Dissertations / Theses: 'PMWS'

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Grau, i. Roma Llorenç. "New insights into the epidemiology of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5746.

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La síndrome d'aprimament post-deslletament (SAPD) és considerada com una malaltia porcina d'origen multifactorial en la qual el Circovirus porcí tipus 2 (CP2) és l'agent infecciós essencial. L'objectiu de la present tesi doctoral era expandir el coneixement en l'epidemiologia de la infecció per CP2 i el SAPD a través de la realització d'estudis de cas-control a nivell de camp. De manera general, es va investigar la potencial influència de la genètica del CP2, el moment d'infecció del CP2, els anticossos contra CP2 derivats de la immunitat maternal i la resposta humoral dels porcs contra el CP2, en la presentació de la SAPD.
En el primer estudi (estudi I) es van estudiar seqüències de PCV2 de porcs amb diferent condició clínica i patològica. Els resultats van confirmar l'existència de dos genogrups principals i es va proposar la definició de dos genotipus de CP2 (1 i 2). La metodologia suggerida per definir els genotipus està basada en la distribució de la relació p-distància/freqüència de les seqüències de CP2 conjuntament amb anàlisis filogenètics de CP2. Es va observar que el genotipus 1 era predominant en porcs de granges afectades per SAPD. Contràriament, totes les seqüències obtingudes de granges no afectades per la SAPD corresponien al genotipus 2. Així, es va suggerir que el genotipus 1 de CP2 podria ser potencialment més patogènic que el genotipus 2. Addicionalment, es va descriure la presència dels dos genotipus en el mateix moment en porcs individuals procedents de granges afectades per la SAPD.
La present tesi doctoral es va desenvolupar dins del marc del projecte de la Unió Europea (UE) titulat Control de les malalties associades al Circovirus porcí (MACP): Cap a la Millora en la Qualitat i Seguretat Alimentàries (www.pcvd.org), la qual era finançada pel 6è programa marc de la UE. El consorci de la UE d'aquest porjecte va publicar la carta presentada com a addendum de l'estudi I. En aquesta carta es va donar suport a la definició de genotipus proposada, a la vegada que es va proposar la nomenclatura de genotipus a de CP2 (CP2a) i genotipus b (CP2b), corresponent als genotipus 2 i 1, respectivament, per tal d'evitar confusions amb la ja existent diferenciació entre PCV2 i PCV1.
En el segon estudi (estudi II) es van comparar dues tècniques de PCR quantitativa (qPCR) de PCV2. Els resultats mostraven una associació lineal significativa entre les dues tècniques, i un biaix sistemàtic de 1.4 log10 copies of CP2 per mil·lilitre de mostra. Aquesta diferència indicava que la tècnica del laboratori danès generava un resultat sistemàticament més elevat que el generat a través de la tècnica del laboratori espanyol. A més, la tècnica del laboratori danès mostrava major sensibilitat que la tècnica del laboratori espanyol.
En els treballs III i IV es van realitzar estudis longitudinals de tipus cas-control en granges afectades per la SAPD de Dinamarca i Espanya tot utilitzant dissenys similars. Es van observar patrons similars en la dinàmica d'infecció per CP2 tant a Espanya com a Dinamarca, amb un retard en l'edat de presentació de la SAPD a Espanya en comparació a Dinamarca. El diagnòstic individual de la SAPD es va confirmar, mitjançant tests laboratorials, en només la meitat dels porcs en els quals hi havia la sospita clínica. Globalment, els resultats van mostrar que la quantitat de CP2 incrementava concomitantment a la caiguda dels nivells d'anticossos maternals, assolint valors màxims de càrrega vírica en el moment d'aparició dels símptomes clínics. De manera interessant, la reacció de fase aguda (RFA) en porcs afectats per la SAPD s'observava paral·lelament a l'evolució de la virèmia per CP2, suggerint que el CP2 és el principal responsable de l'estat d'inflamació sistèmica que pateixen els porcs afectats per aquesta malaltia. Col·lectivament, els porcs afectats tenien quantitats de CP2 i concentracions de porc-MFA i HPT superiors en sang, excretaven càrregues víriques superiors tant per via nasal com a través de les femtes, i tenien nivells inferiors d'anticossos maternals enfront al CP2 que els porcs que no estaven afectats per la SAPD. Addicionalment, es va observar una menor resposta humoral en els porcs afectats per la SAPD provinents d'Espanya a les 11 setmanes de vida (abans de l'aparició dels símptomes clínics) i en el moment de la necròpsia, suggerint que aquesta circumstància era podria associar-se com a causa més que no pas una conseqüència de la malaltia. D'altra banda, la falta de sensibilitat i/o especificitat observades de les tècniques de qPCR i/o de serologia suggereixen que aquestes tècniques no poden substituir la histopatologia més la detecció de CP2 en teixits per l'establiment del diagnòstic individual de la SAPD. Malgrat això, els resultats indicaven que la qPCR podria ser potencialment útil per diagnosticar la SAPD a nivell poblacional. Addicionalment, els resultats obtinguts donaven suport a la idea que, malgrat que les PFA són marcadors inespecífics d'inflamació, aquestes proteïnes podrien ser marcadors útils de salut, esdevenint una eina potencialment útil per monitoritzar el desenvolupament de la SAPD en estudis epidemiològics o per la valoració de l'eficàcia de vacunes de CP2 a nivell de camp.
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is considered a multifactorial pig disease in which Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential infectious agent. The present thesis aimed to expand the epidemiological knowledge on PCV2 infection and PMWS through the realization of case-control field studies. Mainly, the potential influence of PCV2 genetics, the timing of PCV2 infection, the PCV2 maternal derived humoral immunity and the pig humoral response against PCV2 infection in PMWS presentation were investigated.
In the first study consisted in the sudy of PCV2 sequences obtained from pigs with different clinical and pathological conditions. Results further confirmed the existence of two main genogroups and the definition of two PCV2 genotypes (1 and 2) was proposed. The suggested methodology to define PCV2 genotypes is based on the p-distance/frequency distribution of PCV2 sequences together with PCV2 phylogenetic analyses. Genotype 1 was shown to be predominant within pigs coming from PMWS affected farms, while all sequences obtained from non-PMWS affected farms corresponded to genotype 2. Consequently, it was suggested that PCV2 genotype 1 might potentially be more pathogenic than PCV2 genotype 2. In addition, infection of single pigs from PMWS affected farms harbouring both genotypes at the same time was described.
The present thesis was developed within the European Union (EU) project entitled Control of Porcine Circovirus Diseases (PCVD): Towards Improved Food Quality and Safety (www.pcvd.org), which was funded by the EU Sixth Framework Programme. The EU consortium on PCVD published the letter here presented as an addendum of study I. In this letter it was supported the genotype definition, but it was also proposed the nomenclature of PCV2 genotype a (PCV2a) and genotype b (PCV2b), corresponding to genotypes 2 and 1, respectively, in order to avoid potential confusions with the already existent PCV2 and PCV1.
In the second study (Study II) two different real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were compared. Results showed a significant linear association between the assays, and a systematic difference of 1.4 log10 copies of PCV2 per millilitre of sample. This difference indicated that the assay from the Danish laboratory yielded a higher output than the assay from the Spanish laboratory. Moreover, the Danish assay had higher sensitivity than the Spanish one.
In studies III and IV, longitudinal case-control studies were performed in PMWS affected farms from Denmark and Spain using similar designs. Similar PCV2 infection dynamic patterns were observed in Spain and Denmark, with a delay in PMWS age-presentation in Spain compared to the one in Denmark. Results showed that PCV2 load increased concomitantly to maternal antibody level waning, reaching the maximum viral load concurrently with the development of clinical signs. Interestingly, the acute phase response (APR) in PMWS affected pigs occurred in parallel to PCV2 viremia, suggesting that PCV2 is the main responsible for the systemic inflammatory status suffered by diseased pigs. As a collective, PMWS affected pigs harboured higher PCV2 loads and higher Pig-MAP and HPT concentrations in sera, shed higher viral loads through both nasal secretions and faeces, and had lower level of maternal antibodies against PCV2 than non-PMWS affected pigs. Furthermore, an impaired humoral response was observed in PMWS affected pigs from Spain at 11 weeks of age (prior to the appearence of clinical signs) and at the moment of necropsy, suggesting that this circumstance might be more a cause rather than a consequence of the disease. On the other hand, the lack of sensitivity and/or specificity observed from qPCR and/or serological techniques suggests that those techniques are not able to substitute histopathology plus detection of PCV2 in tissues for the individual PMWS diagnosis. However, results indicated that qPCR might potentially be a reliable technique to diagnose PMWS on a population basis. Additionally, obtained results supported the idea that although APPs are unspecific markers of inflammation, they might be useful indicators of health, becoming a potentially interesting tool to monitor PMWS development in epidemiological studies or in the assessment of the efficacy of PCV2 vaccines in the field.

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au, warren raye@vcp monash edu, and Warren Raye. "An investigation into the status of porcine circovirus in Australia." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050705.135219.

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This thesis reports for the first time the detection of porcine circovirus virus (PCV) in the Australian pig herd. PCV DNA was detected in the tissues of pigs from several Australian states using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, the primers for which were based on the sequence of PCV1 and PCV2 strains detected in North America and Europe. PCV type 1 or 2 was detected in 80 of 367 (21.7%) pigs tested. In the 80 positives, both PCV1 and PCV2 were detected in 14 samples. Virus was detected in pigs from all states from which samples were obtained: Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. The complete genomes of 13 strains of Australian PCV were sequenced. Analysis of the data indicated there was extremely high homology between the Australian strains of PCV1 and PCV2 and previously published sequences of PCV1 and PCV2 strains from North America and Europe.There were no consistent differences between the genome of the Australian strains and strains in North America and Europe. The widespread occurrence of PCV in the tissues of pigs was confirmed by a small scale serological study of the Western Australian pig herd using an immunofluorescence assay, which did not discriminate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. This assay detected PCV antibody in 11 of 14 pig herds in Western Australia, with a prevalence rate in positive herds varying from 25 to 47%, but it was unable to differentiate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. A PCV2-specific recombinant viral capsid protein was produced in insect cells with a baculovirus expression system and this was used to develop a PCV2-specific ELISA and a Western immunoblotting assay. These assays were applied to samples from a national pig serum bank and detected PCV2 antibody in 33% of 3933 serum samples. The highest seroprevalence to the recombinant PCV2 capsid antigen was detected in the samples from Victoria where there was a 51.3% seroprevalence rate, and the lowest in Western Australia where there was an 11.4% seroprevalence rate. An in situ hybridisation (ISH) technique was developed for the detection of PCV in tissues of infected pigs and infected cell cultures. A monoclonal antibody specific for the capsid protein of PCV2 was also produced and has application for the development of immunocytochemical procedures for the detection of PCV2 in tissues and cell cultures. The high prevalence of PCV in the Australian pig herd and the absence of reports of PMWS suggested that the Australian strains of PMWS detected may have been of low virulence. To examine the pathogenicity of Australian strains, two animal experiments were conducted where the type species of PCV1 present in persistently-infected PK15 pig kidney cells and an Australian PCV2 strain were cultured in vitro in cell cultures and inoculated into weaner pigs. As expected, the PCV1 replicated well in pigs but did not result in the induction of clinical signs or lesions in the inoculated pigs. The inoculation into weaner pigs of cell culture replicated PCV2 with an apparent virus titre of 103 virus particles/mL resulted in infection of only some of the inoculated pigs and it was concluded that the PCV2 inoculum contained insufficient virus to infect all pigs into which it was inoculated. The PCV2 did not induce any disease syndrome and could not be visualised in tissue sections of infected pigs using immunohistochemical techniques. In conclusion, techniques were developed for the detection of PCV in the Australian pig herd. PCV of both genetic types were detected at prevalence rates similar to those reported in other countries where PMWS has occurred, and the widespread occurrence of PCV was confirmed by serological assays. The PCV strains present were genetically indistinguishable from those present in North America and Europe. The reason for the absence of PMWS in Australia is most likely not due to differences in the characteristics of the PCV strains present.

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Wiederkehr, Danja Damaris. "A new emerging genotype subgroup within PCV-2b dominates the PMWS epizooty in Switzerland /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000276936.

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au, maodea@agric wa gov, and Mark O'Dea. "Pathogenesis and Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in the Australian Pig Herd." Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20081128.125816.

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The diagnosis of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) in pigs requires the detection of characteristic clinical signs and pathological changes, and the detection of virus in tissues of affected pigs. To increase Australias capacity to independently diagnose PCVAD in Australia, techniques for the detection of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection in pigs were developed and are reported in this thesis. These techniques were applied to samples obtained from normal pigs and pigs with disease and confirmed the presence of PCV2 and PCVAD in the Australian pig herd. Viral DNA was detected in tissues of infected pigs by both standard PCR and real-time PCR techniques. The real-time PCR was more sensitive. While the conventional PCR was able to detect approximately 100 copies of the viral genome, the real-time PCR was able to detect 20 copies of the genome. An immunohistochemical (IHC) technique which was also developed enabled the visualisation of PCV2 antigen in fixed tissues of pigs with PCVAD. The techniques that were developed were applied to an examination of tissues from pigs affected by illthrift and increased weaner mortality in herds in South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia. Lesions suggestive of the PCVAD postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) were detected and virus antigen was detected in association with lesions. The nature of the clinical signs and histopathological lesions detected, coupled with the presence of PCV2 antigen, suggested that PCVAD was present in some Australian pig herds. Phylogenetic analysis of the strains of PCV2-associated with these disease outbreaks demonstrated they were of a type not previously detected in Australia and similar to strains associated with PMWS in North America. To further assist in investigation of PCV2 infections in the Australian pig herd, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that specifically detected antibody to PCV2 and not the related and non-pathogenic Porcine circovirus type 1. The development of this assay required the production of a virus capsid protein antigen using a prokaryotic protein production system. The ELISA was used to test serum samples form the Australian national pig serum bank. A high prevalence of PCV2 infection was detected in most pig herds examined in all Australian states. International trade in pig meat has resulted in many countries placing restrictions on the importation of pig meat, requiring imported pig meats to be cooked to destroy viral agents. This study investigated the in vitro resistance of an Australian strain of PCV2 to heat treatment at temperatures between 56°C and 85°C. The viability of the virus was determined by a combination of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and IHC to visualise viral capsid antigen within infected cells. This study indicated that PCV2 retained its infectivity following heating up to and including 75°C for 15 mins, but was inactivated following heating to 80°C and above. The investigations reported make a significant contribution to PCV2 research in Australia and ensure Australias capacity to independently investigate PCVAD in the Australian pig herd.

