Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pneumococcal vaccine

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Academic literature on the topic 'Pneumococcal vaccine'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Pneumococcal vaccine"

1

Gladstone, R. A., J. M. Jefferies, S. N. Faust, and S. C. Clarke. "Continued control of pneumococcal disease in the UK – the impact of vaccination." Journal of Medical Microbiology 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.020016-0.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the pneumococcus, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing world. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were first introduced for routine use in the USA in 2000, although the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was not introduced into the UK's routine childhood immunization programme until September 2006. After its introduction, a marked decrease in the incidence of pneumococcal disease was observed, both in the vaccinated and unvaccinated UK populations. However, pneumococci are highly diverse and serotype prevalence is dynamic. Conversely, PCV7 targets only a limited number of capsular types, which appears to confer a limited lifespan to the observed beneficial effects. Shifts in serotype distribution have been detected for both non-invasive and invasive disease reported since PCV7 introduction, both in the UK and elsewhere. The pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV, Synflorix; GlaxoSmithKline) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevenar 13; Pfizer) have been newly licensed. The potential coverage of the 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccines has also altered alongside serotype shifts. Nonetheless, the mechanism of how PCV7 has influenced serotype shift is not clear-cut as the epidemiology of serotype prevalence is complex. Other factors also influence prevalence and incidence of pneumococcal carriage and disease, such as pneumococcal diversity, levels of antibiotic use and the presence of risk groups. Continued surveillance and identification of factors influencing serotype distribution are essential to allow rational vaccine design, implementation and continued effective control of pneumococcal disease.
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van Tonder, Andries J., James E. Bray, Lucy Roalfe, Rebecca White, Marta Zancolli, Sigríður J. Quirk, Gunnsteinn Haraldsson, et al. "Genomics Reveals the Worldwide Distribution of Multidrug-Resistant Serotype 6E Pneumococci." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 7 (May 13, 2015): 2271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00744-15.

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The pneumococcus is a leading pathogen infecting children and adults. Safe, effective vaccines exist, and they work by inducing antibodies to the polysaccharide capsule (unique for each serotype) that surrounds the cell; however, current vaccines are limited by the fact that only a few of the nearly 100 antigenically distinct serotypes are included in the formulations. Within the serotypes, serogroup 6 pneumococci are a frequent cause of serious disease and common colonizers of the nasopharynx in children. Serotype 6E was first reported in 2004 but was thought to be rare; however, we and others have detected serotype 6E among recent pneumococcal collections. Therefore, we analyzed a diverse data set of ∼1,000 serogroup 6 genomes, assessed the prevalence and distribution of serotype 6E, analyzed the genetic diversity among serogroup 6 pneumococci, and investigated whether pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-induced serotype 6A and 6B antibodies mediate the killing of serotype 6E pneumococci. We found that 43% of all genomes were of serotype 6E, and they were recovered worldwide from healthy children and patients of all ages with pneumococcal disease. Four genetic lineages, three of which were multidrug resistant, described ∼90% of the serotype 6E pneumococci. Serological assays demonstrated that vaccine-induced serotype 6B antibodies were able to elicit killing of serotype 6E pneumococci. We also revealed three major genetic clusters of serotype 6A capsular sequences, discovered a new hybrid 6C/6E serotype, and identified 44 examples of serotype switching. Therefore, while vaccines appear to offer protection against serotype 6E, genetic variants may reduce vaccine efficacy in the longer term because of the emergence of serotypes that can evade vaccine-induced immunity.
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Peter, Georges, and Jerome O. Klein. "Pneumococcal Vaccine." Pediatrics In Review 17, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.17.10.335.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly termed the pneumococcus, is a major pediatric pathogen both in developed and developing countries. Despite the availability of multiple antimicrobials to which this organism is susceptible, it continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Recognition of the limitations of antimicrobial therapy in controlling the consequences of infection, particularly among high-risk persons such as those who have underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disease and the elderly, led to the introduction in the 1970s of a polyvalent, polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. As a result, the current indications for vaccination of both children and adults are based on risk factors for severe, potentially life-threatening pneumococcal infections and, in the case of children, the age-related immunogenicity of the polysaccharide antigens of this vaccine. Appropriate use of this vaccine is facilitated by knowledge of the pathogenicity of S pneumoniae, epidemiology of the infections it causes, and the immunogenicity and efficacy of the vaccine. The limitations of the current pneumococcal vaccine not only affect management of vaccinated patients but also have prompted development of investigational vaccines for use among infants and young children. Polysaccharide-protein conjugate pneumococcal vaccines that have increased immunogenicity in infants are in clinical trials and will be discussed only briefly in this review.
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Sempere, Julio, Mirella Llamosí, Idoia del Río Menéndez, Beatriz López Ruiz, Mirian Domenech, and Fernando González-Camacho. "Pneumococcal Choline-Binding Proteins Involved in Virulence as Vaccine Candidates." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020181.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a pathogen responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Currently, the available vaccines for the prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV-23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes (up to 100 different serotypes have been identified) and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and non-encapsulated pneumococci. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes after these vaccines is an increasing threat. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new pneumococcal vaccines which could cover a wide range of serotypes. One of the vaccines most characterized as a prophylactic alternative to current PPV-23 or PCVs is a vaccine based on pneumococcal protein antigens. The choline-binding proteins (CBP) are found in all pneumococcal strains, giving them the characteristic to be potential vaccine candidates as they may protect against different serotypes. In this review, we have focused the attention on different CBPs as vaccine candidates because they are involved in the pathogenesis process, confirming their immunogenicity and protection against pneumococcal infection. The review summarizes the major contribution of these proteins to virulence and reinforces the fact that antibodies elicited against many of them may block or interfere with their role in the infection process.
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Francois Watkins, Louise K., Jennifer L. Milucky, Lesley McGee,, Florence Siné St.-Surin, Pengbo Liu, Theresa Tran, Sopio Chochua, et al. "Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae Among Young Children in Haiti Before Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction." Journal of Infectious Diseases 224, Supplement_3 (September 1, 2021): S248—S257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab119.

