Academic literature on the topic 'PNEUMOCOCCO'
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Journal articles on the topic "PNEUMOCOCCO"
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Parry, Christopher M., Nguyen Minh Duong, Jiaji Zhou, Nguyen Thi Hoang Mai, To Song Diep, Le Quoc Thinh, John Wain, et al. "Emergence in Vietnam of Streptococcus pneumoniae Resistant to Multiple Antimicrobial Agents as a Result of Dissemination of the Multiresistant Spain23F-1 Clone." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 11 (November 2002): 3512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.11.3512-3517.2002.
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ABSTRACT Surveillance for Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents is necessary to define the optimal empirical antibiotic therapy for meningitis in resource-poor countries such as Vietnam. The clinical and microbiological features of 100 patients admitted to the Centre for Tropical Diseases in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, between 1993 and 2002 with invasive pneumococcal disease were studied. A penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococcus (MIC, ≥0.1 μg/ml) was isolated from the blood or cerebrospinal fluid of 8% of patients (2 of 24) between 1993 and 1995 but 56% (20 of 36) during 1999 to 2002 (P < 0.0001). Pneumococcal isolates resistant to penicillin (MIC, ≥2.0 μg/ml) increased from 0% (0 of 24) to 28% (10 of 36) (P = 0.002). Only one isolate was ceftriaxone resistant (MIC, 2.0 μg/ml). Penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci were isolated from 78% of children younger than 15 years (28 of 36) compared with 25% of adults (16 of 64) (P = 0.0001). Isolation of a penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococcus in adults with meningitis was independently associated with referral from another hospital (P = 0.005) and previous antibiotic therapy (P = 0.025). Multilocus sequence typing showed that 86% of the invasive penicillin-resistant pneumococcus isolates tested (12 of 14) were of the Spain23F-1 clone. The serotypes of >95% of the penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci were included in the currently available pneumococcal vaccines. Our findings point to the recent introduction and spread of the Spain23F-1 clone of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in Vietnam. Simple clinical predictors can be used to guide empirical antibiotic therapy of meningitis. Pneumococcal vaccination may help to control this problem.
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Wren, John T., Lance K. Blevins, Bing Pang, Lauren B. King, Antonia C. Perez, Kyle A. Murrah, Jennifer L. Reimche, Martha A. Alexander-Miller, and W. Edward Swords. "Influenza A Virus Alters Pneumococcal Nasal Colonization and Middle Ear Infection Independently of Phase Variation." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 11 (August 25, 2014): 4802–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01856-14.
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ABSTRACTStreptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcus) is both a widespread nasal colonizer and a leading cause of otitis media, one of the most common diseases of childhood. Pneumococcal phase variation influences both colonization and disease and thus has been linked to the bacteria's transition from colonizer to otopathogen. Further contributing to this transition, coinfection with influenza A virus has been strongly associated epidemiologically with the dissemination of pneumococci from the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Using a mouse infection model, we demonstrated that coinfection with influenza virus and pneumococci enhanced both colonization and inflammatory responses within the nasopharynx and middle ear chamber. Coinfection studies were also performed using pneumococcal populations enriched for opaque or transparent phase variants. As shown previously, opaque variants were less able to colonize the nasopharynx.In vitro, this phase also demonstrated diminished biofilm viability and epithelial adherence. However, coinfection with influenza virus ameliorated this colonization defectin vivo. Further, viral coinfection ultimately induced a similar magnitude of middle ear infection by both phase variants. These data indicate that despite inherent differences in colonization, the influenza A virus exacerbation of experimental middle ear infection is independent of the pneumococcal phase. These findings provide new insights into the synergistic link between pneumococcus and influenza virus in the context of otitis media.
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Hatcher, Brandon L., Joanetha Y. Hale, and David E. Briles. "Free Sialic Acid Acts as a Signal That Promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae Invasion of Nasal Tissue and Nonhematogenous Invasion of the Central Nervous System." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 9 (June 27, 2016): 2607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01514-15.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcus) is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and neurological sequelae in children worldwide. Acute bacterial meningitis is widely considered to result from bacteremia that leads to blood-brain barrier breakdown and bacterial dissemination throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Previously, we showed that pneumococci can gain access to the CNS through a nonhematogenous route without peripheral blood infection. This access is thought to occur when the pneumococci in the upper sinus follow the olfactory nerves and enter the CNS through the olfactory bulbs. In this study, we determined whether the addition of exogenous sialic acid postcolonization promotes nonhematogenous invasion of the CNS. Previously, others showed that treatment with exogenous sialic acid post-pneumococcal infection increased the numbers of CFU recovered from an intranasal mouse model of infection. Using a pneumococcal colonization model, anin vivoimaging system, and a multiplex assay for cytokine expression, we demonstrated that sialic acid can increase the number of pneumococci recovered from the olfactory bulbs and brains of infected animals. We also show that pneumococci primarily localize to the olfactory bulb, leading to increased expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These findings provide evidence that sialic acid can enhance the ability of pneumococci to disseminate into the CNS and provide details about the environment needed to establish nonhematogenous pneumococcal meningitis.
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Tabusi, Mahebali, Sigrun Thorsdottir, Maria Lysandrou, Ana Rita Narciso, Melania Minoia, Chinmaya Venugopal Srambickal, Jerker Widengren, Birgitta Henriques-Normark, and Federico Iovino. "Neuronal death in pneumococcal meningitis is triggered by pneumolysin and RrgA interactions with β-actin." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): e1009432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009432.
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Neuronal damage is a major consequence of bacterial meningitis, but little is known about mechanisms of bacterial interaction with neurons leading to neuronal cell death.Streptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcus) is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and many survivors develop neurological sequelae after the acute infection has resolved, possibly due to neuronal damage. Here, we studied mechanisms for pneumococcal interactions with neurons. Using human primary neurons, pull-down experiments and mass spectrometry, we show that pneumococci interact with the cytoskeleton protein β-actin through the pilus-1 adhesin RrgA and the cytotoxin pneumolysin (Ply), thereby promoting adhesion and invasion of neurons, and neuronal death. Using our bacteremia-derived meningitis mouse model, we observe that RrgA- and Ply-expressing pneumococci co-localize with neuronal β-actin. Using purified proteins, we show that Ply, through its cholesterol-binding domain 4, interacts with the neuronal plasma membrane, thereby increasing the exposure on the outer surface of β-actin filaments, leading to more β-actin binding sites available for RrgA binding, and thus enhanced pneumococcal interactions with neurons. Pneumococcal infection promotes neuronal death possibly due to increased intracellular Ca2+levels depending on presence of Ply, as well as on actin cytoskeleton disassembly. STED super-resolution microscopy showed disruption of β-actin filaments in neurons infected with pneumococci expressing RrgA and Ply. Finally, neuronal death caused by pneumococcal infection could be inhibited using antibodies against β-actin. The generated data potentially helps explaining mechanisms for why pneumococci frequently cause neurological sequelae.
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Ullah, Ihsan, Neil D. Ritchie, and Tom J. Evans. "The interrelationship between phagocytosis, autophagy and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps following infection of human neutrophils by Streptococcus pneumoniae." Innate Immunity 23, no. 5 (April 11, 2017): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425917704299.
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Neutrophils play an important role in the innate immune response to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus. Pneumococci are phagocytosed by neutrophils and undergo killing after ingestion. Other cellular processes may also be induced, including autophagy and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which may play a role in bacterial eradication. We set out to determine how these different processes interacted following pneumococcal infection of neutrophils, and the role of the major pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin in these various pathways. We found that pneumococci induced autophagy in neutrophils in a type III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase dependent fashion that also required the autophagy gene Atg5. Pneumolysin did not affect this process. Phagocytosis was inhibited by pneumolysin but enhanced by autophagy, while killing was accelerated by pneumolysin but inhibited by autophagy. Pneumococci induced extensive NET formation in neutrophils that was not influenced by pneumolysin but was critically dependent on autophagy. While pneumolysin did not affect NET formation, it had a potent inhibitory effect on bacterial trapping within NETs. These findings show a complex interaction between phagocytosis, killing, autophagy and NET formation in neutrophils following pneumococcal infection that contribute to host defence against this pathogen.
