Journal articles: 'PM-HIP'

1

Frisk, K., C. Luo, S. C. Johansson, S. Haglund, N. Petterson, and I. Strandell. "Compound materials by PM-HIP." Powder Metallurgy 57, no. 5 (November 6, 2014): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743290114y.0000000113.

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Dickob, M., and T. Martini. "THE CEMENTLESS PM HIP ARTHROPLASTY." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 78-B, no. 2 (March 1996): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.78b2.0780195.

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Kawai, Nobuyasu, and Hiroshi Takigawa. "Development of PM parts diffusion-bonded by HIP." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 36, no. 2 (1989): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.36.161.

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Lahner, Matthias, Christian Duif, Andreas Ficklscherer, Christian Kaps, Lukas Kalwa, and Tobias Seidl. "Arthroscopic Fixation of Cell Free Polymer-Based Cartilage Implants with a Bioinspired Polymer Surface on the Hip Joint: A Cadaveric Pilot Study." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/717912.

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This study investigates the adhesion capacity of a polyglycolic acid- (PGA-) hyaluronan scaffold with a structural modification based on a planar polymer (PM) surface in a cadaver cartilage defect model. Two cadaver specimens were used to serially test multiple chondral matrices. In a cadaver hip model, cell free polymer-based cartilage implants with a planar bioinspired PM surface (PGA-PM-scaffolds) were implanted arthroscopically on 10 mm × 15 mm full-thickness femoral hip cartilage lesions. Unprocessed cartilage implants without a bioinspired PM surface were used as control group. The cartilage implants were fixed without and with the use of fibrin glue on femoral hip cartilage defects. After 50 movement cycles and removal of the distraction, a rearthroscopy was performed to assess the outline attachment and integrity of the scaffold. The fixation techniques without and with fibrin fixation showed marginal differences for outline attachment, area coverage, scaffold integrity, and endpoint fixation after 50 cycles. The PGA-PM-scaffolds with fibrin fixation achieved a higher score in terms of the attachment, integrity, and endpoint fixation than the PGA-scaffold on the cartilage defect. Relating to the outline attachment, area coverage, scaffold integrity, and endpoint fixation, the fixation with PGA-PM-scaffolds accomplished significantly better results compared to the PGA-scaffolds(P=0.03752, P=0.03078, P=0.00512, P=0.00512). PGA-PM-scaffolds demonstrate increased observed initial fixation strength in cadaver femoral head defects relative to PGA-scaffold, particularly when fibrin glue is used for fixation.

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Bolzoni, L., E. M. Ruiz-Navas, De Liang Zhang, and Elena Gordo. "Modification of Sintered Titanium Alloys by Hot Isostatic Pressing." Key Engineering Materials 520 (August 2012): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.520.63.

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Powder metallurgy (PM) permits to obtain titanium alloys with properties and microstructures close to ingot metallurgy products. However, residual porosity is normally present in the products produced by the PM route of powder pressing and sintering (P&S)\, and this needs to be reduced by using post-sintering process step such as hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and forging. In this study, the microstructural and mechanical property changes caused by HIP of samples of two alloys, near-α Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy and α+β Ti-6Al-4V, produced by P&S route were investigated. Two types of powders were utilised: prealloyed powders and blend of elemental titanium powder and master alloy powder. Four conditions defined by HIP temperature, pressure and time were used to HIP the sintered samples with two geometries. The results show that, independent of the HIP conditions used, HIP increased the relative density of the samples to approximately 97.5% and their hardness by 30-50 HV depending on the HIP condition. However, HIP at 1000°C changes the fracture mode of the sintered samples from ductile to brittle.

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Dietze, M., H. P. Buchkremer, and D. Stöver. "Densification behaviour of a PM titanium alloy during HIP." Metal Powder Report 46, no. 10 (October 1991): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0657(91)90974-6.