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Turner, Megan Jenny. "Epidemilogical Studies of the Emerging Pig Disease Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS): The role of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2)." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488499.

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Teixeira, Thais Fumaco. "Detecção de possíveis agentes virais associados à circovirose suína." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13371.

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O Circovirus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) é um vírus ubíquo que tem sido associado a um número de síndromes em suínos. Entre elas, a Síndrome Multissistêmica do Definhamento dos Suínos (SMDS) tornou-se uma das principais causas de perdas econômicas na suinocultura nacional. No entanto, existe incerteza se o PCV2 é, de fato, o único agente responsável por esse quadro, essencialmente porque a administração isolada do vírus a animais suscetíveis não tem sido capaz de reproduzir experimentalmente a síndrome. Em vista disso, um número de outros agentes infecciosos (e não infecciosos) tem sido examinados e sua potencial participação no desenvolvimento da SMDS tem sido pesquisada. No presente estudo foram realizados experimentos visando determinar se outro(s) agente(s) com genoma de DNA circular poderia(m) desempenhar algum papel no desenvolvimento da SMDS. Para tanto, a técnica denominada “amplificação por círculo rolante com múltiplos primers” (ACRMP) foi empregada. A ACRMP é baseada na atividade da DNA polimerase do fago phi29, uma enzima capaz de sintetizar novas moléculas de DNA a partir de um molde de DNA circular. Numa segunda etapa, o DNA amplificado é clivado com enzimas de restrição, ocasionando a linearização de grande quantidade de cópias do DNA alvo original. Como a ACRMP é realizada com primers aleatórios, nenhum conhecimento prévio da seqüência de nucleotídeos alvo é necessário. Portanto, pode-se teoricamente amplificar DNA circular de qualquer microorganismo, o que a torna ideal para o propósito do presente estudo. O DNA extraído de soros de 67 suínos com sinais clínicos de SMDS, assim como de 63 suínos saudáveis, foram submetidos à ACRMP. O principal achado deste estudo foi que o genoma de um (ou mais) anelovírus foi(ram) detectado(s) em 88,9% (56/63) dos suínos saudáveis, ao passo que o(s) mesmo(s) agente(s) somente foi(ram) detectado(s) em 16,4% (11/67) dos soros de suínos com sinais clínicos da SMDS. Alguns fragmentos de DNA potencialmente correspondentes a fragmentos de genomas virais foram seqüenciados, revelando que pelo menos um deles corresponde a uma seqüência de anelovírus suíno ainda não descrita. No entanto, outro genoma correspondente a um anelovírus foi encontrado na mesma amostra, sugerindo que mais de um vírus pode estar presente em amostras de soro. Estes resultados demonstraram que os anelovírus, de grande variabilidade genética, são significativamente mais prevalentes em suínos clinicamente saudáveis do que em suínos com SMDS.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an ubiquitous virus that has been associated to a number of syndromes in swine. Among these, Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) has become a major cause of economic losses in swine worldwide. However, there is uncertainty as to whether PCV2 is in fact the sole agent responsible for the disease, essentially because the disease has not been experimentally reproduced when PCV2 is inoculated onto susceptible animals. In view of that, a number of other infectious (and non infectious) agents have been examined and their potential role in PMWS searched for. This study was carried out to determine whether any other agent(s) with circular DNA genome might be playing some role in PMWS. In order to achieve that, a technique called “randomly primed rolling circle amplification” (RPRCA) was employed. RPRCA is based on the activity of bacteriophage phi29 DNA polymerase, an enzyme that synthesizes new DNA molecules starting from a circularized DNA template. In a second phase, the amplified DNA is cleaved with restriction enzymes, so giving rise to large amounts of linearized copies of the original target DNA. As RPRCA is performed with random priming, no previous knowledge of the target nucleotide sequence is necessary. Therefore, it is theoretically possible to amplify circular DNA of any microorganism, thus making it ideal for the purpose of the present study. DNA extracted from sera of 67 pigs with clinical signs of PMWS as well as from 63 healthy pigs was submitted to RPRCA. The major finding of this study was that the genome of one (or more) anelloviruses was detected in 88,9% (56/63) of the healthy pigs, whereas the same agent was only detected in 16,4% (11/67) of pigs with clinical signs of PMWS. Some of the DNA fragments corresponding to the putative virus genomes were sequenced and revealed at least one non-previously described anellovirus sequence. However, other anellovirus could be found on the same sample, suggesting that more than one genome are present in samples of serum. These results demonstrate that anelovírus, of great genetic variability, were significantly more prevalent in healthy pigs than in pigs with PMWS.

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Monnerat, Filipe Silva. "Desenvolvimento de técnicas biomoleculares para diagnóstico de circovírus suíno." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2003. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8774.

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O circovírus suíno (PCV) é um agente amplamente distribuído na Europa, América do Norte e sul da Ásia. O PCV é um pequeno vírus de cadeia simples de DNA (17 nm) que foi reconhecido, a partir da década de 90, como um patógeno de suíno. Dois tipos de PCV tem sido caracterizados e designados PCV tipo 1 (PCV1) e PCV tipo 2 (PCV2). O PCV1 foi primeiramente isolado em 1974 como um contaminante persistente da linhagem de células PK-15 de rim de suíno (ATCC CCL 31) e a cepa de PCV isolada de células PK-15 tem sido bem caracterizada. O PCV1 é considerado como um vírus não patogênico, enquanto que a infecção de um suíno pelo PCV2 é normalmente associada ao desenvolvimento de Síndrome Multissistêmica Pós-Desmame (PMWS), em animais de 5 a 12 semanas de idade, e ao tremor congênito (CT), que acomete animais no período neonatal. A PMWS é uma nova doença emergente de suínos, caracterizada clinicamente por dispnéia progressiva, aumento dos nódulos linfáticos e patologicamente caracterizada por uma ampla extensão de lesões inflamatórias. Recentemente, pesquisadores da EMBRAPA iniciaram um estudo da PMWS em leitões, mas no Brasil a presença do PCV ainda não é reconhecida oficialmente. O objetivo desse trabalho foi (1) padronizar técnicas de diagnóstico para o genoma e antígeno do PCV, assim como anticorpos contra o agente; (2) avaliar a susceptibilidade de diferentes linhagens celulares ao PCV; (3) diagnosticar a infecção do PCV em suínos da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais; (4) isolar o PCV de amostras positivas. O PCV, proveniente de tecidos de animais normais e com diagnóstico de CT, foi isolado em células SK6 e analisadas por PCR. O padrão de bandas foi o mesmo encontrado em células PK15 contaminadas com PCV2, gentilmente cedidas pela EMBRAPA. Os oligos usados diferenciavam o PCV1 do PCV2. Todos os leitões de maternidade testados por PCR foram positivos para o PCV2. Porém, em 59 animais de abate testados por PCR não foi observada a presença do PCV. No teste de susceptibilidade as células PK15, SK6, VERO e MDCK foram susceptíveis ao PCV, mas somente as PK-15 estavam persistentemente infectadas. No ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta, foi utilizado um conjugado anti-IgG suína previamente padronizado e anticorpos contra PCV foram identificados em soros de 24 em 44 animais de abate testados e nenhum anticorpo foi encontrado nos animais com diagnóstico de CT positivos para PCV2 por PCR. Com esses resultados podemos concluir que os 24 suínos de abate soropositivos entraram em contato com o agente e desenvolveram a infecção em alguma fase durante o estagio de produção. A ausência de soropositivos entre os leitões recém nascidos, aliada a presença de infecção, pode ser explicada pela incapacidade de produção de anticorpos por esses animais neste estágio de desenvolvimento. Estudos adicionais da epidemiologia e da imunologia de infecções pelo PCV são necessários para o melhor entendimento e efetivo controle das doenças associadas a esse vírus.
Porcine circovirus (PCV) is thoroughly an agent distributed in Europe, North America and south of Asia. PCV is a small virus of simple chain of DNA (17 nm) that was recognized, starting from the decade of 90, as a swine pathogen. Two types of PCV have been characterized and designated PCV type 1 (PCV1) and PCV type 2 (PCV2). PCV1 was isolated firstly in 1974 as a persistent contaminant of the lineage of cells PK-15 of swine kidney (ATCC CCL 31) and the stump of isolated PCV of cells PK-15 has been well characterized. PCV1 is considered as a non- pathogenic virus, while the infection of a swine for PCV2 is usually associated to Post weaning Multisistemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS), in animals from 5 to 12 weeks of age, and to the congenital tremor (CT), that attack animals in the neonatal period. PMWS is a new emergent disease of swine, clinically characterized by progressive dispnea, increase of the lymphatic nodules and pathologically characterized by a wide extension of inflammatory lesions. Recently, researchers of EMBRAPA began a study of PMWS in pigs, but in Brazil the presence of PCV is not still recognized officially. The objective of that work was (1) to standardize diagnosis techniques for the genome and antigen of PCV, as well as antibodies against the agent; (2) to evaluate the susceptibility of different cellular lineages to PCV; (3) to diagnose the infection of PCV in swine of the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais; (4) to isolate PCV of positive samples. PCV, originating from tissues of normal animals and with diagnosis of CT, it was isolated in SK6 cells and analyzed by PCR. The pattern of bands was the same found in contaminated cells PK15 with PCV2, kindly by EMBRAPA. The used oligos differentiated PCV1 of PCV2. All the pigs of maternity tested by PCR were positive for PCV2. However, in 59 slaughtering animals tested by PCR, PCV was not found. In susceptibility test, PK15, SK6, VERO and MDCK cells were susceptible for both PCV but only PK15 cells were persistently infected. Anti-PCV antibodies were found to be positive in 54,5% of slaughtering animals serum and any anti-PCV antibody was found in animals with clinical CT. Rapid and accurate diagnosis and removal of disease animals from farms, combined with good husbandry practices, would appear to be the only current method of controlling losses attributable to PCV2 infections. However, additional studies into the epidemiology and immunology of PCV infections are now required if better understanding and eventual control of the disease syndromes associated with these viruses are to be achieved.
Dissertação importada do Alexandria.

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Kouokam, Fotso Guy Baudry. "Etude du rôle de la protéine gC1qR dans l'infection par le circovirus porcin de type 2." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B026.

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Le circovirus porcin de type 2 est responsable de la maladie d’amaigrissement du porcelet. Il est différent du circovirus porcin de type 1 qui est non pathogène. Nous disposons de peu de données pouvant expliquer pourquoi le virus PCV2 est pathogène et le virus PCV1 ne l’est pas. De plus les bases moléculaires soutenant la pathogénicité du PCV2 et l’immunodépression induite par le PCV2 sont mal comprises. Dans cette étude nous avons montré que la protéine gC1qR était capable d’interagir de façon différentielle avec les protéines de capside (Cap) de circovirus pathogène PCV2 et non pathogène PCV1. La protéine de capside de PCV1 isolée d’un porcelet issu d’un élevage était incapable d’interagir avec la protéine gC1qR. Il a été également montré que la région de la protéine Cap PCV2 impliquée dans l’interaction avec gC1qR était comprise dans les 59 acides aminés N-terminaux, région riche en arginine. Il a été également mis en évidence que les transcrits de gC1qR étaient sous-régulés in vitro et in vivo après une infection par le virus PCV2 au temps court de l’infection. Une sous-régulation de gC1qR induite par ARN interférence en cellules permissives rénales de porc PK15 n’induisait cependant ni une diminution de la réplication du virus PCV2, ni une diminution de formation de ses particules infectieuses. Ce travail apporte de nouveaux éléments pour comprendre l’adaptation des souches de circovirus porcins à leur hôte ainsi que son interaction avec les protéines de son hôte
The porcine circovirus type 2 is the causal agent of the post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. It is different from porcine circovirus type 1 which is non-pathogenic. We have little data that could explain why the PCV2 is pathogenic and PCV1 is not. The molecular basis supporting the pathogenicity of PCV2 and the induced immune-depression is misunderstood. It has been shown that the capsid protein (Cap) of the porcine circovirus was able to interact differentially with the capsid protein of the pathogenic circovirus PCV2 and nonpathogenic PCV1. Cap proteins from PCV1 virus isolated from a piglet was unable to interact with gC1qR. It has also been shown that the Cap PCV2 region involved in the interaction with gC1qR was included among the 59 N-terminal amino acids, an arginine-rich region. It was also shown that gC1qR transcripts were down-regulated in vitro and in vivo after infection with PCV2 virus at the beginning of infection. A siRNA-mediated downregulation of gC1qR in the PK15 permissive cells did not induce a modification of the replication of PCV2 virus and neither the production of infectious viral particles. This work provides new evidence for understanding the adaptation of porcine circovirus strains to their host as well as its interaction with its host proteins

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Juhan, Nicole McKeown. "Molecular mechanisms of porcine circovirus 2 replication and pathogenesis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27329.