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Prajsnar, Tomasz K., Bartosz J. Michno, Niedharsan Pooranachandran, Andrew K. Fenton, Tim J. Mitchell, David H. Dockrell, and Stephen A. Renshaw. "Phagosomal Acidification Is Required to Kill Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Zebrafish Model." Cellular Microbiology 2022 (June 9, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9429516.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major human pathogen causing invasive disease, including community-acquired bacteraemia, and remains a leading cause of global mortality. Understanding the role of phagocytes in killing bacteria is still limited, especially in vivo. In this study, we established a zebrafish model to study the interaction between intravenously administered pneumococci and professional phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils, to unravel bacterial killing mechanisms employed by these immune cells. Our model confirmed the key role of polysaccharide capsule in promoting pneumococcal virulence through inhibition of phagocytosis. Conversely, we show pneumococci lacking a capsule are rapidly internalised by macrophages. Low doses of encapsulated S. pneumoniae cause near 100% mortality within 48 hours postinfection (hpi), while 50 times higher doses of unencapsulated pneumococci are easily cleared. Time course analysis of in vivo bacterial numbers reveals that while encapsulated pneumococcus proliferates to levels exceeding 105 CFU at the time of host death, unencapsulated bacteria are unable to grow and are cleared within 20 hpi. Using genetically induced macrophage depletion, we confirmed an essential role for macrophages in bacterial clearance. Additionally, we show that upon phagocytosis by macrophages, phagosomes undergo rapid acidification. Genetic and chemical inhibition of vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) prevents intracellular bacterial killing and induces host death indicating a key role of phagosomal acidification in immunity to invading pneumococci. We also show that our model can be used to study the efficacy of antimicrobials against pneumococci in vivo. Collectively, our data confirm that larval zebrafish can be used to dissect killing mechanisms during pneumococcal infection in vivo and highlight key roles for phagosomal acidification in macrophages for pathogen clearance.
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Greenwood, Brian. "The epidemiology of pneumococcal infection in children in the developing world." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1384 (April 29, 1999): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0430.
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Pneumonia causes about three million deaths a year in young children, nearly all of which are in developing countries. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the most important bacterial cause of pneumonia in young children and so is likely to be responsible for a high proportion of these deaths. The pneumococcus is also responsible for a substantial proportion of the 100 000–500 000 deaths that occur from meningitis in children each year. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the developing world is several times higher than in industrialized countries. This discrepancy may, in part, be due to socio–economic differences but genetic factors may also play a role. Children with sickle cell disease have a substantially increased risk of invasive pneumococcal infection and a search is being made for other possible genetic risk factors. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also predisposes to invasive pneumococcal disease and so the incidence of this disease in young children is expected to rise as increasing numbers of African and Asian children are born with a perinatally acquired HIV infection. Until recently, pneumococcal infections could be treated effectively with penicillin, a cheap and safe antibiotic. However, pneumococci that are resistant to penicillin are becoming prevalent in many countries, necessitating a change to more costly antibiotics which may be beyond the reach of the health services of poor, developing counties. The spread of antibiotic resistance has provided an added stimulus to the development of vaccines that might be able to prevent pneumococcal disease in infants. Recently developed polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccines show promise and are now undergoing field trials. How deployment of these vaccines will influence the balance between invasive pneumococcal infections and asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci is uncertain.
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Rada, Balazs, Aaron Gingerich, Fayhaa Doja, Rachel Thomason, Eszter Toth, Jessica L. Bradshaw, and Larry S. McDaniel. "Lactoperoxidase-generated hypothiocyanite efficiently kills Streptococcus pneumoniae." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 227.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.227.17.
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Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infections affect millions of people worldwide, cause serious mortality and represent a major economic burden. Airway epithelial cells, the primary responders to pneumococcal infection, orchestrate an extracellular antimicrobial system consisting of lactoperoxidase, thiocyanate anion and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Lactoperoxidase oxidizes thiocyanate using H2O2 into the final product hypothiocyanite. While hypothiocyanite has known antimicrobial effects against a wide range of microorganisms, its effect on pneumococcus has never been studied. To test this, pneumococci were exposed to hypothiocyanite generated enzymatically in a cell-free in vitro system. Bacterial killing was determined by colony forming units on agar plates while bacteriostatic effects were measured by changes in optical density of liquid cultures. We demonstrate hypothiocyanite exerted robust killing of several pneumococcal strains. Nonencapsulated pneumococcal mutants were killed to the same extent as their parental strains, indicating no role of the capsule in protection against hypothiocyanite. Catalase, an H2O2 scavenger, inhibited pneumococcal killing by hypothiocyanite under all circumstances. Interestingly, a pneumococcal mutant deficient in pyruvate oxidase, the main bacterial H2O2 source, had enhanced susceptibility to hypothiocyanite indicating the role of this gene in partial protection of the bacterium against this oxidizing agent. Overall, numerous pneumococcal strains were found to be susceptible to lactoperoxidase-generated hypothiocyanite in vitro, which presents an opportunity to explore hypothiocyanite as a potential novel anti-pneumococcal therapy.
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PICHON, B., H. V. BENNETT, A. EFSTRATIOU, M. P. E. SLACK, and R. C. GEORGE. "Genetic characteristics of pneumococcal disease in elderly patients before introducing the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 7 (January 23, 2009): 1049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001787.
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SUMMARYStreptococcus pneumoniaestrains causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the elderly population of England and Wales during the winter of 2003/2004 (1 November 2003 to 30 April 2004) were characterized by serotyping and genotyping in order to determine their population structure in the elderly. Serotyping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were carried out on 542 invasive isolates referred to the Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory. Pneumococci were distributed among 32 serotypes and 144 MLST sequence types. A high genetic diversity was observed within the major serotypes. Genetic relatedness varied with regard to serotype. Isolates within serotypes 3, 7F and 8 were the most genetically related whereas serotypes 6A and 19F comprised isolates originating from unrelated ancestors. There was indirect evidence that some pneumococci were derived from clones that had undergone capsular switching in the past. Interestingly one case of IPD was caused by a pneumococcus originating from a clone that had undergone capsular switching from serotype 18C, a serotype included in 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) to serotype 1 (serotype not included in PCV) suggesting that virulent clones with the potential ability to evade PCV existed in the pneumococcal population prior to the routine introduction of this vaccine. Isolates from 28 cases of apparent 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) failure were included but there was no evidence of the emergence of particular clones associated with vaccine failures. Longitudinal studies based on serotypic and genetic characterization of pneumococci are fundamental to understanding the impact of both PPV and PCV on the genetic structure of pneumococcal populations.
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van Tonder, Andries J., James E. Bray, Lucy Roalfe, Rebecca White, Marta Zancolli, Sigríður J. Quirk, Gunnsteinn Haraldsson, et al. "Genomics Reveals the Worldwide Distribution of Multidrug-Resistant Serotype 6E Pneumococci." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 7 (May 13, 2015): 2271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00744-15.
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The pneumococcus is a leading pathogen infecting children and adults. Safe, effective vaccines exist, and they work by inducing antibodies to the polysaccharide capsule (unique for each serotype) that surrounds the cell; however, current vaccines are limited by the fact that only a few of the nearly 100 antigenically distinct serotypes are included in the formulations. Within the serotypes, serogroup 6 pneumococci are a frequent cause of serious disease and common colonizers of the nasopharynx in children. Serotype 6E was first reported in 2004 but was thought to be rare; however, we and others have detected serotype 6E among recent pneumococcal collections. Therefore, we analyzed a diverse data set of ∼1,000 serogroup 6 genomes, assessed the prevalence and distribution of serotype 6E, analyzed the genetic diversity among serogroup 6 pneumococci, and investigated whether pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-induced serotype 6A and 6B antibodies mediate the killing of serotype 6E pneumococci. We found that 43% of all genomes were of serotype 6E, and they were recovered worldwide from healthy children and patients of all ages with pneumococcal disease. Four genetic lineages, three of which were multidrug resistant, described ∼90% of the serotype 6E pneumococci. Serological assays demonstrated that vaccine-induced serotype 6B antibodies were able to elicit killing of serotype 6E pneumococci. We also revealed three major genetic clusters of serotype 6A capsular sequences, discovered a new hybrid 6C/6E serotype, and identified 44 examples of serotype switching. Therefore, while vaccines appear to offer protection against serotype 6E, genetic variants may reduce vaccine efficacy in the longer term because of the emergence of serotypes that can evade vaccine-induced immunity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PNEUMOCOCCO"
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Amerighi, Fulvia. "Impact of S.pneumoniae type-I pilus and its subunits on bacterial adherence to human epithelial cells." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422591.
