71%) afetou negativamente o crescimento de codornas de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Ao contrário, o atendimento da exigência em MC permitiu a redução da PB de 28 para 22,4% e de 24 para 19,2%, respectivamente, de 1 a 21 e de 22 a 42 dias, independentemente da suplementação de lisina.

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4

NISHIOKA, Yoshiharu, and Juri NAGATSU. "PNG Elevation Tile." Geoinformatics 26, no. 4 (2015): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.6010/geoinformatics.26.4.155.

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KRIKKEN, J., and J. HUIJBREGTS. "New Guinea Onthophagus: taxonomy of ten small, unicolored new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)." Zootaxa 3619, no. 5 (March 4, 2013): 501–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3619.5.1.

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The taxonomy of small, unicolor brown to black Papuasian species of the genus Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 is discussed. Two multi-species groups are defined in the nominotypical subgenus Onthophagus, one with broad and one with narrow dorsal eye foramina (O. acerus and O. kokodentatus groups, respectively). Twelve species are listed, keyed, and diagnosed. Ten of these are new species from Papua New Guinea (PNG) and West New Guinea (WNG, Indonesia), here described in the Onthophagus acerus group: O. aceroides (WNG), O. baiyericus (PNG), O. bituberoculus (WNG), O. daymanus (PNG), O. kokocellosus (PNG), O. kokopygus (PNG); in the Onthophagus kokodentatus group: O. dissidentatus (PNG), O. kokodentatus (PNG), O. kukali (PNG); and an ungrouped new species: Onthophagus ofianus (PNG). Two previously named species, O. acer Gillet, 1930 and O. mimikanus Balthasar, 1969, are briefly diagnosed and discussed.

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Stoneking, M., L. B. Jorde, K. Bhatia, and A. C. Wilson. "Geographic variation in human mitochondrial DNA from Papua New Guinea." Genetics 124, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.3.717.

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Abstract High resolution mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction maps, consisting of an average of 370 sites per mtDNA map, were constructed for 119 people from 25 localities in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Comparison of these PNG restriction maps to published maps from Australian, Caucasian, Asian and African mtDNAs reveals that PNG has the lowest amount of mtDNA variation, and that PNG mtDNA lineages originated from Southeast Asia. The statistical significance of geographic structuring of populations with respect to mtDNA was assessed by comparing observed GST values to a distribution of GST values generated by random resampling of the data. These analyses show that there is significant structuring of mtDNA variation among worldwide populations, between highland and coastal PNG populations, and even between two highland PNG populations located approximately 200 km apart. However, coastal PNG populations are essentially panmictic, despite being spread over several hundred kilometers. Highland PNG populations also have more mtDNA variability and more mtDNA types represented per founding lineage than coastal PNG populations. All of these observations are consistent with a more ancient, restricted origin of highland PNG populations, internal isolation of highland PNG populations from one another and from coastal populations, and more recent and extensive population movements through coastal PNG. An apparent linguistic effect on PNG mtDNA variation disappeared when geography was taken into account. The high resolution technique for examining mtDNA variation, coupled with extensive geographic sampling within a single defined area, leads to an enhanced understanding of the influence of geography on mtDNA variation in human populations.

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Lee, Laura A., Lisa K. Elfring, Giovanni Bosco, and Terry L. Orr-Weaver. "A Genetic Screen for Suppressors and Enhancers of the Drosophila PAN GU Cell Cycle Kinase Identifies Cyclin B as a Target." Genetics 158, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 1545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.4.1545.

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Abstract The early cell cycles of Drosophila embryogenesis involve rapid oscillations between S phase and mitosis. These unique S-M cycles are driven by maternal stockpiles of components necessary for DNA replication and mitosis. Three genes, pan gu (png), plutonium (plu), and giant nuclei (gnu) are required to control the cell cycle specifically at the onset of Drosophila development by inhibiting DNA replication and promoting mitosis. PNG is a protein kinase that is in a complex with PLU. We employed a sensitized png mutant phenotype to screen for genes that when reduced in dosage would dominantly suppress or enhance png. We screened deficiencies covering over 50% of the autosomes and identified both enhancers and suppressors. Mutations in eIF-5A and PP1 87B dominantly suppress png. Cyclin B was shown to be a key PNG target. Mutations in cyclin B dominantly enhance png, whereas png is suppressed by cyclin B overexpression. Suppression occurs via restoration of Cyclin B protein levels that are decreased in png mutants. The plu and gnu phenotypes are also suppressed by cyclin B overexpression. These studies demonstrate that a crucial function of PNG in controlling the cell cycle is to permit the accumulation of adequate levels of Cyclin B protein.

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Montejo-Alvaro, Fernando, Jesus A. Martínez-Espinosa, Hugo Rojas-Chávez, Diana C. Navarro-Ibarra, Heriberto Cruz-Martínez, and Dora I. Medina. "CO2 Adsorption over 3d Transition-Metal Nanoclusters Supported on Pyridinic N3-Doped Graphene: A DFT Investigation." Materials 15, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 6136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176136.