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The non-pathogenic porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was originally isolated as a persistent contaminant of the porcine kidney cell line PK-15. Whereas, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs, which is devastating to the swine industry. My objectives were to determine the effect of maternally derived antibodies on PCV2 infection, assess the role of 2 amino acid substitutions in the PCV2 capsid protein in PCV2 attenuation, evaluate the effect of Rep gene exchange between PCV1 and PCV2 on growth characteristics of a chimeric PCV2, and evaluate the role of open reading frame (ORF) 3 of PCV2 in virus replication and pathogenesis in pigs. Under field conditions, PCV2 infection is widespread and most breeding pigs are seropositive. Assessment of the role of PCV2 maternal antibodies in preventing PCV2 infection in piglets provided evidence that higher levels of maternal antibody provide more protection to piglets. Two amino acid substitutions in the PCV2 capsid protein that enhanced virus replication in vitro and attenuated the virus in vivo were evaluated for their pathogenicity in pigs. The results indicated that P110A and R191S are collectively responsible for virus attenuation. PCV1 replicates better in PK-15 cells and grows at least 1-log titer higher than PCV2. A chimeric PCV with the rep gene of PCV1 replacing that of PCV2 in the genomic backbone of PCV2 replicated more rapidly than PCV1 and PCV2, and more efficiently than PCV2, although to a titer similar to PCV1. The ORF3 of PCV2 is believed to encode a protein involved in apoptosis. The ORF3 start codon was mutated from ATG to GTG and the resulting mutant muPCV2 was infectious in vitro and in pigs; therefore ORF3 is dispensable for virus replication. The pathogenicity of muPCV2 was compared with PCV2 in vivo. Delayed viremia and seroconversion, decreased viral loads, lower level of IgG antibodies, and lower amounts of PCV2 antigen in mesenteric lymph nodes suggested attenuation of muPCV2. However, there was no significant difference in histological or gross lesions in tissues between PCV2- and muPCV2-inoculated groups. The role of ORF3 in attenuation needs to be further elucidated.
Ph. D.

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Atterholm, Isabelle, and Louise Nilsson. "Kvinnors erfarenheter och upplevelser av PMS och PMDS." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26138.

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Bakgrund: Premenstruellt syndrom (PMS) är något som drabbar cirka 20% - 40% av alla kvinnor. Symtomen uppkommer en till två veckor innan mens. De vanligaste upplevda symtomen är svullna bröst eller mage, irritation eller ångest. Premenstruellt dysforiskt syndrom (PMDS) som är den mer allvarliga formen än PMS, drabbar omkring 1,8% - 5,8%. Symtomen är mer kraftfulla och kan liknas vid djup depression. Tidigare studier har visat att kvinnor med PMS eller PMDS har sänkt hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Syftet: Vårt syfte är att belysa kvinnors erfarenheter och upplevelser kring det dagliga livet vid PMS och PMDS, samt att uppmärksamma strategier som underlättar kvinnors vardag. Metod: Metoden var att sammanställa tio stycken vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats till en litteraturstudie. Resultat: Resultatet belyser till exempel de symtom som kvinnor upplever under PMS. Kvinnor upplevelser är även att samhället och sjukvården inte tar PMS och PMDS på allvar. Deras erfarenheter är att de inte får det stöd som de önskar och behöver. Mestadels saknar de stöd från sin partner. Kvinnor använder sig av olika copingstrategier för att hantera sina symtom. Kvinnorna tar pauser och avstånd från sin partner och den extra stress som de upplever under PMS. Konklusion: Kvinnorna saknar stöd, hjälp och förståelse från sin partner som de behöver för att hantera sin PMS och PMDS. Inte heller av sjukvården får de hjälp. Samhället har en felaktig bild av vad PMS och PMDS egentligen är. Olika copingstrategier används för att hantera syndromen, såsom att ta pauser från vardagen och alla krav.
Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is something that affects about 20% - 40% of all women. The symptoms occur one till two weeks before menstruation. The most experienced symptoms is swollen breast or stomach, irritation and anxiety. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is more severe than PMS and affect about 1,8% - 5,8%. The symptoms are more severe and may resemble a deep depression. Previous studies have proven that women with PMS or PMDD has lowered health-related quality of life. Aim: The aim was to enlighten women’s experiences of the everyday-life with PMS or PMDD, and bring attention to strategies that can facilitate women’s everyday-lives. Method: A literature study which was based on ten scientific articles with a qualitative approach was conducted. Results: The result highlights the symptoms that women experienced during PMS. The women also felt that society and their health care system did not take PMS and PMDD serious. Their experience was that they did not get the support they wanted and needed. Most of the time they lacked support from their partners. The result also found that women used different coping strategies to manage their symptoms. They took breaks and distanced themselves from their partners and the extra stress they experienced during PMS and PMDD. Conclusion: The women lack support, help and understanding that they need from their partner to manage their PMS and PMDD. Neither do they get help from the health cares system. Society has an incorrect picture of what PMS and PMDD really is. Different coping strategies are used to handle the syndrome, such as taking breaks from everyday life and all the requirements.

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Dezen, Diogenes. "Desenvolvimento de uma vacina recombinante para circovirose suína e ensaios para diagnóstico molecular de PCV2." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32147.

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O circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) é o principal agente da síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento do suíno (SMDS), uma doença mundialmente disseminada e que provoca perdas econômicas significativas para a suinocultura. Visando contribuir no diagnóstico da síndrome, o presente trabalho padronizou e comparou testes para a detecção do PCV2. Para isso, foram utilizadas as técnicas de amplificação por círculo rolante (ACR) e variações da PCR (convencional, tempo-real e competitiva). Utilizando a ACR foi possível obter a amplificação total de genomas do PCV2, os quais foram clonados, sequenciados e agrupados no genótipo PCV2b. Os genomas clonados foram isolados, recircularizados e transfectados em células PK-15. Este procedimento possibilitou a recuperação do vírus infeccioso em títulos de até 105,55 DICC50/mL. Portanto, a ACR foi uma ferramenta útil em estratégias de isolamento e sequenciamento do vírus. No entanto, a ACR foi menos sensível que a PCR para fins de detecção do PCV2. No segundo estudo, buscando métodos auxiliares no diagnóstico da SMDS, dois ensaios para a quantificação do PCV2 foram desenvolvidos. Estes ensaios foram baseados nas técnicas de PCR competitivo (cPCR) e de PCR em tempo real. Visando determinar qual seria o mais adequado para estimar a carga viral do PCV2, os dois métodos foram comparados. Ambos os ensaios foram capazes de detectar diferenças significativas entre o número de cópias de DNA de PCV2 encontradas em tecidos de animais saudáveis e acometidos pela SMDS (≥ 2,5 log10). No entanto, uma diferença média de 1,8 log10 na carga viral foi encontrada entre ensaios, onde as maiores cargas virais foram detectadas pela PCR em tempo real. Outro objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar vacinas baseadas na proteína do capsídeo (Cap) do PCV2. Assim, no terceiro estudo, três baculovírus recombinantes foram construídos de modo a expressar a proteína Cap. Em dois recombinantes, a seqüência de nucleotídeos do peptídeo sinal (PS) da glicoproteína I do herpesvírus bovino (BoHV-gI) foi inserida na extremidade 5’ do gene cap (ORF2). Além disso, um recombinante contendo a seqüência de nucleotídeos do PS foi construído sem o sinal de localização nuclear (NLS) de proteína Cap. Através do ensaio de imunoperoxidase em monocamada (IPMA), antígenos de PCV2 foram detectados em células Sf21 infectadas pelos três vírus recombinantes. Este resultado sugere que os recombinantes construídos são potenciais candidatos vacinais, uma vez que eles foram capazes de produzir antígenos de PCV2.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the major agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a worldwide spread disease that causes significant economic losses to the swine productive chain. Aiming to contribute in the diagnosis of the syndrome, this thesis compared and developed tests for PCV2 detection. For this, multiply-primed rolling-circle amplification (MPRCA) and PCR-based assays (conventional, real-time and competitive) were tested. The MPRCA allowed amplifying the full-length PCV2 genomes, which were cloned, sequenced and grouped on PCV2b genotype. The cloned genomes were isolated from the plasmids, recircularized and used for transfection in PK-15 cells. This procedure led to the production of infectious virus to titres up to 105.55 TCID50/mL. It was concluded that MPRCA is a useful tool to amplify PCV2 genomes in sight of sequencing and virus isolation strategies. However, it was less sensitive than PCR for diagnostic purposes. In the second study, searching for methods in support to PMWS diagnosis, two PCR assays were developed: a competitive PCR (cPCR) and a SYBR green real-time PCR. The quantitative PCR methods were compared to determine which would be more suitable to estimate the PCV2 DNA load. Both assays were able to detect significant differences between the numbers of PCV2 DNA copies found in tissues of PMWS-affected and non-PMWS-affected pigs (≥2.5 log10). However, a mean difference of 1.8 log10 on the viral load was found between assays, where the highest viral loads were detected by SYBR green real-time PCR. In the work outlined herein, another purpose was to generate vaccine candidates based on PCV2 capsid protein (Cap). Therefore, in the third study, three types of recombinant baculoviruses were constructed to express the Cap protein. In two recombinants, the nucleotide sequence from the signal peptide (SP) of bovine herpesvirus glycoprotein I (BoHV-gI) was inserted at the 5’ end of the cap gene (ORF2). Additionally, one recombinant containing the SP nucleotide sequence was constructed lacking the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of Cap protein. Through immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), the PCV2 antigen was detected in Sf21 cells infected by the three recombinant viruses. This result suggests that the recombinants here constructed are potential vaccine candidates, once they were able to produce PCV2 antigens.

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Ekström, Ellen. "PMS PMDS Faser & uttryck : En informativ och konstnärlig booklet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-52875.

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Ett grafiskt designprojekt, en booklet med fokus på PMS och PMDS. Innehållet i bookleten är objektivt och subjektivt i form av information samt visualiseringar. Personer med PMS eller PMDS har kommit till uttryck genom sina berättelser och självporträtt.
A graphic design project, a booklet that focuses on PMS and PMDD. The content of the booklet is objective and subjective with information and visualizations. Persons with PMS or PMDD has manifested through their stories and self-portraits.

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Viana, Vinícius Winter. "Descrição histopatológica e imunoistoquímica de tecidos de suínos apresentando sindrome do definhamento multissistêmico pós-desmame (PMWS) e tecidos de suínos clinicamente sadios infectados pelo Circovírus suíno 2 (PCV 2)." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5188.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 resumo.pdf: 759656 bytes, checksum: 08559ba05ec99261b3eaa0c86a4aa9e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27
Samples of mandibular, mediastinic, gastric, mesenteric and inguinal lynph nodes and lungs. kidneys, liver, heart and spleen of 24 pigs showing clinical features of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and samples of inguinal lynph nodes of 24 clinicaly healthy pigs were colected. In one part of the samples were performed real time PCR for detection of the Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV 2) nucleic acid. The other part were analysed for histopathological lesions. One part of the lynph nodes were submited to immunohistochemistry against the PCV 2 and this results were compared to the results of real time PCR Lynphocellular depletion and infiltration of histiocytic cells were the most seen lesions in lynph nodes. Based on the intensity of this lesions, three stages of the desease were determined Stage 1, mild lesions (39%), stage 2, moderate lesions (32,7%) and stage 3, severe lesions (20%). In the lungs, the majority of the lesions seen were intersticial pneumonia with lynphoid and hystiocytic infiltration of the alveolar septae ln the kidneys, intersticial nephritis with mononuclear infnltration were seen in 35% of the samples and glomerulonephritis with glomerular fibrin and neutrophill infiltration were seen in 50% of the samples. In the Iiver, lynphoid infiltration in the periportal zones were the lesions most observed. Lynphocellular depletion were obseved in the most samples of the spleen. No lesions were observed in the heart. Only 65.3% of the lynph nodes submitted to immunohistochemistry were considered positive for the presence of the PCV 2. Though 100% of the samples submitted to the real time PCR were considered positive for the presence of the virus.
Foram coletadas amostras de Iinfonodos mandibulares, mediastínicos, epigástricos, mesentéricos e inguinais superficiais, além de pulmões, rins, fígado. coração e baço de 24 suínos exibindo sinais clínicos da síndrome do definhamento multissistêmico pós-desmame (PMWS) e amostras de Iinfonodos inguinais superficiais de 24 suínos cIinicamente sadios. Uma pane dos tecidos foi encaminhada para a realização de PCR em tempo real para detecção do ácido nucléico do Circovírus suíno 2 (PCV 2). Outra parte das amostras foi incluída em parafina e cortada na espessura de 4 um para avaliação histopatológica. Uma parte dos linfonodos foi submetida ao teste de imunoistoquímica e este resultado foi comparado ao resultado do PCR em tempo real. Depleção Iinfóide e infiltrado macrofágico foram as lesões mais observadas nos linfonodos. Baseado na intensidade destas lesões foram determinados trés estágios da doença. Estágio 1, lesões discretas (39%), estágio 2, lesões moderadas (32,7%) e estágio 3, lesões graves (20%). Nos pulmões, a lesão mais encontrada foi pneumonia intersticial com espessamento dos septos alveolares por infltrado inflamatório mononuclear, principalmente linfócitos e histiócitos. Nos rins, a nefrite intersticial com infiltrado de linfócitos e histiócitos na medula e na córtex renal foi observada em 35 % das amostras e glomerulonefrite com infiltrado de fibrina e neutrófilos nos glomérulos foi observada em 50 % das amostras. No fígado, o achado mais freqüente foi infiltrado inflamatório linfocítico nas regiões periportais. Depleção linfóide foi observada na maioria das amostras de baço. Não foram observadas lesões nas amostras de coração. Apenas 65,3 % dos linfonodos submetidos à imunoistoquímica foram considerados positivos para a presença do PCV 2. Entretanto, 100°/o das amostras foram consideradas positivas para a presença do vírus pelo PCR em tempo real.

