Journal articles on the topic 'PMS-SHARING'

This study aims to examine the role of Management Control System (MCS),attitude to risk and organizational learning to improve the performance ofprofit and loss of sharing defrayal. MCS concept used in this study is diagnostic, interactive and dynamic performance measurement system (PMS). Performance of defrayal of profit and revenue sharing is operationalized into the quantity and quality of defrayal. This study uses a survey by branches of Islamic banks in Indonesia. A total of 99 questionnaires were returned. It is proven that interactive use of PMS has a positive effect on the attitude towards risk and learning organization. This study shows that the resource-based view further elucidate the role of the PMS improves performance compared with agency theory. Practically, this study demonstrates the role of PMS as a system to control the behavior of managers in improving the performance of Islamic banks profit and loss of sharing defrayal

Peer Mentors (PMs) are valuable health educators within food-insecure communities; however, little is known about PMs’ perspectives and experiences after serving in their peer mentor role. Therefore, this qualitative study explored PMs’ (n = 10) perceptions and analyzed data using thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. Four themes emerged: (1) Successes and Struggles in Sharing Nutrition Knowledge; (2) Establishing a Conducive Learning Environment; (3) The Peer Mentor and Mentee Connection: Impact of Shared Experiences; (4) Empowerment of the Peer Mentor Experience. PMs have many advantages; however, more research is needed to evaluate the sustainability and efficacy of PMs within food-insecure communities.

Despite a growing scholarly interest in performance measurement systems (PMS) for collaborative networks, the literature highlights the success of co-operation from the buyer’s perspective, with far less attention given to the supplier’s perspective (Yeniyurt et al., 2014). In addition, only limited empirical research has been conducted on PMS in small and medium-sized enterprise networks (Bititci et al., 2012). This study investigates how information sharing and supplier integration in a buyer-supplier relationship (BSR) affect suppliers’ performance in the context of small firms. Information sharing includes both providing information (to a buyer) and receiving information (from a buyer). According to the results, neither BSR integration nor information sharing are associated with suppliers’ overall or financial performance. However, BSR integration showed a positive association with suppliers’ non-financial performance. Moreover, information sharing (both providing and receiving) in the innovation perspective showed a positive association with suppliers’ non-financial performance.

To better simulate the river basin hydrological cycle and to solve practical engineering application issues, this paper describes the distributed-framework basin modeling system (DFBMS), which concatenate a professional hydrological model system, a geographical integrated system, and a database management system. DFBMS has two cores, which are the distributed-frame professional modeling system (DF-PMS) and the double-object sharing structure (DOSS). An area/region that has the same mechanism of runoff generation and/or movement is defined as one type of hydrological feature unit (HFU). DF-PMS adopts different kinds of HFUs to simulate the whole watershed hydrological cycle. The HFUs concept is the most important component of DF-PMS, enabling the model to simulate the hydrological process with empirical equations or physical-based submodules. Based on the underlying source code, the sharing uniform data structure, named DOSS, is proposed to accomplish the integration of a hydrological model and geographical information system (GIS), which is a new way of exploring temporal GIS. DFBMS has different numerical schemes including conceptual and distributed models. The feasibility and practicability of DFBMS are proven through its application in different study areas.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between participation in performance measurement systems (PMS) and the use of performance measures; the use of performance measures and managerial performance; and participation in PMS and managerial performance in public hospitals in Thailand. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using a mailed questionnaire. A total of 304 middle managers in public hospitals in Southern Thailand participated in the study. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings The results reveal a positive relationship between participation in PMS and the use of performance measures, and a positive relationship between the use of performance measures and managerial performance. The results also indicate a positive relationship between participation in PMS and improved managerial performance. Practical implications Results indicate that top managers in hospitals should allow middle managers to have greater participation in their organization’s PMS. By sharing information between top and middle managers, a PMS can be developed that reflects the organization’s goals, as well as being suitable for departmental performance evaluation. This enhances PMS acceptance by middle managers, and reduces task ambiguity, leading to improved managerial performance. Originality/value As middle managers participate more in PMS, their acceptance of PMS increases. They then make greater use of both financial and non-financial performance measures to obtain comprehensive feedback about their department’s performance. This enhances their decision outcomes, resulting in improved managerial performance.

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a collection of physical, psychological and behavioral changes that can be experienced by women of reproductive age. School adolescents who experience PMS symptoms can have an impact on school activities and daily life. One of the efforts to overcome it is through health education about PMS. Health education innovation in adolescents can be done with the use of social media. Social media that can be used as a means of sharing information is Facebook. Objective: This study aims to know the relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of Facebook for health education about PMS. Method: Analytic study research design with a cross section approach. The research variable was the perception of ease of use and usefulness of Facebook as a medium of health education about PMS. The population was 320 school teenagers and the samples were taken by purposive sampling as many as 77 school teenagers who experienced PMS symptoms and had received PMS health education on Facebook. The research data were taken using a questionnaire of perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU) and analyzed using a descriptive and contingency coefficient. Results: Facebook was considered easy (63.6%) to be used for health education about PMS and Facebook was considered useful (57.1%) as a medium for health education about PMS. There was a significant relationship between perceived ease of use and usefulness of Facebook as a medium for health education about PMS (pvalue=0,017 ) with a correlation coefficient value of 0.263 indicating that the correlation is weak. Conclusion: Perceived ease of use was related to the perceived usefulness of Facebook. Facebook was easy to use and useful for health education about PMS. Facebook was effective and useful for learning about PMS. Social media can be a medium for health education and help improve the health of school adolescents who experience PMS.