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Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) reduce carriage in the nasopharynx, preventing disease. We conducted a pneumococcal carriage study to estimate the prevalence of pneumococcal colonization, identify risk factors for colonization, and describe antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among pneumococci colonizing young children in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, before introduction of 13-valent PCV (PCV13). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of children aged 6–24 months at an immunization clinic in Port-au-Prince between September 2015 and January 2016. Consenting parents were interviewed about factors associated with pneumococcal carriage; nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from each child and cultured for pneumococcus after broth enrichment. Pneumococcal isolates were serotyped and underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We compared frequency of demographic, clinical, and environmental factors among pneumococcus-colonized children (carriers) to those who were not colonized (noncarriers) using unadjusted bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results Pneumococcus was isolated from 308 of the 685 (45.0%) children enrolled. Overall, 157 isolates (50.8%) were PCV13 vaccine-type serotypes; most common were 6A (13.3%), 19F (12.6%), 6B (9.7%), and 23F (6.1%). Vaccine-type isolates were significantly more likely to be nonsusceptible to ≥1 antimicrobial (63.1% vs 45.4%, P = .002). On bivariate analysis, carriers were significantly more likely than noncarriers to live in a household without electricity or running water, to share a bedroom with ≥3 people, to have a mother or father who did not complete secondary education, and to have respiratory symptoms in the 24 hours before enrollment (P < .05 for all comparisons). On multivariable analysis, completion of the pentavalent vaccination series (targeting diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b) remained significantly more common among noncarriers. Conclusions Nearly a quarter of healthy children surveyed in Haiti were colonized with vaccine-type pneumococcal serotypes. This baseline carriage study will enable estimation of vaccine impact following nationwide introduction of PCV13.
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Browall, Sarah, Erik Backhaus, Pontus Naucler, Ilias Galanis, Karin Sjöström, Diana Karlsson, Stefan Berg, et al. "Clinical manifestations of invasive pneumococcal disease by vaccine and non-vaccine types." European Respiratory Journal 44, no. 6 (October 16, 2014): 1646–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080814.

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Pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs) have shown protection against invasive pneumococcal disease by vaccine serotypes, but an increase in non-vaccine serotype disease has been observed. Type-specific effects on clinical manifestation need to be explored.Clinical data from 2096 adults and 192 children with invasive pneumococcal disease were correlated to pneumococcal molecular serotypes. Invasive disease potential for pneumococcal serotypes were calculated using 165 invasive and 550 carriage isolates from children.The invasive disease potential was lower for non-PCV13 compared to vaccine-type strains. Patients infected with non-PCV13 strains had more underlying diseases, were less likely to have pneumonia and, in adults, tended to have a higher mortality. Furthermore, patients infected with pneumococci belonging to clonal serotypes only expressing non-PCV13 capsules had a higher risk for septicaemia and mortality.PCV vaccination will probably lead to a decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease but an alteration in the clinical manifestation of invasive pneumococcal disease. Genetic lineages causing invasive pneumococcal disease in adults often express non-vaccine serotypes, which can expand after vaccination with an increased risk of infection in patients with underlying diseases.
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PICHON, B., H. V. BENNETT, A. EFSTRATIOU, M. P. E. SLACK, and R. C. GEORGE. "Genetic characteristics of pneumococcal disease in elderly patients before introducing the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 7 (January 23, 2009): 1049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001787.