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CO2 adsorption on bare 3d transition-metal nanoclusters and 3d transition-metal nanoclusters supported on pyridinic N3-doped graphene (PNG) was investigated by employing the density functional theory. First, the interaction of Co13 and Cu13 with PNG was analyzed by spin densities, interaction energies, charge transfers, and HUMO-LUMO gaps. According to the interaction energies, the Co13 nanocluster was adsorbed more efficiently than Cu13 on the PNG. The charge transfer indicated that the Co13 nanocluster donated more charges to the PNG nanoflake than the Cu13 nanocluster. The HUMO-LUMO gap calculations showed that the PNG improved the chemical reactivity of both Co13 and Cu13 nanoclusters. When the CO2 was adsorbed on the bare 3d transition-metal nanoclusters and 3d transition-metal nanoclusters supported on the PNG, it experienced a bond elongation and angle bending in both systems. In addition, the charge transfer from the nanoclusters to the CO2 molecule was observed. This study proved that Co13/PNG and Cu13/PNG composites are adequate candidates for CO2 adsorption and activation.

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Williams, Ged, Rose Jaspers, Veronica Wohuinangu, Svatka Micik, and Adrian De Luca. "Critical Care Nursing in Papua New Guinea." Connect: The World of Critical Care Nursing 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/wfccn-d-20-00011.

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ObjectiveTo explore and understand the current context of critical care nursing in Papua New Guinea (PNG).MethodA three day fact finding mission and consulation process with leaders of critical care and health services in PNG.ResultsAlthough challenged by limited resources and healthcare infrastructure there is a determination among local health care providers to growth and improve the provision of critical care services from the major hospitals of PNG. The PNG Critical Care Nurses Society (PNG CCNS) was officially formed in March 2020, providing hope and optimism for a renewed emphasis on this important speciality in PNG.ConclusionThe authors and the PNG CCNS recommend the establishment of active and supportive partnerships with other critical care leaders of the world to help guide future developments in PNG.

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Hasegawa, Takuya, Kentaro Ando, and Hideharu Sasaki. "Cold Water Flow and Upper-Ocean Currents in the Bismarck Sea from December 2001 to January 2002." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4421.1.

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Abstract The authors investigated the upper-ocean currents in the Bismarck Sea and related oceanic thermal changes in the western equatorial South Pacific for December 2001–January 2002; during this period, coastal upwelling occurred along the Papua New Guinea (PNG) coast. Southeastward and northwestward coastal currents toward the central PNG coast appeared along northern and southern PNG, respectively. In addition, westward currents extended toward central PNG in the southern part of the Bismarck Sea. A northeastward outflow toward the equator from the PNG coastal area, which is compensated for by such flows, was also found. Volume budget analysis in the upper ocean showed that, during the analysis period, the northeastward outflow ranged from +1.0 to +2.0 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). This northeastward outflow brought relatively cool coastal water, which is related to PNG coastal upwelling, to the western equatorial South Pacific near PNG during this period. In addition, the upper-ocean temperature in this region showed a cooling tendency in line with a negative heat transport from the PNG coastal region. The present results indicate that northeastward transport of the cold water is related to the complicated upper-ocean currents in the Bismarck Sea and may have strongly affected the upper-ocean thermal change in the western equatorial Pacific near PNG for December 2001–January 2002.

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More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PNG"

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Sporton, Benjamin R. "Australian aid and the fostering of PNG and East Timor /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars764.pdf.

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Au, Lucy. "Assessing the Potential Needs for Telehealth in Papua New Guinea (PNG)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences Centre, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4656.

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Papua New Guinea has the highest infant and maternal morbidity and mortality rates in the Western Pacific Regions and 50% of hospital admissions are from vaccine preventable diseases. About 85% of 6 million inhabitants live in rural PNG where basic services are lacking or non-existent. Difficulties such as lack of infrastructures like road network and communication, geographical barriers like big mountain ranges, large rivers and swamps, shortage of skilled health professionals and higher concentration of health workers in cities pose great challenges in delivering health services effectively across the country. Telehealth may play an important role in reaching health services to the underserved population in PNG. As part of this study, it is essential to assess the potential of telehealth to enhance the delivery of health services. Specifically, this research aims to report the knowledge, attitudes and skills towards information and communication technology of health care providers in PNG. The study used a cross sectional method of health professionals working at the time of the survey. It collected 174 questionnaires from four hospitals and used SPSS (version17.0) to analyse the data. The results showed that younger male physicians, paramedics, those with gadgets, higher educational qualifications and exposed to ICT resources possess better knowledge and skills than female, older age group and those without gadgets or under exposed to ICT. Currently, the health care professionals in general have leap frogged the technology by focusing on handheld devices such as cell phones rather than landlines. This represents scope for growth and willingness by health workers to adopt and expand telehealth in PNG.

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Habibi-Babadi, Nasrin. "PNG-1, A Peptide: N-Glycanase Limits Axon Outgrowth and Branching in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30699.