The rapid growth of hotel industry has increased the usage of data with the help of property management system (PMS). It deals with sharing information in a systematic procedure within the organization. The major benefit of data management with PMS is the information can be easily stored and shared between staff members; it is useful during recruitment and when an employee goes on vacation, gets sick, or leaves the organization, It comprise with procedure of work, duties and responsibilities, initiatives, performance, documentation, forming business strategies and systems which enhance the organization. Data management helps in storing the data for handling plans and on methods of executing and developing policies for various situations in hotel. Data Management is a way of managing knowledge base and making it accessible for specific purposes in any industry, also to improve the quality of performance and standards, by various methods of data application in Management practices which involves in understanding the industry and effectively utilizing data in learning and implementing policies of an organisation. This article describes about how Data Management in hotels works with property management system (PMS) and the advantages of having PMS in hotel Industry. This paper also focuses on the advancement in PMS with cloud technology for future demands.

PurposeImplementing a performance measurement system (PMS) for research and new product development (R&NPD) is fundamental for supporting decision making but is a challenging task, because effort levels are not measurable and success is highly uncertain. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the design of a PMS in R&NPD in a case study based on the balanced scorecard and Lynch and Cross's pyramidal framework.Design/methodology/approachThe case study regards Whitehead Alenia Sistemi Subacquei that was thought to be a proper company for the empirical analysis for its strong reliance on R&NPD activities, the adoption of a PMS in the R&NPD department and the lack of contributions in the literature that investigate the design of a PMS for R&NPD function in the context of the military industry.FindingsRelevant managerial implications can be drawn: there is the need for different perspectives in measuring performance in an NPD environment, beyond the iron triangle (time, cost and quality); the use of different perspectives/indicators allows tailoring PMS to the specific object of control, coherently with the need to identify specific responsibilities for each measured performance; the adoption of different performance perspectives/indicators should not prevent a holistic view of performance, in which the different performance perspectives/indicators are related with the overall R&NPD economic performance and implementation matters: sharing with people the measurement aim/characteristics make the PMS understandable and acceptable.Originality/valueAlthough this subject has been debated in the literature, more study of applications in real contexts is needed.

This study aims to explore different linguistics patterns of Argumentative essays written for Central Superior Services/ Provincial Management Service (CSS/PMS) in Pakistan by using Biber’s Multidimensional approach (MDA). This is a corpus based study which is experimental in nature. The function of this approach is to explain the functional association of linguistic patterns systematically. This study has been performed by using second level of MD (New MD). The researchers have collected the corpus of 30 essays which are argumentative in nature. These essays are downloaded from the popular online forums which are used for the preparation of competitive exams/ current affairs issues in Pakistan. The researchers claim that Pakistan CSS/PMS aspirants focus more on sharing information rather than building arguments in their essay writing papers at CSS/PMS level. Doing so, they do not fulfill the linguistic requirement of the said papers. The ideas presented by them are without logical reasoning or research based facts. The results of these essays show that these aspirants share information in these essays rather than building arguments through cohesion and coherence. Most of the Pakistani leaners of English Language do not have the basic knowledge of grammar. So, they don’t know how to develop personal viewpoints while attempting essay paper. The researchers have analyzed these linguistic gaps through multidimensional analysis of selected essays that may help the CSS/PMS aspirants to fix these linguistic gaps.

Research utilising de-identified patient health information extracted from electronic medical records (EMRs) from general practices has steadily grown in recent years in response to calls to increase use of health data for research and other secondary purposes in Australia. Little is known about the views of key primary care personnel on this issue, which are important, as they may influence whether practices agree to provide EMR data for research. This exploratory qualitative study investigated the attitudes and beliefs of general practitioners (GPs), practice managers (PMs) and practice nurses (PNs) around sharing de-identified EMR patient health information with researchers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 participants (6 GPs, 3 PMs and 2 PNs) recruited via purposive sampling from general practices in Victoria, Australia. Transcripts were coded and thematically analysed. Participants were generally enthusiastic about research utilising de-identified health information extracted from EMRs for altruistic reasons, including: positive effects on primary care research, clinical practice and population health outcomes. Concerns raised included patient privacy and data breaches, third-party use of extracted data and patient consent. These findings can provide guidance to researchers and policymakers in designing and implementing projects involving de-identified health information extracted from EMRs.

Cloud Computing is one of the emerging fields in the modern-day world. Due to the increased volume of job requests, job schedulers have received updates one at a time. The evolution of machine learning in the context of cloud schedules has had a significant impact on cost reduction in terms of energy consumption and makespan. The research article presents a two-phase process for the scheduling architecture of cloud computing where PMs are the main working unit and users are supplied to the PMs based on the work abilities of the PM in terms of resources. A minimum cost is desired in the preliminary phase of the allocation of the user to the PM. A clustered approach utilizing k-means and Q-learning was imposed to migrate the users from one PM to another PM based on Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. The proposed work has also incorporated CO2 emissions as a major evaluation parameter other than energy consumption. To support resource sharing, the deployment model is a multi-cloud model. The proposed work is evaluated against other recently proposed state of the art techniques on the basis of QoS parameters and the proposed work proved to be better in terms of efficiency at the end of the draft.