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SUMMARYStreptococcus pneumoniaestrains causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the elderly population of England and Wales during the winter of 2003/2004 (1 November 2003 to 30 April 2004) were characterized by serotyping and genotyping in order to determine their population structure in the elderly. Serotyping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were carried out on 542 invasive isolates referred to the Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory. Pneumococci were distributed among 32 serotypes and 144 MLST sequence types. A high genetic diversity was observed within the major serotypes. Genetic relatedness varied with regard to serotype. Isolates within serotypes 3, 7F and 8 were the most genetically related whereas serotypes 6A and 19F comprised isolates originating from unrelated ancestors. There was indirect evidence that some pneumococci were derived from clones that had undergone capsular switching in the past. Interestingly one case of IPD was caused by a pneumococcus originating from a clone that had undergone capsular switching from serotype 18C, a serotype included in 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) to serotype 1 (serotype not included in PCV) suggesting that virulent clones with the potential ability to evade PCV existed in the pneumococcal population prior to the routine introduction of this vaccine. Isolates from 28 cases of apparent 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) failure were included but there was no evidence of the emergence of particular clones associated with vaccine failures. Longitudinal studies based on serotypic and genetic characterization of pneumococci are fundamental to understanding the impact of both PPV and PCV on the genetic structure of pneumococcal populations.
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Walekhwa, Michael, Fiona Maiyo, Teresa Kerubo, and Fred Kipsang. "In Vitro Evaluation of Effect of Storage Time on Immunogenicity of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Using Baby Rabbit Complement & HL-60 Cells." Kabarak Journal of Research & Innovation 14, no. 01 (March 7, 2024): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.58216/kjri.v14i01.280.

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Background: The efficacy and effectiveness of a vaccine is influenced by several factors including storage duration. Additionally, vaccines may be sufficiently administered but functionality of antibody generated may be hampered with by other factors such as nutritional status of the patient. As such, one of the ways of assessing vaccine efficacy is assessing the functionality of the antibodies generated. The 10v-PCV is a highly effective vaccine used to prevent invasive pneumococcal diseases in children. However, here in Kenya, cases of pneumococcal diseases are high and challenging to treat. This study thus aimed to evaluate the effect of storage of PCV-10 storage time on the functionality of Abs generated. Methodology; An in vitro experimental research design was employed for this study. opsonophagocytic activity assay using HL-60 Cells & Baby rabbit complement was used to assess whether or not the Pneumococci Serotype IgG antibodies elicited following administration with 10v-PCV vaccine are functional. Only 10v-PCV vaccine with same production date were procured. Twenty experimental rabbits of same gender were procured and used injected intraperitoneally with 3 doses of 100µl (0.34g) of 10v-PCV vaccine after every four weeks. Antibody functionality was then assessed using the opsonophagocytic activity assay method. Results: An average of 28.9% of pneumococcus exposed to the vaccine-induced secreted antibodies were killed by the pneumococcal IgG antibody. The highest percentage of number of bacteria killed was achieved after the 3rd dose of vaccination. There was no significant influence of storage duration on opsonophagocytic activity of generated antibodies. Conclusion: Storing of 10v-PCV vaccine up to 12 weeks does not significantly affect the opsonophagocytic activity of pneumococcal IgG antibodies.
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Ludwig, Endre, and Zsófia Mészner. "Prevention ofStreptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcal) infections in adults." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 50 (December 2014): 1996–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.30070.

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Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are still meaning a serious health problem, about 40% of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is due to pneumococcal bacteria in adults requiring hospitalization. The incidence and mortality rate of pneumococcal infections is increasing in the population above 50 years of age. Certain congenital and acquired immunocompromised conditions make the individual susceptible for pneumococcal infection and other chronic comorbidities should be considered as a risk factor as well, such as liver and renal diseases, COPD, diabetes mellitus. Lethality of severe pneumococcal infections with bacteraemia still remains about 12% despite adequate antimicrobial therapy in the past 60 years. Underestimation of pneumococcal infections is mainly due to the low sensitivity of diagnostic tools and underuse of bacteriological laboratory confirmation methods. 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) became available recently beyond the 23-valent polysacharide vaccine (PPV-23) which has been using for a long time.The indication and proper administration of the two vaccines are based on international recommendations and vaccination guideline published by National Centre for Epidemiology (NCE):Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for: Every person above 50 years of age. Patients of all ages with chronic diseases who are susceptible for severe pneumococcal infections: respiratory (COPD), heart, renal, liver disease, diabetes, or patients under immunsuppressive treatment. Smokers regardless of age and comorbidities. Cochlear implants, cranial-injured patients. Patients with asplenia.Recommendation for administration of the two different vaccines:Adults who have not been immunized previously against pneumococcal disease must be vaccinated with a dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine first. This protection could be extended with administration of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine at least two month later. Adults who have been immunized previously, but above 65 years of age, with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine are recommended to get one dose of conjugate vaccine at least one year later. Adults who have been immunized previously, but under 65 years of age, with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine are recommended to get one dose of conjugate vaccine at least one year later. After a minimal interval of two months one dose of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended if at least 5 years have elapsed since their previous PPSV23 dose. Vaccination of immuncompromised patients (malignancy, transplantation, etc.) and patients with asplenia should be defined by vaccinology specialists. Pneumococcal vaccines may be administered concommitantly or any interval with other vaccines. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(50), 1996–2004.
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Baranov, Alexander A., Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova, Nikolay I. Brico, Yurii V. Lobzin, Roman S. Коzlov, Mikhail P. Kostinov, Irina S. Koroleva, et al. "Vaccine Prevention of Pneumococcal Infection in Children." Pediatric pharmacology 15, no. 3 (July 6, 2018): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v15i3.1899.

