Journal articles: 'PMWS'

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Kristensen, C. S., C. K. Hjulsager, K. Vestergaard, K. Dupont, V. Bille-Hansen, C. Enøe, S. E. Jorsal, P. Bækbo, and L. E. Larsen. "Experimental Airborne Transmission of Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome." Journal of Pathogens 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/534342.

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The objective of these studies was to investigate if porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) could be induced in healthy pigs following contact with air from pigs with clinical signs of PMWS. The pigs were housed in different units. Either 31 (study I) or 25 (study II) pigs with clinical symptoms of PMWS from a PMWS-affected herd and 25 healthy pigs from a PMWS-free, but PCV2-positive, herd were housed in unit A. Fifty pigs from a PMWS-free herd were housed in unit B, which were connected by pipes to unit A. In unit C, 30 pigs from a PMWS-free herd were housed as controls. In study II, the pigs in units A and B from the PMWS-free herd developed clinical signs of PMWS 2-3 weeks after arrival. PMWS was confirmed at necropsy and the diseased pigs had increased PCV2 load and increased antibody titers against PCV2 in serum that coincided with the development of clinical signs typical of PMWS. Sequence analysis revealed that the PCV2 isolate belonged to genotype 2b. In conclusion, the present study showed that PMWS can be induced in pigs from a PMWS-free herd by airborne contact with pigs from a PMWS-affected herd.

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Kekarainen, Tuija, Marina Sibila, and Joaquim Segalés. "Prevalence of swine Torque teno virus in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and non-PMWS-affected pigs in Spain." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81586-0.

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The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of swine Torque teno virus (TTV) in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and non-affected Spanish swine. Nested PCR (nPCR) assays to detect two distinct TTV genogroups were applied. A significantly higher prevalence of TTV infection was found in sera from PMWS-affected animals (97 %) than in sera from non-PMWS-affected animals (78 %). Whilst PMWS-affected pigs (91 %) were more likely to be infected with TTV from genogroup 2 than non-PMWS-affected swine (72 %), no such difference was observed with genogroup 1. Nucleotide sequences of nPCR products were 91–99 % identical between strains within a genogroup. In contrast, inter-genogroup sequence identities were 49–58 %. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that genogroups form different clusters without association with PMWS or porcine circovirus type 2 infection status of the animals. These results indicate a high prevalence of both swine TTV genogroups in Spain, being present more frequently in PMWS-affected animals than in non-PMWS-affected animals.

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de Boisséson, Claire, Véronique Béven, Laurent Bigarré, Richard Thiéry, Nicolas Rose, Eric Eveno, François Madec, and André Jestin. "Molecular characterization of Porcine circovirus type 2 isolates from post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected and non-affected pigs." Journal of General Virology 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19536-0.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is recognized as a primary cause in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). In this study, both PCV1 and PCV2 types were studied in pigs originating from PMWS-affected (+) and non-affected (−) herds from Brittany. PCV2 was identified by PCR in 100 % of animals from PMWS(+) herds and in 76 % from PMWS(−) herds, while PCV1 was not detected. The complete sequences of 38 PCV2 isolates were determined and 23 new variants were identified, displaying between 94·6 and 99·9 % nucleotide identity with one another. Although highly related to all the PCV2 sequences available in databases, the isolates from France gathered in a distinct subcluster. Compared with the 13 PCV2 from PMWS(+) farms, the 10 PMWS(−) sequences exhibited a slightly higher variability. No viral molecular marker specific to a pathogenic state could be identified, even by including other PCV2 variants isolated from PMWS-suffering animals from other countries. We concluded that the PMWS outbreaks in Brittany are most likely not due to the emergence of a new genotype of circovirus.

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Hamel, Andre L., Lihua L. Lin, and Gopi P. S. Nayar. "Nucleotide Sequence of Porcine Circovirus Associated with Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs." Journal of Virology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 5262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.6.5262-5267.1998.

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ABSTRACT This article describes the nucleotide sequence of a porcine circovirus (PCV) which possesses a high degree of association with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a newly described disease of young pigs. The DNA sequence of this PMWS-associated PCV (pmws PCV) has 68% homology with that of a previously published nonpathogenic strain of PCV. The strains appear to be closely related yet distinct from one another.

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KYRIAKIS (ΣΠ. Κ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ), S. C., S. KENNEDY, K. SAOULIDIS (Κ. ΣΑΟΥΛΙΔΗΣ), S. LEKKAS (Σ. ΛΕΚΚΑΣ), Ch C. MILIOTIS (Χ.Κ.ΜΗΛΙΩΤΗΣ), G. C. BALKAMOS (Γ.Κ. ΜΠΑΛΚΑΜΟΣ), and P. A. PAPOUTSIS (Π.Α. ΠΑΠΟΥΤΣΗΣ). "First Report in the presence of Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome and Porcine Circo virus type 2 in Greece." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 52, no. 4 (January 31, 2018): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15458.

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Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) is a new infectious disease of pigs at nursery and growing phase of production. A new strain of porcine circovirus (PCV), PCV type 2, seems to be the cause. The aim of this study was to investigate whether outbreaks of disease with clinical signs similar to those of PMWS, observed in several farms in Greece, were associated to the presence of PCV2. To establish a diagnosis in two pig farms suspected of being positive to PMWS, ten affected pigs were euthanised. The clinical and post-mortem findings in these pigs were highly suggestive of PMWS. Histopathology has revealed interstitial pneumonia and infiltration of mononuclear cells in periportal areas of the liver and in mesenteric lymph nodes. According to previous studies these are characteristic lesions of PMWS. The final diagnosis was confirmed by demonstrating antigens and nucleic acid in PCV2-affected tissues using immunohistochemistry and in situ-hybridisation methods.

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Ficek, Radek, Ivan Pšikal, Petr Fictum, Jindřiška Bendová, Eva Kosinová, Radka Smítalová, and Miša Škorič. "Exploratory Epidemiological Study on Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in the Czech Republic." Acta Veterinaria Brno 79, no. 1 (2010): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201079010081.

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The objective of our study was to diagnose the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and to determine the prevalence of the disease in 33 swine herds in the Czech Republic using the results of laboratory examinations of 100 pigs expressing the signs of wasting at the end of 2007. Microscopic lesions associated with the presence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) antigen were detected in the lymph nodes from 39 of 100 diseased pigs (39%). Based on individual assessment of severity of microscopic lymphoid lesions associated with high amounts of PCV2 antigen, PMWS was confirmed in 4 out of 39 pigs originating from 3 of 33 herds (9%). The epidemiological study indicates that PCV2 infections associated with PMWS disease are only sporadically present in the Czech Republic. Subsequently used real time PCR technique confirmed the relation between PMWS status at the individual pig level and PCV2 DNA concentration. PCV2 DNA load in lymph nodes of PMWS-affected pigs were about 3 logs higher than the levels detected in the PMWS-nonaffected group (P < 0.05). Other parallel viral infections (PRRSV, PPV) were detected by real time PCR techniques in 21 out of 39 PCV2 infected pigs (54%). The results of serological examination of blood samples collected during the necropsy of 100 pigs are suggestive of great prevalence of PCV2 infections in pig herds; nevertheless serum samples collected from individual pigs at a single point in time had a low diagnostic value.