Simulation and modeling of standalone DC linked hydro/PV/battery hybrid energy system (HES) and power management strategy (PMS) for identifying the active power sharing have been done. The performance analysis of the proposed HES and its power management strategy has been done using the simulink toolboxes of MATLAB software. The proposed system consists of 10 kW PV system, 7.5 kW hydro system, battery, and power condition unit. In some remote/rural areas, it is very difficult to satisfy the demand of electrical power throughout the year with the power grid. In such areas, the power requirement can be fulfilled by renewable energy system such as hydro or PV system. Either the hydro system or PV system is not capable of supplying power requirement throughout the year as both systems are intermittent. Hence, the judicious combination of hydro and PV system has been modeled for electrification. The power management strategy is modeled to manage the power flow of the energy systems and battery to fulfill the load demand. The presented results clearly show that the proposed HES and its control strategy are suitable for implementation in remote/rural areas.

The modeling of phased-mission systems is difficult and the solving process is complex because of the relevance of the phase tasks and the sharing of components existing in different phases or between phases. To solve the problem, based on the cumulative exposure model, the path sets combination method of phased-mission systems is proposed. Aiming at the problem of the cross-stage correlation of components and its different failure rate in each phase, the cumulative exposure model considering the historical damage of components is used to solve by obtaining the cumulative damage distribution of each component in each phase. Firstly, a phased-mission systems reliability model is build by mapping phased-mission system fault trees into a Bayesian network. By traversing the Bayesian network, the minimal path sets of each phase are obtained. Secondly, the disjoint formulas introduced by variable elimination method are used to do the disjoint operation of the minimal path sets of each phase and the conditional probability relations of the common components are used to reduce the minimal path sets scale. Finally, the minimum disjoint path sets of each phase are combined and summed according to the component conditional probability relation. The path sets combination method of phased-mission systems avoids the large conditional probability table, large storage and large computation problems caused by the excessive discrete states in the traditional Bayesian method and the problem that the PMS-BDD method has strict requirements for variable ordering and is difficult to solve the system reliability with multiple failure distribution types of components. In the end, a phased-mission systems reliability modeling and solving is carried out for a geosynchronous orbit satellite, and compared with the PMS-BDD method, which verifies the correctness of the method.

The energy management strategy (EMS) or power management strategy (PMS) unit is the core of power sharing control in the hybridization of automotive drivetrains in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Once a new topology and its corresponding EMS are virtually designed, they require undertaking different stages of experimental verifications toward guaranteeing their real-world applicability. The present paper focuses on a new and less-extensively studied topology of such vehicles, HEVs equipped with an electrical variable transmission (EVT) and assessed the controllability validation through hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) implementations versus model-in-the-loop (MiL) simulations. To this end, first, the corresponding modeling of the vehicle components in the presence of optimized control strategies were performed to obtain the MiL simulation results. Subsequently, an innovative versatile HiL test bench including real prototyped components of the topology was introduced and the corresponding experimental implementations were performed. The results obtained from the MiL and HiL examinations were analyzed and statistically compared for a full input driving cycle. The verification results indicate robust and accurate actuation of the components using the applied EMSs under real-time test conditions.

In today’s environment of increasing pressure to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) transportation industry is growing in size and influence. In this context, further efforts are needed to improve the energy efficiency of LNG marine energy power plant. The LNG vessels and their equipment considered in this study have different power consumption requirements depending on the vessel’s mode of operation (loading/unloading, maneuvering, anchoring, at sea, etc.). For each ship mode, where the power plant requirements are the same, the specific fuel consumption (SFOC) and exhaust emissions, NOx and CO2, are compared with a different number of engines in the network to find the optimal number of engines in the network, considering both the safety aspect and the port requirements. An analysis was performed showing the efficiency of the on-board power management system (PMS) in terms of manual load sharing between engines. A comprehensive analysis of the data and its comparison led to the conclusion that the manual distribution of power among the engines is the slightly better solution. The obtained results show that further analysis of the number of engines for a given load with minimum fuel consumption and CO2 and NOx emissions is required.

Dream sharing is a common experience for most people. Factors which might be related to dream sharing in a representative German sample were investigated in the present study. As expected, the frequency of positively toned and neutral dreams and the frequency of negatively toned dreams were related to dream sharing. In addition, an effect of sex was found: women shared their dreams more often than men. Dream sharing differing by social class and education might point to class-specific attitudes toward dreams which have not yet been studied in detail.

This study examined how individuals may form an impression of the closeness of the relationship between two individuals based on an observation of them sharing food. An opportunity sample of 72 participants watched a video clip of young adults in same-sex or mixed-sex dyads eating a meal together. In the experimental conditions, each member of the dyad also offered or fed a morsel of food to the other person. Analysis showed that food sharing was seen as indicative of familiarity between the members of a dyad. Actually feeding the other person a morsel of food was seen as an indicator of intimacy in male dyads but not in mixed-sex or female dyads. Results are discussed in terms of expectations of intimacy in male and female relationships.