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Pneumococcal infection remains one of the leading reasons for infant mortality from vaccine-preventable infections. Today vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant pneumococci. In the article, authors present current approaches to vaccinal prevention of pneumococcal diseases. The plan of action for carrying out active immunoprophylaxis of pneumococcal infection is explained in detail for both healthy children and patients from risk groups for severe pneumococcal diseases development. The published work is based on key points of the guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on vaccinal prevention of pneumococcal infection (developed and approved by the professional association of pediatricians «The Union of Pediatricians of Russia»).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pneumococcal vaccine"

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Lee, Lai-ka, and 李勵嘉. "The pattern of invasive pneumococcal disease in Hong Kong, other parts of China, United States and Thailand : a focus on impact of pneumococcal vaccination : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206944.

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Objectives: By summarizing and comparing the pattern of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the 4 areas (namely Hong Kong, other parts of China, United States and Thailand) at different stages of implementation of universal pneumococcal vaccination, a snapshot picture could be obtained to visualize how pneumococcal vaccination has impacted upon various important measures, including the burden of IPD, prevalent serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, risk factors of IPD, to guide us on the next step to optimize our ability to combat against IPD. Methods: To achieve the objective, a systematic search through PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, EmBase, CINAHL, and the China Journal Net (for Chinese journal articles to obtain a more comprehensive data for “other parts of mainland) has been performed. Articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and in straight accordance to the literature search and article retrieval steps as described in the methodology. The quality of the articles was assessed by the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) checklists. Results: In general, there was decline in IPD incidence after PCV vaccination, but the problem of serotype replacement and antimicrobial resistance was still an ongoing problem, which differs geographically. Conclusion: From the above data, we could see the significant impact on PCV on reduction of incidence in IPD as shown in United States, however, it was also very clear that unless development of non-serotype specific vaccine become available to us, we are still facing the problem of serotype replacement and that we need to have regular surveillance, as in the case of United States, to supply the data for timely replacement of new PCV combating the emerging serotypes, such that we would still be in the safe ground. In Hong Kong, the statutory reporting of IPD to Centre for Health and Protection (CHP) has been effective since 2/1/201443, after the start of universal immunization since October 2008, followed by PCV10 in 2009 and PCV13 in December 2011, we seems lacking behind on the surveillance. With the surveillance started by CHP, we hope to understand the Hong Kong situation better and with more published data for our local burden and serotype pattern of IPD. It is interesting to note that the antimicrobial pattern does vary geographically, even in US with universal immunization. This suggests that while PCV was helping us to reduce the penicillin resistant strain, another more important factor – the practice of use of antibiotics- is still operating to effect on the overall antibiotic resistance. The pattern that rural Thailand was having much much less penicillin resistance as compared to urban Bangkok, where antibiotic is more readily available, also supports this explanation.
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Wu, Yunyan, and 吴云燕. "The immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46943493.

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Fan, Hiu-yan, and 樊曉欣. "Economic evaluation of the second generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206903.

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Background Pneumococcal disease, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), leads to a great burden of morbidity and mortality globally, especially in developing countries. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 476,000 out of 8.8 million global annual deaths in children under 5 years old in 2008 were due to pneumococcal infection. Currently there are 2 second generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) targeted at children, the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) available in the market for the prevention of pneumococcal disease. Nowadays, about half of the countries already included PCVs into their National Immunization Programme (NIP) and around one-fourth are planning the introduction. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of PCV-10 and PCV-13 so that the results could inform policy decisions of including PCVs into the NIP. Methods A systematic review was conducted by searching from 2 databases (PubMed and Medline) for the economic evaluation studies of the PCV-10 and PCV-13. Information of the design and characteristics of studies, burden of pneumococcal disease assumption, and baseline vaccine efficacy assumptions were extracted and results were presented in incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results Eleven studies were included, with 4 studies done in Europe, 3 in South America, 2 in Africa, 1 in Asia and 1 across North America and Europe. The results varied greatly among studies, with 5 of them reporting PCV-10 to be more cost-effective and/or cost-saving, while 4 of them reporting PCV-13 to be more cost-effective and/or cost-saving, and 2 of them concluded in a different way: PCV-10 was more cost-effective and cost-saving, however PCV-13 would lead to higher life-years gained (LYG) and/or disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. Conclusion Due to the uncertainties in the clinical and epidemiological parameters, the unavailability of the data of local disease burden, and the analytical choices about endpoints which could significantly affect the input data, the results of the studies reviewed were contrasting from each other. Therefore, there was not enough evidence to show whether PCV-10 or PCV-13 was more cost-effective to be included into the NIP of children. Further research should be done on the sensitive variables of the cost-effectiveness ratio, as well as the local serotype distribution and disease burden should also be taken into account when planning the inclusion of PCVs into the NIP.
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Wong, Kwan-ting, and 王筠婷. "The cost-effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for older adults : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206978.