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Fenaux, Martijn. "Molecular Pathogenesis and Development of a Genetically Engineered Vaccine for Type-2 Porcine Circovirus." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27171.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), whereas the ubiquitous porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) is nonpathogenic for pigs. Since its initial detection in a Canadian commercial swine herd in 1991, PMWS has been detected in all swine producing regions of the world and is now a serious economic problem to the swine industry. The objectives of this dissertation were to biologically, genetically and experimentally characterize both PCV1 and PCV2, to identify the genetic determinant(s) for virulence and replication, and to develop an effective genetically-engineered vaccine against PCV2 infection and PMWS. The genetic heterogeneity of PCV2 and PCV1 isolates from different geographic origins were determined. We found that, although PCV1 and PCV2 genomes were very conserved, some minor genomic variation exists among PCV1 isolates and PCV2 isolates. The nonpathogenic PCV1 and pathogenic PCV2 share only about 76% nucleotide sequence identity but have similar genomic organization. The highest sequence variability among PCV isolates is found in the immunogenic ORF2 capsid gene. Based on the sequence data in this dissertation, a universal polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was developed that is capable of detecting all known PCV isolates and differentiating between infections by nonpathogenic PCV1 and pathogenic PCV2. In order to study the structural and functional relationship of PCV genes and to develop a genetically-engineered vaccine, we constructed infectious DNA clones of both PCV1 and PCV2. By using the PCV2 infectious clone, we showed that pigs can be infected by direct intrahepatic injection of PCV2 infectious DNA clone. The pathological lesions and clinical disease associated with PCV2 infection were more definitively characterized by using the infectious DNA clone. We found that PCV2 is the primary but not the sole causative agent of PMWS, as the full spectrum of clinical PMWS was not reproduced by the infectious PCV2 DNA clone although pathological lesions characteristic of PMWS were reproduced. A chimeric vaccine was constructed by cloning the immunogenic capsid gene of the pathogenic PCV2 into the genomic backbone of the non-pathogenic PCV1 virus. We showed that the resulting chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine virus, retained the non-pathogenic nature of PCV1 but induced a protective immune response against a wild-type PCV2 challenge. In vaccinated pigs, the chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine reduced PCV2 viremia length and serum virus loads and reduced pathological lesions such as lymphoid depletion (LD) and histiocytic replacement (HR) in lymphoid tissues, inflammation and discoloration of the lymph nodes. The amounts of PCV2 antigen and PCV2 genomic copy loads in lymph node tissues were also significantly reduced. Our results indicated that the attenuated chimeric PCV1-2 virus induces protective immunity against PCV2 infection and thus could serve as an effective vaccine against PCV2 and PMWS. To improve the safety of the vaccine, we attempted to identify the genetic determinant(s) for PCV2 virulence. An isolate of PCV2 was serially passaged for 120 times in PK-15 cells. After 120 passages, a total of two amino acid mutations were identified in the capsid protein of the passage 120 virus (VP120), P110A and R191S. Compared to other known PCV1 and PCV2 sequences, the two amino acid mutations in PCV2 VP120 are unique. The VP120 virus was biologically characterized in vitro and experimentally characterized in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. The two amino acid mutations resulted in an enhanced replication ability of PCV2 VP120 in PK-15 cells and an attenuated phenotype in infected pigs. The P110A and R191S mutations in the capsid protein either alone or collectively are likely important for PCV2 virulence and replication. In summary, we genetically characterized PCV2 isolates from different geographic regions and developed a PCR-RFLP assay. We constructed and characterized infectious DNA clones of PCV1 and PCV2, and developed a genetically engineered vaccine against PCV2 infection. We also identified the genetic determinants for PCV2 virulence and replication. The vaccine developed in this study, when it becomes available, will help the swine industry control this important pathogen.
Ph. D.

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Persson, Matilda. "Effekt och säkerhet av munkpeppar vid behandling av PMS/PMDS : En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Farmakologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122026.

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Jansson, Emelie, and Casseres Yvonne Palomino. "Har du mens eller? : En kvalitativ studie om PMS och PMDS påverkan på ledarskap." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69957.

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Purpose and problem statement: The purpose of this study is to identify how PMS/PMDD affects a leaders leadership. Therefore the individual and the experienced symptoms involving PMS/PMDD are studied. This to identify potential connections between the diagnoses and theories about leadership.

Hur kan ledarskap påverkas av PMS och PMDS? Metod: Studien har en induktiv ansats och utgår ifrån kvalitativa intervjuer med sex informanter. Informanterna har hjälpt oss att förstå det empiriska fältet för att vi sedan ska kunna identifiera relevanta teorier för vår studie. Slutsats: Studien visar att ledarskap påverkas av PMS och PMDS genom att individens personliga attribut förändras under perioden för diagnoserna. Individen kan gå från att vara en bra ledare i två veckor till att se sig själv som en sämre ledare resterande två veckor. Det kan visa sig genom att positiva egenskaper som definierar en god ledare istället blir sämre. Vi kan se att det finns möjlighet till vidare forskning genom att utföra större studier eller genom att inkludera ett medarbetarperspektiv, eftersom ledare behöver medarbetare för att kunna leda.

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Lindqvist, Ebba, and Lovis Tjärnberg. "Egenvårdsstrategier vid premenstruellt syndrom och premenstruellt dysforiskt syndrom." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-3615.

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Bakgrund Premenstruellt syndrom (PMS) och premenstruellt dysforiskt syndrom (PMDS) är tillstånd som innebär en samlad mängd psykiska och/eller fysiska premenstruella besvär hos vissa kvinnor. Dessa tillstånd utgör ett stort lidande och kan leda till psykisk ohälsa, långtidssjukskrivningar, somatiska besvär, drabbade relationer samt svårigheter att klara av sin vardag. Omvårdnadsforskning av dessa kvinnor är dock bristfällig. Forskning på området omvårdnad har dock visat att egenvård stärker patientens känsla av kontroll vid såväl psykiatriska som somatiska sjukdomstillstånd. Syfte Att belysa olika egenvårdsstrategier som kan leda till ett minskat lidande för patienter med premenstruellt syndrom eller premenstruellt dysforiskt syndrom. Metod Studien är en litteraturöversikt och inkluderar 17 vetenskapliga artiklar som söktes fram via systematiska databassökningar i PubMed och Cinahl. Valda artiklar var av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod för att få en ökad förståelse för både upplevelse av egenvård samt objektiva mått för effektiviteten. Resultat Det fanns en mängd olika egenvårdsstrategier som kvinnor använder sig av och kan använda sig av i olika grad. Tre kategorier i form av livsstil, psykosociala aspekter samt komplementära terapier skapades under analysprocessen. De egenvårdsstrategier som visade det starkaste sambandet med minskat lidande vid PMS eller PMDS var stressreducering, regelbunden fysisk aktivitet och ökad medvetenhet kring sin kropp och sitt eget mående. Slutsats I studierna visade det sig att kvinnor använde egenvårdsstrategier i varierande grad och att de upplevde effektiviteten olika. Egenvård kunde lindra symtomen av PMS/PMDS i olika grad, och främjade känslan av kontroll över den egna situationen. Egenvårdsstrategier kan därmed vara ett redskap för att minska lidandet vid PMS/PMDS.
Background Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric syndrome (PMDS) are conditions that involve a total amount of mental and / or physical premenstrual disorders for some women. These conditions are a major affliction and can lead to mental illness, long-term sick leave, somatic disorders, affected relationships and difficulties in coping with their everyday lives. However, nursing research of these women is inadequate. Research in the field of nursing has shown that self-care strengthens the patient's sense of control in both psychiatric and somatic disease states. Aim To illuminate different self-care strategies that may lead to reduced suffering for patients with premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric syndrome. Method The study is a literature review and includes 17 scientific articles that were searched through systematic database searches in PubMed and Cinahl. Selected articles were of qualitative and quantitative method to gain an increased understanding of both self-care experience and objective measures of efficiency. Results There was a variety of self-care strategies that women use and may use to varying degrees. Three categories in the form of lifestyle, psychosocial aspects and complementary therapies were created during the analysis process. The self-care strategies that has showed the strongest connection with reduced suffering at PMS or PMDS were stress reduction, regular physical activity and increased awareness of their body and their own mood.ConclusionsIn the studies, it was found that women used self-care strategies to varying degrees and that they perceived their effectiveness differently. Self-care was able to relieve the symptoms of PMS / PMDS to varying degrees and promoted the feeling of control over one's own situation. Self-care strategies can thus be a tool for reducing the suffering of PMS / PMDS.

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Lidholm, Sanna. "Påverkar Premenstruellt syndrom (PMS) och Premenstruell dysforisk störning (PMDS) en kvinnas livskvalitet? : En litteraturöversikt ur ett globalt perspektiv." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19854.

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Introduktion: Kvinnorelaterade sjukdomar är underrepresenterade inom forskning, Premenstruellt syndrom (PMS) och premenstruellt dysforiskt syndrom (PMDS) är två av de. Premenstruella besvär orsakar konsekvenser för drabbade individer samt samhället i stort och är ett dolt folkhälsoproblem. Idag lider 75 procent av alla dessa kvinnor i fertilålder av någon grad av PMS och PMDS drabbar 3-5 procent av den kvinnliga befolkningen, vilket påverkar dessa individer psykiskt, fysiskt samt emotionellt. Mörkertalet är stort inom båda tillstånden då många kvinnor väljer att inte söka vård, till stor del på grund av rädslan för att inte bli tagen på allvar vilket resulterar i många odiagnostiserade individer. Syfte: Syftet med denna strukturerade litteraturstudie är att belysa den problematik kvinnor som lider av PMS eller PMDS ställs inför och hur det påverkar deras livskvalité. Metod: Metoden var att sammanställa tio stycken vetenskapliga artiklar till en litteraturstudie. Resultat: Resultatet belyser de symtom samt problematik som kvinnor upplever under PMS och PMDS. Upplevelsen är även att samhället samt sjukvården inte tar PMS och PMDS på allvar. Erfarenheter som framkommer är att de inte får det stöd som de önskas samt bristen på kunskap i samhället samt hos partnern. Slutsats: Kvinnor saknar förståelse samt hjälp för sin problematik från både samhället, sjukvården och partner. Den faktor som påverkar mest negativt är stress. Samhället har förutfattade meningar om PMS och PMDS som inte stämmer överens med verkligheten. Mer kunskap samt forskning är nödvändigt för att kunna ge dessa kvinnor rätt resurser till en god livskvalitet.
Introduction: Women-related diseases are underrepresented in research. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Syndrome (PMDS) are two of them. Premenstrual disorders cause consequences for affected individuals and society at large and are a hidden public health problem. In 2021, 75 percent of all women of childbearing age suffer from some degree of PMS and PMDS affects 3-5 percent. Manifestations of PMS and PMDS are mental, physical and emotional. There are a large percentage of unreported cases who experience PMS and PMDS, however, these women may choose not to seek care, due to the fear of not being taken seriously. Thus, many womenare undiagnosedand experience many difficulties, which affects theirachieving a good quality of life. Method: The method was to compile ten scientific articles for a literature study. Results: The results shed light on the symptoms and problems that women experience during PMS and PMDS. The results also show that society and healthcare professionals do not take PMS and PMDS seriously. Other aspects that emerge are that women do not receive the support they want due to lack of knowledge in society. Conclusion: Women lack understanding and help for reproductive problems from both society, healthcare professionals and partners. One factor that affects most negatively is stress. Society has preconceived notions about PMS and PMDS that do not correspond to reality. More knowledge and research are necessary to be able to give these women the right resources for a good quality of life.

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Hultin, Anna. "Premenstruella syndrom ur ett folkhälsoperspektiv : En kvalitativ studie om hur PMS och PMDS påverkar kvinnors arbetssituation och livskvalitet." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39367.

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Marek, Mary J. "PMOS CCD /." Online version of thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10563.