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Dezen, Diogenes, Franciscus A. M. Rijsewijk, Thais F. Teixeira, Carine L. Holz, Ana P. Varela, Samuel P. Cibulski, Tatiane Shäffer Gregianini, Helena B. C. R. Batista, Ana C. Franco, and Paulo M. Roehe. "Comparative evaluation of a competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a SYBR Green–based real-time PCR to quantify Porcine circovirus-2 DNA in swine tissue samples." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 23, no. 6 (October 24, 2011): 1160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638711425582.

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Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is considered the major etiological agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. The clinical manifestations of the disease are correlated with moderate to high amounts of PCV-2 DNA in biological samples of affected pigs. A threshold of 107 DNA copies/ml is suggested as the trigger factor for symptoms. A comparative study was conducted to determine which quantitative method would be more suitable to estimate the PCV-2 DNA load. Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed: a competitive PCR (cPCR) and a SYBR Green–based real-time PCR. The assays were compared for their capacity to detect PCV-2 in DNA samples extracted from liver, lung, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and kidney of PMWS-affected ( n = 23) or non–PMWS-affected pigs ( n = 9). Both assays could successfully quantify PCV-2 DNA in all tissue samples and were able to detect significant differences between the numbers of PCV-2 DNA copies found in tissues of PMWS-affected and non–PMWS-affected pigs (≥102.5). The highest mean viral loads were detected by the SYBR Green real-time PCR, up to 107.0±1.5 copies/100 ng of total DNA sample, while the cPCR detected up to 104.8±1.5. A mean difference of 101.8 was found between the amounts of PCV-2 DNA detected, using the SYBR Green real-time PCR and the cPCR, suggesting that the viral load threshold for PMWS should be determined for each particular assay.

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Podgórska, Katarzyna, and Tomasz Stadejek. "Profiles of seroconversion to porcine circovirus type 2 in herds affected and not affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2011.037.

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The aim of the present study was to explore the usefulness of serological methods in the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The study was carried out in 4 PMWS-affected and 6 control farms. Based on the serological profiles, infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was determined to take place at 3–7 weeks of age in the PMWS-affected and at 3–11 weeks of age in the control farms. To compare the dynamics of seroconversion to PCV2 among farms, cross-sectional serological profiles were normalised in relation to the inferred age of infection. The results indicated that the proportion of seropositive pigs increased significantly slower in the affected herds. The most pronounced difference was observed about 4 weeks after infection, when the proportion of seropositive pigs ranged from 0 to 53.3% and from 70 to 100% in PMWS-affected and control herds, respectively. Mean antibody titres at that age were also significantly lower in the affected farms. These observations suggest a delay in the production of PCV2-specific antibodies and indicate that serological methods may be helpful in identifying herds with a high risk of PMWS.

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Ciacci-Zanella, J. R., and N. Morés. "Diagnosis of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs in Brazil caused by porcine circovirus type 2." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 55, no. 5 (October 2003): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352003000500002.

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This report describes the first preliminary characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) isolates from pigs affected with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Brazil. Diseased pigs were examined at necropsy and by histopathology. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses revealed lesions reported to be typical of PMWS, which included, respectively, emaciation, enlargement of lymph nodes, thymus atrophy and interstitial pneumonia, and granulomatous lymphadenitis with syncytial cells, among others. Using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or imunoperoxidase it was possible to detected DNA or antigen of PCV2, respectively. The PCR' s amplified fragment could be differentiated from PCV1 and PCV2 from one another by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. PCV2 DNA was detected in 70% (14/20) of samples of pigs with clinical signs and lesions associated with PMWS. This study shows that PCV2 is associated with lesions and symptoms indicative of PMWS in pigs. It is also shown that the Brazilian PCV2 isolates may have variation in their genome.

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Darwich, Laila, Mònica Balasch, Joan Plana-Durán, Joaquim Segalés, Mariano Domingo, and Enric Mateu. "Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in response to mitogen, superantigen or recall viral antigens." Journal of General Virology 84, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 3453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19364-0.

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In vitro cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and healthy pigs were determined in response to recall viral antigens (porcine circovirus type 2; PCV2), mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin) or superantigens (staphylococcal enterotoxin B). PBMC from PMWS-affected pigs, in contrast to those from healthy pigs, responded to recall PCV2 antigen by releasing IL-10 and IFN-γ, but they were less able or even unable to produce IL-4, IL-2 or IFN-γ upon challenge with mitogen or superantigen. Moreover, only PCV2 had the ability to downregulate or suppress the release of IL-4 and IL-2 from PBMC from both healthy and diseased animals, and to stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8). In conclusion, the immune system cells of PMWS pigs have a diminished ability to perform their immunological functions upon viral or immunostimulatory molecules. In addition, PCV2 can alter the functionality of PBMC in both healthy and PMWS pigs.

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Sigurthardottir, O. G., E. Gunnarsson, and K. Konrathsson. "PMWS in pigs in Iceland." Veterinary Record 166, no. 7 (February 13, 2010): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.c521.

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Kristensen, Charlotte Sonne, Poul Bækbo, Vivi Bille-Hansen, Anette Bøtner, Håkan Vigre, Claes Enøe, and Lars Erik Larsen. "Induction of porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs from PMWS unaffected herds following mingling with pigs from PMWS-affected herds." Veterinary Microbiology 138, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.004.

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Lipej, Z., J. Segalés, I. Toplak, B. Šoštarić, Besi Roić, M. Lojkić, P. Hostnik, et al. "Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs in Croatia: Detection and characterisation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 53, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.53.2005.3.11.

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The objective of this study was to characterise porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Croatia, and to determine the epizootiological, clinical and pathomorphological features of the disease. During a systematic health monitoring programme conducted in the period from January 2002 to June 2003, PMWS was suspected on eight different pig-producing farms in Croatia. The diagnosis of PMWS met all three key criteria: the presence of compatible clinical signs, the presence of the characteristic microscopic lymphoid lesions, and the detection of PCV2 within the lesions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by in situ hybridisation (ISH). Moreover, PCV2 DNA from swine tissues was extracted and sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis of 4 Croatian PCV2 strains showed close relationship to PCV2 strains isolated in Slovenia, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, China and Hungary. PCV2 was also demonstrated by electron microscopy in the lymph node of an affected animal. This is the first demonstration of PMWS in Croatia based on all scientifically accepted diagnostic criteria.