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BACKGROUND: Despite the current recommendation by the Centre for Health Protection (CHP)of Hong Kong for adults aged 65 years or above to receive 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23), pneumococcal disease(PD) has become the second leading causes of death in Hong Kong. A relatively new pneumococcal vaccine –13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2011 and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in July 2013 for the prevention of invasive disease caused by S. pneumoniae for older adults aged 50 years or above. It was shown to overcome some of the limitations of PPV23and potentially confer benefits to older adults in the prevention of PD. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review available literatures to examine whether PCV13 is superior to PPV23 or no vaccination in terms of the cost-effectiveness in the prevention of PD in older adults aged 50 years or above. METHODS: Two databases, PubMed and ISI Web of Science, were used to search for published journals. The year range of search in these databases was confined to10 years. RESULTS: A total of 318studies were identified initially and 10studies were included in this systematic review. Studies were conducted in the US, Colombia and European Union (EU) countries e.g. Italy, Germany, Netherlands and Spain. Different perspectives including societal, payer and health system were considered. The use of PCV13 was compared to either PPV23 or no vaccination in older adults aged 50 years or above. The coverage of PCV13 ranged from 42.4% to 70%, conferring an efficacy between 58% and 93.9%. The cost-effectiveness of PCV13 was expressed through the number of avoided cases/deaths for PD including invasive pneumococcal disease(IPD), inpatient and outpatient community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) as well as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs),either in cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained or cost per life-year gained (LYG).Overall, PCV13 is shown to avoid more pneumococcal cases compared to PPV23 or no vaccination and is cost-effective in older adults aged 50 years of above. CONCLUSION: PCV13 is considered to be more cost-effective in older adults compared to PPV23 or no vaccination based on the current systematic review. Randomized controlled trials and cost-effectiveness evaluations are suggested to be conducted in Hong Kong and Asia-specific regions in order to obtain clinical and economic data of PCV13 in the Asian population. Policy-makers should also consider the effects of serotype replacement on the change in serotype distribution in local setting from time to time so that vaccines with appropriate serotype formulations could be researched.
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Mitchell, Patrick Kevin. "Pneumococcal Population Dynamics in the Conjugate Vaccine Era." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27201746.

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The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in the early years of the 21st century have led to significant changes in pneumococcal epidemiology. Using transmission modeling and genomics based approaches, this dissertation evaluates alterations to the pneumococcal population through the PCV era. Chapter 1 presents a transmission model designed to examine factors that may influence the potential of a previously rare antibiotic resistant lineages to emerge following the introduction of a vaccine targeting more common resistant types, finding that such emergence is more likely in settings with high antibiotic use, high carriage burden, and frequent multiple carriage. Chapter 2 examines the population genomics of pediatric pneumococcal carriage before and after the introduction of PCV-13, finding that the non-vaccine type population composition experienced changes immediately following vaccine introduction but moved back towards its pre-vaccination state over time. Additionally, there is evidence that serotype 3, which is included in PCV-13, has persisted following vaccine introduction, though there are genetic differences between the pre- and post-vaccination population of this serotype. Chapter 3 compares isolates of a single non-vaccine serotype, 33F, collected from carriage and invasive disease, finding evidence that the invasive capacity of this serotype may have declined following the introduction of PCV-13 and that very closely related pairs isolates are disproportionately likely to both be from either carriage or disease. Together, these projects contribute to our understanding of how the pneumococcal population has and will continue to change as PCV use expands.
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Coulibaly, Aissata. "Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Thirteen Valent on the Reduction of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2116.

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Many children under the age of 5 die each year of invasive pneumococcal disease. Childhood vaccination against this disease reduces morbidity and mortality. Despite the introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in a central African country in 2011, all provinces have not yet been vaccinated. The purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental study was to determine whether there was an association between the introduction of PCV13 and new cases of pneumococcal disease in 2 provinces in central Africa. The sample size for the study was 380. The theoretical framework for this study was the epidemic model supported by the concept of herd immunity. Key research questions examined the incidence of pneumococcal disease in children by age, gender, and province. The independent variables were age, gender, province, and introduction of PCV13. The dependent variable was incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease. The research questions were evaluated using chi-square test of independence and logistic regression. The results of the study indicated that vaccination with PCV13 significantly reduced incident cases of invasive pneumococcal diseases (aOR 0.333, 95% CI 0.628-0.177, p = 0.001). However, this association was not significant for age (aOR 0.574, 95% CI 1.186-0.278, p = .134), and there were no significant gender differences (aOR 1.047, 95% CI 1.929-0.569, p = 0.882). Positive social change may result by enabling the protection of more children in the central Africa country provinces that have not yet adopted using PCV13 and by introducing the vaccine in other African countries.
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Perez, Federico. "Challenges And Opportunities To Protect Veterans From Pneumococcal Disease: A “Virtual Clinic” Improves Vaccination." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1512685624555677.

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Wadanambi, Arachchige Sanjay Harsha Jayasinghe. "Long-term impact and effectiveness of vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease in Australian children." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20156.