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Matias, João Pedro Silva. "Responsabilidade social nas PMEs : potencial estratégico da responsabilidade social nas PMEs portuguesas." Master's thesis, FEUC, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/27248.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Gestão, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Fernando Manuel Pereira Oliveira Carvalho.
Desde meados do século XX, Responsabilidade Social tem sido um tema de debate crescente e frequentemente pouco consensual, recolhendo quer apoiantes quer adversários nos mais diversos meios, não só a nível das empresas como da sociedade em geral. Esta temática surgida de escândalos geradores de pressões sociais sobre as empresas, tem provocado um intenso debate, propulsionador de resultados muitas vezes dúbios e contraditórios, acerca das virtudes e desvantagens da implementação de práticas de Responsabilidade Social, em particular se estas podem gerar uma maior performance e consequentemente representar uma fonte de vantagem competitiva para qualquer empresa. Portugal não foge a este debate, apesar da temática não se encontrar tão estudada como em outros mercados, e com um tecido empresarial maioritariamente composto por pequenas e médias empresas cujo principal objectivo é sobreviver, a temática e este estudo alcançam particular importância. Assim o primordial objectivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a implementação de práticas de Responsabilidade Social conduziria a uma melhor performance da empresa. Por forma a responder a esta questão, recorreu-se a um questionário administrado aos gestores de várias pequenas e médias empresas portuguesas. Acreditamos, que este estudo terá contribuído para a literatura em Responsabilidade Social nas pequenas e médias empresas, e para a realidade portuguesa, obtendo diversos resultados que parecem suportar a ideia de que a adopção de práticas de Responsabilidade Social, resultará em melhorias de performance das empresas, mas ao mesmo tempo que suportam a ideia de que esta relação não é tão linear e directa quanto desejado. Em particular destacamos, como este estudo demonstra, a importância que as práticas de cariz social apresentam na performance. Acreditamos assim que, os resultados contidos neste estudo suportam a ideia de que os negócios devem ir além das receitas para cumprirem um papel de agente de mudança e melhoria da sociedade.

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Parnicza, Justin W. "WV LTAP PMS integrating GIS with PMS software /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10848.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 97 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51).

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AVRILLON, SYLVIE, and D. PERRET-GALLIX. "Un detecteur a pixels pmos." Chambéry, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CHAMS018.

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Cette these presente un composant a pixel d'un type nouveau, qui pourra etre utilise pour la construction de detecteurs de trajectoires a grande resolution, pour les experiences de physique des particules. Ce pixel pmos a ete etudie dans le cadre de la recherche et developpement de l'experience belle a kek. Le pixel pmos, situe sur la face ohmique d'une diode pin desertee, se compose d'un puits-n ou un transistor pmos double drains est implante. Les sorties aux bornes des drains des pixels pmos du reseau, sont reliees entre elles par des strips de lecture. Ce pixel pmos a des caracteristiques interessantes: une amplification interne qui permet de detecter des particules chargees avec un signal-sur-bruit important, et l'avantage d'une lecture bi-dimensionnelle de type strip pour un composant simple face. Nous avons concu et fabrique des prototypes simplifies du pixel pmos, de differents types. A l'aide d'un faisceau infrarouge, nous avons verifie le principe de fonctionnement d'un pixel compose d'un transistor pmos double drains implante dans l'electrode d'une diode pin, ainsi que la lecture bi-dimensionnelle de type strip. L'amplification et les performances de bruit du pixel pmos ont ete estimees. Un test sur faisceau de particules au minium d'ionisation nous a permis de mesurer la distribution du depot d'energie et la resolution de position, en accord avec les simulations effectuees

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Gadim, Hugo Rafael Oliveira. "Desinternacionalização das PMEs em Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22682.

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Mestrado em Gestão
Este trabalho visa acrescentar evidência empírica sobre o fenómeno da desinternacionalização das PMEs em Portugal. O grande intuito deste trabalho, com base na literatura existente sobre o fenómeno, e utilizando uma abordagem complementar entre as teorias que abordam o tópico da desinternacionalização, é testar os modelos explicativos do comportamento do processo de desinternacionalização de uma empresa portuguesa. O resultado desta dissertação complementa modelos anteriores, nomeadamente os propostos por Welch e Welch (2009) e Crick (2004).
This dissertation aims to add empirical evidence on the phenomenon of the de-internationalization of SMEs in Portugal. The main focus of this work, based on existing literature and using a complementary approach among the main theories address the de-internationalization phenomenon, is to test explanatory models on the de-internationalization process on a Portuguese firm. The result of this dissertation compliments previous models, namely those proposed by Welch and Welch (2009) and Crick (2004).

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Vianna, Cleverson Tabajara. "Gestão financeira de curto prazo - PMEs." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2015. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/129236.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio Econômico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Florianópolis, 2014.
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O presente estudo apresenta duas abordagens principais: a primeiro de natureza teórica, identificando através de survey nas Pequenas e Médias empresas do estado de Santa Catarina, quais as aplicações práticas das teorias de finanças. A segunda abordagem, busca uma contribuição prática através de um programa de computador, que efetua a análise dinâmica de Fleuriet a partir de dados do cotidiano (sem uso do balanço patrimonial); este sistema integrado deve servir de apoio ao processo decisório com o intuito de proporcionar uma maior vida útil às empresas. Para tanto foi efetuada uma pesquisa em formulário eletrônico, buscando a real utilização das teorias Financeiras, aplicadas nas Médias e Pequenas empresas em Santa Catarina (as quais representam 98% das empresas e 70% da mão de obra ocupada no Brasil). Concluída a pesquisa, sua análise encontrou como ponto central de preocupação do gestor financeiro, as finanças de curto prazo. Como o software Integrado a ser proposto, deveria ser uma ferramenta operacional e também um instrumento de apoio à decisão, o trabalho passa então a apresentar o processo decisório, suas nuances e chega às finanças comportamentais, indicando que não apenas as decisões muitas vezes deixam de ser ?racionais?, como estão impregnadas de aspectos comportamentais destes decisores. Unindo teoria e prática, apresenta o conjunto de programas que executam o controle financeiro (contas a pagar e receber) das empresas e a partir dele efetua a análise de Fleuriet. Apresentado o Sistema a três empresas, teve boa repercussão não apenas pela sua operacionalidade, mas especialmente por inovar neste tipo de análise que serve de suporte à decisão.

Abstract : This cientific study has two main approaches: the first theoretical in nature is identifying through a survey in Small and Medium-sized enterprises (in Santa Catarina State), which are the practical applications of finances?theories. The second objective refers to a practical contribution through a computer program, wich one performs dynamic analysis Fleuriet from everyday data (without using official accounting information); this integrated system should be supportive of the decision-making process in order to provide a longer life to these companies . For this research made electronic form, finding the actual use of the financial theories, applied in Medium and Small businesses in Santa Catarina (which represent 98 % of companies and 70 % of the workforce employed in Brazil). Completed the survey, its analysis found the short-term finances as a central point of concern of the financial manager. As the Integrated software being proposed, should be an operational based decision support tool, the work then goes on to present the decision-making process details, and behavioral finance was presented, indicating that not only the decisions often fail to be "rational", as are influenced by behavioral aspects of these decision makers. Getting togheter theory and practice, a set of programs that perform financial control (payables and receivables) of the companies presented and from this data performs the Fleuriet analisys. System presented to three companies, had good repercussions not only for its operation, but especially for innovating in this type of analysis that serves as a decision support .

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Ribeiro, Daniela Pereira. "GESTÃO SOCIOAMBIENTAL ESTRATÉGICA: UMA PROPOSTA PARA PMES." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8103.

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In the last two decades, the social problems are mobilizing business to direct actions to Implement strategies management, in order to survive and fortify themselves on their competitive arena. The development of social and ecological conscience in global society has also involve the business sector in search a socially responsible attitude. Thus, organizations are modeling their strategies to deal more this demand that the environment determines. This study was applied in a collective transport company of Santa Maria/RS and has as objective to develop a management model strategic socio-environmental for small and medium business (SMB), with relation to corporate socio-environmental responsibility, integrating the social, environmental and economic aspects. To reach these objectives were established the following specific objectives: (1) analyze the models of strategic management and socioenvironmental management existing; (2) confront the precepts inherent to corporate socio-environmental responsibility, strategic management and socio-environmental management. (3) identify the main organizational factors that may influence to change the SMB toward as placing socio-environmental responsible. This research is a social research, as nature is qualitative, regarding the technique is exploratory, in a participatory planning, in particular the methodology of research-action. The proposed model of strategic socio-environmental management for SMB is a tool which has the goal of helping the SMB to deploy a process of managing allied to corporative social responsibility, in the adoption of sustainable practices in a simple and efficient way. The research allowed the identification of some advantages and benefits for the SMB, such as the visualization of the real situation of the undertaking in relation to its sustainability, the promotion of education for the employees, the integration of socio-environmental variables in strategic planning, the development of technological options with accessible cost to the strategic socio-environmental management, the dissemination of culture of strategic socio-environmental planning for SMB and the possibility of precise monitoring of operational, tactic and strategic indicators, adopting, in that way, reliable procedures for the continuous improvement.
Nas últimas duas décadas, os problemas sociais estão mobilizando as empresas a dirigir ações no sentido de implementar estratégias de gestão, a fim de sobreviver e fortificar-se em sua arena competitiva. O desenvolvimento da consciência social e ecológica na sociedade mundial acaba por envolver também o setor empresarial na busca de uma postura socialmente responsável. Dessa forma, as organizações vêm modelando suas estratégias para atender a mais esta demanda que o ambiente determina. O presente estudo foi aplicado em uma empresa de transportes coletivos de Santa Maria/RS e possui como objetivo geral desenvolver um modelo de gestão socioambiental estratégica para pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) apresentando relação com a responsabilidade socioambiental corporativa, integrando as vertentes sociais, ambientais e econômicas. Para atingir este objetivo, foram estabelecidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: (1) analisar os modelos de gestão estratégica e de gestão socioambiental existentes; (2) confrontar os preceitos inerentes à responsabilidade socioambiental corporativa, gestão estratégica e gestão socioambiental; (3) identificar os principais fatores organizacionais que poderão influenciar a mudança as PMEs em direção a uma colocação socioambiental responsável. A presente pesquisa trata-se de uma pesquisa social; quanto à natureza é qualitativa; quanto à técnica é exploratória, de um delineamento participativo, em particular da metodologia de pesquisa-ação. O modelo proposto de gestão socioambiental estratégica para PMEs é uma ferramenta que possui o intuito de auxiliar as PMEs a implantarem um processo de gestão aliada à responsabilidade social corporativa, na adoção de práticas sustentáveis de forma simples e eficiente. A pesquisa permitiu a identificação de algumas vantagens e benefícios para as PMEs, tais como a visualização da situação real da empresa em relação à sua sustentabilidade, a promoção da educação socioambiental para os colaboradores, a integração das variáveis socioambientais no planejamento estratégico, o desenvolvimento de alternativas tecnológicas de custo acessível para gestão socioambiental estratégica, a disseminação da cultura de planejamento socioambiental estratégico para PMEs e a possibilidade de acompanhamento preciso de indicadores operacionais, táticos e estratégicos, adotando dessa forma processos confiáveis de melhoria contínua.

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Neto, Jose Roberto de Araujo Cunha. "Modelo de alta capacidade de inovação para PMEs." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-11052016-161657/.

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Sob as condições presentes de competitividade global, rápido avanço tecnológico e escassez de recursos, a inovação tornou-se uma das abordagens estratégicas mais importantes que uma organização pode explorar. Nesse contexto, a capacidade de inovação da empresa enquanto capacidade de engajar-se na introdução de novos processos, produtos ou ideias na empresa, é reconhecida como uma das principais fontes de crescimento sustentável, efetividade e até mesmo sobrevivência para as organizações. No entanto, apenas algumas empresas compreenderam na prática o que é necessário para inovar com sucesso e a maioria enxerga a inovação como um grande desafio. A realidade não é diferente no caso das empresas brasileiras e em particular das Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs). Estudos indicam que o grupo das PMEs particularmente demonstra em geral um déficit ainda maior na capacidade de inovação. Em resposta ao desafio de inovar, uma ampla literatura emergiu sobre vários aspectos da inovação. Porém, ainda considere-se que há poucos resultados conclusivos ou modelos compreensíveis na pesquisa sobre inovação haja vista a complexidade do tema que trata de um fenômeno multifacetado impulsionado por inúmeros fatores. Além disso, identifica-se um hiato entre o que é conhecido pela literatura geral sobre inovação e a literatura sobre inovação nas PMEs. Tendo em vista a relevância da capacidade de inovação e o lento avanço do seu entendimento no contexto das empresas de pequeno e médio porte cujas dificuldades para inovar ainda podem ser observadas, o presente estudo se propôs identificar os determinantes da capacidade de inovação das PMEs a fim de construir um modelo de alta capacidade de inovação para esse grupo de empresas. O objetivo estabelecido foi abordado por meio de método quantitativo o qual envolveu a aplicação da análise de regressão logística binária para analisar, sob a perspectiva das PMEs, os 15 determinantes da capacidade de inovação identificados na revisão da literatura. Para adotar a técnica de análise de regressão logística, foi realizada a transformação da variável dependente categórica em binária, sendo grupo 0 denominado capacidade de inovação sem destaque e grupo 1 definido como capacidade de inovação alta. Em seguida procedeu-se com a divisão da amostra total em duas subamostras sendo uma para análise contendo 60% das empresas e a outra para validação (holdout) com os 40% dos casos restantes. A adequação geral do modelo foi avaliada por meio das medidas pseudo R2 (McFadden), chi-quadrado (Hosmer e Lemeshow) e da taxa de sucesso (matriz de classificação). Feita essa avaliação e confirmada a adequação do fit geral do modelo, foram analisados os coeficientes das variáveis incluídas no modelo final quanto ao nível de significância, direção e magnitude. Por fim, prosseguiu-se com a validação do modelo logístico final por meio da análise da taxa de sucesso da amostra de validação. Por meio da técnica de análise de regressão logística, verificou-se que 4 variáveis apresentaram correlação positiva e significativa com a capacidade de inovação das PMEs e que, portanto diferenciam as empresas com capacidade de inovação alta das empresas com capacidade de inovação sem destaque. Com base nessa descoberta, foi criado o modelo final de alta capacidade de inovação para as PMEs composto pelos 4 determinantes: base de conhecimento externo (externo), capacidade de gestão de projetos (interno), base de conhecimento interno (interno) e estratégia (interno).
Under the current circumstances of global competition, fast technological improvement and scarcity of resources, innovation became one of the most important approaches that an organization can explore. In this context, the company\'s innovation capability, meaning its capacity to introduce new processes, products or ideas in the company, is recognized as one of the main sources of sustainable growth, effectiveness and survival for organizations. However, just a few companies understood in a practical manner what is required to successfully innovate and most of them see innovation as a big challenge. This reality is not different in the case of Brazilian companies and Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) in particular. Studies show that the group of SMEs particularly demonstrates in general a deficit even bigger in terms of innovation capacity. In response to the challenge to innovate, a broad literature arose about many aspects of innovation. Although it is considered that only a few results are conclusive or presented comprehensive models in the research about innovation due to the complexity of the theme that deals with a multidimensional phenomenon boosted by several factors. Besides that, there is a gap between what is known by the literature in general about innovation and the literature about innovation at SMEs. The relevance of the innovation capacity and the slow progress of its knowledge base in the context of small and medium size companies which the difficulties to innovate can still be observed, the present study proposed to identify the determinants innovation capacity for SMEs in order to build a high innovation capacity framework for this group of enterprises. The approach for the established goal was through a quantitative method which involved the application of a binary logistic regression to analyze, under the SME perspective, the 15 determinants of innovation capacity identified in the literature review. A transformation of the categorical dependent variable into binary, being group 0 named innovation capacity without highlight and group 1 called high innovation capacity, was done to allow adopting the logistic regression analysis technique. Following this, a procedure was conducted to divide the sample in two subgroups, being one for the analysis containing 60% of the companies and the other for validation (holdout) with the remaining 40% of the cases. The general model fit was assessed by the measures pseudo R2 (McFadden), chi-squared (Hosmer e Lemeshow) and the hit ratio (classification matrix). After this evaluation that confirmed the general model fit, the coefficients of the variables included in the final model were analyzed in terms of its significance level, direction and magnitude. By the end, the final logistic model was validated through the hit ratio of the holdout sample. With the logistic regression analysis, it was able to verify that 4 variables presented positive and significant correlation with the SMEs innovation capacity and, therefore distinguished the high innovation capacity companies from those with innovation capacity without highlight. Based on this discovery, a final high innovation capacity model was built for the SMEs composed by the 4 determinants: external knowledge base (external), project management capacity (internal), internal knowledge base (internal) and strategy (internal).