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Assembly of neuronal networks with distinct patterns of connectivity during nervous system development involves the growth, extension and branching of axons and dendrites. Over the years genetic and biochemical studies in model organisms have contributed significantly in identifying mechanisms regulating axon growth and extension. However the molecular mechanisms underlying axon branching remain unclear. The egg-laying neuronal circuitry in C. elegans has proven to be a robust system for identifying and characterizing novel genes involved in neuronal morphology. This circuitry which mediates egg-laying behavior in nematodes is composed of two families of motorneurons, HSNs and VCs, which are among the most branched neurons in C. elegans. A genetic screen for axon branch defects in the egg-laying neurons identified png-1 to disrupt neuronal morphology including axon branching. png-1 encodes a Peptide: N-glycanase (PNGase), a conserved cytosolic enzyme that removes N-linked sugar moieties from glycoproteins. In this thesis I present my work characterizing and examining png-1 and its role in mediating axon branching. Mutations in png-1 resulted in excessive ectopic axon branching in the VC4 and VC5 egg-laying neurons as well as branching in the normally unbranched AVL and DVB neurons. Behavioral analysis in these mutants revealed defects in egg-laying behavior and mild in-utero egg retention phenotypes. Cellular characterization shows ubiquitous expression of png-1 in many tissues including vulva cells, muscles, gonads, and neurons. My analysis also shows that png-1 acts both cell-autonomously and cell non-autonomously from neurons and epithelial cells to restrict axon branching around the vulva. Using a candidate gene approach I identified a deletion allele of the DNA repair gene, rad-23, to display axon branching defects and interact with png-1 within a common pathway to regulate axon branching. Additionally, through a genetic modifier screen for enhancers and suppressors of VC4-5 branching defects in png-1, I identified a new allele of sax-2 as an enhancer mutation. sax-2 encodes a scaffolding protein that regulates the activity and localization of sax-1, an NDR kinase. Examination of neuronal phenotypes in sax-1 and sax-2 mutants revealed similar png-1 like defects in VC4-5. Genetic analysis of the double mutants png-1;sax-1 and png-1;sax-2 revealed strong synergistic phenotypes suggesting that png-1 and sax-1/sax-2 function in parallel pathways to regulate axon branching. In summary, this thesis reveals novel components and pathways in the regulation of neuronal branching.

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Reid, Patricia Mary, and n/a. "Whiteness as Goodness: White Women in PNG & Australia, 1960's to the Present." Griffith University. School of Arts, Media and Culture, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070130.140518.

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In this thesis I examine the contemporary nexus between White women and the raced and classed institution of White womanhood. More specifically, I focus on White Australian women who are middle class, rich in cultural capital, and generally consider themselves to be progressive; that is race privileged women but women who are not usually associated with overt racism. My analysis unfolds White Australian women in the discursive context of the ideologies of feminism and feminist-influenced anti-racist politics, as well as the ideologies of femininity. The thesis shows how this nexus is enacted through a vision of White women as Good as expressed in the political commitments, mentalities, relationships, narratives and corporeality of such women. The research problem that I identified and worked through in the thesis is as follows: for middle class White women, (who can be seen and see themselves as generic 'women'), Whiteness has been seen and played out as Goodness. Further, in the playing out of this Goodness White women accumulate and defend the prestige and privileges of Whiteness. Specifically, I argue that Whiteness is reproduced in some of the discourses and practices of White feminism, by the progressive White women involved in anti-racist politics, and in the femininity industry and the ways it is taken up. The nub of the problem I identify is that White women's involvement in the structures and narratives that support Whiteness is often grounded in the very qualities of character and conduct that emerge from the colonial and class-constructed ideal of White womanhood and which have historically distinguished them from denigrated others. These qualities- notably virtue, innocence and self-restraint- whilst differently nuanced in other contexts are an ongoing expression of the uses made of White womanhood as the visible sign of race and class superiority. The work examines four key periods: the Australian colony of PNG during the decolonising 1960's and 1970's; the high years of 1970's and 1980's feminism; the race debates of the 1990's; and the bodily practices of present day White women gripped by fears of fat and aging. I explore the ways in which White women's Whiteness is played out in benevolent Black/White relationships, the over-reach of difference feminism, particular kinds of anti-racist identities and activism, and body-improvement practices. In all these cultural sites, White women's Whiteness is often represented as a kind of moral being and deployed as moral authority in ways that are consonant with the raced and classed construction of White women as moral texts. My research approach was determined by the research problem I identified. Given my argument that White women mis-recognise Whiteness as Goodness in a race-structured society, then the collecting of data through interviews or surveys would have yielded material subject to this blindness. Instead, I explored sites and material where moral claims were being pressed, and case studies where 'women' were enacting themselves or being represented or interpellated as moral texts. My selection of primary source material ranges from feminist newsletters, women's and other magazines, literature, film, event programs and flyers, radio and television broadcasts, newspapers and websites, as well as reflections on my own experiences. Secondary source material includes feminist theoretical texts as well as texts drawn from a range of other disciplines, and other historical background materials. I lay out and support my arguments using a technique not dissimilar to collage, aiming to construct a picture that is compelling in its detail as well as coherent in its overall effect. This thesis is a contribution to the de-naturalisation of Whiteness. Navigating a course between the opposing hazards of essentialising Whiteness and understating its effects in contemporary Australian society, I have brought into clearer view some of the strategies which maintain the authority of Whiteness.