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S. pneumoniae is a human pathogen able to cause both invasive and non-invasive diseases as well as to colonize the nasopharyngeal tract of children and adults. Despite pneumococcus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, the pathogenic mechanisms exploited by S. pneumoniae are not yet clear. A critical step is colonization of the nasopharynx and the initial interaction of pneumococci with host cells. Recently, pili were discovered in gram-positive bacteria, mediating critical host-bacterial interactions, such as adherence to the epithelium, biofilm formation and translocation of host mucosal barriers. Thirty to 50% S. pneumoniae strains harbor pilus islet-1 (PI-1) coding for a surface exposed pilus reported to be important both for colonization and virulence. In particular it has been clearly demonstrated that pilus component RrgA is the major determinant for adhesion to epithelial cells in vitro whereas RrgB is important to allow the formation of the polymeric structure into which the adhesin is incorporated.
The data reported in this work contribute to better define the involvement of S. pneumoniae pili in adhesion to human epithelial cells and providing evidence that anti-pilus antibodies are able to prevent bacterial adherence.
In order to test the adhesive attitude of S.pneumoniae strains, we selected a panel of epithelial cell lines differing for their anatomical origin and the capacity to constitute polarized monolayers. Me180 cervical epithelial cells, characterized to form weak adherence junctions and thus expose basolateral surface, result the best model to study pneumococcal adhesiveness. This evidence led us to hypothesize that the pilus ligands may reside in some of the extracellular matrix components rather than in cell associated receptors. Once identified the most appropriate cellular model we started the characterization of pilus dependent adhesion by using TIGR4 mutants lacking pilus components or subpopulations derived from the wild type strain and differing only in pilus expression (highly or poorly piliated). The results reveal that piliated bacteria were drastically more adherent to cells compared to non piliated strains. However, both the lack of the pilus adhesion moiety (RrgA) or of the pilus backbone (RrgB) determined a dramatic reduction of adhesion, suggesting that both the presence of the adhesin and its correct spacing from the bacterial cell were equally important. In addiction we tested the pilus mediated adhesiveness of different pneumococcal strains that could be successfully divided into sub-populations highly (H) or poorly (L) expressing pili. By comparing the H sub-populations we noticed striking difference in their capacity to adhere to host cells. Conventional and immune electron microscopy studies reveal that the capsule thickness is inversely related with the bacterial ability to adhere to host cells likely due to the different exposure of pili on the bacterial surface. Moreover the deletion of the capsular locus in the poorly adherent strain 19FTaiwan14 results in a considerable increase in the adhesion to epithelial cells, at levels comparable to that of poorly capsulated TIGR4 strain. Additionally, in this study, we demonstrate that anti-pilus antibodies were able to significantly impair pneumoccal adhesion to human epithelial cells in strains prominently extruding pili from the capsule. Of interest, we found a monoclonal antibody against RrgA that was able to compete with adhesion in a similar manner with respect to the polyclonal serum against the whole protein. Epitope mapping experiments resulted in the identification of the possible binding region on the RrgA molecule, located in the c-terminal domain. At the moment we are trying to confirm this result by producing point-mutated forms of RrgA with the scope to select mutants that are not recognized by the functional monoclonal antibody and finally complement rrga ko strain with these sequences to confirm the importance of the epitope in the adhesion to human epithelial cells.Streptococcus pneumoniae è un batterio Gram-positivo che fa parte della normale flora microbica che colonizza in modo asintomatico le vie respiratorie. Tuttavia questo microorganismo è anche uno dei principali patogeni umani, può, infatti, causare gravi infezioni del tratto respiratorio sia in forma non invasiva quali otite media, sinusite e polmonite che in casi più gravi forme invasive quali setticemia e meningite. Sebbene S. pneumoniae sia una delle principali cause di mortalità e morbilità nel mondo, i meccanismi patogenetici di questo batterio non sono ancora stati completamente chiariti. Un punto chiave è la colonizzazione del tratto nasofaringeo e l’interazione dei batteri con le cellule ospiti. A questo proposito, recentemente, sono state identificate nei batteri Gram-positivi delle strutture, note come pili, che svolgono un ruolo cruciale nell’interazione ospite-patogeno, sono infatti coinvolti in processi quali: adesione alle cellule epiteliali, formazione di biofilm e traslocazione degli epiteli. Una percentuale variabile tra il 30% e il 50% dei ceppi di S.pneumoniae contiene nel proprio DNA genomico un elemento genetico noto come pilus islet-1 (PI-1) che codifica per una struttura fibrillare, il pilo di tipo1, coinvolto nei processi di colonizzazione e virulenza. In dettaglio, è stato dimostrato che la sub-unità RrgA è coinvolta nell’adesione in vitro dei batteri alle cellule epiteliali mentre la sub-unità RrgB è il principale costituente della struttura del pilo, all’interno della quale è incorporata l’adesina. I dati riportati in questo lavoro contribuiscono a chiarire il ruolo svolto dal pilo nel meccanismo di adesione di Streptococcus pneumoniae alle cellule epiteliali e forniscono evidenze dell’attività degli anticorpi contro le componenti del pilo di inibire l’adesione dei batteri alle cellule ospiti. Al fine di valutare le capacità di adesione di Streptococcus pneumoniae, abbiamo selezionato una serie di linee cellulari provenienti da diversi distretti anatomici e con diversa capacità di formare un monostrato di cellule polarizzate in vitro. Tra le linee cellulari testate, il miglior modello per lo studio dell’adesione sono le ME180 (cellule epiteliali di cervice uterina) caratterizzate dal formare giunzioni lasse e quindi consentire l’esposizione di componenti della superficie basolaterale. Questo risultato ci fa ipotizzare che il ligando dei pili possa essere un elemento della matrice extracellulare o un recettore posto sulla superficie basolaterale delle cellule. Una volta identificato il modello cellulare ideale, abbiamo analizzato le capacità di adesione pilo-dipendenti di mutanti che mancano delle componenti del pilo e di sottopopolazioni isolate dal ceppo wild type che differiscono tra loro unicamente per una diversa espressione del pilo, una popolazione è altamente piliata, l’altra scarsamente piliata. I risultati mostrano che la popolazione piliata ha una capacità di aderire alle cellule molto più elevata rispetto alla popolazione non piliata. Inoltre abbiamo osservato che sia l’assenza dell’adesina (RrgA) che del backbone (RrgB) determinano una drastica riduzione dell’adesione sottolineando l’importanza per un corretto funzionamento del pilo sia della presenza dell’adesina che della sua localizzazione nella struttura del pilo. Successivamente abbiamo analizzato il contributo del pilo nell’adesione in diversi ceppi di Streptococcus pneumoniae selezionati sulla base della possibilità di poter isolare le due sottopopolazioni con diversa espressione del pilo (popolazione piliata e non piliata). Prendendo in esame le sottopopolazioni pilate dei ceppi selezionati abbiamo osservato notevoli differenze nella capacità di aderire alle cellule epiteliali. Per spiegare questo fenomeno abbiamo condotto studi di microscopia elettronica convenzionale e immuno-elettro microscopia che hanno evidenziato la presenza di una correlazione inversa tra lo spessore della capsula e le capacità adesive pilo-dipendenti, molto probabilmente dovuta alla diversa esposizione dei pili sulla superficie del batterio. Infatti, la delezione dell’intero locus capsulare in un ceppo che mostra scarsa capacità di adesione alle cellule epiteliali come il ceppo 19FTaiwan14, comporta un notevole aumento dell’adesione a livelli paragonabili al ceppo TIGR4 che è scarsamente capsulato. In questo lavoro abbiamo anche dimostrato che anticorpi prodotti contro le componenti del pilo sono in grado di inibire l’adesione dei batteri alle cellule epiteliali in ceppi in cui il pilo è molto esposto al di fuori della capsula e abbiamo identificato un anticorpo monoclonale anti-RrgA in grado di bloccare l’adesione dei batteri alle cellule ospiti in modo comparabile al siero policlonale prodotto contro l’intera proteina. Studi di epitope mapping hanno portato all’identificazione della regione di RrgA probabilmente coinvolta nel binding con l’anticorpo monoclonale, localizzata nel dominio c-terminale della proteina. Attualmente stiamo cercando di confermare questi risultati inserendo nella regione di RrgA che abbiamo identificato delle mutazioni puntiformi per ottenere forme mutate dell’epitopo che non vengano più riconosciute dal monoclonale e infine complementare il ceppo mutante rrga con queste sequenze per confermare l’importanza di questo epitopo nell’adesione alle cellule epiteliali umane.
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Godenzi, Luigi Walter Marco. "Campagna di sensibilizzazione e di promozione per la vaccinazione contro il pneumococco nel Canton Ticino /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Perez, Federico. "Challenges And Opportunities To Protect Veterans From Pneumococcal Disease: A “Virtual Clinic” Improves Vaccination." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1512685624555677.
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Tootla, Hafsah Deepa. "The Pneumococcus Urinary Antigen Test Kit: Use in the laboratory for the presumptive diagnosis of pneumococcal bacteraemia." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33048.