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Parracho, Cátia Filipa de Matos. "O comércio eletrónico e a internacionalização das PMEs." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6257.

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Mestrado em Marketing
Em Portugal, as grandes empresas não perderam a oportunidade de estar presentes no mercado digital, acompanhando as tendências sociais que fazem com que haja cada vez mais consumidores online. Neste momento, torna-se imperativo que as PMEs optem por integrar o comércio eletrónico na sua estratégia de negócio, aproveitando os benefícios associados à internet. A internacionalização das PMEs é um tema crítico, visto a grande maioria não ter capacidade financeira para atuar em mercados externos de forma sustentada. Contudo, é na internacionalização das pequenas e médias empresas e no aumento das suas exportações que analistas e economistas encontram uma solução para o crescimento da economia nacional. O presente estudo tem como base as questões anteriormente apresentadas, sendo o objetivo estudar as perceções das PMEs portuguesas acerca do impacte do comércio eletrónico nas exportações e identificar, no marketing operacional, quais as adaptações cruciais para o comércio eletrónico contribuir para o crescimento das exportações destas empresas. Foi desenvolvida uma investigação empírica, de caracter exploratório, onde foram estudadas em profundidade nove PMEs portuguesas, selecionadas pelo método de juízo. Os resultados mostram que existem adaptações que são cruciais fazer no marketing-mix, nomeadamente: na notoriedade da marca, na flexibilidade do preço, no estabelecimento de parcerias e na construção de um relacionamento mais próximo com o cliente. Por fim, é também possível concluir que as PMEs portuguesas têm perceções positivas acerca do impacte do comércio eletrónico nas exportações.
In Portugal, the big enterprises don’t waste the opportunity of be present in digital market, following of social trends that take the number of e-consumers increase day after day. In this moment, became imperative that SMEs choose integrate the e-commerce in its business strategy, taking advantage of the benefits associated internet. The internationalization process of SME is a critical theme because the majority of these firms don’t have financial leverage enough to be present in external market, on a sustained way. However, is in SMEs’ internationalization and in increase of its exports that many analysts and economists find one way to developing the national economy. The present study has as starting point questions above, being the purpose analyze the insights of Portuguese SMEs about the impact of e-commerce in exports and identify what are the adjustments required in operational marketing in order that e-com contribute to increase of exports. It was developed one empirical investigation, with exploratory character, where were deeply studied nine SMEs, that compose the judgmental sampling. The results show that exist adjustments that are crucial make in marketing-mix, namely: in brand awareness, in price flexibility, in establish of partnerships and in the building a close relationship with the client. Lastly, is possible conclude as well that the Portuguese SMEs have positive insights about the impact of e-commerce in its exports.

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Calmic, Irina. "A utilização de incentivos financeiros nas PMEs portuguesas." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10779.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Apesar da importância das PMEs na economia portuguesa, tanto em termos de emprego como e do valor criado, a investigação deste tipo de empresas por parte da contabilidade de gestão tem sido escassa (Mitchell & Reid, 2000). Outros autores têm estudado a adopção de SCG (Barron et al 1996, 1999; Hellman & Puri 2002; Davila 2005; Davila & Foster 2007), mas nenhuma evidência foi recolhida acerca da utilização de incentivos financeiros nos contratos de remuneração dos gestores de PMEs. Este estudo contribui para a literatura, analisando i) os determinantes da utilização de incentivos financeiros, definidos como uma percentagem da remuneração total; ii) a relação entre a utilização das variáveis não financeiras e a performance; iii) a relação entre a utilização de incentivos e o desejo de os receber e iv) a relação entre a utilização de incentivos e a importância destes para os seus destinatários. Usando dados de questionários respondidos por 714 CEOs e CFOs de PMEs portuguesas, verificou-se que a percentagem de incentivos recebidos pelos gestores está positivamente associada ao desempenho dos mesmos e das próprias empresas, bem como ao número de SCG utilizados por estas. Foi também encontrada evidência de que existe uma relação positiva e significativa entre o nível de incentivos recebidos e tanto o peso desejado de incentivos como a importância atribuída a estes.
Despite the importance of SMEs in the Portuguese economy, both in terms of employment and value created, the investigation of such firms by the management accounting literature has been scarce (Mitchell & Reid, 2000). Other authors have studied the adoption of MCS (Barron et al 1996, 1999; Hellman & Puri 2002; Davila 2005; Davila & Foster 2007), but no evidence was found on the use of financial incentives in the compensation contracts of SMEs' managers. This study contributes to the literature by examining i) the determinants of the use of financial incentives, defined as a percentage of total compensation, ii) the relationship between the use of nonfinancial variables and performance, iii) the relationship between the use of incentives and the desire to receive them and iv) the relationship between the use of incentives and their importance to their recipients. Using data from questionnaires completed by 714 CEOs and CFOs of Portuguese SMEs, it was found that the percentage of incentives received by managers is positively associated with their performance and the performance of the firms, as well as the number of MCS used by them. It was also found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the level of incentives received and both the desired weight of incentives and the importance attributed to them.

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Kufver, Karin, and Karlsson Sandra. "Premenstruellt syndrom : Symptom och coping." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Psykologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-125636.

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Studien har undersökt symptom samt hantering av PMS genom en enkätstudie där 72 kvinnor i åldrarna 18-49 deltagit. Syftet med studien var att beskriva symptombild och kvinnors sätt att hantera PMS. Fokus riktades mot vad kvinnorna gör för att hantera upplevda symptom och vi har tittat på olika samband. Resultaten visade att de allra flesta kvinnor upplever något PMS-symptom och förekomsten är hög (98,5%) med en spridd symptombild. Mest förekommande symptom när det gäller svåra besvär var ilska/lättretlighet, gråtmildhet och fysiska symptom. Det vanligaste sättet att hantera och förhålla sig till sin PMS i vår studie är ett medvetet och accepterande förhållningssätt. Att äta sötsaker, undvika sociala aktiviteter samt träna mindre har ett signifikant negativt samband med känslan av att kunna hantera sin PMS. Studien har även belyst att ökad medvetenhet hos kvinnor kan gynna deras förmåga att hantera PMS och föreslår fortsatt forskning inom området med fokus på behandlings metoder.

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Isheden, Christian. "Source and drain engineering in SiGe-based pMOS transistors." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96.

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Gregório, José Ribeiro. "Metátese do undecilenato de metila catalisada por WCl6-PMHS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26317.

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Neste trabalho foi estudada a reação de metátese do 10-undecenoato de metila (ou undecilenato de metila) catalisada por um novo sistema. WCl6-PMHS (polimetilhidrosiloxano). A reação foi comparada com alguns sistemas catalíticos já descritos na literatura. WCl6-SnMe4 e WCl6-Ph2SiH2 . As vantagens desse novo sistema são de ordem prática. uma vez que o PMHS é um líquido não volátil e não tóxico. e de ordem econômica, pois o PMHS tem um custo bastante inferior ao dos dois outros cocatalisadores citados. Os produtos da reação foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de RMN, IV e massas, e a seletividade determinada como próxima a 100%. Por estudos de IV, obteve-se evidências da coordenação da olefina ao metal, indicando que a reação segue o mecanismo proposto na literatura. Através da análise dos produtos secundários. e por analogia com a literatura, uma rota para a iniciação foi proposta. Por estudos com outros silanos, foi constatado, conforme descrito na literatura, que esse tipo de composto necessita da presença da ligação Si-H para ser útil como cocatalisador.
In this work, metathesis of methyl-10-undecenoate catalised by a new system. WCl6-PMHS (polymethylhydrosiloxane) has been s tudied. The reaction has been compa red with that catalised by some others catalytic systems aIready described the literature, WCl6-SnMe 4 and WCl6-Ph2SiH2 . The advantages of this new system are of praticaI order, once PMHS is a non-volatile and non-toxic Iiquid and economical order, because PMHS is Iess expensive than the two others systems refered above. The reaction products have been characterized by NMR, IR and MS, and the seIectivity determined as near 100%. By IR studies, we have obtained evidences for the coordination of the olefin to the metal, indicating that the reaction follows the mechanism proposed in the literature. Through the analysis of the secondary products, and by analogy with the literature, a iniciation path has been proposed. By studies with others silanes, it has been stated, as described in the literature, that this type of compound needs the presence of the Si-H bond to be useful as a cocatalyst.

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Akgun, Ugur. "CMS HF calorimeter PMTS and Ξ+C lifetime measurement." Diss., University of Iowa, 2003. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/122.

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This thesis consists of two parts: In the first part we describe the Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) selection and testing processes for the Hadronic Forward (HF) calorimeter of the CMS, a Large Hadron Collier (LHC) experiment at CERN. We report the evaluation process of the candidate PMTs from three different manufacturers, the complete tests performed on the 2300 Hamamatsu PMTs which will be used in the HF calorimeter, and the details of the PMT Test Station that is in University of Iowa CMS Laboratories. In the second part we report the Cascade_c_+ lifetime measurement from SELEX, the charm hadro-production experiment at Fermilab. Based upon 301+-31 events from three different decay channels, by using the binned maximum likelihood technique, we observe the lifetime of Cascade_c_+ as 427+-31+-13 fs.

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Caupp, Sarah N. "PMHS Shoulder Stiffness Determined by Lateral and Oblique Impacts." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397649566.

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Neto, João Tiago da Silva Pardal. "Práticas Lean e de manufatura sustentável nas PMEs portuguesas." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19142.

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Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
São vários os desafios que as empresas enfrentam nos dias de hoje. Além dos resultados operacionais comuns e transversais a todas as empresas, com o aumento da procura por produtos e serviços mais ecológicos, a degradação do meio ambiente e o cumprimento de regulamentações governamentais, existe a necessidade de implementar estratégias que sejam compatíveis com a preservação do meio ambiente, tornando as decisões operacionais cada vez mais complexas. Nesse sentido, a implementação de práticas lean e green de manufatura têm sido amplamente discutidas na literatura. Este estudo pretende avaliar o efeito destes dois tipos de práticas na performance operacional e ambiental. As práticas de manufatura sustentável analisadas foram as relacionadas com o desenvolvimento e design dos produtos, com os processos de produção, com a gestão ambiental da cadeia de abastecimento e com a gestão ambiental de fim de ciclo de vida dos produtos. As práticas Lean estudadas foram relacionadas com fornecedores, clientes, produção, produção puxada, fluxo continuo, setup, envolvimento dos empregados e manutenção preventiva. Neste caso, não foi avaliado o efeito individual de cada uma das práticas na performance. Foi igualmente avaliado o efeito da performance ambiental na performance operacional. O modelo conceptual proposto foi testado utilizando 426 respostas a um questionário aplicado online às PME portuguesas de manufatura. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as práticas lean, têm um efeito positivo e significativo na performance operacional. No entanto, o efeito destas práticas na performance ambiental não se mostrou significativo.
There are many challenges that companies face today. Beyond the common operational and transverse results to all companies, with an increase demand for greener products and services, environmental degradation and compliance with usage regulations, there is a need to implement environmentally friendly applications, making operational decisions increasingly complex. In this sense, an implementation of lean and green manufacturing practices have been widely discussed in the literature. This study proposes to evaluate the effect of these two types of practices in operational and environmental performances. The sustainable manufacturing practices analysed were related to sustainable product design and development, sustainable manufacturing process, sustainable supply chain management and sustainable end-of-life management. The Lean practices studied were related to suppliers, customers, pull practices, continuous flow, setup, statistical process control, employee involvement and preventive maintenance. In this case, the individual effect of each of the practices on performance was not evaluated. The effect of environmental performance on operational performance was also assessed. The proposed conceptual model was obtained from 426 responses to a questionnaire applied online to Portuguese SMEs. The results showed that lean manufacturing practices had a significant positive effect on operational performance. However, the effect of these practices on environmental performance was not significant.
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Buhaly, Brianna. "Perpetuating PMS: What Supports the Stereotype?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/300.