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Abi Jaoude, Joseph, Ramez Kouzy, Walker Mainwaring, Timothy Lin, Austin B. Miller, Amit Jethanandani, Andres F. Espinoza, Cullen M. Taniguchi, and Ethan B. Ludmir. "Professional medical writing assistance in oncology clinical trials." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e14088-e14088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e14088.

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e14088 Background: Academic publishing remains the cornerstone of biomedical research and scientific communication. Researchers often assign professional medical writers (PMWs) to craft publications, as these individuals may improve the overall writing quality and/or reduce time to publication. We sought to characterize the landscape of PMW utilization in phase III cancer clinical trials. Methods: We searched ClinicalTrials.gov for phase III randomized clinical trials between the years 2003 and 2018. Randomized multi-arm trials assessing a therapeutic intervention in cancer patients were included. After identifying the corresponding publications, we identified whether a PMW was involved in writing the manuscript based on author disclosures, along with any related funding information. Results: Six-hundred oncology RCTs with corresponding manuscripts were identified. In total, 260 (43.3%) trials used a PMW. Financial support to medical writers was largely provided by the industry (247/260, 95.0%). In multivariate analyses, PMW utilization was higher among industry-funded trials compared to non-industry-funded trials (OR: 14.2, p= 0.001). PMWs were used more frequently to report successful trials that met their primary endpoint (OR: 1.8, p= 0.03) but did not differ between English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries ( p= 0.19). Cooperative group trials used PMWs with less frequency compared to non-cooperative groups (OR 0.68, p < 0.001). PMWs were used more often in trials that led to subsequent drug FDA approval (69.6% vs 40.6% in trials that did not lead to subsequent FDA approval), but this association did not reach statistical significance in multivariate analysis ( p = 0.744). The use of PMWs has increased significantly over time (OR: 1.11/year, p =0.001). Conclusions: In this analysis, we show a strikingly high prevalence of PMW utilization in phase III oncology trials, with a vast majority of industry-supported studies using PMWs. We believe that professional writing assistance plays an important role in clear and efficient scientific communication. However, the disproportionate role of PMWs in reporting positive, industry-funded trials may represent a conflict of interest. We urge continued and increased reporting of utilization and funding of professional writing assistance in cancer clinical trials.

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Lipej, Z., J. Segalés, Lorena Jemeršić, A. Olvera, Besi Roić, D. Novosel, Ž. Mihaljević, and L. Manojlović. "First description of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) in Croatia and phylogenetic analysis of partial PCV2 sequences." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.55.2007.3.13.

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This report describes the first case of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in wild boar in Croatia. During the winter season of 2004, eight wild young piglets (of approximately 2 to 5 months of age) were found dead in a fenced hunting area. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on measenteric lymph nodes and all animals yielded positive results. In one of these animals diagnosis of PMWS was established based on the three key diagnostic criteria including the clinical manifestation, moderate lymphoid lesions consisting of lymphocyte depletion and granulomatous inflammation, and detection of the presence of PCV2 genome within the lymphoid lesions by in situ hybridisation (ISH). Three additional wild piglets had also mild PMWS-like lesions and a low amount of PCV2 was also found. No PMWS-like lesions or PCV2 genome were detected in the rest of the wild piglets studied. Three PCR-positive isolates were partially sequenced, which confirmed the diagnosis of PCV2 and demonstrated that the three sequences were genetically identical. The phylogenetic analysis of a representative PCV2 isolate indicated that its sequence (DQ875444) is grouped in a separate branch with Hungarian isolate (AY256460) and differs from any of the annotated sequences.

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Cadar, D., A. Cságola, Á. Dán, Z. Deim, Marina Spînu, V. Miclăuş, L. Köbölkuti, G. Czirják, and T. Tuboly. "Porcine circovirus type 2 and associated diseases in Romania — Short communication." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.55.2007.1.14.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been demonstrated to be the causal agent for postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). This report describes the first detection of PCV2 and associated diseases in a Romanian swine herd located in Transylvania. The clinical signs, pathological and histopathological changes observed in affected pigs were similar to those previously described for PDNS and PMWS. Polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation were used for the detection of PCV2 nucleic acids from tissues and serum samples. Complete PCV2 genomes of both PMWS and PDNS cases were sequenced and analysed, and by comparing them with each other no genomic differences could be detected. The sequence analysis showed that the Romanian PCV2 was closely related to PCV2 identified in France and in Hungary.

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TZIKA (Ε. Δ. ΤΖΗΚΑ), E. D. "Update on syndromes and clinical problems associated with porcine circovirus type 2 infection." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15086.

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The porcine circoviruses (PCV) are members of the genus Circovirus, family Circoviridae. Two types of PCV have been characterized and were named Porcine Circovirus type 1/PCVl and Porcine Circovirus type 2/PCV2. PCV1 is considered to be avirulent, since it has never been associated with the occurrence of swine disease. On the contrary, PCV2 is identified as virulent porcine pathogen and the virus is considered to have a potential pathogenic role to Post Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS), Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome (PDNS) and other porcine diseases, although the pathogenesis of this emerging viral infection has not been yet determined. The association of PCV2 and PMWS is now well established. However, it is believed that co-infection with the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is necessary for the clinical expression of the syndrome, while Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, a common finding in PMWS cases, increases the incidence and the severity of PMWS in pigs. The results of experimental trials indicate that PCV2 may need co-factors and/or a long period of incubation to fully reproduce PMWS, while the stimulation of the immune system after vaccination might be a pivotal event in the production of PMWS. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs, necropsy, on the presence of the characteristic histopathological lesions in lymphoid tissues and the presence of PCV2 (antigens, nucleic acid) within the lesions. PDNS has been reported in several pig-producing countries and is characterized by the presence of hemorrhagic skin lesions, oedema of the limbs, necrotizing vasculitis and glomerulonephritis, affecting pigs of 1.4-4 months old. The demonstration of PCV2 antigens and nucleic acid, closely associated with skin and renal lesions, has led to the speculation that PCV2 is an aetiologic agent of this syndrome. Although PCV2 has been consistendy detected in PDNS, lesions consistent with this syndrome have yet to be reproduced experimentally. It is likely that many factors, such as overcrowding, poor ventilation, commingling of different agegroups, co-infection of viruses and bacteria, and other stressors, may act in a synergistic fashion to trigger as yet unidentified mechanisms to induce PDNS. Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is a serious health problem in growing and finishing pigs aged around 16-22 weeks. Pneumonia in pigs with PRDC is due to a combination of both viral and bacterial agents, such as PRRSV,swine influenza virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Some authors suggest that PCV2 could be an important contributor to PRDC, probably by interaction or synergism with other respiratory pathogens, such as PRRSV. PCV2-associated PRDC should be differentiated from PMWS clinically and histopathologically. There have been several experimental and field reports of PCV2-associated reproductive failure (elevated abortion, stillbirths and fetal mummification). Furthermore, it is suggested that porcine proliferative and necrotising pneumonia is a result of a PRRSV and PCV2 coinfection. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that PCV2 and porcine parvovirus may act as cofactors in the experimental reproduction of exudative epidermitis caused by Staphylococcus hyicus. Thus, it is likely that these viruses are involved in lesion development and/or progression of the disease. Respectively, the results of a recent survey indicate that both viruses are highly prevalent in pigs with exudative epidermitis. Additionally, PCV2 is associated with granulomatous enteritis, congenital tremor and lately with necrotizing lemphadenitis, which might be also manifestations of PCV2 infection. It has recendy been hypothesized that different types of PCV2 may be responsible for different disease manifestations. Most of the relevant studies have found minor differences in the respective PCV2 genomes, but at this time remains unclear what significance these minor differences may have. It has been suggested that they may account for different in tropism with respect to the host organism. In addition, other host factors, such as age or route of infection, may affect the pathogenicity and clinical manifestation of PCV2 infection. However, the pathogenical role of PCV2 remains unclear and further studies are therefore needed to define it. The presence of PDNS, PMWS and for the first time the occurrence of PMWS after vaccination against enzootic pneumonia, and the relationship between PMWS-PRRS and PMWS-PRDC as well, have already been described and diagnosed in Greece. Additionally, the genetic analysis of the first PCV2 isolates from pigs presenting various clinical conditions in Greece has been performed.