Long-term recency effects observed in the continuous distractor paradigm are often taken as evidence against the short-term store account of recency effects. In the present study, three experiments examined the function of time-sharing process in the continuous distractor paradigm. In the first two experiments, the effect of distractor difficulty on long-term recency was investigated with easy and hard distractor tasks. Distractor difficulty was manipulated in the recency portion and in the retention interval of a nine-word list and a hard distractor task eliminated long-term recency effects. In Exp. 3, distractor difficulty was manipulated across the first and the second halves of the retention interval. Long-term recency effects were larger if the first half of the retention interval contained an easy distractor task and the second half a hard task than if the order was hard-easy. These results indicate that subjects maintain recent items in short-term store and then transfer them to a long-term store by the time-sharing process during a distraction period. Long-term recency effects to a large extent depend on this time-sharing process.

Here we report an experiment in which 16 right-handed young adults named a series of unilaterally presented pictures during concurrent unimanual finger tapping with the right and left hands at separate times. A multivariate analysis of variance showed no significant differences in picture-naming reaction time between left versus right visual-field stimulations. Also the test for finger tapping was nonsignificant, with the magnitude of disruption being symmetrical for the right and left hands as a function of visual fields. It was proposed that the two cerebral hemispheres interact with each other at later processing stages when performing tasks requiring both left and right hemispheric processing resources.

17 college students discriminated between vertical and horizontal target lines flanked by vertical and horizontal distractors. Large displays with 3.0-cm lines and small displays half this size were used. The distractors were positioned above and below the target or to the left and right of it, forming vertical and horizontal global orientations. The number of flankers sharing the target's orientation was varied. Vertical targets and small display sizes were processed more quickly. Speed of responding did not differ for the two global orientations. There was no advantage for target lines consistent with global orientation. The results were replicated in Exp. 2 with diagonal flankers. This supports an explanation using stimulus compatibility, since diagonal lines do not correspond to either of the response options and cannot induce a tendency to respond more to one target than another. Displays with multiple symmetry were responded to faster than those with a single symmetry which were faster than asymmetrical displays, supporting the idea that symmetrical axes parallel and perpendicular to the target orientation provide a facilitative frame of reference. Coactivation from same-oriented flankers, pop-out from differences in orientation, and symmetry all influenced responding in these patterns.

AbstractThe aim of this study is to understand how performance management systems (PMS) affect the strategy development process. The research examines PMS implementation and evaluates how the implementation of PMS links measures with rewards, i.e., financial and non-financial, to influence strategy formation. This qualitative study is based on 74 semi-structured face-to-face in-depth interviews with board members, mid-level managers, and other employees in nine organizations. Theory-building is comprised of the transcribed and analyzed interviews using MAXQDA 12 software. Theory-testing, i.e., a verificatory stage, consisted of analyzing previously identified phenomena. Results suggest that PMS affects strategy development processes by influencing both employee relational and calculative trust in their superiors. It also indicates a direct behavioral effect on employee knowledge sharing and manager trust in their subordinates. As a result, this may determine the extent to which managers exploit shared knowledge while formulating a strategy. The research demonstrates there is a trade-off between PMS implementation and strategy development. A gap in the literature is filled by integrating relational and calculative trust with PMS implementation and showing how such changes in trust mediate knowledge sharing behavior and strategy development.

AbstractOver-committing computing resources is a widely adopted strategy for increased cluster utilization in Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud data centers. A potential consequence of over-committing computing resources is memory overload of physical machines (PMs). Memory overload occurs if memory usage exceeds a defined alarm threshold, exposing running computation tasks at a risk of being terminated by the operating system. A prevailing measure to handle memory overload of a PM is live migration of virtual machines (VMs). However, this not only consumes network bandwidth, CPU, and other resources, but also compels a temporary unavailability of the VMs being migrated. To handle memory overload, we present a memory sharing system in this paper for PMs in cloud data centers. With memory sharing, a PM automatically borrows memory from a remote PM when necessary, and releases the borrowed memory when memory overload disappears. This is implemented through swapping inactive memory pages to remote memory resource. Experimental studies conducted on InfiniBand-networked PMs show that the memory sharing system is fully functional. The measured throughput and latency are around 929 Mbps and 1.3 $$\mu$$ μ s, respectively, on average for remote memory access. They are similar to those from accessing a local-volatile memory express solid-state drive, and thus are promising in real applications.

PurposeThis study aims to highlight the significance of Performance Measurement System (PMS) as an “interactive” system that adapts to the organization's peculiar operational setup, thereby delivering optimal employee performance management benefits. Using Schatzki's (2002) “site of the social” theoretical conceptualization, it aims to empirically investigate the influence PMS's such strategic adaptation could have on employees' team performance through its mediating effect on improving organizational learning and knowledge sharing.Design/methodology/approachIn pursuit of the set objective, we conducted a survey of 200 employees in public accounting firms located in the two major Indonesian cities of Jakarta and Surabaya. The survey yielded 89 responses of which 87 were deemed fit for empirical analyses. The statistical analyses of the data were performed using SmartPLS.FindingsThe statistical analyses using SmartPLS found evidence that the strategic use of the PMS positively influences team performance, both directly and indirectly, through its role in enhancing organizational learning; however, its role in enhancing knowledge sharing did not demonstrate leveraging team performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe study conclusions are based on a relatively small data sample and the context of a developing economy, and, hence, need to be replicated with caution.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the management accounting theory and practice and emphasizes the strategic use of PMS to help improve organizational performance. Its novel “site” and context directs researchers' and practitioners' attention to the “interactive”, rather than passive and standalone, use of PMS to influence team performance and instigates a new debate on the management tool's optimal use.