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This study investigated how the problematic construct of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is sustained and perpetuated in our culture. A main effect of gender priming on the number of PMS symptoms recalled from a description suggests that priming activates relevant stereotypes, leading to selective attention to stereotype-consistent information, reinforcing the held stereotypes. An interaction between gender priming and type of description (a woman experiencing PMS, a woman experiencing headaches, or a man experiencing headaches) on the number of pathological conditions ascribed to the woman or man described was found. This suggests that gender priming has a restrictive effect on pathologizing, but further research needs to address how pathologization may function to perpetuate PMS.

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Carvalho, Hélio Gomes de. "Inteligência competitiva tecnológica para PMEs através da cooperação escola-empresa :." Florianópolis, SC, 2000. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/79051.

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Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.
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O presente estudo tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um Modelo de Cooperação entre organizações localizado na interface entre a Escola e a Empresa. Esse mecanismo inovador poderá proporcionar um aumento da competitividade das empresas e a melhoria da qualidade de ensino das Instituições de Educação Superior (IES). Estará voltado a facilitar o acesso à tecnologia por parte das Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs) de base tecnológica contribuindo, também, para o aumento da sua competência em gerenciar e criar conhecimento e inteligência para apoio à tomada de decisão. O Modelo proposto busca enfocar o desenvolvimento de atividades em grupos, formados por professores/ pesquisadores e funcionários da empresa, que possam desenvolver uma intensa cooperação entre si, na medida em que aprendam e utilizem ferramentas e estratégias adequadas de Gestão do Conhecimento e de Inteligência Competitiva Tecnológica. Essas atividades são propostas a partir das características e necessidades observadas em uma Média Empresa de Base Tecnológica, líder no seu segmento de atuação. O Modelo, denominado Grupo de Inteligência Tecnológica - GIT -, pretende desenvolver a Gestão da Cooperação Escola-Empresa no novo contexto da Sociedade do Conhecimento.

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Spillere, Renato Alamini. "Sistema de custos para PMEs, baseado no método das UEPs." Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/84892.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.
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O aumento da competitividade imposta, principalmente, pela abertura dos mercados, faz surgir a necessidade da melhoria continua dos processos produtivos das empresas, forçando-as cada vez mais, a utilização de sistemas de gestão que auxiliem os gestores no controle das operações produtivas, de forma a tentar garantir a sobrevivências e crescimento das mesmas. Neste contexto, as Pequenas e Médias Empresas, que desempenham um papel social, político e econômico de grande importância para o desenvolvimento dos países, necessitam ter sistemas de gestão adaptados as suas características, que possibilitem a melhoria de seus processos, através do fornecimento de informações para o controle das suas atividade produtivas, assim como para o processo de tomada de decisões. Sendo assim, este trabalho busca desenvolver um sistema de custeio, baseado no método das Unidades de Esforço de Produção, adaptado as características principais das Pequenas e Médias Empresas do setor industrial, através da utilização de planilhas eletrônicas. O presente trabalho, também mostra a importância e integração do Planejamento e Controle da Produção, para a efetiva implantação do referido método de custeio, servindo como instrumento canalizador das informações requeridas e desta forma, contribuindo para a criação de um Sistema de Informações.

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Sakamoto, Angela Ruriko. "Inovação em rede de PMEs: fatores determinantes e consequências sociais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8188.

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This study aimed to investigate how innovation emerges as a result of interactions among firms in a collaborative network of micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the furniture sector of metropolitan area in São Paulo, the Movelaria Paulista. Innovation in collaborative networks of SMEs in emerging economies has been influenced by various entities, especially the government, and the theme of innovation is usually studied at the firm level, focusing on innovation processes and product development. Innovation as much as network theory has a strategic bias in order to increase performance, competitiveness, share information and to reduce uncertainty and market´s ambiguity. Moreover, SMEs are recognized as organizations that have limited resources (human and financial) and low inclination to strategic planning. However, the Movelaria Paulista network has innovated consistently since its formation in 2004. To explain this complex phenomenon – innovation in network of small businesses, in an emerging country with weak institutions, which belongs to a traditional industry with low use of technology – and not fully covered by the theoretical field, this research was conducted using the Grounded Theory, in order to come up with a substantive theory to explain this phenomena by stand point of involved ones. The Movelaria Paulista is the object of this research and is composed of 52 companies and employs around 1,700 people. During the data collection were performed 45 interviews, 36 factories visited and it was attended six internal meetings as an observer and in two open forums to the public. In addition to almost 3,700 minutes of interviews, it was gathered several secondary data such as magazines, articles and reports. The results enabled to understand the network dynamics of collaboration that results in innovation, and the most revealing contribution is the transformation impact that Movelaria produces in its social context. The projects conducted in Movelaria Paulista foster collaboration within the group and inspire its members to promote internal changes in the organization, which in turn affect its employees and the community around. This pro collective guidance explains the support provided to the improvement of each member and the whole furniture sector as well. This behavior increases the members’ earnings perception in being part of the network, which include and integrate its members, attract new external actors, who foster new opportunities for innovation by increasing the creative space and building bridges to shorten the access to new knowledge. The results have also practical implications for Movelaria to face their challenges and for the institutions to rethink their role in order to increase their aggregated value to this network and to the others.
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar como a inovação surge como resultado de interações entre empresas em uma rede colaborativa de micro, pequenas e médias empresas (PME) no setor do mobiliário da região metropolitana de São Paulo, a Movelaria Paulista. As redes de PMEs em economias emergentes tem sido influenciada por várias entidades, especialmente o governo; o tema inovação é geralmente estudado no nível da firma, com foco nos processos de inovação e desenvolvimento de produtos. Sendo que tanto a teoria de redes quanto a de inovação tem viés estratégico que visa o aumento de desempenho, competitividade, troca de informações e a redução da incerteza e ambigüidades do mercado. Ademais, as PMEs são reconhecidas como organizações que tem escassez de recursos (humanos e financeiros) e baixa inclinação ao planejamento estratégico. No entanto, a Movelaria Paulista é uma rede que inova consistentemente desde a sua formação em 2004. Para explicar esse fenômeno complexo - inovação em rede, de pequenas empresas, num país de economia emergente, com instituições fracas, numa indústria tradicional e de baixo uso de tecnologia - e não coberto plenamente pelo campo teórico, esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o uso da Grounded Theory para gerar uma teoria substantiva que explique o fenômeno na visão dos envolvidos. A Movelaria Paulista é composta de 52 empresas e emprega por volta de 1.700 pessoas. Durante a coleta de dados foram realizadas 45 entrevistas, 36 visitas às fábricas, participação como observadora em seis fóruns internos e em dois fóruns abertos ao público, além dos quase 3.700 minutos de entrevista, foram coletadas vários materiais de fonte secundária, como revistas, reportagens e relatórios. Os resultados possibilitam o entendimento da dinâmica de colaboração da rede que resulta em inovação, sendo que a contribuição mais reveladora foi o impacto de transformação que a rede produz no seu contexto social. Os projetos conduzidos na rede estimulam a colaboração do grupo e inspiram os seus integrantes a promoverem mudança internas na organização, que por sua vez afetam os seus colaboradores e a comunidade ao redor. Esta orientação pró coletivo explica o apoio da rede para a melhoria de cada integrante e o esforço em melhorar o setor paulista como um todo. Comportamento que contribui para aumentar a percepção dos ganhos de estar na rede, além de facilitar a inclusão e e integração dos seus membros atrai novos atores externos, fomentando novas oportunidades para inovar, pois aumenta o espaço criativo e constrói “pontes” para encurtar o acesso a novos conhecimentos. Os resultados tem implicações práticas para a Movelaria enfrentar os desafios de mercado e as instituições repensarem no seu papel junto a esta e outras redes.

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Pinheiro, Sara Patrícia Jesus Correia. "Gestão de talentos – como atrair e reter talentos em PMEs?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11473.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Políticas de Desenvolvimento de Recursos Humanos
Num tecido empresarial composto essencialmente por PMEs, como é o caso do mercado português, a atracção e retenção de talentos é uma necessidade emergente. As organizações devem portanto ter a capacidade de desenvolver estratégias de atracção e de retenção de talentos de forma a conseguirem distinguirem-se da concorrência e ganharem vantagem competitiva. Desta forma, o estudo tem como objectivo analisar a gestão de talentos em PMEs - como atraem e retêm os talentos. Foram estudadas 8 organizações na área da consultoria de recursos humanos. Utilizando os designs da Grounded Theory, emergiu um modelo que explica as principais estratégias de atracção e de retenção de talentos por parte das organizações. Através deste modelo foi possível verificar que as estratégias de atracção desenhadas pelas organizações baseiam-se no desenvolvimento de um processo de recrutamento, colocando anúncios em sites de emprego ou procurando candidatos através do linkedin de forma a dar a conhecer a organização e de forma a atrair os talentos disponíveis no mercado. No momento da atracção, as organizações ressalvaram a importância do Employer Branding. Foi também possível verificar que as organizações têm uma maior preocupação com o desenvolvimento de estratégias de retenção do que de atracção e que as suas principais estratégias estão relacionadas com a aplicação de um modelo de avaliação de desempenho, com o acompanhamento do trabalho dos colaboradores assente em feedback regular e sistémico e atribuição de benefícios salariais aos colaboradores.
In a business structure consisting mainly by “SME’s”, such as Portuguese market, the attraction and retention of talents is an emerging need. Therefore, organizations must be able to develop strategies for attracting and retaining talents in order to distinguish themselves from the completion and gain competitive advantage. The study focuses on analyzing talent management in “SME’s - how to attract and retain talents. 8 organizations in the field of human resources consultancy were studied. Using the designs of Grounded Theory, emerged a model that explains the main attraction and retention talent strategies used by the organizations. Through this model it is possible to observe that the attraction strategies developed by the organizations are based in developing a recruitment process by placing ads on job sites or looking for candidates through linkedin to expose the organization and to attract the talents available in the market. Upon appeal, the organizations mentioned the importance of Employer Branding. It was also possible to verify that the organizations have a greater concern with the development of retention strategies in comparison with attraction strategies. Their main strategies for the retention of the employees are based on the application of a performance evaluation model to monitor the work of the established employees with a regular and systematic feedback and assignment of wage benefits.

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Martins, Ana Filipa Policarpo. "A preferência por remuneração variável dos gestores de PMEs portuguesas." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11188.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo analisa a relação entre variáveis demográficas dos gestores de topo de PMEs portuguesas e a sua preferência por remuneração variável (incentivos) no total da remuneração. Estudos anteriores na área da gestão e da economia analisaram a influência de algumas variáveis demográficas em situações de risco ou de mudança, mas existe pouca literatura sobre a relação das mesmas com os incentivos recebidos pelos gestores. Assim este estudo relaciona as características pessoais dos gestores com a percentagem de incentivos desejada por esses mesmos gestores. Para tal foram utilizadas 2.353 respostas de gestores de PMEs a um questionário online. Os resultados mostram que os executivos preferem em médiauma remuneração variável superior à que recebem. Relativamente às variáveis demográficas, os resultados sugerem que quanto maior a antiguidade dos executivos na empresa e quanto menor é a sua idade, maior é a preferência por remuneração variável. Contudo, quando a variável dependente é a diferença entre o incentivo desejado e o efectivamente obtido, observa-se que os executivos do sexo masculino e os que apresentam uma menor antiguidade, são os que têm uma maior preferência por remuneração variável face ao que actualmente recebem.
This study analyses the relationship between demographic variables of top managers from Portuguese SMEs and their preference for variable pay(incentives) in percentage of their total income. Former studies in the management and economics literatures have analyzed the influence of some demographic variables in situations of risk and change, but there are very few published works on the relationship between these demographic variables and the incentive received. Thus, this study links the managers' personal characteristics and the percentage of incentives that managers would like to receive. For that, the study used 2.353 responses from managers from SMEs, collected via an online questionnaire. The results show that, on average, the executives opt for a higher variable pay than the one they are currently receiving. Regarding the demographic variables, the results suggest that the higher the executives' tenure in the organization and the lower their age, the higher the desired variable pay. However, when the dependent variable is the difference between the desired and the actual incentive obtained, we observe that the male and the low tenured executives prefer more variable pay compared to what they currently receive.

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Sousa, Rui Miguel Figueiredo de. "Impacto dos incentivos públicos ao empreendedorismo em micro e PMEs." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19978.