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Allan, G. "PMWS: experimental model and co-infections." Veterinary Microbiology 98, no. 2 (February 4, 2004): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.10.009.

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White, Mark. "PMWS and Circovirus disease - A review." Livestock 14, no. 4 (July 2009): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3870.2009.tb00298.x.

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Szczotka, A., and Z. Pejsak. "Balantidium coli in PMWS-suspected Pigs." Journal of Comparative Pathology 148, no. 1 (January 2013): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.144.

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Fort, Maria, Alex Olvera, Marina Sibila, Joaquim Segalés, and Enric Mateu. "Detection of neutralizing antibodies in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and non-PMWS-affected pigs." Veterinary Microbiology 125, no. 3-4 (December 15, 2007): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.004.

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Kim, J., and C. Chae. "Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 But Not Interleukin-8 in Granulomatous Lesions in Lymph Nodes from Pigs with Naturally Occurring Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome." Veterinary Pathology 40, no. 2 (March 2003): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.40-2-181.

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Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) but not interleukin-8 (IL-8) was detected by in situ hybridization using a nonradioactive digoxigenin-labeled complementary DNA probe in granulomatous lesions of lymph nodes from 20 pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Complementary DNA probes of 375 and 266 base pairs for MCP-1 and IL-8, respectively, were generated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The 20 pigs with PMWS had distinct positive hybridization signals for MCP-1 but not for IL-8. The hybridization signals for MCP-1 were strictly confined to the cells with granulomatous lesions, including macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. A very close cell-to-cell correlation between MCP-1 and porcine circovirus 2 was seen in serial sections of lymph nodes. Results of this study indicate that MCP-1 expression may play a role in the pathogenesis of granulomatous inflammation in pigs with PMWS.

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Rodriguez-Cariñg, C., and J. SegalÉS. "Ultrastructural Findings in Lymph Nodes from Pigs Suffering from Naturally Occurring Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome." Veterinary Pathology 46, no. 4 (March 9, 2009): 729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.08-vp-0141-r-fl.

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The aims of this study were to evaluate ultrastructural lesions in lymph nodes from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected pigs and to correlate these alterations with detection of viral-like particles (VLPs). Samples of lymph nodes were taken from 4 PMWS-affected pigs and 2 healthy animals and processed by transmission electron microscopy. Significant ultrastructural alterations were only noted in PMWS-affected pigs, mainly in histiocytes and rarely in other cell types. Histiocytes showed severe swelling and proliferation of mitochondria, and proliferation and dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Infected histiocytes contained large numbers of intracytoplasmic inclusion (ICI) bodies with VLPs; some histiocytes also had intranuclear inclusions (INIs). Small inclusions were surrounded by double membrane, with a granular appearance or containing paracrystalline arrays; icosahedral VLPs were 8–17 nm in diameter. Large ICIs were double-membrane bounded or not and contained VLPs usually forming paracrystalline arrays. ICIs were often found next to mitochondria with severe swelling, and also inside them. INIs were not surrounded by membranes and contained virions of 10–13 nm diameter. Lymphocyte depletion was a striking finding of lymph nodes from PMWS-affected pigs. The inclusion bodies containing VLPs referred to in the present study should be classified as viral factories, suggesting that viral replication is probably a frequent event in macrophages, in which mitochondria might play a role.

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Ha, Y., Y. H. Lee, K. K. Ahn, B. Kim, and C. Chae. "Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs by Prenatal Porcine Circovirus 2 Infection and Postnatal Porcine Parvovirus Infection or Immunostimulation." Veterinary Pathology 45, no. 6 (November 2008): 842–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.45-6-842.

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Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was reproduced in prenatally porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-infected pigs by either postnatal infection with porcine parvovirus (PPV) or by immunostimulation. Twenty-four randomly selected piglets from 3 sows, which had been experimentally infected during gestation with PCV2, were randomly divided into 3 groups; group 1 (prenatal PCV2 infection, with postnatal PPV infection), group 2 (prenatal PCV2 infection, with postnatal keyhole limpet hemocyanin, emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant [KLH/ICFA] injection), and group 3 (prenatal PCV2 infection only). Twenty-four randomly selected piglets from 3 uninfected sows were randomly divided into 3 groups; group 4 (no prenatal infection, with postnatal PCV2 and PPV infection), group 5 (no prenatal infection, with postnatal PCV2 infection), and group 6 (negative control pigs). Body weight in negative control pigs (group 6) was increased significantly compared with pigs in groups 1, 2, and 4 at 49, 52, 56, 59, and 63 days of age. The granulomatous inflammatory reaction and lymphoid depletion that are typical lesions in pigs with PMWS were observed in the lymph node of piglets in groups 1, 2, and 4 at 63 days of age. Pigs in group 3 had significantly fewer PCV2-positive cells than those from groups 1,2,4, or 5. When the prenatally PCV2-infected pigs were infected with PPV or injected with immunostimulant in the postnatal period, they developed PMWS. Thus, factors that potentiate the progression of prenatal PCV2 infection to PMWS are postnatal infection with PPV or immune stimulation.

