Academic literature on the topic 'Pneumonia – Diagnosis – Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pneumonia – Diagnosis – Australia"
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Bhuiyan, Mejbah Uddin, Thomas L. Snelling, Rachel West, Jurissa Lang, Tasmina Rahman, Caitlyn Granland, Camilla de Gier, et al. "The contribution of viruses and bacteria to community-acquired pneumonia in vaccinated children: a case–control study." Thorax 74, no. 3 (October 18, 2018): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212096.
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IntroductionRespiratory pathogens associated with childhood pneumonia are often detected in the upper respiratory tract of healthy children, making their contribution to pneumonia difficult to determine. We aimed to determine the contribution of common pathogens to pneumonia adjusting for rates of asymptomatic detection to inform future diagnosis, treatment and preventive strategies.MethodsA case–control study was conducted among children <18 years in Perth, Western Australia. Cases were children hospitalised with radiologically confirmed pneumonia; controls were healthy children identified from outpatient and local immunisation clinics. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and tested for 14 respiratory viruses and 6 bacterial species by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For each pathogen, adjusted odds ratio (aOR; 95% CI) was calculated using multivariate logistic regression and population-attributable fraction (95% CI) for pneumonia was estimated.ResultsFrom May 2015 to October 2017, 230 cases and 230 controls were enrolled. At least one respiratory virus was identified in 57% of cases and 29% of controls (aOR: 4.7; 95% CI: 2.8 to 7.8). At least one bacterial species was detected in 72% of cases and 80% of controls (aOR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.4 to 1.2). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detection was most strongly associated with pneumonia (aOR: 58.4; 95% CI: 15.6 to 217.5). Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the only bacteria associated with pneumonia (aOR: 14.5; 95% CI: 2.2 to 94.8). We estimated that RSV, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza, adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were responsible for 20.2% (95% CI: 14.6 to 25.5), 9.8% (5.6% to 13.7%), 6.2% (2.5% to 9.7%), 4% (1.1% to 7.1%) and 7.2% (3.5% to 10.8%) of hospitalisations for childhood pneumonia, respectively.ConclusionsRespiratory viruses, particularly RSV and HMPV, are major contributors to pneumonia in Australian children.
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W Smith, David. "Influenza diagnosis and management." Microbiology Australia 27, no. 4 (2006): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma06161.
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Influenza is already an important cause of illness and death each year in Australia and the impact of future pandemics will be many times greater. Compared with other respiratory viral illnesses, influenza is more severe in itself as well as being more likely to result in complications. These range from milder conditions such as otitis media and sinusitis to acute bronchitis, viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia. There are also a number of less common non-respiratory complications, including myocarditis, encephalitis, rhabdomyolysis and nephritis. In addition, a substantial component of severe disease and death from influenza is due to exacerbations of pre-existing cardiac conditions, respiratory disease or diabetes. Accurate diagnosis is the basis of the proper management of patients, understanding of the epidemiology of this virus, and detecting the entry and spread of new influenza strains.
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MacINTYRE, C. R., P. B. McINTYRE, and M. CAGNEY. "Community-based estimates of incidence and risk factors for childhood pneumonia in Western Sydney." Epidemiology and Infection 131, no. 3 (December 2003): 1091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803001365.
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The aim was to estimate the community incidence and risk factors for all-cause pneumonia in children in Western Sydney, Australia. A cross-sectional randomized computer-assisted telephone interview was conducted in July 2000, in Western Sydney. Parents of 2020 children aged between 5 and 14 years were interviewed about their child's respiratory health since birth. No verification of reported diagnosis was available. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for pneumonia. A lifetime diagnosis of pneumonia was reported in 137/2020 (6·8%) children, giving an estimated incidence in the study sample of 7·6/1000 person-years. Radiological confirmation was reported in 85% (117/137). Hospitalization was reported in 41% (56/137) and antibiotic therapy in 93% (127/137) of cases. Using logistic regression modelling, statistically significant associations with pneumonia were a reported history of either asthma, bronchitis or other lung problems and health problems affecting other systems. In most cases, the diagnosis of asthma preceded the diagnosis of pneumonia. The community incidence of all causes of pneumonia is not well enumerated, either in adults or in children. This study provides community-based incidence data. The incidence of hospitalization for pneumonia in this study is comparable to estimates from studies in comparable populations, suggesting that retrospective parental report for memorable events is likely to be valid. We found a relationship between pneumonia and childhood respiratory diseases such as asthma, which has implications for targeted vaccination strategies.