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De Lorenzo, Rebecca, Iago Pinal-Fernandez, Wilson Huang, Jemima Albayda, Eleni Tiniakou, Cheilonda Johnson, Jose C. Milisenda, et al. "Muscular and extramuscular clinical features of patients with anti-PM/Scl autoantibodies." Neurology 90, no. 23 (May 4, 2018): e2068-e2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005638.

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ObjectiveTo define the clinical features of myositis patients with anti-PM/Scl-75 and/or anti-PM/Scl-100 autoantibodies at disease onset and during the course of disease and compare them to patients with other forms of myositis.MethodsIn this longitudinal cohort study, the prevalence and severity of clinical features at disease onset and during follow-up were compared between anti-PM/Scl-positive patients and those with the antisynthetase syndrome (AS), dermatomyositis (DM), and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM).ResultsForty-one anti-PM/Scl-positive, 132 AS, 178 DM, and 135 IMNM patients were included. Although muscle weakness was a presenting feature in just 37% of anti-PM/Scl-positive patients, 93% eventually developed weakness. Unlike the other groups, anti-PM-Scl-positive patients had more severe weakness in arm abductors than hip flexors. Interstitial lung disease was a presenting feature in just 10% of anti-PM/Scl-positive patients, but occurred in 61% during follow-up; fewer patients with DM (13%, p < 0.001) and IMNM (6%, p < 0.001) and more patients with AS (80%, p < 0.05) developed interstitial lung disease during the course of disease. Mechanic's hands (80%), Raynaud syndrome (78%), sclerodactyly (66%), telangiectasias (66%), esophageal reflux disease (61%), subcutaneous edema (46%), puffy hands (39%), and calcinosis (39%) occurred more frequently in anti-PM/Scl-positive patients than in the other groups. Although 30% of anti-PM/Scl-positive patients met criteria for systemic sclerosis, less than 5% had renal crisis or finger ulcerations. No differences were found between patients with only anti-PM/Scl-100 or only anti-PM/Scl-75 autoantibodies.ConclusionsUnlike patients with DM, AS, or IMNM, anti-PM/Scl-positive patients have weaker arm abductors than hip flexors. Anti-PM/Scl-positive patients also have the most extensive extramuscular features.

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Ekbom, Ragnar. "Application of HIP/PM technique for gas and steam turbines." Metal Powder Report 45, no. 4 (April 1990): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(10)80056-6.

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Becker, Louis, Jonathan Lentz, Berenice Kramer, Anna Rottstegge, Christoph Broeckmann, Werner Theisen, and Sebastian Weber. "Validation of the Powder Metallurgical Processing of Duplex Stainless Steels through Hot Isostatic Pressing with Integrated Heat Treatment." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 6224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186224.

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Duplex stainless steels exhibit an excellent combination of corrosion resistance and strength and are increasingly being manufactured through powder metallurgy (PM) to produce large, near-net-shaped components, such as those used for offshore applications. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is often used for PM production, in which pre-alloyed powders are compacted under high pressures and temperatures. Recent developments in HIP technology enable fast cooling as part of the process cycle, reaching cooling rates comparable to oil quenching or even faster. This enables the integrated solution annealing of duplex stainless steels directly after compaction. In contrast to the conventional HIP route, which requires another separate solution annealing step after compaction, the integrated heat treatment within the HIP process saves both energy and time. Due to this potential gain, HIP compaction at a high pressure of 170 MPa and 1150 °C with integrated solution annealing for the production of duplex stainless steels was investigated in this work. Firstly, the focus was to investigate the influence of pressure on the phase stability during the integrated solution annealing of the steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3. Secondly, the steel X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4, which is highly susceptible to sigma phase embrittlement, was used to investigate whether the cooling rates used in the HIP are sufficient for preventing the formation of this brittle microstructural constituent. This work shows that the high pressure used during the solution heat treatment stabilizes the austenite. In addition, it was verified that the cooling rates during quenching stage in HIP are sufficient for preventing the formation of the sigma phase in the X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 duplex stainless steel.