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Jägberg, Isak, and Mats Stichel. "Delta encoding image archives : Comparing delta encoding and PNG as compression methods for image archives." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168661.

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This thesis studies the effect of using delta encoding to compress archivesof images. The results are compared with two types of lossless PNGcompression. The tests show that the most sophisticated PNG methodtested compresses the archives around 2-12% higher than the delta encodingmethods, but at the cost of taking more than 10 times as long.The conclusion is therefore drawn that delta encoding could be a usefulmethod for compressing image archives in environments where speed ismore important than storage.

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Waldrip, Bruce Gordon. "A study of achievement, attitudes, teaching practices and learning environments in secondary school science laboratory classes in Papua New Guinea." Thesis, Curtin University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1320.

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The study combined qualitative methods (observation, interview and case study techniques) and quantitative methods (use of questionnaire and survey instruments) methods to (a) identify and describe current teaching practices in Papua New Guinea (PNG) secondary science laboratory classrooms; (b) investigate the effect of specific teaching practices on academic success on an external science achievement examinaton; and (c) investigate whether an educational productivity model for investigating factors associated with learning is applicable to a developing country context, namely, PNG. Analysis of data from 3,182 Papua New Guinea secondary students, generated revealed similar science laboratory learning environments across most high schools with Open-Endedness having the lowest score. Overall students' attitudes towards science were favourable, with boys having a more favourable attitudes than girls. Multivariate analyses showed that science academic achievement, science practical achievement and attitudes were related to quality and quantity of instruction, the science laboratory learning environment and gender. As in similar studies in other countries, male students performed significantly better than female students in external science achievement examinations. But female students achieved significantly better on a practical science process test. Finally, the study identified some specific aspects of current teaching practices in a developing country context, involving science learning environments and students' attitudes towards science.

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Kappey, J. R., and n/a. "A survey study of grade six students' atitudes towards science in selected schools of Papua New Ginea." University of Canberra. Education, 1990. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060804.131924.

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This survey study on students attitudes towards science was conducted in Papua New Guinea. It involved 200 randomly selected grade six students in eight selected community (primary) schools (4 urban and 4 rural) of four provinces. There were six research questions to focus the study. The instruments consisted of 9 Students Background Questions, 9 interview questions, 43 Students Science Attitude Questionnaire Items, and a 20-item cognitive test. The former three sets of instruments were trialled in two schools. The test questions were not trialled as they were trialled previously in several schools within PNG. The 43 Likert-type items were divided into five categories - curiosity, enjoyment, science learning, perceived achievement, and relevance. Each category was assigned 10 items, with the exception of perceived achievement which had three items. About half of the the statements in a category were negatively worded. A student had to put a tick in a box next to a statement according to his or her feelings. The choices were given by the five-point scale - Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Hot Sure (NS), Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD) along with three laces (smiling, uncertain and frowning) which were added as interest, From the twenty five students in a study school, a group of 6 students (3 males and 3 females) was randomly selected for face to face interview. The responses in the items associated with the five categories (dependent variables) were used to assess various student characteristics (independent variables) of parent and home background (i.e. parent educational levels and language use at home), gender (male and female), biogeographical location (urban and rural), and level of performance in standardized cognitive test (above average, average and below average). Statistical techniques of correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and factor analysis were used in analysing the responses but the results were not clear due insufficient trialling and test of reliability with the limited period in which the data had to be collected. As consequence, chi-square test (contingency tables) was used as alternative statistical test to determine significant differences in responses to the items at 0.05 level. With the exception of perceived achievement, student responses to the items on the categories were generally and satisfactorily positive. The mean levels of attitudes in the categories were not as high as one may expect (Table 5.1). Relatively, few of the items associated with student independent variables showed significant differences. There was generally no significant differences in parent and home backgrounds (i.e. language use and parent educational background). Urban students tended to be more positive than the rural students, but. this not could be generalised due to a small number of items with significant differences. Male students showed more positive attitudes to science than female students, but this was limited to a small number of items. The students with above average scores in the cognitive test showed more positive attitudes to science than those of average and below verage scores. However, the number of items were quite small, and therefore could not be generalised. Points of improvement in the practice of teaching and future research in attitudes to science are recommended. For instance, the present officially prescribed time of 40 minutes per week for science should be changed to 1.5 to 2 hours after further investigation. The reason for this is that it requires some preparation before actual lessons begin (e.g. collecting materials by groups) and the students are generally slow.