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Introduction: Culture remains the ‘gold standard' for diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia. Time to definitive identification using culture is 24–48 hours, and prior antibiotic therapy, the ability of S. pneumoniae to self-autolyse and its fastidious nature can yield no growth on culture. Novel detection methods for invasive pneumococcal disease include PCR and antigen tests. We evaluated using a urine antigen test directly on selected blood cultures with appropriate Gram stain results, immediately after signalling positive for the rapid identification of S. pneumoniae bacteraemia. Method: We collected 212 blood cultures that had signalled positive with an automated blood culture system, and then yielded gram-positive cocci in pairs/chains or cocci with uncertain morphological arrangement. The BinaxNOW Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test, routine culture with optochin and real time lytA PCR was performed on all samples. Diagnostic accuracy analysis (sensitivity and specificity) of the antigen test and Gram stain with gram-positive cocci in pairs was each compared to culture positivity for S. pneumoniae, PCR positivity and the composite of culture or PCR positivity for S. pneumoniae as the reference standards. Results: S. pneumoniae (Spn) was cultured in 55 samples, gram-positive organisms other than S. pneumoniae (NSpn) in 140 samples and 17 samples had no growth (NG). Grampositive cocci in pairs was predominant on Gram stain in the Spn/NG groups whilst the minority in the NSpn group. In the Spn group, all except 1 sample which was antigen positive but PCR negative, were antigen and PCR positive. In the NSpn group, antigen and PCR was negative in 123 samples, antigen and PCR positive in 1 sample and antigen positive but PCR negative in the remaining 16 samples. In the NG group, antigen and PCR were positive in 16 samples and antigen positive but PCR negative in 1 sample. Sensitivity of the antigen test compared to culture, PCR or the composite of culture or PCR was 100%. Specificity was 87-88% but increased to 93-96% when used in subsets with gram-positive cocci in pairs or clinical history compatible with respiratory illness or meningitis. Sensitivity and specificity of the antigen test when compared to Gram stain using gram-positive cocci in pairs (69%-75% and 81% respectively) were both higher. Discussion and Conclusion: Accurate and rapid diagnosis of S. pneumoniae bacteraemia is challenging with current diagnostic tools. Specificity of the antigen test is mostly limited by crossreactivity with viridans streptococci, coagulase negative staphylococci and enterococcus species, but this can be overcome if Gram stain morphology and clinical history is available. Sensitivity and specificity of Gram stain alone in predicting S. pneumoniae bacteraemia is poor and is increased with use of the antigen test. The antigen test is a useful adjunctive tool improving diagnosis and turnaround time of S. pneumoniae bacteraemia. In settings like ours, where high-level resistance, defined as minimum inhibitory concentration ≥2μg/mL to penicillin is still relatively low (~7%), rapid de-escalation to penicillin in the appropriate clinical setting would be possible with the introduction of such test and could also potentially be a suitable alternative to molecular testing for S. pneumoniae identification in samples with no growth on culture.
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Fernández, de Sevilla Estrach Mariona. "Características clínicas y microbiológicas de la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva pediátrica en Barcelona en la era de la vacuna heptavalente conjugada." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/107675.
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La enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI) constituye un problema grave de Salud Pública en la edad infantil, con una morbimortalidad considerable. En los últimos años se han introducido vacunas adecuadas para la edad infantil (año 2001:vacuna heptavalente conjugada, PCV7, año 2010:vacunas decavalente y trecevalente conjugadas). Desde la comercialización de la PCV7 se ha observado una emergencia de la ENI por serotipos no incluidos en la PCV7 (SNV) en nuestro medio.
Esta tesis pretende a partir del análisis de la ENI que ha tenido lugar en los últimos años en nuestro medio (cuando la PCV7 era la única vigente) en una área sin vacunación sistemática, identificar los factores clínicos y microbiológicos asociados a la emergencia de ENI por SNV.
Los objetivos de la tesis son: determinar la incidencia de ENI en menores de 5 años en nuestro medio, sus principales características clínicas y microbiológicas y las características clínicas y moleculares de la ENI producida por el serotipo 19A.
Los 2 artículos publicados que componen la tesis y que permiten contestar estos objetivos son: 1/Clinical presentation of invasive pneumococcal disease in Spain in the era of heptavalent conjugate vaccine (Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012; 31(2):124-8) y 2/ Emergence of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by multidrug-resistant serotype 19A among children in Barcelona (J Infect.2009; 59(2):75-82).
El primer artículo expone un estudio prospectivo en el que se incluyen los niños < 5 años con ENI diagnosticados en los hospitales Sant Joan de Déu y Vall d’Hebron. La recogida se hizo durante 3 años consecutivos (2007-2009). Se incluyen pacientes diagnosticados por cultivo y/o PCR.
Los principales resultados fueron:se incluyeron 319 pacientes, con una media de edad de 29.6 meses. Comparando las incidencias del 2007 y 2009 (76.2 y 109.9 casos/100000 habitantes,respectivamente) se observa un incremento del 44%. La principal manifestación clínica fueron las neumonías (79.6%), seguido de las meningitis (9.1%) y bacteriemias (7.8%). El diagnóstico se hizo por cultivo en 38.6% pacientes y en 61.4% por PCR en tiempo real. Pudo hacerse el serotipado en 300 casos, 91% eran SNV. El serotipo más frecuente fue el 1 (20.7%), seguido del 19A (15.7%) y el 3(12.3%). Una concentración mínima inhibitoria a la penicilina ≥ 0.12 g/ml se detectó en 34.4%. El secuenciotipo 306 expresando el serotipo 1 fue el más frecuente (20.3%).
El segundo artículo se centra en la caracterización del 19A. Este serotipo se asocia a multirresistencia a antibióticos por lo que su estudio es relevante. Se trata de un estudio prospectivo realizado entre 1997 y 2007 en el que se incluyen los niños < 18 años con ENI por 19A del Hospital Sant Joan de Déu. Los principales resultados fueron:comparando la época prevacunal (1997-2001) con la vacunal inicial (2002-2004) y la vacunal tardía (2005-2007) se observa un incremento de ENI causada por 19A: 1.7% vs 14.8% vs 21.9% respectivamente (p:0.002). Todos los 19A aislados en la época prevacunal fueron sensibles a la penicilina, mientras que en la vacunal tardía, 44% eran resistentes (p:0.01). Se detectaron 15 secuenciotipos diferentes expresando el 19A, 10 de los cuales eran secuenciotipos preexistentes asociados al 19A, incluyendo los multirresistentes ST320 y ST276.
Las principales conclusiones de la tesis son:
-La ENI continúa aumentando en Barcelona, la incidencia es mayor que la descrita previamente debido a la baja sensibilidad del cultivo.
-Los SNV fueron los responsables del 91% de los casos de ENI y la neumonía fue el principal diagnóstico.
-El 19A se está extendiendo rápidamente y se está convirtiendo en una causa importante de ENI en la era vacunal.
-El aumento del 19A se relaciona con la emergencia de clones sensibles y resistentes, varios de ellos relacionados con clones multirresistentes conocidos.Clinical and microbiological characteristics of pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in Barcelona in the era of heptavalent conjugate vaccine The aim of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the rate of incidence, clinical presentation, serotype, and clonal distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the era of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in Barcelona and to describe the epidemiology of IPD caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A. The 2 published articles that compose the thesis are: 1/Clinical presentation of invasive pneumococcal disease in Spain in the era of heptavalent conjugate vaccine (Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012; 31(2):124-8) and 2/ Emergence of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by multidrug-resistant serotype 19A among children in Barcelona (J Infect.2009; 59(2):75-82). The first paper describes a prospective study comprising all children <5 years with IPD who were managed in 2 tertiary-care pediatric hospitals during 3 years (2007-2009). The diagnosis was made by positive culture and/or by real-time PCR. In this study, 319 patients were included. Comparing rates in 2007 and 2009 an increase of 44% was observed. The main clinical presentation was pneumonia (79.6%). Serotype study was performed in 300 episodes and 91% were non-PCV7 serotypes. The most frequent serotypes were 1 (20.7%), 19A (15.7%) and 3 (12.3%). Sequence type 306 expressing serotype 1 was the most frequent clonal type detected (20.3%). The second paper describes the clinical and molecular epidemiology of serotype 19A. This is a prospective study that includes all children <18 years with IPD caused by 19A who were admitted to a Children’s Hospital in Barcelona (1997-2007).Serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility and clonal analysis were performed. Comparing the pre-vaccine period (1997-2001) with the early vaccine period (2002-2004) and the late vaccine period (2005-2007) there was an increase of IPD caused by 19A. All 19A isolated in the pre-vaccine and early vaccine periods were penicillin susceptible, while in the late vaccine period, 44% were penicillin nonsusceptible (p:0.01).A clonal analysis revealed 15 different sequence types expressing serotype 19A.10 of them were pre-existing STs associated with 19A including the multidrug-resistant ST 320 and ST276. The main conclusions of the thesis are: -IPD continues to increase in Barcelona. -Non-PCV7 serotypes were responsible for 91% of episodes and pneumonia was the main clinical presentation. -There was an increase of IPD caused by 19A which was mainly related with the emergence of pre-existing clones several of them closely related with.