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Resendes, Ana R., Natàlia Majó, Joaquim Segalés, Enric Mateu, Maria Calsamiglia, and Mariano Domingo. "Apoptosis in lymphoid organs of pigs naturally infected by porcine circovirus type 2." Journal of General Virology 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80221-0.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the involvement of apoptosis in the development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) lymphoid-depletion lesions. Twenty-one pigs that were categorized into three different lesional severity stages (S1, n=5; S2, n=7; S3, n=9) and five healthy control pigs (stage S0) were used. From all pigs, samples of thymus, spleen, tonsil, ileum and superficial inguinal lymph node were processed for histological examination, in situ hybridization for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) detection and cleaved caspase-3 (CCasp3) immunohistochemistry for detection of apoptotic cells. PCV2 was quantified in serum samples by using TaqMan real-time PCR. CCasp3 labelling was measured in the different morphological compartments of all lymphoid tissues, using an automated system for quantification. Differences between each tissue compartment and lesional stage were assessed, as well as the correlation between apoptosis, lesional stage and viral load. Overall, the results indicated that the more intense the lymphoid depletion, the lower the rate of apoptosis. In the thymus, the cortex was the area where differences between PMWS-affected and control animals were more evident; it was found that all PMWS-affected pigs had significantly lower rates of apoptosis than the controls. In the secondary lymphoid organs, B-cell areas presented higher rates of apoptosis; similar apoptotic rates were found in this compartment in control and S1 pigs. In S2 and S3, B-cell areas were lost and the apoptotic pattern observed was a diffusely distributed low rate of positive cells. Significantly lower rates of apoptosis between PMWS-affected pigs and the control group were already evident in S1 for the thymus, spleen, superficial inguinal lymph node and Peyer's patches, but not for the tonsils. Apoptotic rates in lymphoid tissues were correlated inversely with viral load in serum and with severity of lesions. In conclusion, the results indicate that apoptosis is not a remarkable feature in PMWS lymphoid lesion development.

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Segalés, J., and M. Domingo. "Clinical presentation, epidemiological findings, diagnosis, immunity, prevention and control of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013806.

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Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was initially described in 1991 in Saskatchewan (Canada) and has now been described in all continents rearing pigs but Oceania. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the aetiology of this disease, which has also been called porcine circovirosis in some countries. Although the full spectrum of clinical signs and lesions observed in natural cases of PMWS is very difficult to reproduce under experimental infections using PCV2 alone, little doubt exists on the causal relationship between the virus and the wasting syndrome. Furthermore, the clinical and pathological scope of PCV2 infection has been expanded since 1991, and it has been implicated in other conditions: reproductive disorders, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), the so-called porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), proliferative and necrotising pneumonia (PNP), and congenital tremors. The role of PCV2 in these conditions has not been fully clarified and, in some of these cases, it remains as a controversial issue. The objective of this presentation is to review some practical aspects of PMWS.

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Kurmann, J., T. Sydler, E. Brugnera, E. Buergi, M. Haessig, M. Suter, and X. Sidler. "Vaccination of Dams Increases Antibody Titer and Improves Growth Parameters in Finisher Pigs Subclinically Infected with Porcine Circovirus Type 2." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 10 (August 18, 2011): 1644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05183-11.

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ABSTRACTPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the obligate infectious agent in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) of pigs. To control PMWS, we vaccinated dams at 4 and 2 weeks before pregnancy and again in the 12th week of gestation with an inactivated PCV2 vaccine (Circovac). Two producer farms run under the control of Swiss Swine Health Organization were selected for the experiment. Previously, in one farm PMWS was diagnosed on pigs after weaning, whereas in the other farm, pigs wasted during the fattening period. For the experiments 113 dams were randomly vaccinated, and 111 dams were sham injected. Vaccination increased serum antibodies in dams 3- to 9-fold, accompanied by serum antibody titer increases in their offspring. In the sixth week of life, progeny from vaccinated dams had about the same IgG antibody titers as progeny of unvaccinated dams at the third day of life. In sera of vaccinated dams only low concentrations of PCV2 DNA were detected, and no progeny developed PMWS. Interestingly, at day 56 four progeny of unvaccinated dams tested positive for anti-PCV2 IgM antibodies, indicating a primary infection with PCV2. Of economic importance is the observation that progeny of vaccinated dams had a significantly higher daily weight gain in the fattening period (farm X, +51 g/day; farm Y, +30 g/day) and thus a shortened fattening period of about 6 days compared to progeny of controls. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of subclinical circovirus infection and its effects on growth performance of fattening pigs by vaccination of dams.

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Baekbo, P., C. S. Kristensen, and L. E. Larsen. "Porcine Circovirus Diseases: A review of PMWS." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 59 (January 17, 2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01288.x.

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Thornley, Mark. "Fears over PMWS in imported pork products." Australian Veterinary Journal 83, no. 7 (July 2005): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13058.x.

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Segalés, Joaquim, Gordon M. Allan, and Mariano Domingo. "Porcine circovirus diseases." Animal Health Research Reviews 6, no. 2 (December 2005): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ahr2005106.

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AbstractPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a member of the familyCircoviridae, a recently established virus family composed of small, non-enveloped viruses, with a circular, single-stranded DNA genome. PCV2, which is found all over the world in the domestic pig and probably the wild boar, has been recently associated with a number of disease syndromes, which have been collectively named porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive disorders are the most relevant ones. Among them, only PMWS is considered to have a severe impact on domestic swine production. PMWS mainly affects nursery and/or fattening pigs; wasting is considered the most representative clinical sign in this disease. Diagnosis of this disease is confirmed by histopathological examination of lymphoid tissues and detection of a moderate to high amount of PCV2 in damaged tissues. Since PMWS is considered a multifactorial disease in which other factors in addition to PCV2 are needed in most cases to trigger the clinical disease, effective control measures have focused on the understanding of the co-factors involved in individual farms and the control or elimination of these triggers. PDNS, an immuno-complex disease characterized by fibrino-necrotizing glomerulonephritis and systemic necrotizing vasculitis, has been linked to PCV2, but a definitive proof of this association is still lacking. PCV2-associated reproductive disease seems to occur very sporadically under field conditions, but it has been characterized by late-term abortions and stillbirths, extensive fibrosing and/or necrotizing myocarditis in fetuses and the presence of moderate to high amounts of PCV2 in these lesions. Taking into account that scientific information on PCV2 and its associated diseases has been markedly expanded in the last 8 years, the objective of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the most relevant aspects of PCV2 biology and PCVD.

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Zhang, Xiaoguo, Guo Wang, Ye Gao, Huiqing Wang, and Qing Wang. "An Improved Building Reconstruction Algorithm Based on Manhattan World Assumption and Line-Restricted Hypothetical Plane Fitting." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (September 10, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9267854.