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Boots, R. J., J. Lipman, R. Bellomo, D. Stephens, and R. F. Heller. "The Spectrum of Practice in the Diagnosis and Management of Pneumonia in Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation. Australian and New Zealand Practice in Intensive Care (ANZPIC II)." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 33, no. 1 (February 2005): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0503300115.
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This study of ventilated patients investigated current clinical practice in 476 episodes of pneumonia (48% community-acquired pneumonia, 24% hospital-acquired pneumonia, 28% ventilator-associated pneumonia) using a prospective survey in 14 intensive care units (ICUs) within Australia and New Zealand. Diagnostic methods and confidence, disease severity, microbiology and antibiotic use were assessed. All pneumonia types had similar mortality (community-acquired pneumonia 33%, hospital-acquired pneumonia 37% and ventilator-associated pneumonia 24%, P=0.15) with no inter-hospital differences (P=0.08–0.91). Bronchoscopy was performed in 26%, its use predicted by admission hospital (one tertiary: OR 9.98, CI 95% 5.11–19.49, P<0.001; one regional: OR 6.29, CI 95% 3.24–12.20, P<0.001), clinical signs of consolidation (OR 3.72, CI 95% 2.09–6.62, P<0.001) and diagnostic confidence (OR 2.19, CI 95% 1.29–3.72, P=0.004). Bronchoscopy did not predict outcome (P=0.11) or appropriate antibiotic selection (P=0.69). Inappropriate antibiotic prescription was similar for all pneumonia types (11–13%, P=0.12) and hospitals (0–16%, P=0.25). Blood cultures were taken in 51% of cases. For community-acquired pneumonia, 70% received a third generation cephalosporin and 65% a macrolide. Third generation cephalosporins were less frequently used for mild infections (OR 0.38, CI 95% 0.16–0.90, P=0.03), hospital-acquired pneumonia (OR 0.40, CI 95% 0.23–0.72, P<0.01), ventilator-associated pneumonia (OR 0.04, CI 95% 0.02–0.13, P<0.001), suspected aspiration (OR 0.20, CI 95% 0.04–0.92, P=0.04), in one regional (OR 0.26, CI 95% 0.07–0.97, P=0.05) and one tertiary hospital (OR 0.14, CI 95% 0.03–0.73, P=0.02) but were more commonly used in older patients (OR 1.02, CI 95% 1.01–1.03, P=0.01). There is practice variability in bronchoscopy and antibiotic use for pneumonia in Australian and New Zealand ICUs without significant impact on patient outcome, as the prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic prescription is low. There are opportunities for improving microbiological diagnostic work-up for isolation of aetiological pathogens.
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Inglis, Timothy JJ. "Melioidosis in Australia." Microbiology Australia 42, no. 2 (2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma21027.
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Melioidosis is a potentially fatal bacterial infection caused by the Gram-negative bacillus, Burkholderia pseudomallei following contact with a contaminated environmental source, normally soil or water in tropical and subtropical locations. The disease spectrum varies from rapidly progressive bacteraemic infection with or without pneumonia, to focal lesions in deep soft tissues and internal organs to superficial soft tissue infection and asymptomatic seroconversion with possible long-term dormancy. Most infections occur with a background of chronic illness such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease and alcoholic liver disease. Improvements in diagnosis, targeted antimicrobial treatment and long term follow up have improved clinical outcomes. Environmental controls following rare point source case clusters and heightened awareness of melioidosis appear to have reduced the disease burden in some parts of northern Australia. However, the impact of climate change on dispersal of environmental B. pseudomallei, and changing land use in tropical Australia is expected to change the epidemiology of melioidosis in future.