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FRANCO, Cáritas Marquez. "FATORES DE RISCO E EPIDEMIOLOGIA MOLECULAR DE Streptococcus pneumoniae NÃO SUSCETÍVEIS À PENICILINA ISOLADOS DE NASOFARINGE DE CRIANÇAS QUE FREQUENTAM CRECHES EM GOIÂNIA-GO, BRASIL." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1586.
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Previous issue date: 2009-02-17Objectives: (i) to identify risk factors for S. pneumoniae penicillin nonsusceptible isolates (PNSp) in children attending day-care centers (DCCs) in Goiânia, Brazil and to assess the genetic patterns of pneumococcal isolates; (ii) to estimate the coverage for carriage serotypes for the 7-valente (PCV7) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and for the investigational 10 (PCV10) and 13-valent (PCV13) vaccines; (iii) to assess the genetic relatedeness between isolates expressing capsular type 14 and those non(sero)- typeable isolates (NTPn); (iv) to investigate if carriage isolates match genetically to any international pneumococcal clone (PMEN network). Methods: A cross-sectional survey of carriage PNSp was conducted among 1.192 children, 2 months to 5 years of age, attending 62 DCCs in Central Brazil. Capsular typing was performed in PNSp isolates (CLSI, 2007) and in a sample of isolates susceptible to penicillin (PSSp) matched to PNSp and DCCs whenever possible. Serotyping was performed by Quellung reactions and confirmed by multibead assay. NTPn isolates and serotype 14 were tested by PCR for capsule genes. Odds ratio for PNSp carriage and respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were assessed by logistic regression. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied to assess the genetic similarity between PNSp serotype 14 and NTPn isolates. PCR was performed for the presence of pneumococcal capsule gene locus. For comparison purpose we also evaluated the genetic profile of PNSp serotype 14 invasive strains derived from the current pneumococcal invasive disease surveillance for the same pediatric population. Isolates were epidemiologically related if they shared ≥80% similarity on the dendrogram (Dice coefficient). A cluster was defined as three or more related isolates. Results: A total of 686 pneumococci were isolated for a colonization rate of 57.6% and 178 (25.8%) were PNSp. Among the PNSp isolates the usual common types were found: 14 (53%), 23F (10.2%), 6B (6%), 19F (4.8%) and 19A (4.2%). PSSp isolates displayed 30 different serotypes although serotype 14 was the most common. Overall a high prevalence of NTPn (11.1%) was observed with 62.9% PNSp. Serotypes coverage xvi for the PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 vaccines were 55.2%, 55.9% and 65.1%, respectively. Being less than 24 months of age (OR=1.79; p=0.006), hospitalization in the previous three months (OR=2.19; p=0.025), and recurrent acute otitis media (OR=2.89; p=0.013) were independently associated with PNSp in a multivariate model. Among the 123 PNSp submitted to PFGE (106/carriage and 17/ invasive isolates) a major group of 34 serotype 14 strains (8 invasive and 26 carriage) was identified and found to be genetically related to the global pneumococcal clone Spain 9V-3 (82.7% similarity). All NTPn presented capsule gene locus and 10 (45.4%) of them presented capsule gene locus to type 14. Conclusions: (i) DCC attendees with history of recurrent AOM could significantly contribute to the spread of nasopharyngeal PNSp strains into the community; (ii) epidemiologic and molecular evidences support the findings that pneumococcal nonypeable carriage isolates are genetically similar to carriage and invasive isolates expressing capsular type 14; (iii) carriage and invasive isolates circulating in Goiânia belong to a serotype 14 variant of the Spain 9V -3 clone and play a critical role in the spread of PNSp strains to the entire pediatric community of Goiânia
Objetivo: (i) identificar fatores associados à colonização nasofaríngea por S. pneumoniae não suscetíveis à penicilina em crianças que frequentam creches no município de Goiânia-GO e caracterizar geneticamente as cepas não suscetíveis; (ii) determinar a cobertura das vacinas conjugadas pneumocócicas 7, 10 e 13 valente; (iii) avaliar o relacionamento genético entre cepas do sorotipo 14 e pneumococos não tipáveis (PnNT); (iv) identificar a presença de cepas colonizadoras relacionadas geneticamente aos clones internacionais de S. pneumoniae. Metodologia: Um estudo de prevalência de portador de pneumococo não suscetível à penicilina (SpNP) foi conduzido de agosto a dezembro de 2005, em 1192 crianças de dois a 59 meses de idade, atendidas em 62 creches em Goiânia. Os testes de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana seguiram as recomendações do CLSI de 2007 e a sorotipagem foi realizada pela reação de Quellung e confirmada por ensaio multibead. Isolados PnNT e do sorotipo 14 foram analisados por reação de PCR. Odds ratio para portador de SpNP e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança foram estimados por regressão logística. Para avaliar a similaridade genética entre os isolados de portador (sorotipo 14 e PnNT) e isolados invasivos (sorotipo 14) obtidos de crianças de Goiânia utilizou-se amostras de isolados invasivos de um estudo maior de vigilância populacional que vem sendo conduzido desde 2007. Assim, eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE) foi utilizada para a tipagem molecular. Definiu-se como linhagem a presença de três ou mais cepas resistentes com similaridade genética ≥ 80%. Resultados: S. pneumoniae foi isolado de 686 (57,6%) crianças das creches e 178 (25,9%) dessas eram portadoras de SpNS. Sorotipo 14 (53%), 23F (10,2%), 6B (6%), 19F (4,8%) e 19A (4,2%) estavam presentes em 78,2% dos PnNS. Detectou-se alta prevalência (11,1%) de isolados não tipáveis, dos quais 62.9% eram resistentes à penicilina. A cobertura dos sorotipos colonizadores para as vacinas 7-valente, 10- valente e 13-valente foi respectivamente 55,2%, 55,9% e 65,1%. Crianças menores de 24 meses de idade (OR=1,79; p=0,006), hospitalização nos últimos três meses (OR=2,19; p=0,025), e otite média aguda recorrente (OR=2,89; p=0,013) foram fatores xiv independentemente associados com SpNS na análise multivariada. Entre os 123 isolados submetidos à PFGE, 106 eram de nasofaringe de crianças das creches, dos quais 84 expressavam a cápsula tipo 14 e 22 eram isolados PnNT. Todas as cepas invasivas eram sorotipo 14. A maior linhagem agrupou 34 pneumococos do sorotipo 14, com 82,7% de similaridade, os quais foram geneticamente relacionados ao clone Spain 9V-3. Todas as cepas PnNT apresentaram locus para o gene da cápsula para o tipo 14. Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre os valores da CIM para a penicilina entre as três principais linhagens (Krukal-Wallis, p<0,001). Conclusões: (i) crianças com otite média recorrente podem exercer papel importante na disseminação de pneumococos resistentes para a comunidade; (ii) Evidências genéticas apóiam os achados de que cepas de pneumococo não tipáveis assemelham-se ao genótipo das cepas do sorotipo 14; (iii) isolados de portadores e invasivos que circulam em Goiânia pertencem a um sorotipo 14 variante do clone Spain9V-3, responsável pela disseminação da resistência do pneumococo na população pediátrica de Goiânia
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Zanardo, Rafaela Tais. "Purificação do polissacarídeo capsular de Streptococcus pneumoniae de sorotipo 14." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-11032016-104211/.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococo) é um importante patógeno humano, responsável por graves infecções das vias respiratórias. O principal fator de virulência desse microrganismo é a cápsula polissacarídica (PS), antígeno das vacinas atuais, que são elaboradas com os PS purificados de cepas de pneumococo prevalentes na população. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um processo de purificação do PS do sorotipo 14, responsável por 39% das doenças em crianças de 0-6 anos no Brasil. A metodologia de purificação envolveu separação celular por microfiltração tangencial e concentração do microfiltrado com membrana de ultrafiltração tangencial de 50 kDa. O produto dessa etapa foi diafiltrado com dodecil sulfato de sódio em membrana de ultrafiltração tangencial de 30 kDa, seguido de precipitação com ácido tricloroacético a 5%, precipitação por etanol (20% e 60%) e cromatografia de troca aniônica. A pureza do PS foi avaliada pelo conteúdo de proteínas e ácidos nucleicos remanescentes e o tamanho por cromatografia de exclusão molecular. O PS foi obtido com pureza e tamanho requeridos pelos órgãos regulatórios e o rendimento final do processo foi de 65%.Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important human pathogen responsible for severe respiratory tract infections. The main virulence factor of this microorganism is the capsular polysaccharide (PS), which is the antigen of all current vaccines, which are prepared with purified PS of pneumococcal strains prevalent in the population. The objective of this work was to develop a new purification process for PS of serotype 14, responsible for 39% of diseases in children of 0-6 years old in Brazil. The purification method involved cell separation by tangential microfiltration and concentration of cell-free culture broth containing PS by tangential ultrafiltration (50 kDa). The product of this step was diafiltrated with sodium dodecyl sulfate by tangential ultrafiltration (30 kDa), following by 5% trichloroacetic acid precipitation, 20% and 60% ethanol precipitation and anion exchange chromatography. The PS purity was evaluated by the content of residual proteins and nucleic acids, and the molecular mass by size exclusion chromatography. The purity and molecular mass requirements were achieved and the process global yield was 65%.