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8

Waldrip, Bruce Gordon. "A study of achievement, attitudes, teaching practices and learning environments in secondary school science laboratory classes in Papua New Guinea." Curtin University of Technology, Science and Mathematics Education Centre, 1994. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14799.

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The study combined qualitative methods (observation, interview and case study techniques) and quantitative methods (use of questionnaire and survey instruments) methods to (a) identify and describe current teaching practices in Papua New Guinea (PNG) secondary science laboratory classrooms; (b) investigate the effect of specific teaching practices on academic success on an external science achievement examinaton; and (c) investigate whether an educational productivity model for investigating factors associated with learning is applicable to a developing country context, namely, PNG. Analysis of data from 3,182 Papua New Guinea secondary students, generated revealed similar science laboratory learning environments across most high schools with Open-Endedness having the lowest score. Overall students' attitudes towards science were favourable, with boys having a more favourable attitudes than girls. Multivariate analyses showed that science academic achievement, science practical achievement and attitudes were related to quality and quantity of instruction, the science laboratory learning environment and gender. As in similar studies in other countries, male students performed significantly better than female students in external science achievement examinations. But female students achieved significantly better on a practical science process test. Finally, the study identified some specific aspects of current teaching practices in a developing country context, involving science learning environments and students' attitudes towards science.

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Majory, de Sá Rodrigues Charlana. "Estudo comparativo de algoritmos de compressão de imagens para transmissão em redes de computadores." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2005. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/5622.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:40:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7042_1.pdf: 3910655 bytes, checksum: 9a5e52d2535f94f8e232ee5d957d91ee (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Recentemente, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos iterativos de compressão destinados à transmissão de imagens estáticas via rede tais como: JPEG progressivo, JPEG2000 progressivo, PNG entrelaçado e GIF entrelaçado. Esses algoritmos decompõem a imagem e a transmitem de forma não seqüencial. O propósito desta dissertação consiste em efetuar um estudo comparativo desses algoritmos. A metodologia adotada consiste em fazer uma análise das imagens parciais obtidas para cada formato. Em cada etapa, faz-se uma inspeção visual da imagem e mede-se o PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) em relação à imagem final, um fator objetivo de qualidade de imagens. Parâmetros como tamanho do arquivo parcial, natureza da imagem e inspeção visual também são alvo de estudo. Através de uma análise detalhada das imagens parciais obtidas somos capazes de definir então qual algoritmo é mais apropriado em cada etapa da transmissão de acordo com a natureza da imagem analisada

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Roberts, Jocelyn. "Behavioural beliefs concerning gender and high-risk sexual behaviours in the context of HIV/AIDS in PNG : views from within teacher education." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/54675/1/Jocelyn_Roberts_Thesis.pdf.

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Education is often viewed as a key approach to address sexual-health issues; the current concern is the burgeoning HIV/AIDS epidemic. This ethnographic study investigates the gender practices associated with high-risk sexual behaviour in Papua New Guinea as viewed by educators there. A number of practices, including gender inequality and associated sexual behaviours have been highlighted by male and female participants as escalating PNG’s HIV/AIDS epidemic. The study finds that although participants were well-informed concerning HIV/AIDS, they had varying beliefs concerning the prevailing gender/sexual issues involved in escalating highrisk behaviour and how to address the problem. The study further examines the behavioural beliefs and intentions of the educators themselves. Subsequently, within the data a number of underpinning factors, pertaining to gender, education and life experience, were found to be related to the behaviour beliefs and intentions of participants towards embracing change with regard to behaviours associated with gender equality in PNG. These factors appeared to encourage participants to adopt healthier gender and sexual behavioural intentions and, arguably, could provide the basis for ways to help address the gender inequality and high-risk behaviours associated with HIV/AIDS in PNG.

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Books on the topic "PNG"

1

Nancy, Sullivan, ed. Leadership in PNG. Madang, Papua New Guinea: DWU Press, 2005.

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Roelofs, Greg. PNG: The definitive guide. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, 1999.

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Parker, Stephen G. Phonological descriptions of PNG languages. Ukarumpa, EHP, Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 2005.

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Bourke, R. Michael. Food and Agriculture in PNG. Canberra: ANU Press, 2009.

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Xun, Lu. Lu Xun xuan ji: Png lun juan. Changsha Shi: Hunan wen yi chu ban she, 2004.

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Davies, H. L. Tsunami PNG 1998: Extracts from Earth Talk. 2nd ed. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: University of Papua New Guinea, 1999.

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Lessons for East Timor: The experience of PNG. Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 2002.

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Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Combined Papua New Guinea Branches. PNG geology, exploration and mining conference: Proceedings = 1994. Parkville, Vic: The Institute, 1994.

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Waterboard, PNG. Strategic & medium term corporate plan. [Papua New Guinea]: PNG Waterboard, 2006.

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Beracochea, Elvira. Technical support to the PNG/CCM: Interim consultancy report. Papua New Guinea?]: Grant Management Solutions, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "PNG"

1

Guthrie, Gerard. "Failure Of Progressive Reforms In PNG." In The Progressive Education Fallacy in Developing Countries, 127–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_7.