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An improved patch-based multiview stereo (PMVS) algorithm based on Manhattan world assumption and the line-restricted hypothetical plane fitting method according to buildings’ spatial characteristics is proposed. Different from the original PMVS algorithm, our approach generates seed points purely from 3D line segments instead of using those feature points. First, 3D line segments are extracted using the existing Line3D++ algorithm, and the 3D line segment clustering criterion of buildings is established based on Manhattan world assumption. Next, by using the normal direction obtained using the result of 3D line segment clustering, we propose a multihypothetical plane fitting algorithm based on the mean shift method. Then, through subdividing on the triangle mesh constructed based on the building hypothetical plane model, semidense point cloud can be quickly obtained, and it is used as seed points of the PMVS pipeline instead of the sparse and noisy seed points generated by PMVS itself. After that, dense point cloud can be obtained through the existing PMVS expansion pipeline. Finally, unit and integration experiments are designed; the test results show that the proposed algorithm is 15%∼23% faster than the original PMWS in running time, and at the same time, the reconstruction quality of buildings is improved as well by successfully removing many noise points in the buildings.

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Bálint, Ádám, Miklós Tenk, Zoltán Deim, Thomas Rasmussen, Åse Uttenthal, Attila Cságola, Tamás Tuboly, et al. "Development of Primer-Probe Energy Transfer real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of porcine circovirus type 2." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.57.2009.3.10.

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A real-time PCR assay, based on Primer-Probe Energy Transfer (PriProET), was developed to improve the detection and quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 (PVC2). PCV2 is recognised as the essential infectious agent in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and has been associated with other disease syndromes such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Since circoviruses commonly occur in the pig populations and there is a correlation between the severity of the disease and the viral load in the organs and blood, it is important not only to detect PCV2 but also to determine the quantitative aspects of viral load. The PriProET real-time PCR assay described in this study was tested on various virus strains and clinical forms of PMWS in order to investigate any correlation between the clinical signs and viral loads in different organs. The data obtained in this study correlate with those described earlier; namely, the viral load in 1 ml plasma and in 500 ng tissue DNA exceeds 107copies in the case of PMWS. The results indicate that the new assay provides a specific, sensitive and robust tool for the improved detection and quantification of PCV2.

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Hicks, D., L. Terry, and S. H. Done. "104. Porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS): Immunohistochemical studies." Research in Veterinary Science 72 (April 2002): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(02)90108-6.

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Kiss, I., S. Kecskeméti, T. Tuboly, E. Bajmócy, and J. Tanyi. "New Pig Disease in Hungary: Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome Caused by Circovirus (Short Communication)." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48, no. 4 (December 2000): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.48.2000.4.9.

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Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a new disease in Hungary, was recognized in a swine herd located in Southeast Hungary, during the early winter of 1999. The first clinical signs of paleness, anaemia, and leanness appeared immediately after weaning, at the age of 40-50 days. Pustules were frequently observed on the skin of the trunk, and signs of necrotic dermatitis were also visible. A syndrome of poor growth and wasting was characteristic of the affected pigs. A porcine circovirus (PCV), the suspected causative agent, was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing data and restriction endonuclease (RE) analysis of the PCR products suggested that the virus belonged to the PCV-II group where all the causative agents of PMWS are also grouped.

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Guy, J. H., S. Arkle, D. Mantle, C. J. Seal, P. J. Blanchard, and P. Toplis. "Effect of neutraceutical supplementation on the growth performance and antioxidant activity in liver and plasma of weaned piglets." BSAP Occasional Publication 31 (2004): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00040416.

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AbstractPost–Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) can result in mortality levels of up to 80% in weaned piglets, and Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been identified as one of the primary causative agents. Neutraceutical products, based on plant and herbal extracts and containing high levels of natural antioxidants may be beneficial in reducing stress on the piglets’ immune system by elevating blood antioxidant levels, and assisting with the piglets defence against PMWS. The aim of this experiment was to assess the effect of supplementation with neutraceutical products on the growth performance and antioxidant activity in liver and plasma of piglets. It was undertaken on a farm positive for PCV2, but where pigs were not showing clinical signs of PMWS. Groups of newly weaned pigs were offered one of three diets ad libitum for a period of 26 days, standard creep and starter/link control rations, or one of two experimental rations (including Neutraceutical–mix, N, or Lycopene, L), chosen for their potential to boost antioxidant activity. Growth performance and feed intake were monitored, and samples of blood and liver collected at slaughter (54 days of age) and analysed for antioxidant activity. Although L pigs ate significantly less feed during the creep period (P<0.05), there were relatively few performance differences between treatments. However total antioxidant activity in liver samples was significantly higher for the N treatment (P<0.001) and activity of plasma superoxide dismutase was significantly higher in the L group. In conclusion, growth performance of weaned piglets following the addition of Neutraceutical supplements was similar to control groups, and there were significant increases in antioxidant activity of these animals. On the basis that increased levels of circulating blood antioxidants reduce stress on the piglets’ immune system, the results of the current study suggest that these supplements may be of benefit to piglets under immune stress, such as in clinical cases of PMWS.

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Senkbeil, Jason, Jennifer Collins, and Jacob Reed. "Evacuee Perception of Geophysical Hazards for Hurricane Irma." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-18-0019.1.

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Abstract Hurricane Irma was one of the strongest Atlantic hurricanes in history before landfall and caused a large evacuation. A total of 155 evacuees at interstate rest areas were asked to rank their concern about damage at their residence for six different geophysical hurricane hazards. Additionally, they were asked about their perceived maximum wind speeds (PMWS) and the wind speeds at which they thought damage would occur (DW) at their residence. These wind speeds were then compared to the actual peak wind gusts (APG) nearest to each resident’s location. Results show a significantly greater concern for wind and storm size, compared to other hazards (tornadoes, rainfall/flooding, storm surge, falling trees). The mean PMWS of evacuees was greater than the mean APG, suggesting widespread misperception of wind speeds. Furthermore, the mean APG was less than the mean DW, and the mean PMWS was also higher than the DW. Additional tests found no significant differences in wind perception between residents with previous storm experiences and no experience, and no significant differences between those who resided in mandatory evacuation zip codes and those who did not. These results suggest that wind speed risk is poorly understood, even though it is a high concern for evacuees from hurricanes. The communication of wind speed risk in forecasts should possibly be modified by placing greater emphasis on postlandfall impacts, wind speed decay after landfall, and wind speeds that cause damage to different types of residences.

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Becskei, Zsolt, Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević, Miklós Rusvai, Gyula Balka, Csaba Jakab, Tamaš Petrović, and Milijana Knežević. "Distribution of porcine circovirus 2 cap antigen in the lymphoid tissue of pigs affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.58.2010.4.9.