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Santos, Tanila Wood dos. "Análise da resposta celular induzida no pulmão pela imunização de camundongos com vacinas pneumocócicas híbridas PspA-PLY." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-10122014-103341/.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae é responsável por milhões de mortes anuais no mundo todo. As vacinas atuais são baseadas em polissacarídeos capsulares e apresentam cobertura limitada. Assim, diversas proteínas tem sido estudadas como alternativas vacinais, dentre as quais se destacam PspA e PLY. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar produção de anticorpos e a resposta celular induzida pela imunização com vacinas híbridas PspA-PLY em modelo de pneumonia. Os anticorpos apresentaram elevada capacidade de ligação a pneumococos expressando PspAs de família 2, bem como um aumento na deposição de complemento nestes isolados. A imunização com as proteínas híbridas protegeu os camundongos do desafio sistêmico com pneumococo contendo PspA de família 2. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de pneumonia lobar em camundongos, onde a imunização com PspA-PLY induziu um aumento de IL-6 e TNF nos pulmões após o desafio, levando a uma redução no número de bactérias nos pulmões dos animais. Os dados sugerem que a fusão de PspA à PLY é capaz de ampliar a cobertura protetora a isolados expressando PspAs distintas, e que essa mesma vacina á capaz de proteger os animais contra pneumonia, pela indução precoce de citocinas como IL-6 e TNF-a nos pulmões.Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for millions of deaths annually around the globe. The current vaccines are based on capsular polysaccharides, and have limited coverage. Thus, several proteins have been investigated as alternative vaccines, including PspA and PLY. The present study aimed at characterizing the antibody production and cellular immune response induced by mouse immunization with PspA-PLY hybrid vaccines in a pneumonia model. The induced antibodies demonstrated a strong recognition of pneumococci expressing family 2 PspA molecules, as well as an enhancement in complement deposition in their surface. Immunization with the fusion protein protected mice from systemic challenge with a pneumococcal isolate bearing a family 2 PspA. A model of lobar pneumonia was developed in BALB/c mice, where the immunization with the PspA-PLY fusion induced an increase in IL-6 and TNF-a production in the lungs after pneumococcal challenge, leading to a reduction on bacteria load in the lungs of immunized mice. The data suggests that fusion of PspA to PLY is capable of increasing vaccine coverage aginst pneumococcal infection with isolates bearing family 2 PspAs, and confer protection in mice against pneumonia, by the early production of IL-6 and TNF-a in the lungs.
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Medeiros, Marta Inês Cazentini. "Sorotipos e perfil de resistência antimicrobiana do Streptococcus pneumoniae: implicações clínicas na doença invasiva e no programa nacional de imunização (1998-2013)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-28012016-144027/.
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As infecções por Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococo) ainda desafiam os sistemas de saúde em todo mundo. Este é um estudo observacional, de seguimento retrospectivo, que avaliou aspectos microbiológicos e clínicos das cepas de pneumococo isoladas de pacientes com doença invasiva pneumocócica (DIP) isolados nos Departamentos Regionais de Saúde (DRS) de Araraquara, Barretos, Franca e Ribeirão Preto, em um período de 16 anos (1998-2013). As informações foram obtidas junto ao Instituto Adolfo Lutz e, no banco de dados do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCRP). Analisou-se 796 linhagens, com predominio do gênero masculino (58,9%), da faixa etária de 20 a menores de 60 anos de idade (32,2%) e do período de 2003 a 2010 (60,2%). As DIPs mais comuns foram a meningite (45,7%) e a pneumonia (45,0%). Quanto aos sorotipos mais frequentes, observou-se em 83,3%: 14, 3, 19F, 1, 6A, 6B, 23F, 9V, 18C, 19A, 12F, 4, 7F, 5, 22F, 11A, 8, 9N, 10A e 15C, sendo o 14 o mais comum nos quatro DRS estudados. Os sorotipos 14, 3 e 19F foram mais frequentes na meningite, enquanto os sorotipos 14, 3 e 1 na pneumonia. Após 2010, verificou-se diminuição dos sorotipos 14, 1, 23F e 5 e aumento de 12F, 11A e 8, não contidos na vacina. A resistência à penicilina foi de 14,8%, sendo 3,0% resistência intermediária e 11,8% de resistência plena. Para ceftriaxona, 5,3% foram não sensíveis. A sensibilidade ao cloranfenicol, eritromicina e ceftriaxona manteve-se acima dos 90%, no período estudado. O maior nível de resistência foi observado para Sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim (49,4%). Destaca-se o aumento dos sorotipos 12F, 11A e 8 após a vacinação, considerando que nenhum deles compõe as vacinas conjugadas disponíveis. Observou-se variabilidade de resistência entre os diferentes sorotipos de pneumococo. A DIP mais frequente nos pacientes cadastrados no HCRP foi a pneumonia (67,8%), seguida da meningite (22,9%) tendo como sorotipos mais frequentes 14, 6A, 23F, 1, 3, 18C, 19F, 12F, 4,9V, 6B e 19A. Destes pacientes 67,5% apresentaram cura sem sequelas, 6,9% tiveram algum tipo de sequela e 25,6% evoluíram para óbito. A pneumonia causou 18,2% dos óbitos, principalmente na faixa etária de 20 a menores de 60 anos de idade. Os sorotipos 12F, 14, 18C, 9V, 18A, 19A e 23F foram responsáveis por 64,9% dos óbitos por meningite, enquanto os sorotipos 3, 14, 9V, 6B, 23F e 19F estiveram envolvidos em 63,4% das mortes por pneumonia. Entre os pacientes que morreram 68,2% tinham algum tipo de comorbidade, sendo HIV/AIDS, alcoolismo e câncer as mais comuns. A faixa etária com 60 anos ou mais foi a mais significativa (OR=4,2) para o insucesso, independente da presença de comorbidade. A presença do sorotipo 18C foi fator de risco significativo tanto na análise bruta (OR=3,8), quanto ao ajustar por comorbidade (OR=5,0) ou ajustada por idade (OR=5,4). O mesmo ocorreu para o sorotipo 12F (respectivamente, OR=5,1, OR=5,0 e OR=4,7). Observou-se alterações na circulação de alguns sorotipos de pneumococo no período pós VPC10. Ressalta-se a importância da continuidade da vigilância das DIPs, afim de determinar oscilações clínicas e microbiológicas da doença. Além disto, na era das vacinas conjugadas, o contínuo monitoramento sobre a distribuição de sorotipos na população é necessário para a avaliação do impacto e adequação da imunizaçãoInfections by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are still a challenge to health systems worldwide. An observational retrospective study was developed to assess microbiological and clinical aspects of pneumococcus strains isolated from patients with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) which were isolated in the Regional Health Departments (DRS) of Araraquara, Barretos, Franca and Ribeirão Preto, in a period of 16 years (1998-2013). Data were obtained at the Adolfo Lutz Institute and in databases of the Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto (HCRP). A total of 796 strains were analyzed, with prevalence of male individuals (58.9%), aged between 20 and 60 years (32.2%), and in the period between 2003 and 2010 (60.2%). The most common IPD were meningitis (45.7%) and pneumonia (45.0%). Regarding the most frequent serotypes, in 83.3% they were: 14, 3, 19F, 1, 6A, 6B, 23F, 9V, 18C, 19A, 12F, 4, 7F, 5, 22F, 11A, 8, 9N, 10A and 15C, with 14 being the most common in the four DRS studied. Serotypes 14, 3 and 19F were more frequent in meningitis, whereas serotypes 14, 3 and 1 were more frequent in pneumonia. After 2010, there was a decrease in serotypes 14, 1, 23F and 5, and an increase in 12F, 11A and 8, which are not included in the vaccine. Resistance to penicillin was 14.8%, with 3.0% being intermediate, and 11.8% full resistance. For ceftriaxone, 5.3% were not sensitive. Sensitivity to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and ceftriaxone remained over 90% in the studied period. The highest level of resistance was observed for Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (49.4%). It is noteworthy that there was an increase in the s serotypes 12F, 11A and 8 after vaccination, considering that none of them make up the combined vaccines available. Resistance varied among the different serotypes of pneumococcus. The most frequent IPD in the patients registered in the HCRP was pneumonia (67.8%), followed by meningitis (22.9%), with the most frequent serotypes being 14, 6A, 23F, 1, 3, 18C, 19F, 12F, 4, 9V, 6B and 19A. Of these patients, 67.5% were cured without sequela, 6.9% had some sort of sequela and 25.6% evolved to death. Pneumonia caused 18.2% of the deaths, mainly in the age range between 20 and 60 years. Serotypes 12F, 14, 18C, 9V, 18A, 19A and 23F were responsible for 64.9% of the deaths by meningitis, whereas serotypes 3, 14, 9V, 6B, 23F and 19F were involved in 63.4% of the deaths by pneumonia. Among the patients who died, 68.2% had some sort of comorbidity, with HIV/AIDS, alcoholism and cancer being the most common. The age range over 60 years was the most significant (OR=4.2) for failure, regardless of the presence of a comorbidity. The presence of serotype 18C was a significant risk factor both in the gross analysis (OR=3.8), and in the adjustment as for comorbidity (OR=5.0) or age (OR=5.4). This was also true for the serotype 12F (respectively, OR=5.1, OR=5.0 and OR=4.7). There were alterations in the circulation of some pneumococcus serotypes in the period after VPC10. it is emphasized the importance of continued monitoring of DIPs, in order to determine clinical and microbiological fluctuations of the disease. In addition, in the era of combined vaccines, it is necessary to keep monitoring the distribution of serotypes in the population to assess the impact and adequacy of immunization
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Campos, Ivana Barros de. "Otimização do processo de produção e caracterização da vacina celular contra Streptococcus pneumoniae." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-19022015-093553/.