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Bullens, Alexander L., Esteban Bautista, Elizabeth H. Jaye, Nathaniel L. Vas, Nathan B. Cain, Keyou Mao, David W. Gandy, and Janelle P. Wharry. "Comparative Thermal Aging Effects on PM-HIP and Forged Inconel 690." JOM 70, no. 10 (March 19, 2018): 2218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-2818-z.

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Lülsdorf, P. "Verschleißschutz mit härtbaren PM-HIP-Werkstoffen auf Fe-Basis in Kunststoffverarbeitungsmaschinen." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26, no. 10 (October 1995): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19950261007.

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Khodaee, Alireza, and Arne Melander. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Gear Size Influence on Density Variations and Distortions during the Manufacturing of PM Gears with an Innovative Powder Processing Route Incorporating HIP." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 2, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp2030049.

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The paper is the result of research intended to develop a process route for the manufacturing of powder metallurgical (PM) gears for application in transmissions units for heavy duty powertrain applications. The main problem of PM for such applications is that the generated pores that occur through conventional pressing and sintering processes reduce the gear strength, which reduces the capacity for power transmission by the gear. In prior work, removing the pores and reaching 100% density by adding Hot Iso-static Pressing (HIP) after two times pressing and two times sintering steps in the process route was suggested to solve the mentioned problem. During the investigations of this work it was revealed that the gear dimensions could influence the process results with respect to geometrical distortions. In this paper we have presented a finite element (FE) model based analysis on how the gear geometrical parameters influenced the distortions occurring in HIP. The simulation model is validated with experiments. Furthermore, the simulation model is used to create a prediction model for further investigations. The research showed that PM gears with different sizes during the proposed process route behaved differently in terms of distortions. This was illustrated with a series of simulations with different gear geometries. A regression model was developed based on the FE results for further practical predictive use. The distortions caused by HIP should be considered in the process design to prevent expensive post processes afterwards to reach the gear with accurate geometry and keep the costs of manufacturing low. It is concluded that it is possible to use the innovative process route including HIP to reach the full density and close all the open pores but not for all kind of gear geometries.

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Norris, Beth, and Elaine Trudelle-Jackson. "Hip- and Thigh-Muscle Activation During the Star Excursion Balance Test." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 20, no. 4 (November 2011): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.20.4.428.

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Context:The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is often used to train and assess dynamic balance and neuromuscular control. Few studies have examined hip- and thigh-muscle activation during the SEBT.Objective:To quantify hip- and thigh-muscle activity during the SEBT.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:22 healthy individuals, 11 men and 11 women.Methods:EMG measurements were taken as participants completed 3 trials of the anterior (A), medial (M), and posteromedial (PM) reach directions of the SEBT.Main Outcome Measures:Mean EMG data (% maximal voluntary isometric contraction) from the gluteus medius (Gmed), gluteus maximus (Gmax), and vastus medialis (VM) were measured during the eccentric phase of each SEBT reach direction. Test–retest reliability of EMG data across the 3 trials in each direction was calculated. EMG data from each muscle were compared across the 3 reach directions.Results:Test–retest reliability ranged from ICC3,1 values of .91 to .99. A 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between muscle activation and reach direction. One-way ANOVAs showed no difference in GMed activity between the A and M directions. GMed activity in the A and M directions was greater than in the PM direction. There was no difference in GMax and VM activity across the 3 directions.Conclusion:GMed was recruited most effectively when reaching was performed in the A and M directions. The A, M, and PM directions elicited similar patterns of muscle recruitment for the GMax and VM. During all 3 SEBT directions, VM activation exceeded the 40–60% threshold suggested for strengthening effects. GMed activity also exceeded the threshold in the M direction. GMax activation, however, was below the 40% threshold for all 3 reach directions, suggesting that performing dynamic lower extremity reaching in the A, M, and PM directions may not elicit strengthening effects for the GMax.