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Bhuiyan, Mejbah Uddin, Thomas L. Snelling, Rachel West, Jurissa Lang, Tasmina Rahman, Meredith L. Borland, Ruth Thornton, et al. "Role of viral and bacterial pathogens in causing pneumonia among Western Australian children: a case–control study protocol." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (March 2018): e020646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020646.
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IntroductionPneumonia is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Introduction of the conjugateHaemophilus influenzaeB and multivalent pneumococcal vaccines in developed countries including Australia has significantly reduced the overall burden of bacterial pneumonia. With the availability of molecular diagnostics, viruses are frequently detected in children with pneumonia either as primary pathogens or predispose to secondary bacterial infection. Many respiratory pathogens that are known to cause pneumonia are also identified in asymptomatic children, so the true contribution of these pathogens to childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains unclear. Since the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines, very few comprehensive studies from developed countries have attempted to determine the bacterial and viral aetiology of pneumonia. We aim to determine the contribution of bacteria and viruses to childhood CAP to inform further development of effective diagnosis, treatment and preventive strategies.Methods and analysisWe are conducting a prospective case–control study (PneumoWA) where cases are children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia admitted to Princess Margaret Hospital for Children (PMH) and controls are healthy children identified from PMH outpatient clinics and from local community immunisation clinics. The case–control ratio is 1:1 with 250 children to be recruited in each arm. Nasopharyngeal swabs are collected from both cases and controls to detect the presence of viruses and bacteria by PCR; pathogen load will be assessed by quantitative PCR. The prevalence of pathogens detected in cases and controls will be compared, the OR of detection and population attributable fraction to CAP for each pathogen will be determined; relationships between pathogen load and disease status and severity will be explored.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the human research ethics committees of PMH, Perth, Australia (PMH HREC REF 2014117EP). Findings will be disseminated at research conferences and in peer-reviewed journals.
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Adler, N. R., H. M. Weber, I. Gunadasa, A. J. Hughes, and N. D. Friedman. "Adherence to Therapeutic Guidelines for Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Australian Hospitals." Clinical Medicine Insights: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine 8 (January 2014): CCRPM.S17978. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ccrpm.s17978.
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Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in elderly patients, and is associated with a considerable economic burden on the healthcare system. The combination of high incidence and substantial financial costs necessitate accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of patients admitted with CAP. This article will discuss the rates of adherence to clinical guidelines, the use of severity scoring tools and the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing for patients diagnosed with CAP. The authors maintain that awareness of national and hospital guidelines is imperative to complement the physicians’ clinical judgment with evidence-based recommendations. Increased use of pneumonia severity assessment tools and greater adherence to therapeutic guidelines will enhance concordant antimicrobial prescribing for patients with CAP. A robust and multifaceted educational intervention, in combination with antimicrobial stewardship programs, may enhance compliance of CAP guidelines in clinical practice in Australia.
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Lemoh, Chris N., Samia Baho, Jeffrey Grierson, Margaret Hellard, Alan Street, and Beverley-Ann Biggs. "African Australians living with HIV: a case series from Victoria." Sexual Health 7, no. 2 (2010): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09120.
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Background: This research aimed to describe the characteristics of African-born Victorians living with HIV, identify associations with delayed HIV diagnosis and describe their response to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Methods: A case series of African-born adults living with HIV in Victoria was conducted. Data was collected in interviews and reviews of case notes. Associations with delayed HIV diagnosis (CD4 below 200 cells µL–1 at diagnosis and/or AIDS within 3 months of HIV diagnosis) were explored using univariate regression. AIDS-defining illnesses and response to cART were described. Results: Fourteen males and six females were included. Ten were born in the Horn of Africa (nine in Ethiopia). Sixteen had sexual exposure (12 heterosexual; four male-to-male sex). Seven reported acquiring HIV in Australia. Median CD4 count at diagnosis was 145 cells µL–1. Ten had delayed HIV diagnosis, of whom eight were born in the Horn of Africa. Delayed HIV diagnosis was associated with birth in the Horn of Africa (odds ratio: 11.56). Nine had a diagnosis of AIDS, including three cases of tuberculosis, three of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and two of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Eighteen had received cART, of which 16 achieved virological suppression and 15 achieved a CD4 count above 200 cells µL–1. Clinical failure and virological failure occurred in seven and five cases, respectively. Conclusions: HIV prevention strategies for Victoria’s African communities should address HIV exposure in Australia. Ethiopian-born Victorians with HIV appear to be at particular risk of delayed diagnosis. Response to cART in this series was comparable to that observed in other industrialised countries.