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Guthrie, Gerard. "Cultural Continuities And Formalism In PNG." In The Progressive Education Fallacy in Developing Countries, 153–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1851-7_8.

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Meinel, Christoph, and Maxim Asjoma. "Pixelcodes – BMP, JPEG, PNG und Co." In Die neue digitale Welt verstehen, 55–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63701-2_9.

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Priestley, Carol. "11. The semantics of "inalienable possession" in Koromu (PNG)." In Cross-Linguistic Semantics, 277–99. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.102.18pri.

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Fabinyi, Michael, and Kate Barclay. "Responding to Global Change." In Asia-Pacific Fishing Livelihoods, 23–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79591-7_2.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the wider processes of political-economic change that drive key characteristics of fishing livelihoods. Globalisation has dramatically expanded the scale and accelerated the pace of fisheries capture and trade, generating new opportunities and challenges for livelihoods and marine environments. Here we document some of the major characteristics of the history of fishing across the Asia-Pacific, before focusing on case studies of the Philippines and PNG. We highlight three related features of globalisation that have influenced fishing livelihoods and that continue to shape them today: migration, engagement with markets and new technologies, and interactions with other forms of economic activity, including those outside the fisheries sector.

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Dworak, Daniel, and Maria Pietruszka. "Fast Encoding of Huge 3D Data Sets in Lossless PNG Format." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 15–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10383-9_2.

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Curry, George N., Gina Koczberski, Joachim Lummani, Sean Ryan, and Veronica Bue. "Earning a Living in PNG: From Subsistence to a Cash Economy." In Schooling for Sustainable Development:, 159–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2882-0_10.

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Priestley, Carol. "The semantics and morphosyntax of tare “hurt/pain” in Koromu (PNG)." In "Happiness" and "Pain" across Languages and Cultures, 123–41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.84.07pri.

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Titov, Vasily, and Frank González. "Numerical Study of the Source of the July 17, 1998 PNG Tsunami." In Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade, 197–207. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3618-3_14.

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Dworak, Daniel, and Maria Pietruszka. "PNG as Fast Transmission Format for 3D Computer Graphics in the Web." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 15–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43982-2_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "PNG"

1

Stevenson, Daniel E. "PNG palette permuter." In the 11th annual SIGCSE conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1140124.1140164.

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Takano, Hiroyuki, Mini Matsuda, Takeshi Yamasaki, and Isao Yamaguchi. "Optimal spacecraft rendezvous with PNG." In 2015 15th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccas.2015.7364905.

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Oh, Jae-Hyuk. "Zero miss distance of pure PNG." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-4278.

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Shizhen Huang and Tianyi Zheng. "Hardware design for accelerating PNG decode." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits (EDSSC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edssc.2008.4760652.

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Liu, Zheli, Xiaochun Cheng, Chunfu Jia, and Jun Yang. "Format Compliant Degradation for PNG Image." In 2013 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Intelligent Data and Web Technologies (EIDWT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eidwt.2013.130.

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Albrecht, Robert, John Calame, Mike Cook, Ignacio Falcon, and Patrick Lee. "High-Pressure Natural Gas Pipeline in Geohazard Region of Papua New Guinea Sustains Mw7.5 Earthquake: Key Factors of Successful Outcome." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9473.

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Abstract ExxonMobil PNG Limited (EMPNG) operates the Papua New Guinea Liquefied Natural Gas Project (PNG LNG), an integrated LNG project comprising wellpads, gathering lines, gas conditioning plant, onshore and offshore export pipelines, liquefaction plant and marine terminal in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The PNG LNG project is a joint venture with participation by ExxonMobil, Oil Search Limited (OSL), Kumul Petroleum, Santos, JX Nippon Oil and Gas Exploration and Mineral Resources Development Company, and began production in 2014. The highlands of PNG presents a challenging physical environment, with high rainfall, steep terrain, active tectonics and seismicity, and ongoing landsliding and erosion. The PNG LNG onshore gas and condensate pipelines confront these physical challenges by having to traverse approximately 150 km of steep volcanic, mudstone and Karstic highlands along the Papuan Fold and Thrust Belt, the modern leading edge of active mountain-building, plus an additional 150 km in Karstic lowlands. During design, construction and operations of the pipelines, ExxonMobil has addressed these challenges in partnership with the engineering, construction and specialist consulting communities. On February 25th, 2018 (UTC) a Magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck the PNG highlands. The event, along with its approximately 300 aftershocks, caused widespread community impact, landsliding and damage to over 1000s of km2, and was centered directly under the highlands portion of the PNG LNG pipelines. The pipelines however, did not lose containment or pressure, and, following inspections and repairs to the PNG LNG gas conditioning plant, PNG LNG production was restored within seven weeks of the main shock. This technical paper and companion oral presentation discuss the key factors of this successful outcome, in particular the sustained condition of the gas and condensate pipelines. Contributing factors to the pipeline’s success include route selection, pipe material specification, early commitment to field studies, careful assessment of geohazards, high awareness of off-ROW community impacts, micro-routing during construction, and active geohazard management during startup and operations. The paper demonstrates that, with respect for the host community, thoughtful engineering, careful construction and ongoing surveillance, pipelines can be safely and successfully designed, constructed and operated in remote and extreme geohazardous environments.