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S. pneumoniae é um patógeno de grande impacto em saúde pública e vacinas comerciais têm cobertura limitada e alto custo. Como alternativa, desenvolveu-se uma vacina celular de baixo custo, cuja produção envolve apenas a separação das bactérias do caldo e sua inativação. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados processos descontínuo, descontínuo alimentado e contínuo com reciclo de células, cuja produção de biomassa foi 3 vezes maior que a do descontínuo. Vacinas obtidas nos 3 processos foram utilizadas em ensaios de imunização de camundongos e induziram níveis similares de IgG e IL-17A. Anticorpos ligaram-se e induziram a deposição de moléculas do sistema complemento sobre a superfície do pneumococo. Ademais, induziram fagocitose de diferentes cepas encapsuladas da bactéria. Camundongos imunizados foram protegidos contra sepse após aspiração da cepa virulenta WU2. Portanto, o processo contínuo com reciclo permitiu a obtenção de maior número de doses sem alterar a qualidade da vacina e o ensaio opsonofagocítico poderia ser utilizado como potencial correlato de proteção.S. pneumoniae is a pathogen of great impact on public health and commercially available vaccines have limited coverage and high cost. As alternative, a low-cost whole cell vaccine was developed, whose production involves only the cell separation and inactivation. In this work, we evaluated batch, fed-batch and continuous cultivation with cell recycle. The biomass production was 3-fold higher in continuous process than batch. Vaccines obtained from these 3 processes were used to immunize mice and all vaccines induced comparable levels of IgG and IL-17A. Antibodies were able to bind and induce deposition of complement onto pneumococcal surface, besides to induce phagocytosis of several encapsulated pneumococcal strains in opsonophagocytic assays. Immunized mice were protected from fatal aspiration-sepsis using the virulent pneumococcal strain WU2. Therefore, the continuous process with cell recycle yielded a higher number of doses without altering the quality of the vaccine and opsonophagocytic assay could be used as a potential correlate of protection.
Books on the topic "PNEUMOCOCCO"
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Siber, George R., Keith P. Klugman, and P. Helena Mäkelä, eds. Pneumococcal Vaccines. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.
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Tuomanen, Elaine I., Timothy J. Mitchell, Donald Morrison, and Brian G. Spratt, eds. The Pneumococcus. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816537.
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I, Tuomanen Elaine, ed. The pneumococcus. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2004.
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King, Samantha Jane. Epidemiology and evolution of pneumococcal neuraminidases. [s.l.]: typescript, 1999.
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T, Mayon-White Richard, and Royal Society of Medicine (Great Britain), eds. The clinical impact of pneumococcal disease and strategies for its prevention: Proceedings of an international conference sponsored by Pasteur Merieux MSD held at the Royal Society of Medicine, London, 13 December 1994. London, UK: Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1995.
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R, Siber George, Klugman Keith P, and Mäkelä P. Helena, eds. Pneumococcal vaccines: The impact of conjugate vaccine. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2008.
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Riddiough, Michael A. Implications of alternative Medicare payment methods for pneumoccal vaccination. Washington, DC: Health Program, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 1985.
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Riddiough, Michael A. Implications of alternative Medicare payment methods for pneumoccal vaccination. Washington, DC: Health Program, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 1985.
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Nuorti, J. Pekka. Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children: Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Atlanta, GA: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010.
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Riddiough, Michael A. Implications of alternative Medicare payment methods for pneumoccal vaccination. Washington, DC: Health Program, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "PNEUMOCOCCO"
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Bonville, Cynthia, and Joseph Domachowske. "Pneumococcus." In Vaccines, 275–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58414-6_23.
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Dudley, Matthew Z., Daniel A. Salmon, Neal A. Halsey, Walter A. Orenstein, Rupali J. Limaye, Sean T. O’Leary, and Saad B. Omer. "Pneumococcal." In The Clinician’s Vaccine Safety Resource Guide, 103–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94694-8_14.
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Gray, Barry M., and Daniel M. Musher. "The History of Pneumococcal Disease." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 1–17. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch1.
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Hausdorff, William P., Angela B. Brueggemann, Jill G. Hackell, J. Anthony, and G. Scott. "Pneumococcal Serotype Epidemiology." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 139–60. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch10.
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Lees, Andrew, Velupillai Puvanesarajah, and Carl E. Frasch. "Conjugation Chemistry." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 161–74. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch11.
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Blake, Milan S. "Pneumococcal Vaccines: Manufacture and Quality Control for Product Release." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 175–82. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch12.
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Gruber, Marion F., Douglas Pratt, and Manfred Haase. "Licensing of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines for Children and Adults: Regulatory Perspective from the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 183–96. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch13.
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Madore, Dace V., Sally A. Quataert, and Merja Vakevainen. "Quantitation of Anti-Pneumococcal Capsular Antibody in Ligand-Binding Assays." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 197–211. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch14.
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Nahm, Moon H., and Sandra Romero-Steiner. "Functional Assays for Pneumococcal Antibody." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 213–26. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch15.
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Käyhty, Helena, Stephen Lockhart, and Lode Schuerman. "Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Infants and Children." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 227–43. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "PNEUMOCOCCO"
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Waz, Natalha Tedeschi, Bárbara Milani Froes, and Michelle Darrieux. "PAPEL DA CÁPSULA POLISSACARÍDICA E DA PROTEÍNA PspA NA AÇÃO MICROBICIDA DA INDOLICIDINA SOBRE Streptococcus pneumoniae." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Biotecnologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1098.