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Fang, Shuang, Zhusheng Shi, Qian Bai, Jia Ying Jiang, Shu Yun Wang, and Jian Guo Lin. "An Investigation of Direct Powder Forging of Nickel Superalloy FGH96." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.793.

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Powder metallurgy (PM) nickel-based superalloy has been widely used in high temperature applications and is most commonly manufactured using hot isostatic pressing (HIP). However, HIP is an expensive process and takes a long time at high temperature which leads to the formation of networks of prior particle boundaries (PPBs). In this study, a recently developed processing method - direct powder forging (DPF) was employed to produce a PM nickel-based superalloy component, using a single acting hydraulic press under normal atmosphere. EBSD study has been conducted for its microstructure, grains size distribution, and grain boundary misorientation; and mechanical testing has been carried out for its hardness and tensile properties at room temperature and 650°C. It has been found that the DPFed material has reached full density in the whole component. Networks of PPBs have been broken in the direct powder forged FGH96 alloy. Compared with HIPed FGH96 alloy, the DPFed material has a substantially higher recystallisation nucleation degree and more recrystallised sub-grains. After heat treatment, the tensile properties of the direct powder forged FGH96 alloy match or surpass those of the material produced by HIP plus isothermal forging.

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Sobhani, Samaneh, Marc Albert, David Gandy, Ali Tabei, and Zhaoyan Fan. "Design Optimization of Hot Isostatic Pressing Capsules." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010030.

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Power metallurgy hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP) is a manufacturing technique capable of producing net shape or near-net shape components with complicated geometries from materials that are difficult to melt and cast, mechanically deform or weld. However, the process and soundness of the outcome are extremely sensitive to the geometric design of the capsule (also known as the die or can) that is used in the process. The capsule design for each new component involves several trial–error iterations to achieve the desired geometry and shape of the component. For each iteration, costly HIP experiments need to be conducted and new capsules need be manufactured with small modifications. In this study, a robust finite element analysis (FEA) model of the HIP process is developed, then wrapped in a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) optimization framework to obtain the optimal pre-HIP capsule design, which yields the desired post-HIP component geometry in one HIP run. The FEA-based optimization algorithm is validated by HIP experiments, showing excellent agreement between the experiment and the model.

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Jasper, Bruno, Jan W. Coenen, Johann Riesch, Till Höschen, Martin Bram, and Christian Linsmeier. "Powder Metallurgical Tungsten Fiber-Reinforced Tungsten." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.125.

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The composite material tungsten fiber-reinforced tungsten (Wf/W) addresses the brittleness of tungsten by extrinsic toughening through introduction of energy dissipation mechanisms. These mechanisms allow the release of stress peaks and thus improve the materials resistance against crack growth. Wf/W samples produced via chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) indeed show higher toughness in mechanical tests than pure tungsten. By utilizing powder metallurgy (PM) one could benefit from available industrialized approaches for composite production and alloying routes. In this contribution the PM method of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is used to produce Wf/W samples. A variety of measurements were conducted to verify the operation of the expected toughening mechanisms in HIP Wf/W composites. The interface debonding behavior was investigated in push-out tests. In addition, the mechanical properties of the matrix were investigated, in order to deepen the understanding of the complex interaction between the sample preparation and the resulting mechanical properties of the composite material. First HIP Wf/W single-fiber samples feature a compact matrix with densities of more than 99% of the theoretical density of tungsten. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis further demonstrates an intact interface with indentations of powder particles at the interface-matrix boundary. First push-out tests indicate that the interface was damaged by HIPing.

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Clement, Caleb, Yangyang Zhao, Patrick Warren, Xiang Liu, Sichuang Xue, David W. Gandy, and Janelle P. Wharry. "Comparison of ion irradiation effects in PM-HIP and forged alloy 625." Journal of Nuclear Materials 558 (January 2022): 153390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153390.