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Bakker, Michael, Michaela E. Johnson, Lauren Corre, Deanna N. Mill, Xingzhuo Li, Richard J. Woodman, and Jacinta L. Johnson. "Identifying rates and risk factors for medication errors during hospitalization in the Australian Parkinson’s disease population: A 3-year, multi-center study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): e0267969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267969.
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Background Admission to hospital introduces risks for people with Parkinson’s disease in maintaining continuity of their highly individualized medication regimens, which increases their risk of medication errors. This is of particular concern as omitted medications and irregular dosing can cause an immediate increase in an individual’s symptoms as well as other adverse outcomes such as swallowing difficulties, aspiration pneumonia, frozen gait and even potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant type syndrome. Objective To determine the occurrence and identify factors that contribute to Parkinson’s medication errors in Australian hospitals. Methods A retrospective discharge diagnosis code search identified all admissions for people with Parkinson’s disease to three tertiary metropolitan hospitals in South Australia, Australia over a 3-year period. Of the 405 case notes reviewed 351 admissions met our inclusion criteria. Results Medication prescribing (30.5%) and administration (85%) errors during admission were extremely common, with the most frequent errors related to administration of levodopa preparations (83%). A higher levodopa equivalent dosage, patients with a modified swallowing status or nil by mouth order during admission, and patients who did not have a pharmacist led medication history within 24 hours of admission had significantly higher rates of medication errors. Conclusions This study identified 3 major independent factors that increased the risk of errors during medication management for people with Parkinson’s disease during hospitalization. Thus, targeting these areas for preventative interventions have the greatest chance of producing a clinically meaningful impact on the number of hospital medication errors occurring in the Parkinson’s population.
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Stephenson, Tamsyn, Ken Lee, Joanna E. Griffith, David J. McLelland, Anthony Wilkes, Philip S. Bird, Darren J. Trott, K. Natasha Speight, Farhid Hemmatzadeh, and Lucy Woolford. "Pulmonary Actinomycosis in South Australian Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Veterinary Pathology 58, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985820973459.
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Pneumonia has been reported in both free-ranging and captive koalas and a number of causative agents have been described. Between 2016 and 2019, 16 free-ranging and 1 captive koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus) from the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia were identified with pyogranulomatous lobar pneumonia, which involved the left caudal lobe in 14/17 (82%) cases. Within lesions, numerous gram-positive or gram-variable, non-acid-fast filamentous bacteria were observed in association with Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. Culture yielded growth of anaerobic bacteria, which were unidentifiable by MALDI-TOF-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) analysis in 5/5 cases. Sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene identified a novel Actinomyces species in 4 samples, confirming a diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis. Concurrent examination of resin lung casts from healthy koalas suggested greater laminar flow of air to the left caudal lung lobe in koalas. Actinomyces spp. have been reported as commensals of the oral microbiome in other species, and an association with similar pulmonary lesions in other species. Considering the predilection for involvement of the left caudal lung lobe, aspiration is suggested as the likely cause in some cases of pulmonary actinomycosis in koalas. Pulmonary actinomycosis has not been previously described in koalas and further work needs to be undertaken in order to classify this organism within the Actinomyces genus.
Conference papers on the topic "Pneumonia – Diagnosis – Australia"
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Jo, H., T. J. Corte, L. Calandriello, M. Silva, N. Sverzellati, S. M. Humphries, D. A. Lynch, et al. "Validation of Deep Learning-Based Diagnostic Likelihoods of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia on Baseline Computed Tomography in the Australian IPF Registry." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7901.
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