PurposeThis study analyzes the relationship between two elements of the management control systems (MCSs) (performance measurement systems (PMSs) and socialization processes) and four dimensions of the theory of cooperation (information sharing, problem-solving, adaptability to changes and restraint from the use of power) and how this translates into performance in contracts of strategic supply relationships (SSRs).Design/methodology/approachA survey was carried out to investigate the theoretical model of Mahama (2006) in the empirical field. The population investigated is composed of service stations dealers affiliated with a union of southern Brazil, and the sample consists of 75 questionnaires.FindingsThe structural equation show that the two elements of the management control systems (PMS and socialization processes) do not influence performance when their direct effects are evaluated. However, when evaluated together with the cooperation, the results indicate that information sharing and problem-solving reflect into improved performance in contracts of SSRs.Research limitations/implicationsThe results are partially similar to Mahama's study (2006). In this study, direct association between socialization processes and cooperation dimensions, related to adaptability to changes and restraints from the use of power, was not identified. Furthermore, the use of PMSs is not associated with the improvement of performance in SSRs.Originality/valueThe distinction of this and Mahama's (2006) study focuses on the types of contracts, to identify whether the dimensions of cooperation imply in the contractual relationship.

Investments over the past two decades to collect and store immunization events established a national population health data asset. The ability to track vaccine usage and storage has increased accountability, lowered wastage, protected valuable resources, and provided the correct vaccines at the right time.Sixty-four immunization registries support the current immunization ecosystem, yet all investments to date have been through state and federal funding. Much of the technology supporting these registries is becoming harder to support, limiting the utilization of the data. For the most part all current systems have legacy second-generation technology and architectures as their foundation. Current technology investments in these national assets tend to be for systems that within the next five years will not be cost effectively sustainable with only federal, state and local funding. Yet quality data is being reported by immunization providers across the health care network that is increasing exponentially through electronic data exchanges integrated within Electronic Health Records (EHR) and Pharmacy Management Systems (PMS).This increase in high-quality patient immunization records creates opportunity to build immunization intelligence from the data. However, second-generation Immunization Information Systems (IIS) limit the effective and timely use of this information. Considering the increasing value of the data to public and private sectors working to close immunization care gaps in populations supporting technology must ensure easy access.This is the first of two papers that highlights the power of these national registries and the data they contain to provide opportunity intelligence to the immunization ecosystem user community. Paper one illustrates the “why” for change and the need for a truly community collaborative path forward to move from second- to third-generation systems through partners that leverages cost sharing and common goals.The end goal is to establish new supporting technology assets that accelerate the use of data to impact vaccine preventable disease (VPD) outcomes which create a new model for public-private investments to sustain the IIS national infrastructure. The second paper will share cost and investment strategies to complete the migration and create sustainable immunization systems for the future.

Abstract Background In 2014, Nigeria issued the task-shifting/sharing policy for essential health services, which aimed to fill the human resource gap and improve the delivery of health services across the country. This study focuses on the characteristics, spread, and family planning (FP) stocking practices of medicine vendors in Lagos and Kaduna, assessing the influence of medical training on the provision and stocking of FP services and commodities by vendors. Methods We conducted a census of all Patent Medicines stores (PMS) followed up with a facility assessment among 10% of the mapped shops, utilizing an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the Chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) for the test of significance in the study. Results A total of 8318 medicine shops were enumerated (76.2% urban). There were 39 shops per 100,000 population in both states on average. About half (50.9%) were manned by a medicine vendor without assistance, 25.7% claimed to provide FP services to > 2 clients per week, and 11.4% were not registered with the regulatory body or any professional association. Also, 28.2% of vendors reported formal medical training, with 56.3% of these medically trained vendors relatively new in the business, opening within the last 5 years. Vendors utilized open drug markets as the major source of supply for FP products. Medical training significantly increased the stocking of FP products and inhibited utilization of open drug markets. Conclusion Patent and Proprietary Medicines Vendor (PPMVs) have continued to grow progressively in the last 5 years, becoming the most proximal health facility for potential clients for different health services (especially FP services) across both Northern and Southern Nigeria, now comprising a considerable mass of medically trained personnel, able to deliver high-quality health services and complement existing healthcare infrastructure, if trained. However, restrictions on services within the PPMV premise and lack of access to quality drugs and commodities have resulted in poor practices among PPMVs. There is therefore a need to identify, train, and provide innovative means of improving access to quality-assured products for this group of health workers.