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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
A adoção de políticas públicas de apoio ao empreendedorismo tem sido uma preocupação crescente das instâncias governamentais. Contudo, a influência destas medidas sobre a atividade empreendedora tem conduzido a resultados controversos, carecendo de uma visão mais clara. Assim, a presente investigação pretende aferir o impacto das políticas públicas de incentivo ao empreendedorismo na performance de micro e pequena e médias empresas em Portugal. Neste sentido, foi desenvolvido um modelo conceptual com o propósito de verificar o efeito dos sistemas de incentivo do QREN, programa decorrido entre 2007-2013, e da orientação empreendedora sobre variáveis inerentes à performance das empresas: i) crescimento do número de trabalhadores; ii) inovação; iii) competitividade; e iv) performance. As hipóteses foram formuladas e testadas tendo por base a combinação entre dados recolhidos através de um questionário e dados secundários cedidos pelo COMPETE 2020 relativos às empresas que usufruíram de medidas de incentivo durante o programa. Os resultados apurados permitiram fornecer suporte empírico para as relações entre o valor do incentivo elegível e o crescimento do número de trabalhadores, a eficácia do sistema de incentivos e a performance das empresas. Foi igualmente encontrada uma relação significativa entre a orientação empreendedora e a performance empresarial. Adicionalmente, os resultados evidenciaram um maior nível de competitividade e performance nas empresas cujo sistema de incentivos mais impactou a inovação. Este estudo permitiu realçar a importância da implementação de medidas de apoio ao empreendedorismo, sobretudo em empresas orientadas para tal.
The adoption of public policies to support entrepreneurship has been a growing concern of government instances. However, the influence of these measures on entrepreneurial activity has led to controversial results, lacking a clearer view. Thus, this research aims to assess the impact of public policies to encourage entrepreneurship in the performance of micro and small and medium enterprises in Portugal. In this sense, a conceptual model was developed with the purpose of verifying the effect of the QREN incentive systems, a program that took place between 2007-2013, and the entrepreneurial orientation on variables inherent to the firms' performance: i) growth in the number of workers; ii) innovation; iii) competitiveness; and iv) performance. The assumptions were formulated and tested on the basis of a combination of data collected through a questionnaire and secondary data provided by COMPETE 2020 for firms that received incentive measures during the program. The results allowed to provide empirical support for the relationship between the value of the eligible incentive and the growth of the number of workers, the effectiveness of the incentive system and the firms' performance. A significant relationship was also found between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance. Additionally, the results evidenced a higher level of competitiveness and performance in firms whose incentive system most impacted innovation. This study highlighted the importance of implementing measures to support entrepreneurship, especially in firms oriented to entrepreneurial activity.
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43

Han, Daeseok. "Development of Open-source Hybrid Pavement Management System for an International Standard." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/151957.

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44

Mota, Eduardo Manuel Furtado. "PMS - Quinta dos Mistérios, turismo de habitação." Master's thesis, ESTGOH, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/28843.

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Actualmente tornou-se quase impensável a existência de uma empresa sem que esta esteja ligada a sistemas de informação. Com estes sistemas as empresas tornam-se mais competitivas, mais eficientes, menos permeáveis a erros e, consequentemente, mais produtivas. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito de uma empresa recente no ramo do turismo que não possuía qualquer sistema de gestão hoteleira, também conhecido por Property Management Systems (PMS). Este software é imprescindível a qualquer negócio ligado ao turismo, uma vez que é muito importante para este tipo de empresa monitorizar o seu cliente, desde que faz uma reserva até ao momento em que faz o check-out. Foi, por isso, desenvolvido neste trabalho um PMS em parceria com a empresa Quinta dos Mistérios - Turismo de Habitação, que o irá utilizar no seu dia-a-dia, fazendo dele a sua principal ferramenta de trabalho. Após uma avaliação das necessidades da empresa (tendo em conta a inexperiência da mesma) optou-se por uma solução de software modular, que facilmente pode ser acrescentado ou moldado ao crescimento da empresa. Esta solução irá criar uma vantagem competitiva trazendo também uma melhor segurança, produtividade e rapidez. O PMS desenvolvido encontra-se focado no cliente, nomeadamente na facilidade de este realizar as suas reservas. Estas podem ser efectuadas online, através de um website existente, ou através do PMS, por funcionários trabalhadores da empresa.O trabalho desenvolvido apresentou, em alguns pontos, uma diferenciação das soluções já existentes no mercado. Foi possível verificar que com esta aplicação a empresa se tornou mais competitiva, diferenciada e menos permeável a erros, oferecendo um atendimento mais rápido. Este documento foi elaborado sem respeitar as regras do Novo Acordo Ortográfico.
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45

Wolfe, Linda Martin. "PMS is not a 4-letter word." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1322499484.

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46

Uzunoglu, Ertugrul. "Defense Acquisition System and its challenges from PM's point of view." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA355685.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998.
"September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Brad R. Naegle, Sandre M. Desbrow. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-146). Also available online.

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47

Magierowski, Sebastian Claudiusz. "A PMOS transistor for a low-power 1 V CMOS process." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28847.pdf.

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48

Brown, Geoff. "Oblique and lateral Impact response characteristics of the denuded PMHS thorax." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32062.

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49

Lee, Yueh-Yi, and 李悅怡. "Pathogenic study of lymphoid lesions in PMWS pigs." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93223391283335394740.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
獸醫學研究所
91
By using in situ hybridization, in situ apoptosis assay (TUNEL), double labeling technique, and immunohistochemistry stain, several questions regarding the pathogenesis of changes in lymphoid organs in natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) affected pigs were investigated. The queries included (i) the distribution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) in the lesions, (ii) the relationship between viral loading and the severity of the lesions; (iii) possible involvement of apoptosis and cytokine IFN-a and TNF-a in the lesion formation. The result revealed that the distribution patterns of PCV2 and PRRSV in the lymphoid organs were similar. Both viral signals were located at the lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes, located at the lymphoid follicles and periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) in spleens, and at the lymphoid follicles in tonsils. In addition, both viruses shared similar cell tropism with macrophage-like cells as the major targets. However, the amount of PCV2-infected cells far more exceeded the amount of PRRSV-infected cells. The lesion of lymphoid depletion was associated with the viral loading of PCV2, but the severity of the lesions was statistically related to the presence of both viruses. The lesions of lymphoid hyperplasia were associated with the presence of PRRSV, but the severity of the lesions was not statistically related. There was statistical significance between the amount of apoptotic signal and the amount of the viral load. However, only PRRSV but not PCV2 signals shared similar location with apoptotic signals. Finally, the distributions of IFN-a and TNF-a signals were similar to that of apoptotic signal, but rarely overlapped with those of viral signals.

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50

Chang, Hui-Wen, and 張惠雯. "The pathogenesis of PMWS by evaluating the effect andinteraction of PCV2 and/or other possible co-factors,PRRSV or immune stimulator, on porcine immune cells in vitro." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32507081595602371826.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
獸醫學研究所
94
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) has been recognized globally and become a major economic concern in many pig-producing countries, including Taiwan. To date, since the pathogenesis of the emerging syndrome is not yet completely understood, there is no effective method to control this disease. It is believed that porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary aetiological agent of PMWS, however, the existence of PCV2 does not definitively lead to PMWS in pigs. The pathogenesis of PMWS is considered multi-factorial. Bacteria or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a common complicating factor of PMWS and is clinically important based on the observation of increases in postweaning mortality when co-infection is present. The objectives of the thesis were to evaluate the effect and interaction of PCV2 and/or other possible co-factors such as PRRSV and immune stimulator, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), on porcine alveolar macrophages (AMs) and splenic macrophages (SMs) and the subsequent effect on co-cultured lymphocytes by in vitro inoculation and tried to correlate the findings to the pathogenesis of PMWS. It was demonstrated that PCV2 could be easily detected in the cytoplasm of AMs and SMs but no cell death occurred in these cells in vitro following the inoculation of PCV2 (Chapters II, III, IV, V). Thus, somewhat similar to the “Trojan horse” the monocyte/macrophage lineage cells (MLCs) may function as an important reservoir not only to help PCV2 to evade the immunosurveillance but also to assist PCV2 to spread. Moreover, PCV2 alone may impair AMs’ microbicidal capability and disturb various cytokine expressions in AMs and SMs (Chapters II, III, IV, V). The alterations may be potentially harmful to the local pulmonary defense system leading to secondary or opportunistic pathogen infection with subsequent development of mild to moderate pneumonia. When PRRSV was inoculated alone, a low but constant infectious rate accompanied with markedly reduced cell viability and significantly increased apoptosis was revealed in AMs (Chapters III, IV). The result suggests the presence of a remained clarified non-viral indirect mechanism in PRRSV-induced cytopathic effect on AMs. It was revealed that PRRSV also might impair phagocytosis and microbial killing ability of AMs and induce IL-8 and TNF-a production in AMs (Chapters III, IV). Significant up-regulation of Fas/FasL-mediated cell death and apoptosis of co-cultured lymphocytes and increase in IL-1b, IL-8, and TNF-a production were also demonstrated in PRRSV alone-inoculated SMs (Chapter V). It is suggested that PRRSV might trigger lymphocyte activation and subsequent apoptosis by the enhancement of Fas/FasL interaction. The finding may explain the pathogenesis of immunosuppression, interstitial pneumonia, and lymphoid depletion in PRRS-affected pigs. In PCV2 and PRRSV co-inoculated AMs (Chapters III, IV), it was observed that PCV2 inoculation occurring before or simultaneously with PRRSV inoculation could cause variable reductions in the PRRSV-associated infectious rate, cell death, and apoptosis when compared with PRRSV inoculation alone. The reduction in PRRSV infection in AMs was further proven being mediated by IFN-a generated by PCV2 inoculation (Chapter III). However, in AMs inoculated with PRRSV prior to the addition of PCV2, despite being inoculated with both PRRSV and PCV2 and also releasing a significant amount of IFN-a once PCV2 was added, PCV2 couldn’t reduce PRRSV infection in AMs once PRRSV has established its infection (Chapter IV). The dissimilar outcomes of the interaction of PCV2 and PRRSV in different inoculation orders in swine AMs may explain in part the variable morbidity of PMWS among pigs in the field, or even in the same pig herd. When PCV2 and PRRSV were co-inoculated, up-regulation of IL-8, TNF-a, and IFN-a, and significant increase in the level of FasL expression were seen in AMs as compared with mock- or those single virus-inoculated AMs, regardless of their inoculation orders (Chapter IV). There was a significant increase in Fas/FasL-mediated cell death of the co-cultured lymphocytes with the increase in IL-1b, IL-8, IL-10, and/or TNF-a expressions in PCV2 and PRRSV co-inoculated groups (Chapter V) when compared with mock- or those single virus-inoculated groups. The results imply that PCV2 and PRRSV may work synergistically on MLCs in the induction of overwhelming production of inflammatory mediators and intensification of Fas/FasL-mediated activation-induced cell death (AICD) in pigs with PCV2 and PRRSV dual infection. The observations may contribute, at least partially, to the more apparent interstitial pneumonia and lymphoid depletion seen in PMWS-affected pigs with PCV2 and PRRSV dual infection. Furthermore, it was found that the bacterial endotoxin, LPS, but not PMA, can induce translocation and transcription of PCV2 in AMs in vitro (Chapter VI). The result implies that co-infection with Gram negative bacteria as well as stimulation of macrophages may have the potential to promote PCV2 replication and increase PCV2 load in pigs. Thus, it is speculated that secondary Gram negative bacterial infection may induce PCV2 replication in PCV2-infected pigs and also be one of the important co-factors contributing to the full development of PMWS in the field. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that PCV2 alone and PRRSV alone have the ability to impair pulmonary defense mechanism and induce inflammatory mediators in the lungs resulting in the development of pneumonia. Although PCV2 can interfere with PRRSV infection by PCV2-induced IFN-a before PRRSV has established its infection, dual infection with PCV2 and PRRSV, regardless of their inoculation orders, will drastically enhance the production of inflammatory mediators and cause damage to AMs, including cell viability and anti-microbial activity. The alterations certainly will result in more apparent pneumonic lesion and more frequent secondary or opportunistic pathogen infection in PMWS-affected pigs with PCV2 and PRRSV dual-infection. Lymphoid depletion is a common pathological change seen in PMWS-affected pigs. Our results indicate that PRRSV alone may promote Fas/FasL and/or cytokine-mediated AICD in lymphocytes via infected MLCs. Although PCV2 itself was unable to induce Fas/FasL and/or cytokine-mediated AICD in lymphocytes, it could intensify the PRRSV-induced AICD in lymphocytes. This may explain, at least partially, why lymphoid depletion is more apparent in PMWS-affected pigs with dual infection of PCV2 and PRRSV. Based on the findings, it is assumed that the effect of PCV2 alone or PRRSV alone seems to be mild and restricted; however, both viruses can impair the pulmonary defense mechanism leading to higher susceptible to secondary infection. The secondary bacterial infection, especially Gram negative bacteria, may subsequently induce the replication of PCV2 via stimulation and activation of macrophages by the release of LPS. When PCV2 co-infected with PRRSV, PCV2 can work synergistically to intensify PRRSV-induced AICD in lymphoid organs and to significantly enhance cytokine production in lungs and lymphoid organs. It is suggested that although PCV2 is essential for the development of PMWS, it mainly acts as an immunosuppressor resulting in secondary infection and an enhancer in intensifying PRRSV- or immune activation-induced AICD rather than directly leads to the disease in pigs. The result may explain, at least partially, the pathogenesis and immunosuppression noted in PMWS-affected pigs. It also supports the general point of view that the mechanism for the development of full-spectrum PMWS is multi-factorial.

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