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Mao, Huaqing, Zhiwen Hu, Li Zhu, and Hang Qin. "PNG File Decoding Optimization Based Embedded System." In 2012 8th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2012.6478619.

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Hakkennes, E. A., and S. Vassiliadis. "Hardwired Paeth codec for portable network graphics (PNG)." In Proceedings 25th EUROMICRO Conference. Informatics: Theory and Practice for the New Millennium. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurmic.1999.794796.

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Kini, Sisa, James VanDuker, and Bruce Hayes. "PNG LNG's Community Development Support Strategy." In International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/157844-ms.

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Richards, D. J., V. Perez, and Y. Lee. "Efficient Systems Completion Execution; The PNG LNG Experience." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/177624-ms.

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Reports on the topic "PNG"

1

Boutell, T. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. RFC Editor, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2083.

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Pradesha, Angga, and Paul A. Dorosh. 2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Papua New Guinea PNG. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.135306.

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Kosec, Katrina, Emily Schmidt, Lucia Carillo, Peixun Fang, Mark Ivekolia, and Raywin Ovah. Improving agricultural value chain coordination and gender inclusiveness in PNG. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136350.

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4

Bongomin, Godfrey, Chelsea Huggett, Juhi Jain, Sunetra Lala, Relvie Poilapa, Elis Lee, Chloe Morrison, Novika Noerdiyanti, Rosie Sanderson, and Proshanto Roy. Emerging Practice for the Engagement of Men and Boys in WASH, Frontiers 20. The Sanitation Learning Hub, Institute of Development Studies, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2022.005.

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This document accompanies Frontiers of Sanitation: Engaging men for gender transformative WASH, Part 2, which explores the extent to which engaging men and boys in WASH processes is leading to transformative change in gender roles, attitudes, and sustainable change in reducing gender inequalities across households, communities, organisations, and policy. Practical examples are presented here from Uganda, Zambia, Timor-Leste, Papua NewGuinea (PNG), Solomon Islands, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Vanuatu,and Nepal. Each of these examples, all of which are from projects funded by the Australian Government’s Water for Women Fund, describe interventions that employed different gender-transformative approaches to engage with and reach men and boys. They also describe the projects’ successes and challenges.

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Burdick, L. J., C. K. Saikia, and N. F. Smith. Discrimination Using Pn and Pg. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada202018.

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6

Imamov, Alexey. How can ping-pong and standing on nails help a person? (in English). Intellectual Archive, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2357.

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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Regulation of plant development by polycomb group proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695858.bard.

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Our genetic and molecular studies have indicated that FIE a WD-repeat Polycomb group (PcG) protein takes part in multi-component protein complexes. We have shown that FIE PcG protein represses inappropriate programs of development during the reproductive and vegetative phases of the Arabidopsis life cycle. Moreover, we have shown that FIE represses the expression of key regulatory genes that promote flowering (AG and LFY), embryogenesis (LEC1), and shoot formation (KNAT1). These results suggest that the FIE PcG protein participates in the formation of distinct PcG complexes that repress inappropriate gene expression at different stages of plant development. PcG complexes modulate chromatin compactness by modifying histones and thereby regulate gene expression and imprinting. The main goals of our original project were to elucidate the biological functions of PcG proteins, and to understand the molecular mechanisms used by FIE PcG complexes to repress the expression of its gene targets. Our results show that the PcG complex acts within the central cell of the female gametophyte to maintain silencing of MEA paternal allele. Further more we uncovered a novel example of self-imprinting mechanism by the PgG complex. Based on results obtained in the cures of our research program we extended our proposed goals and elucidated the role of DME in regulating plant gene imprinting. We discovered that in addition to MEA,DME also imprints two other genes, FWA and FIS2. Activation of FWA and FIS2 coincides with a reduction in 5-methylcytosine in their respective promoters. Since endosperm is a terminally differentiated tissue, the methylation status in the FWA and FIS2 promoters does not need to be reestablished in the following generation. We proposed a “One-Way Control” model to highlight differences between plant and animal genomic imprinting. Thus we conclude that DEMETER is a master regulator of plant gene imprinting. Future studies of DME function will elucidate its role in processes and disease where DNA methylation has a key regulatory role both in plants and animals. Such information will provide valuable insight into developing novel strategies to control and improve agricultural traits and overcome particular human diseases.

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Barefoot, Susan F., Bonita A. Glatz, Nathan Gollop, and Thomas A. Hughes. Bacteriocin Markers for Propionibacteria Gene Transfer Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573993.bard.