Introduction The Uluru Statement from the Heart (2017) offers an opportunity for the nation to cement the foundation for prosperous Indigenous futures and meaningful reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. In this article, we discuss the theme of uniformity in relation to the “From the Heart” campaign which seeks to enact the Uluru Statement by establishing a constitutionally enshrined First Nations’ Voice to Parliament via a referendum. It is important however that we first clarify our use of the word uniform as we do not wish to suggest that all supporters of the Uluru Statement from the Heart are homogenous in their views or positioning. Far from it, the campaign aims to generate support from all walks of life, and with this, it naturally conjures diverse opinions, and at times disagreement (Pearson). Whilst unification corresponds to different persons coming together to form a collective whole – and the From the Heart Campaign can certainly be characterised in this way – uniformity refers to the uncompromising stance needed to enact the reform proposed in the Statement. In this article, we discuss how a constitutionally enshrined First Nations’ Voice to Parliament is the heart of the Uluru Statement and how the push towards a referendum requires not just a unified and united response, but one that is uniformed in its resolve – that is unwavering, steadfast, and determined in delivering its vision of a constitutionally enshrined First Nations’ Voice to Parliament. We therefore consider how images, symbols, icons, and material objects – both digital and tangible – are used to unite the campaigns’ supporters by presenting a uniformed front that advocates for constitutional reform. The Heart as Uniform and Icon Bleiker argues that icons, particularly within the digital space, are effective means of communication due to their ability to quickly disseminate messages in succinct and memorising ways that are relevant and responsive to its users’ needs (Petray; Carlson et al. ‘They Got Filters’; Fredericks and Bradfield ‘Disrupting the Colonial’). The ability of digital media to spread messages over vast distances and in ways that compress time and space, however, also means that the icons communicated through media such as memes (Blackmore; Petray; Fredericks and Bradfield ‘Co-Designing Change’) are in danger of becoming fleeting, empty, or meaningless (Fredericks and Bradfield ‘Disrupting the Colonial’; Petray; Carlson and Frazer ‘Indigenous activism’). Bleiker (9) warns that “when images are produced and circulated with ever greater speed and reach, icons can emerge in a short period. But this very proliferation of images can also lead to a situation where icons are short-lived and soon become superseded from their original setting”. Due to the fluid and often fickle nature of online culture where symbols and images are quickly adopted, transformed, repurposed, disposed, and replaced, icons are most powerful when they reflect a uniformed message, for uniforms demonstrate stability, endurance, and longevity. Uniforms therefore share some affiliation with icons in their ability to transmit messages of social significance. In their sociological study of uniforms, Joseph and Alex (719) argue that the uniform is viewed as a device to resolve certain dilemmas of complex organizations – namely, to define their boundaries, to assure that members will conform to their goals, and to eliminate conflicts in the status sets of their members. The uniform serves several functions: it acts as a totem, reveals and conceals statuses, certifies legitimacy, and suppresses individuality. The interaction of these components and the acceptance or rejection of the uniform and its associated status by the wearer are described. The use of hearts during the Uluru Statement from the Heart campaign can be likened to icons that convey uniformed messages relating to the need for constitutional reform and the creation of a First Nations’ Voice to Parliament. Repeated imagery of hearts, particularly in the colours of the Aboriginal flag – black, red, and yellow – alongside images of Uluru – an unmistakable icon of Aboriginality – has the potential to provoke political and social discussion amongst those who witness them. Online media have provided fora where information and support for the campaign has been shared, creating some uniformity amongst diverse audiences (Fredericks and Bradfield ‘Seeking to be Heard’; ‘More than a thought’). Emoticons, symbols, and hashtags have formed a type of digital uniform that has congealed ideas and helped centralise messages (Grieve-Williams), in this case in relation to the importance of the constitutional enshrinement of a First Nations’ Voice to Parliament. A heart also describes a centralised location that drives action or is seen to represent the underlying ethos of a community, movement, or object. In terms of physiology, the heart is located at the centre of a body and sustains life by pumping blood throughout the cardiovascular system. Similarly, Uluru is physically located in Central Australia, with many considering it as symbolling the geographical and spiritual heart of the nation. Whilst Uluru will always remain a part of the sacred grounds of the Anangu People (Schultz), its iconography resonates with Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples throughout the nation, acting as a beacon for Indigenous rights and sovereignty. For the Anangu People, Uluru is a site of conflict resolution and great power (Anandakugan), making it an appropriate icon of reconciliation, Makarrata, and healing relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. Wearing Our Hearts on Our Sleeves Amongst other things, jewelry, art, and material objects function as communicative tools which present agreed-upon symbols and codes that represent messages that are collectively decided upon by a particular social group (Geertz; Shaw). Writing on art as a cultural system, Geertz (1488) famously observed how “it is out of participation in the general system of symbolic forms we call culture that participation in the particular we call art, which is in fact but a sector of it, is possible. A theory of art is thus at the same time a theory of culture, not an autonomous enterprise”. Langley writes on how human societies have used beads in jewelry to disseminate social information for at least 100,000 years. Throughout history, jewelry and fashion accessories have been used as visual representations of uniformity amongst activists and protestors (Gulliver). These icons aim to communicate an unwavering