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Pneumococcal disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children globally. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), available since early 2000, had proven efficacy to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD)-the sever form of pneumococcal infections. For Australian children PCV had been publicly funded through the national immunisation program, initially in 2001 for those with increased disease risk which included Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and from 2005 for all children. The schedule of PCV used in Australia comprising three doses at age 2, 4 and 6 months (called 3+0 schedule) was unique for a developed country. The first PCV used was one covering 7 serotypes of pneumococcus (7vPCV) and in 2011 a PCV that covered 6 more serotypes (13vPCV) replaced 7vPCV. Research contained in this thesis is the first to assess how well PCV prevented IPD among Australian children. After 9 years of combined PCV use IPD in young children declined by over 80%. Together with the added benefit of herd immunity that led to large reductions in IPD in older age groups there was a halving of the all-age total IPD burden. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 3 doses against vaccine-type IPD in infancy was ~90% for both PCVs. A major finding in this research was the 5 times higher odds of vaccine-type IPD if the last PCV dose was 24–36 months ago compared to within the last 12 months. This finding of waning VE was a vital piece of evidence that supported the recommendation to move the 3rd dose of 13vPCV in the 3+0 schedule to become a booster dose (i.e. 2+1 schedule) for Australian children from July 2018. Using a data linkage method the impact of PCVs on IPD in children with underlying medical conditions predisposing to pneumococcal infection was explored separately. This highlighted the persistent IPD burden in children with immunosuppression, splenic dysfunction and breach in the CSF barrier, possibly due to opportunistic infection from non-vaccine serotypes.
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Arana, Jorge E. "Comparison of Post-Licensure Safety Surveillance of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: Data from the Vaccine Advere Event Reporting System (Vaers)." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/159.

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Comparison of Post-licensure safety surveillance of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate vaccine and 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate vaccine: Data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Background: On February 24, 2010, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar 13®, [PCV13]) for use among children aged 6 weeks--71 months. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended PCV13 routine vaccination of all children aged 2--59 months, children aged 60--71 months with underlying medical conditions, with PCV13 replacing PCV7 for all doses. Methods: We searched case reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a US passive surveillance system, for adverse events (AEs) reported after immunization with PCV13 vaccine from February 24, 2010 through February 24, 2011 for persons vaccinated from February 24, 2010 through December 31, 2010 and compared them with AEs reported by persons who were vaccinated with PCV7. Results: VAERS received 1503 reports of AEs after PCV13; multiple vaccines were given in 79.0% of reports. One hundred eighty (11.9%) were coded as serious, including nineteen reports of death. The most frequently reported symptoms were injection site reactions, fever, irritability and vomiting. Seven hundred fifty-eight (50.4%) reports comprised males. Most reports (37.7%) were from children 1-2 years. Total number of reports received for PCV13 was very similar to those received after vaccination with PCV7. Conclusions: AEs reported to VAERS following 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine were consistent with AEs previously observed in pre-licensure trials. We did not identify any major safety concerns or outcomes.
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Kwambana, Brenda Anna. "Infant nasopharyngeal microbial ecology and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10049.

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Books on the topic "Pneumococcal vaccine"

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R, Siber George, Klugman Keith P, and Mäkelä P. Helena, eds. Pneumococcal vaccines: The impact of conjugate vaccine. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2008.

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T, Mayon-White Richard, and Royal Society of Medicine (Great Britain), eds. The clinical impact of pneumococcal disease and strategies for its prevention: Proceedings of an international conference sponsored by Pasteur Merieux MSD held at the Royal Society of Medicine, London, 13 December 1994. London, UK: Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1995.

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Nuorti, J. Pekka. Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children: Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Atlanta, GA: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010.

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María, Mauricio Santa. Evaluación económica de la inclusión de la vacuna antineumocócica en el Plan Ampliado de Immunización. Bogotá: Fedesarrollo, 2008.

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Siber, George R., Keith P. Klugman, and P. Helena Mäkelä, eds. Pneumococcal Vaccines. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.

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New York Academy of Sciences. Pharmaceutical science to improve the human condition: Prix Galien 2011 : winners and finalist candidate of the Prix Galien USA Awards 2011. Malden, MA: Wiley Periodicals, 2012.

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Mäkelä, P. Helena, George R. Siber, and Keith P. Klugman. Pneumococcal Vaccines: The Impact of Conjugate Vaccines. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2014.

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Austrian, Robert, and Lewis Thomas. Life with the Pneumococcus: Notes from the Bedside, Laboratory, and Library. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.

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Life with the pneumococcus: Notes from the bedside, laboratory, and library. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.

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van Assen, Sander, and Marc Bijl. Vaccination in immunocompromised adults. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0094.

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This chapter addresses all important questions regarding vaccination of patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD). First, the incidence of vaccine-preventable infections in these patients is discussed. Pulmonary infections, including influenza and pneumococcal infection, occur more often in AIIRD patients; herpes zoster and human papillomavirus are also more frequent. The efficacy of vaccination for all European registered vaccines is discussed. Treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologicals (in particular TNFα‎-blocking agents) do not hamper, or only slightly hamper, the immune responses to most vaccines. Rituximab is an exception, severely reducing humoral responses following influenza and pneumococcal vaccination, at least during the first 6 months after administration. Safety of vaccination is an important issue in patients with autoimmune diseases, since increased disease activity of the underlying disease as a result of vaccination is theoretically possible. The available evidence is summarized, suggesting that vaccination is safe in AIIRD patients. Live vaccines, however, are contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients with AIIRD. Finally, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations are highlighted, summarizing the 'do's' and 'don'ts' of vaccination in adults with AIIRD.
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Book chapters on the topic "Pneumococcal vaccine"

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Eby, Ronald. "Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines." In Vaccine Design, 695–718. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_31.