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The lymphatic organs of 50 pigs from a total of eight farms located at different sites in the epizootiological region of North Bačka County were studied to obtain data on the prevalence of circoviral infections in Serbia. All of the pigs examined had clinical signs suggestive of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). All pigs underwent necropsy and tissue samples were taken for histopathological, immunohistochemical (IHC) and PCR analysis. The presence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was established by PCR analysis in the organs of the pigs tested. The most frequent histopathological lesions of lymphoid tissue linked with the presence of positive immunostaining for PCV2 Cap antigen confirmed the existence of PMWS in all farms tested in North Bačka County. Using PCR, histopathological and IHC techniques, the presence of PMWS was proved in the Republic of Serbia. During necropsy, generalised enlargement of the lymph nodes was evident. The most common histopathological finding was lymphocyte depletion in the follicular and perifollicular areas of lymph nodes. Infiltration by macrophages was also recorded. By IHC analysis, the cytoplasm of macrophages was shown to contain a large amount of the ORF2-coded Cap antigen of PCV2. Lymphocyte depletion and large numbers of macrophages were recorded in the tonsils, spleen, intestinal lymphatic tissue, Peyer’s patches and ileocaecal valve. The presence of typical granulomatous lesions with multinuclear giant cells (MGCs) was also recorded in the lymphatic tissue. Cap antigen was shown to be present in macrophages and less often in lymphocytes.

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Brice, R. D. "Management system to control and minimise effect caused by post-weaning multi systemic wasting syndrome and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013818.

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The increasing prevalence of PMWS /PDNS within global pig production since 1995 has steadily increased, UK first affected in 1999. Impact on post weaning mortality is variable with rates exceeding 30% commonly reported, no medication or treatments have proved effective or successful, vaccination is still unavailable and the industry is still striving to find the scientific answers and solutions behind this economically damaging disease. Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) is widely acknowledged as the probable causal agent but still not confirmed, if so has it changed or is it a new PCV? With enhanced virulence, a definitive identification and test is urgently required. The objective is to demonstrate how successful specialised management techniques alongside a batch system is capable of reducing post-weaning mortality to pre PMWS levels and to further improve overall herd health, productivity and economic performance.

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Okuda, Y., M. Ono, S. Yazawa, and I. Shibata. "Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Cesarean-Derived, Colostrum-Deprived Piglets Inoculated with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2): Investigation of Quantitative PCV2 Distribution and Antibody Responses." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, no. 2 (March 2003): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500204.

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Sixteen cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were inoculated intranasally with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), originally isolated from a pig affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). At 1 day postinoculation (PI), 3 of the 5 piglets in the uninoculated control group were moved to the room of inoculated piglets for contact exposure. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in swabs from inoculated piglets from 1 day PI and from contact piglets from 2 days after cohabitation. Porcine circovirus type 2 was also detected in all serum samples but not in control piglets 7 days PI. Until the end of study, PCV2 was detected in swabs and serum samples by PCR but not in the control piglets. One inoculated piglet died suddenly without clinical signs 19 days PI. Beginning at 14 days PI, 5 piglets, including 1 contact piglet, had clinical signs of depression, anorexia, and icterus, and 1 inoculated piglet died 21 days PI. Most of the piglets exhibiting the above clinical signs became moribund and were necropsied 21 and 28 days PI. In the piglets that showed clinical signs, gross lesions, including icterus of liver and hemorrhage in stomach, and typical histopathological lesions of PMWS, such as lymphoid depletion and basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lymph nodes and other tissues, were observed. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by PCR in all tissue samples except in those of the control piglets. Porcine circovirus type 2 was recovered from several tissue samples of the piglets necropsied until 35 days PI. In particular, PCV2 was recovered in high titer from most of the tissue samples of the piglets exhibiting clinical signs. Serum antibody against PCV2 was mostly detected in inoculated piglets and in contact piglets 14 and 21 days PI by an indirect fluorescence antibody test but was not detected in the piglets exhibiting clinical signs until 28 days PI. These results indicate that PCV2 was able to induce clinical PMWS in the absence of other swine pathogens and that there were significant differences in both the quantitative PCV2 distribution in tissues and the antibody response between the piglets that were infected and developed PMWS and those that were infected but remained healthy.

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Allan, G. M., F. McNeilly, B. Meehan, S. Krakowka, J. Ellis, H. Nauwynck, A. Botner, K. McCullough, and C. Charreyre. "PCV2/PMWS field studies, experimental infections and immunological parameters." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001379x.

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The Virology Department, VSD, DARDNI, in collaboration with colleagues in Europe and N America has had an active research programme on porcine circovirus-related diseases, including PMWS, for the last 5 years. This presentation will highlight some of our on-going research in this area.

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Staebler, S., T. Sydler, E. Buergi, K. McCullough, F. McNeilly, G. Allan, and A. Pospischil. "PMWS: an emerging disease identified in archived porcine tissues." Veterinary Journal 170, no. 1 (July 2005): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.001.

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Todd, D. "Avian circovirus diseases: lessons for the study of PMWS." Veterinary Microbiology 98, no. 2 (February 4, 2004): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.10.010.

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Segalés, J., and M. Domingo. "Postweaning mulstisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. A review." Veterinary Quarterly 24, no. 3 (January 2002): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2002.9695132.

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Kekarainen, Tuija, Maria Montoya, Enric Mateu, and Joaquim Segalés. "Porcine circovirus type 2-induced interleukin-10 modulates recall antigen responses." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83354-0.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the necessary agent for the occurrence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. It has been suggested that PMWS-affected pigs are immunosuppressed and, therefore, more prone to develop co-infections. In this study, we elucidated that PCV2 downregulates in vitro the immune cell functions during recall antigen responses. We showed that PCV2, but not the non-pathogenic porcine circovirus type 1, induces interleukin (IL)-10 secretion by monocytic cells. Notably, PCV2-induced IL-10 led to effective repression of IL-12 in blood peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Besides alpha and gamma interferon synthesis by PBMCs from pseudorabies virus (PRV)-immunized animals, activated in vitro PRV also was repressed by subsequent infection by PCV2. The ability of PCV2 to hamper the development of immune responses may contribute to the Th1 suppressed responses, immune suppression and co-infections.

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Cornelissen-Keijsers, Vivian, Alexandra Jiménez-Melsió, Denny Sonnemans, Martí Cortey, Joaquim Segalés, Erwin van den Born, and Tuija Kekarainen. "Discovery of a novel Torque teno sus virus species: genetic characterization, epidemiological assessment and disease association." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 2682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.045518-0.