front which at times of protest or social upheaval often counter the icons and uniforms of opposing camps, whether the police force, military, or political rivals. The umbrella movement in Hong Kong is one visually striking example of uniformity and civil disobedience where pro-democracy messages were communicated via yellow umbrellas that contrasted the pro-establishment camp who wore blue (Radio Free Asia). The t-shirt for the Uluru campaign depicts an image of Uluru which visibly sits on the land but is also embedded below the surface of Country. Both parts collectively form the shape of a red heart. The shirt reads “We Support the Uluru Statement”, emitting the words “From the Heart”. This clever form of marketing invokes a sense of communitas amongst those who can collectively interpolate and understand its meaning (Turner). It is the shared knowledge that the statement comes “from the heart” (even though it is not written on the t-shirt) amongst those who form the collective “we” that gives the shirt a function that can be likened to a uniform. It is a visual embodiment of the Statement that seeks to “certify its legitimacy” (Joseph and Alex). Brooches and jewelry have also been used as means to provoke conversation and add social or political commentary during public engagements; often in satirical and/or ironic ways (Shaw). Former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, for example, famously wore a brooch of a snake after being called an “unparalleled serpent” by Iraqi state media under the Saddam Hussein regime (Becker). For Albright, brooches complemented her political agenda and became part of her “diplomatic arsenal” (Becker), which she described as effective mnemic communication that helped generate greater understandings amongst the wider public (Albright). Whilst an expression of her individuality, the jewelry delivers a uniformed statement and commentary that defines boundaries, assures goals, and seeks to eliminate conflicts or ambiguity in the messages she seeks to deliver. In this respect, it functions as part of her uniform. Similarly, when Lady Hale, the president of the UK Supreme Court, claimed Boris Johnson’s decision to prorogue parliament was unlawful in 2019, she strategically wore a spider brooch (Cochrane and Belam). The imagery was quickly seized upon by activists who interpreted it as a symbol of the government’s dysfunction, or venomous nature, and printed the design on t-shirts. The shirts sold out in less than 24 hours and presented a uniformed front that both critiqued the government and raised money for a homeless shelter (Butchart). A Gift Worth Sharing The Uluru Statement was gifted to the Australian people to affirm the campaign as one for and led by the Australian public (Synott; Appleby and Davis). The decision to disseminate the outcomes of the National Convention via a poetic and concise statement, rather than a formalised petition or legal declaration, emphasises its intent to remain accessible to the public (Davis ‘The Long Road’). The fact that it was gifted to the public instead of being “presented” or “submitted” to government signifies that it is a gesture of good faith that invites the Australian people to join the movement, whilst also placing onus on the public to accept or reject the gift that is offered and placing pressure on the government to call a referendum (Mayor). In the spirit of the Uluru Statement’s gifting, heart icons and paraphernalia are often exchanged amongst its supporters with aim of building awareness and provoking conversation. One of the authors of this paper, Professor Bronwyn Fredericks, is known for having accumulated an extensive collection of heart objects, many of which have been gifted to her. These objects range from brooches, earrings, necklaces, and other forms of jewelry to clothes, fabrics, and novelty glasses. Although the medium varies, the heart iconography and messages remain uniform. The Uluru from the Heart Campaign, however, has suffered many arrhythmias, at times speeding up whilst at others becoming really slow. After the reforms were presented to the Australian Government in 2017, the then prime minister Malcom Turnbull rejected them on account that an Indigenous Voice to Parliament was undesirable, too “radical” in nature, and unlikely to pass a referendum (Wahlquist; Brennan). A media release from the government published on 26 October 2017 declared that “the Government does not believe such a radical change to our constitution’s representative institutions has any realistic prospect of being supported by a majority of Australians in a majority of States” (Prime Minister et al.). The chief executive of the Victorian Community Controlled Health Organisation, Jill Gallagher, has commented that many politicians were too preemptive in their dismissal of the reforms; and in doing so, prevented the public from engaging in the critical discussion that is needed before a referendum (Brennan). Public discussion is now increasing after the Albanese-led Labor government announced that a referendum will be held during their first term of their government, which was formed in 2022 (Kunc). Turnbull’s rejection was also premised on the notion that the Uluru Statement, and its call for a First Nations Voice to Parliament, was too uniform in its “take it or leave it” positioning, which the government was unwilling to commit to (Prime Minister et al.). After years of having reforms and recommendations diluted or ignored by governments, and political promises and commitments dismissed (see Fredericks for an example), the Referendum Council were unapologetic in their stance that the Statement remain untouched and unmanipulated by politicians and political agendas (Referendum Council). The proposed reforms are the manifestation of Indigenous peoples’ will and desire as expressed during the regional dialogue (Anderson, Davis, and Pearson; Davis and Williams). The Final Report of the Referendum Council reads that “it is the Council’s view that there is no practical purpose to suggesting changes to the Constitution unless they are what Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples want” (Referendum Council, 5). It must be remembered that the Referendum Council was established by Malcom Turnbull in 2015, tasked with finding out what Indigenous peoples wanted to see in constitutional reform. Whilst the Turnbull government were willing to provide a forum in which Indigenous views on constitutional reform could be expressed, they were unwilling to honour their aspirations. After sharing deeply personal and at times