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The antibotulinal baceriocins, propionicin PLG-1 and jenseniin G., were the first to be identified, purified and characterized for the dairy propionibaceria and are produced by Propionibacterium thoenii P127 and P. thoenii/jensenii P126, respectively. Objectives of this project were to (a) produce polyclonal antibodies for detection, comparison and monitoring of propionicin PLG-1; (b) identify, clone and characterize the propionicin PLG-1 (plg-1) and jenseniin G (jnG) genes; and (3) develop gene transfer systems for dairy propionibacteria using them as models. Polyclonal antibodies for detection, comparison and monitoring of propionicin PLG-1 were produced in rabbits. Anti-PLG-1 antiserum had high titers (256,000 to 512,000), neutralized PLG-1 activity, and detected purified PLG-1 at 0.10 mg/ml (indirect ELISA) and 0.033 mg/ml (competitive indirect ELISA). Thirty-nine of 158 strains (most P. thoenii or P. jensenii) yielded cross-reacting material; four strains of P. thoenii, including two previously unidentified bacteriocin producers, showed biological activity. Eight propionicin-negative P127 mutants produced neither ELISA response nor biological activity. Western blot analyses of supernates detected a PLG-1 band at 9.1 kDa and two additional protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 16.2 and 27.5 kDa. PLG-1 polyclonal antibodies were used for detection of jenseniin G. PLG-1 antibodies neutralized jenseniin G activity and detected a jenseniin G-sized, 3.5 kDa peptide. Preliminary immunoprecipitation of crude preparations with PLG-1 antibodies yielded three proteins including an active 3-4 kDa band. Propionicin PLG-1 antibodies were used to screen a P. jensenii/thoenii P126 genomic expression library. Complete sequencing of a cloned insert identified by PLG-1 antibodies revealed a putative response regulator, transport protein, transmembrane protein and an open reading frame (ORF) potentially encoding jenseniin G. PCR cloning of the putative plg-1 gene yielded a 1,100 bp fragment with a 355 bp ORF encoding 118 amino acids; the deduced N-terminus was similar to the known PLG-1 N-terminus. The 118 amino acid sequence deduced from the putative plg-1 gene was larger than PLG-1 possibly due to post-translational processing. The product of the putative plg-1 gene had a calculated molecular weight of 12.8 kDa, a pI of 11.7, 14 negatively charged residues (Asp+Glu) and 24 positively charged residues (Arg+Lys). The putative plg-1 gene was expressed as an inducible fusion protein with a six-histidine residue tag. Metal affinity chromatography of the fused protein yielded a homogeneous product. The fused purified protein sequence matched the deduced putative plg-1 gene sequence. The data preliminarily suggest that both the plg-1 and jnG genes have been identified and cloned. Demonstrating that antibodies can be produced for propionicin PLG-1 and that those antibodies can be used to detect, monitor and compare activity throughout growth and purification was an important step towards monitoring PLG-1 concentrations in food systems. The unexpected but fortunate cross-reactivity of PLG-1 antibodies with jenseniin G led to selective recovery of jenseniin G by immunoprecipitation. Further refinement of this separation technique could lead to powerful affinity methods for rapid, specific separation of the two bacteriocins and thus facilitate their availability for industrial or pharmaceutical uses. Preliminary identification of genes encoding the two dairy propionibacteria bacteriocins must be confirmed; further analysis will provide means for understanding how they work, for increasing their production and for manipulating the peptides to increase their target species. Further development of these systems would contribute to basic knowledge about dairy propionibacteria and has potential for improving other industrially significant characteristics.

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Yusrina, Asri, Ulfah Alifia, Shintia Revina, Rezanti Putri Pramana, and Luhur Bima. Is the Game Worth the Candle? Examining the Effectiveness of Initial Teacher Education in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/106.

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An impactful teacher education programme equips teachers with knowledge and skills to improve their effectiveness. Empirical findings on the effectiveness of teacher preparation programmes show that the accountability of institutions and teachers should not only be based on the knowledge or skills produced but also on student learning. Our study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a pre-service teacher education programme in Indonesia, known as Pendidikan Profesi Guru Prajabatan or PPG. PPG is a one-year full-time programme in addition to four years of undergraduate teacher education (Bachelor of Education). PPG graduate teachers pass a selection process and receive a teaching certificate upon completion of the programme. We use mixed methods to understand the differences in the outcome of PPG graduates majoring in primary school teacher education to their counterparts who did not attend PPG. To estimate the impact of PPG, we exploit the combination of rules and events in the selection process which allows us to estimate the impact of PPG on teacher performance using fuzzy regression discontinuity design (RDD). Once we attest to the validity of the fuzzy RDD, we find that PPG has no impact on a teacher’s professional knowledge and student outcomes in numeracy and literacy. We argue that this is due to the ineffective selection mechanism in distinguishing the PPG and the comparison group. We conclude that as an initial teacher training programme, PPG did not improve teacher effectiveness. Despite incorporating best practices from effective teacher training into the programme design, PPG does not appear capable of producing a higher-quality teacher.

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Venaas, S. Multicast Ping Protocol. RFC Editor, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6450.

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