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Introdução: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococo) é uma bactéria responsável por elevada mortalidade no mundo todo. É um patógeno Gram-positivo extracelular recoberto por uma cápsula polissacarídica. A cápsula confere proteção contra a fagocitose pelo sistema imune, além de influenciar diferentes aspectos da patogênese bacteriana, como adesão e deposição de moléculas do sistema complemento. Devido à sua elevada imunogenicidade, os polissacarídeos capsulares constituem a base das formulações vacinais atualmente disponíveis contra o pneumococo. As cápsulas apresentam elevada variabilidade, permitindo a classificação da bactéria em 96 sorotipos. Os peptídeos antimicrobianos (AMPs) representam uma das primeiras linhas de defesa imune, através da capacidade de promover a lise de diversos patógenos. A indolicidina, um peptídeo catiônico produzido por neutrófilos ativados, apresenta ação bactericida contra o pneumococo. Nosso grupo demonstrou que a presença da proteína PspA – um importante candidato vacinal – na superfície da bactéria apresenta efeito protetor contra a lise por indolicidina. No entanto, a influência de outros fatores de virulência, como cápsula polissacarídica, não foram investigados. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o papel da cápsula polissacarídica na proteção da bactéria contra a ação lítica da indolicidina. Material e métodos: Inicialmente foi avaliada a sensibilidade à indolicidina de pneumococos de quatro sorotipos capsulares diferentes. Em seguida, foi analisada a resistência à indolicidina em pneumococos selvagens versus mutantes isogênicos sem cápsula. Resultados: Os dados obtidos no primeiro ano de projeto indicam que diferentes sorotipos de pneumococo apresentam variação na resistência à indolicidina; os isolados 245/00 (sorotipo 14) e A66.1 (sorotipo 3) foram mais sensíveis quando comparados à D39 (sorotipo 2). A presença da cápsula também parece influenciar a ação lítica da indolicidina; a bactéria mutante se mostrou mais sensível ao AMP quando comparada à bactéria encapsulada. Conclusão e perspectivas: Os dados obtidos até o momento sugerem que a cápsula desempenha um papel protetor contra a ação da indolicidina e que variações na composição da mesma podem afetar a resistência bacteriana ao peptídeo. Novos ensaios utilizando-se pneumococos de diferentes sorotipos irão confirmar a influência da composição da cápsula na ação da indolicidina, enquanto a comparação de pneumococos selvagens e mutantes sem cápsula com diferentes backgrounds genéticos elucidará o efeito desta estrutura na proteção da bactéria contra este AMP.
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Bushueva, T. V., N. A. Roslay, and A. K. Labzova. "THE USE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INDICATORS IN ORDER TO FORM AN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED GROUP FOR VACCINATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-97-101.
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Abstract: Pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among people over 60 years of age and workers in some professional groups. According to the medical literature, the frequency of invasive forms of pneumococcal infection among people of working age is 3.8 per 100,000 population. Increased susceptibility to colonization of the respiratory tract and subsequent morbidity may be due to concomitant pathology, exposure to immunocompromising, including harmful production factors. It should be noted that the source of the pathogen is not only sick people, but also healthy carriers. The level of asymptomatic colonization in the adult population is 5-7%, and in families with children increases to 30%. Vaccination is a way to effectively prevent respiratory diseases caused by this infection. The purpose of our study is to substantiate immunological indications for the formation of immunocompromised groups among workers exposed to the aerogenic factor at work for subsequent vaccination against pneumococcal infection. Results: It has been shown that low bactericidal activity of neutrophils (NBT-test) and a high level of secretory immunoglobulin can be used as a marker of immunodeficiency in workers of a ferrous metallurgy enterprise. When a doctor assesses the immune status of workers, he needs to take into account the presence of diseases that are part of the groups of immunological syndrome complexes (infectious-inflammatory, autoimmune, allergic, immunoproliferative) and the composition of industrial aerosols
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Wright, Adam, Mathieu Bangert, Daniela M. Ferreira, Andrea Collins, Dan G. Wootton, Angela D. Wright, and Stephen B. Gordon. "Pneumococcal Specific Lung T Cells Produce Interleukin-17 That Can Increase Uptake Of Pneumococci By Human Alveolar Macrophages." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a1076.
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Galvez, M. J., A. Ramos, A. Delgado-Iribarren, J. Solano, and B. Steen. "Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPN) and pneumococcal vaccination in our setting." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa1853.
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Ikegami, H., S. Noguchi, K. Yamasaki, T. Kawanami, K. Akata, K. Yatera, and H. Mukae. "Changes in Pneumococcal Serotypes in Adult Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Japan (2011 - 2017)." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a6230.
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Polverino, E., C. Cilloniz, C. Esquinas, JA Riesco, J. Mensa, MA Marcos, M. Ortega, R. Menendez, and A. Torres. "Complicated Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Adults." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a1711.
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Oligbu, G., A. Djennad, S. Collins, CL Sheppard, NK Fry, R. Borrow, NJ Andrew, and S. Ladhani. "G54 Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on pneumococcal meningitis in england and wales, 2000 – 2016." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 13–15 March 2018, SEC, Glasgow, Children First – Ethics, Morality and Advocacy in Childhood, The Journal of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-rcpch.52.
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Letsiou, Eleftheria, Gustavo Teixeira Alves, Matthias Felten, Holger Mueller-Redetzky, Timothy Mitchell, and Martin Witzenrath. "Neutrophils produce microvesicles in pneumococcal pneumonia." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa3936.
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Queiroz, Lis Vinhático Pontes, Janaína Seixas Pereira Meirelles, Maria Clara Sales do Nascimento, Thaísa Sobral de Andrade, and Kátia de Miranda Avena. "Meningitis in Brazil and its regions: a reflection on vaccination coverage in the last decade." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.618.
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Introduction: Meningitis is a potentially fatal disease. Vaccines play a fundamental role in its prevention, so it is important to reflect on the vaccination coverage (VC) performed in Brazil and in its regions. Objectives: To analyze the VC of meningitis in Brazil and regions in the last decade. Design and setting: Ecological study carried out in Brazil. Methods: Data were collected in the Information System of the National Immunization Program from the Computer Department of the Unified Health System between 2011 and 2020. The variables analyzed were: region, capitals and immunizers, which are Meningococcus C, Pneumococcal, Haemophilus influenzae b and Tetravalente. Evaluation by the Research Ethics Committee was waived because it is public data. Results: During this period, the national VC against meningitis was 86.8%, with 19.8% of reduction when comparing 2011 and 2020. The South had the highest VC (91.0%), followed by the MidWest (90.2%), Southeast (88.7%), Northeast (85.0%) and North (76.6%), while the Southeast suffered the greatest reduction (24.0%) and the North the smallest (9.6%). The capitals had a total VC of 83.7%. The vaccines meningococcus C and pneumococcal had higher levels of total VC (92.9% and 90.4%, respectively), while their booster doses had VC of 85.4% and 83.3%, respectively. The tetravalent vaccine had a rate of 77.0%. Conclusions: Except for the North, Brazilian regions have obtained adequate VCs in the last decade, but these rates have been decreasing. It is urgent to strengthen the national vaccination plan in the country, especially in the North.
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Saikumar, H., A. Anzueto, and M. I. Restrepo. "Cardiovascular Events and 1-Year Mortality in Pneumococcal Community- Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Compared to Non-Pneumococcal CAP." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a4230.
Full textReports on the topic "PNEUMOCOCCO"
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Ryan, Margaret A., Jamie A. McKeehan, and Gregory C. Gray. Pneumococcal Vaccine to Counter Emerging Infectious Disease Threat in the Military. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada408879.
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Johnson, Edward G. Pneumococcal Vaccine Rates in Persons 65 and Older: A USAF Medical Facility Record Review. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388268.
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Thorbecke, G. J., and Zoltan Ovary. Effect of Adjuvants on Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Injected Intraperitoneally. Platelet-Derived Immunoregulatory Activity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada162996.
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Alexandrova, Alexandra, Lena Setchanova, Daniela Pencheva, and Ivan Mitov. Molecular Serotyping of Serogroup 6 Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates Has Shown Emergence of Serotype 6C After the Implementation of 10‑valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PhiD‑CV) in Bulgaria. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.08.14.
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Pneumococcal vaccines for people with COPD reduce their chance of catching pneumonia. National Institute for Health Research, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000420.
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CIOMS Guide to Active Vaccine Safety Surveillance. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.56759/hnuw8440.
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With more vaccine solutions available and opportunities for earlier availability of new vaccine products in resource-limited countries (e.g. vaccines against rotavirus, human papillomavirus or pneumococci) as well as new products that address diseases endemic in those countries only (e.g. malaria, dengue among others), generating reliable data about specific safety concerns is becoming a priority for all countries. The Guide offers a practical step-by-step approach and algorithm to aid immunization professionals and decision-makers in determining the best course of action if additional vaccine safety data is needed. The Guide provides a structured process for evaluating whether significant knowledge gaps exist, whether passive safety surveillance is adequate, and if not, methods for and practical aspects of conducting active vaccine safety surveillance. The Guide also includes an essential vaccine information source list for evaluating the extent of data resources and several case studies for review. This CIOMS publication more than any other in recent history focuses on the special needs of the country level organizations responsible for developing vaccines safety surveillance strategies and implementing new vaccination programmes into resource-limited environments.