traumatic stories of colonial harm and violence at the dialogues (Appleby and Davis), along with entertaining the idea of having greater input into parliamentary discussions, the flat-out rejection by the government was heartbreaking. Aboriginal lawyer, activist, and academic Noel Pearson spoke of the anguish caused by Malcolm Turnbull’s rejection in a Radio National interview, describing him as having “broken the hearts of the First Nations people of this country” (Brennan). Constitutional lawyer Megan Davis was with a young Indigenous law student who had participated in the regional dialogues when the interview aired (Davis ‘The Long Road’). Like many, this was the first she had heard of the Statement’s rejection. Davis recalls how “I could see her faith in the rule of law, fairness and equality – all the important characteristics of our public law system – drain from her face” (Davis, 2019). The impact of Turnbull’s rejection was described by some as “mean-spirited bastardry” (Wahlquist) and is articulated in a cartoon depicting a heart being surgically removed from Uluru (Grant). We wear heart icons as uniforms not only in support of the campaign but as a reminder of its fragility. Whilst hearts are prone to break, like all muscles it is through their tearing and growth that they become stronger. A Voice to Parliament The imagery of hearts aims to generate wider public recognition of the need to recognise First Nations’ peoples within Australia’s constitution via Voice, Truth, Treaty, and in that order (Davis and Williams; Fredericks and Bradfield ‘More than a Thought’; Larkin and Galloway). The need for a visible and uniformed campaign towards constitutional reform, however, is challenged when politicians including the former Indigenous Affairs minister Ken Wyatt (Anderson et al.) or former Greens and now independent senator Lidia Thorpe (Larkin and Maguire) question the premise that reforms such as a constitutionally enshrined First Nations’ Voice to Parliament are representative of Indigenous peoples’ will. Thorpe’s objection is based on the premise that Treaty should be sought first. Our criticism is not placed on their oppositional stance but rather on their false characterisation that it does not reflect the desire of the majority of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as expressed through the Uluru Dialogues. Despite seven delegates walking out on the convention in protest that it would hinder Indigenous sovereignty via a treaty (Hobbs), the 13 regional dialogues conducted by the Referendum Council and led by Indigenous leaders such as Megan Davis, Pat Anderson, and numerous others, as well as delegates at Uluru, clearly expressed a near unanimous and uniformed decision to establish an Indigenous representative body that was protected by the constitutional enshrinement (Davis ‘The Long Road’; Davis and Williams; Fredericks and Bradfield ‘We Don’t Want to’). Subsequent polling has shown strong continued majority support amongst the public for a constitutionally enshrined voice (Centre for Governance and Public Policy; Ford and Blumer; Zillman, Wellauer and Brennan; Reconciliation Australia). Past reconciliation movements have centred around the notion of restoring relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples (Reynolds). This is problematic as colonisation in Australia was, and in many cases still is, dependent on the denial of Indigenous peoples and cultures, which was accompanied by epistemic and physical acts of violence (Moreton-Robinson; Lee, Richardson, and Ross). In 1999, then prime minister John Howard held a referendum on whether Australia should become a republic. Attached to the question was whether Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be recognised in the constitution’s preamble (Pearson, Davis, and Appleby ‘The Uluru Statement’). Despite this being rejected by Indigenous land councils and elected representatives, on account of its symbolism, Howard proceeded with the referendum which ultimately failed (Davis ‘The Status Quo’). The Recognise campaign ran from 2012 to 2017 and sought public awareness of questions relating to constitutional recognition of Indigenous peoples. This too was rejected by Indigenous communities (Maddison). Online polling conducted by Indigenous-controlled media forum IndigenousX showed that only 32.3% of its respondents supported the campaign, with many criticising what they saw as a top-down approach tailored towards the appeasement of non-Indigenous sensibilities (Latimore; Fredericks and Bradfield ‘Disrupting the Colonial’). Reconciliation Australia, the organisation that led the campaign, however, stated that it was successful in generating public awareness, which increased from 30% to 75% nationally (Reconciliation Australia). Conclusion What sets the Uluru campaign apart from its predecessors such as Recognise is that it is a grassroots initiative that emerged out of Indigenous-led consultations and dialogues with community members and stakeholders. It was conceived with awareness of the “limitations of the political class” (Davis, ‘The Long Road’) – illustrated by the ineptitude of Turnbull and other critics – and consciously spoke to the hearts of the Australian public. To ensure that different Indigenous perspectives and interest groups were represented during the National Conference, 60% of attendees were traditional owners, 20% came from Aboriginal community organisations, and 20% were individual community members (Lee, Richardson, and Ross; Davis ‘The Long Road'). The reforms of the Uluru Statement, including a First Nations’ Voice to Parliament, aim to create a framework and functioning mechanism that will help build and repair partnerships through which relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples can improve, whilst “gaps” across a range of social outcomes can be redressed by policies led and informed by Indigenous people in accordance with national (Coalition of Peaks) and international (Synott ‘The Universal Declaration’) charters. Whilst Indigenous views are diverse, what remains uniform amongst them is that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander strength and power, which has always come from their voices, “are the most powerful of all” when they are together (Davis, ‘Together Our Voices’). Despite the campaigns’ critics and setbacks, our hearts continue to beat as one and our uniformed advance towards referendum remains steadfast. References Albright, Madlelaine. Read My Pins: Stories from a Diplomat's Jewel Box. 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