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Dudley, Matthew Z., Daniel A. Salmon, Neal A. Halsey, Walter A. Orenstein, Rupali J. Limaye, Sean T. O’Leary, and Saad B. Omer. "Pneumococcal." In The Clinician’s Vaccine Safety Resource Guide, 103–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94694-8_14.

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Dagan, Ron, and Keith P. Klugman. "Impact of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine on Antibiotic Resistance." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 369–85. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch25.

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Madhi, Shabir A., and Keith P. Klugman. "Efficacy and Safety of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine in the Prevention of Pneumonia." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 327–37. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch22.

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Whitney, Cynthia G., and Matthew R. Moore. "Direct and Indirect Effectiveness and Safety of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Practice." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 351–68. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch24.

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Mäkelä, P. Helena, and Helena Käyhty. "Vaccine-Induced Immunity to Pneumococcal Infection." In The Pneumococcus, 403–20. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816537.ch25.

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Bhalla, Manmeet, Shaunna R. Simmons, Essi Y. I. Tchalla, and Elsa N. Bou Ghanem. "Testing Anti-Pneumococcal Antibody Function Using Bacteria and Primary Neutrophils." In Vaccine Delivery Technology, 559–74. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_33.

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Reynolds, Kelly A., Deeti J. Pithadia, and Jashin J. Wu. "Pneumococcal Vaccine for 67-Year-Old Male on Adalimumab." In Clinical Cases in Psoriasis, 117–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18772-9_16.

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Antao, Vinicius C., and William P. Hausdorff. "Global Epidemiology of Pneumococcal Disease—New Prospects for Vaccine Control." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 19–29. New York, NY: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79838-7_2.

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Gray, Barry M., and Daniel M. Musher. "The History of Pneumococcal Disease." In Pneumococcal Vaccines, 1–17. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815820.ch1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pneumococcal vaccine"

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Hinojosa, C. A., N. Borsa, A. Shaffer, C. J. Chen, R. Benavides, M. I. Restrepo, and G. Lee. "Metformin Improves Pneumococcal Vaccine Responses in a Mouse Model." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7720.

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Masuda, Toshihiro, Taisuke Akamatsu, Eiji Nakatani, Kanami Tamura, Shingo Takahashi, Yuko Tanaka, Hirofumi Watanabe, et al. "Effectiveness of a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among the elderly with chronic respiratory diseases." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa2627.

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Queiroz, Lis Vinhático Pontes, Janaína Seixas Pereira Meirelles, Maria Clara Sales do Nascimento, Thaísa Sobral de Andrade, and Kátia de Miranda Avena. "Meningitis in Brazil and its regions: a reflection on vaccination coverage in the last decade." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.618.

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Introduction: Meningitis is a potentially fatal disease. Vaccines play a fundamental role in its prevention, so it is important to reflect on the vaccination coverage (VC) performed in Brazil and in its regions. Objectives: To analyze the VC of meningitis in Brazil and regions in the last decade. Design and setting: Ecological study carried out in Brazil. Methods: Data were collected in the Information System of the National Immunization Program from the Computer Department of the Unified Health System between 2011 and 2020. The variables analyzed were: region, capitals and immunizers, which are Meningococcus C, Pneumococcal, Haemophilus influenzae b and Tetravalente. Evaluation by the Research Ethics Committee was waived because it is public data. Results: During this period, the national VC against meningitis was 86.8%, with 19.8% of reduction when comparing 2011 and 2020. The South had the highest VC (91.0%), followed by the MidWest (90.2%), Southeast (88.7%), Northeast (85.0%) and North (76.6%), while the Southeast suffered the greatest reduction (24.0%) and the North the smallest (9.6%). The capitals had a total VC of 83.7%. The vaccines meningococcus C and pneumococcal had higher levels of total VC (92.9% and 90.4%, respectively), while their booster doses had VC of 85.4% and 83.3%, respectively. The tetravalent vaccine had a rate of 77.0%. Conclusions: Except for the North, Brazilian regions have obtained adequate VCs in the last decade, but these rates have been decreasing. It is urgent to strengthen the national vaccination plan in the country, especially in the North.
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Mancuso, Peter, JoAnne Sonstein, Deepti Goel, Edmund O'Brien, and Jeffrey L. Curtis. "Leptin Is Required For Vaccine Induced Protection Against Pneumococcal Pneumonia." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a3278.

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Bontsevich, Roman, Kristina Shchurovskaya, Galina Batisheva, Natalya Goncharova, Ann Adonina, Anna Gavrilova, and Tatyana Pokrovskaia. "Assessment of medical undergraduates’ relation to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use." In ERS International Congress 2021 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.pa535.

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van Zandvoort, K., M. Bobe, A. Buqul, M. Ismail, M. Saed, E. Diggle, CR McGown, et al. "Modelling the potential impact of pneumococcal vaccination strategies in humanitarian crises." In MSF Scientific Day International 2023. NYC: MSF-USA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/cxek-yg24.