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The study describes a novel Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) species, provisionally named Torque teno sus virus k2b (TTSuVk2b), originally found in commercial pig sera by applying the rolling-circle amplification technique. Full-length sequences of TTSuVk2b were obtained, annotated and used in the phylogenetic analyses, which revealed that TTSuVk2b is a novel Anellovirus species within the genus Kappatorquevirus of the family Anelloviridae. Quantitative PCR techniques were developed to determine total TTSuV DNA quantities as well as the prevalence and viral DNA quantities of TTSuV1, TTSuVk2a and TTSuVk2b. The mean total TTSuV load in seven commercial sera was determined at 6.3 log10 DNA copies ml−1 of serum, with TTSuVk2b loads being the lowest at 4.5 log10 DNA copies ml−1 of serum. Subsequently, prevalence and loads of TTSuVs were determined in pig sera from 17 countries. TTSuVk2b prevalence ranged from 0 to 100 % with viral loads from 3.3 to 4.6 log10 copies ml−1 of sera. TTSuVk2a, so far the only species in the genus Kappatorquevirus, has been linked to an economically important swine disease, namely post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Considering the grouping of TTSuVk2b in the same genus as TTSuVk2a, TTSuVk2b prevalence and viral DNA load were determined in PMWS-affected animals and healthy counterparts. This revealed that TTSuVk2a and TTSuVk2b are not only genetically related, but also that their viral loads in serum are elevated in PMWS animals compared with those of healthy pen mates. In summary, the present work describes a novel TTSuV species including its genetic characterization, epidemiological assessment and potential disease association.

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Szeredi, Levente, and Csaba Szentirmai. "Gastric zygomycosis in a pig affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome — Case report." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.56.2008.2.8.

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A postweaning pig died in spite of antibiotic therapy showing wasting in a small herd. Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was diagnosed on the basis of gross pathological and histological lesions and the presence of moderate amounts of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) antigen in tissue samples. Mycotic gastritis caused by Zygomycetes spp. was found on round areas with a diameter of 1 to 3 cm in the glandular mucosa of the stomach. Moderate amount of PCV2 viral antigen was detected almost evently in the stomach and mostly in the macrophages. In addition, acute uraemia, revealed by an ammonia-like stink of the gastric mucosa and the presence of acute erosions on the glandular mucosa of the stomach, was observed as a consequence of PCV2-induced interstitial nephritis. Only PCV2 infection could be identified as a cause of secondary mycotic gastritis. The results further support the immunosuppressive ability of PCV2 infection in PMWS-affected pigs.

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Dán, Á., T. Molnár, I. Biksi, R. Glávits, M. Shaheim, and B. Harrach. "Characterisation of Hungarian porcine circovirus 2 genomes associated with PMWS and PDNS cases." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 51, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.51.2003.4.13.

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The authors report the data of the first survey on the incidence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) in Hungary. A PCR method specific for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) was developed, which proved to be suitable for diagnostic purposes. PCR screening of organ samples from pigs suspected to be affected with PMWS or PDNS revealed the presence of PCV-2 in 80% of the cases. Six PCV-2 genomes from Hungarian isolates were completely sequenced. Phylogenetic comparison with all the available PCV-2 sequences showed that porcine circoviruses circulating in Hungary are more variable than in several other European countries. Two Hungarian strains clustered together with the Spanish strains forming a distinct group; two others fell in a common group with the French, UK, and Dutch strains, whereas another two strains showed the closest relationship to two of the three known German PCV-2 sequences.

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Liu, Qiang, Li Wang, Phil Willson, and Lorne A. Babiuk. "Quantitative, Competitive PCR Analysis of Porcine Circovirus DNA in Serum from Pigs with Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 9 (2000): 3474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.9.3474-3477.2000.

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A competitive PCR (cPCR) assay was developed for monitoring porcine circovirus (PCV) DNA in serum samples from piglets. The cPCR was based on competitive coamplification of a 502- or 506-bp region of the PCV type 1 (PCV1) or PCV2 ORF2, respectively, with a known concentration of competitor DNA, which produced a 761- or 765-bp fragment, respectively. The cPCR was validated by quantification of a known amount of PCV wild-type plasmids. We also used this technique to determine PCV genome copy numbers in infected cells. Furthermore, we measured PCV DNA loads in clinical samples. More than 50% of clinically healthy piglets could harbor both types of PCV. While PCV1 was detected in only 3 of 16 pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), all the sick piglets contained PCV2. A comparison of the PCV2 DNA loads of healthy and sick animals revealed a significant difference, indicating that the development of PMWS may require a certain amount of PCV2.

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Johnstone, AC. "Pathological investigations of pigs with porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, no. 1 (February 2004): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2004.36402.

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Krakowka, S., J. A. Ellis, B. Meehan, S. Kennedy, F. McNeilly, and G. Allan. "Viral Wasting Syndrome of Swine: Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Gnotobiotic Swine by Coinfection with Porcine Circovirus 2 and Porcine Parvovirus." Veterinary Pathology 37, no. 3 (May 2000): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.37-3-254.

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One-day-old gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated intranasally with in vitro passaged porcine circovirus 1 (PCV-1), PCV-2, and porcine parvovirus (PPV) alone or in combination (PCV-1/PCV-2, PCV-1/PPV, and PCV-2/PPV). Piglets were evaluated for 1) the development of porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), 2) distribution of viral antigens by immunochemistry, and 3) viremia and the presence of viral DNA in nasal and ocular secretions and feces. All single agent-infected piglets and piglets infected with PCV-1/PCV-2 or PCV-1/PPV were clinically asymptomatic. They were transiently viremic and seroconverted to homologous virus(es). At termination of the study on postinfection day (PID) 35, microscopic lesions were restricted to focal inflammatory cell infiltrates in livers and myocardia. One piglet given PCV-1/PPV was PPV viremic for 2 weeks after infection and had lymphangiectasia of the spiral and descending colon associated with granulomatous inflammation. All four PCV-2/PPV-inoculated piglets developed PMWS, characterized by sudden onset of depression and anorexia, icterus, and submucosal edema. One piglet became moribund on PID 27, and the remaining three piglets were euthanatized between PID 27 and PID 30 because of severe disease. Lymph nodes were small and the livers were mottled. Disseminated angiocentric granulomatous inflammation was present in all tissues examined except the brain. Multiple lightly basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were identified in macrophages and histiocytes. PCV-2 antigen was widely distributed within macro-phages; PPV antigen was sparse. Hepatocellular necrosis and bile retention were prominent. PCV-2 DNA was identified in ocular, fecal, and nasal secretions. Terminal sera contained antibodies to PPV (4/4) and PCV-2 (3/4). Production of PMWS in gnotobiotic swine appears to require PCV-2 and additional infectious agents such as PPV for full disease expression in gnotobiotic piglets.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PMWS'

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