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INTRODUCTION Despite a likely high burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in humanitarian crises, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV’s) are rarely used in such settings. Routine immunisation is rarely feasible in crises, and there is little evidence on alternative delivery strategies for PCV. We used modelling to evaluate the effects of different vaccination strategies within humanitarian crisis settings, aiming to identify those which could quickly reduce and sustain low transmission of vaccine serotypes. METHODS We conducted a nested carriage and contact survey in a camp for internally displaced people (IDP) in Somaliland to parameterise a transmission model and used it to assess the potential impact and optimal age targeting of PCV campaigns. We extrapolated this model to other representative humanitarian crisis settings: an acute-phase IDP camp, a protracted crisis in a rural setting, and an urban setting with mixed IDP and host communities. For each we explored the impact and efficiency of campaigns with different target age groups and dosing strategies. ETHICS This study was approved by the Ethics Review Boards of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Republic of Somaliland Ministry of Health Development. RESULTS We found high prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae; 37% (95% confidence interval (CI), 32-42) in all ages, and 76% (95% CI, 70-82) in children <5 years in the Somaliland IDP camp. 53% (95% CI, 45-61) of serotypes are included in the PCV13 vaccine. People had, on average, 9 (9-10) contacts per day, with high mixing rates between children and intergenerational contacts in older age groups. Our model projects that, for the Somaliland IDP camp, a single PCV campaign including children <5 years can temporarily establish substantial herd protection, averting 37% (95% credible interval (CrI) 24-48) of invasive pneumococcal disease cases in the 2 years following the campaign. Extending age eligibility to children up to 10 or 15 years old could further increase this impact by 49% (95% CrI, 39-50) and 53% (95% CrI, 40-64) respectively. Increased migration rates and close contact with unvaccinated host populations reduces the impact. These factors might require wider age targeting and more frequent repeat campaigns until routine services could be re-established. CONCLUSION We show that PCV campaigns could be an effective option to reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease in humanitarian crises until routine immunisation can be implemented. Our results are based on modelled estimates, intervention studies are needed to evaluate their feasibility and effectiveness in real settings. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST None declared
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Круглякова, Людмила, Lyudmila Kruglyakova, Светлана Нарышкина, Svetlana Naryshkina, Людмила Бугаева, Lydmila Bugaeva, Леонид Нахамчен, and Leonid Nakhamchen. "EXPERIENCE IN VACCINE PROPHYLAXIS OF PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION IN THE PRECINCT POLYCLINIC." In XII International Scientific Conference (correspondence, electronic) "System analysis in medicine" (SAM 2018). Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_5bdaacdd0e4199.34287133.

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Williams, S. R., H. M. LeBuhn, A. J. Driscoll, K. M. Neuzil, W. H. Chen, and J. R. Ortiz. "Which Countries Have Adult Vaccine Programs? A Global Review of National Adult Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccine Policies." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a2146.

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Tarasova, G., B. Belov, D. Bukhanova, S. Soloviev, E. Aseeva, T. Popkova, and M. Cherkasova. "SAT0397 Safety and immunogenicity of 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in sle patients." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.3663.

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Flores Oria, C., J. M. Stark, C. K. Jon, R. A. Mosquera, K. McBeth, H. Emanuel, and A. Yadav. "Immune Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Children with Sickle Cell Disease." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a1909.

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Reports on the topic "Pneumococcal vaccine"

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Ryan, Margaret A., Jamie A. McKeehan, and Gregory C. Gray. Pneumococcal Vaccine to Counter Emerging Infectious Disease Threat in the Military. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada408879.

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Johnson, Edward G. Pneumococcal Vaccine Rates in Persons 65 and Older: A USAF Medical Facility Record Review. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388268.

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Alexandrova, Alexandra, Lena Setchanova, Daniela Pencheva, and Ivan Mitov. Molecular Serotyping of Serogroup 6 Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates Has Shown Emergence of Serotype 6C After the Implementation of 10‑valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PhiD‑CV) in Bulgaria. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.08.14.

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CIOMS Guide to Active Vaccine Safety Surveillance. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.56759/hnuw8440.

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With more vaccine solutions available and opportunities for earlier availability of new vaccine products in resource-limited countries (e.g. vaccines against rotavirus, human papillomavirus or pneumococci) as well as new products that address diseases endemic in those countries only (e.g. malaria, dengue among others), generating reliable data about specific safety concerns is becoming a priority for all countries. The Guide offers a practical step-by-step approach and algorithm to aid immunization professionals and decision-makers in determining the best course of action if additional vaccine safety data is needed. The Guide provides a structured process for evaluating whether significant knowledge gaps exist, whether passive safety surveillance is adequate, and if not, methods for and practical aspects of conducting active vaccine safety surveillance. The Guide also includes an essential vaccine information source list for evaluating the extent of data resources and several case studies for review. This CIOMS publication more than any other in recent history focuses on the special needs of the country level organizations responsible for developing vaccines safety surveillance strategies and implementing new vaccination programmes into resource-limited environments.
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Pneumococcal vaccines for people with COPD reduce their chance of catching pneumonia. National Institute for Health Research, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000420.

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