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Zhang, W., Y. Liu, B. Liu, and B. Y. Huang. "Comparative assessment of microstructure and compressive behaviours of PM TiAl alloy prepared by HIP and pseudo‐HIP technology." Powder Metallurgy 54, no. 2 (April 2011): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329009x424528.

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Lu, Zheng Guan, Jie Wu, Lei Xu, Yu You Cui, and Rui Yang. "Preparation and Properties of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.615.

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Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B alloy is a typical γ-TiAl alloy, and powder metallurgy (PM) as a near-net shape method was used to prepare it in this article. Clean pre-alloyed powders were prepared by argon gas atomization, and TiAl alloy was prepared by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1150 °C and 1230 °C. However, surface contamination is inevitable due to chemical reactions with the residual O2 in the vacuum chamber during gas atomization, or due to physical adsorption of O2 and H2O during storage of the powder at room temperature. Infrared spectrometry was used to study this process. We found that the adsorption of gases is mainly H2O. The adsorbed gas in powders would deteriorate the performance of PM alloy, so a gas protection environment is suggested. Tensile properties of PM TiAl alloy were compared with as-cast alloy. Results showed that PM TiAl alloy had better strength which also had more fine and uniform microstructure.

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Kramer, Berenice, Yuanbin Deng, Jonathan Lentz, Christoph Broeckmann, Werner Theisen, and Sebastian Weber. "Martensite Transformation in Tool Steels under Isostatic Pressure–Implementation of In-Situ Electrical Resistivity Measurements into a Hot Isostatic Press with Rapid Quenching Technology." Metals 12, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050708.

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Powder metallurgical (PM) parts usually benefit from more homogenous and finer microstructures as opposed to conventionally processed material. In particular, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) combined with near-net-shape technologies can produce almost defect free PM tools with complex geometries. Recent advances in the plant technology of smaller HIP units allow the integration of hardening heat treatments in HIP processes. Thus, additional processing steps, transportation, energy consumption and cost are reduced. However, it is known that high pressure influences phase stability and transformation temperatures. Still, knowledge of the martensite start temperature (MS) is crucial for the design of hardening heat treatment. Since the influence of pressure on MS in HIP heat treatment is insufficiently investigated, it is the aim of this study to deploy a measurement method that allows to record MS as a function of pressure, temperature and cooling rate. Taking the hot working tool steel AISI H11 (X37CrMoV5-1, 1.2343) as the reference material, in this study for the first time the method of an in-situ electrical resistivity measurement was used to measure MS within a HIP. To investigate the influence of HIP pressure on Ms, resulting microstructures and hardness, specimens were austenitized at a temperature of TAUS = 1050 °C for tAUS = 30 min at pAUS = 25, 50, 100 or 150 MPa. Additionally, the MS temperature of the same material was determined by quenching dilatometry at ambient pressure for comparison purposes. Characterization of microstructures was conducted by scanning electron microscopy while hardness as an important technological property of tool steels was measured according to the Vickers method. Furthermore, the CALPHAD method was used to compute the thermodynamic influence of pressure on phase stabilities. The experimental results indicate that the method of in-situ resistivity measurement can be used to measure MS during an integrated HIP heat-treatment process. Besides, a stabilizing effect of pressure on the close packed crystal structure of the austenitic fcc phase is clearly detected, resulting in a reducing influence on the MS temperature of AISI H11 by up to 90 K.

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Leary, Steven, Jake Henrichsen, Andrew Schaver, Michael Willey, Amanda Paulson, and Robert Westermann. "Paper 27: Return to Sport and Testing following Hip Arthroscopy For FAI in High School and Collegiate Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 7_suppl5 (July 1, 2022): 2325967121S0059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00591.

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Objectives: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a known cause of hip pain and dysfunction in young, active patients and can be successfully managed with hip preservation surgery. For athletes with FAI, however, there is inconsistent data regarding the ability to return to competitive sport after surgery and how performance level is impacted. The purpose of this study is to evaluate patient factors contributing to return to sport after hip preservation surgery. Methods: Study Design: Retrospective cohort We retrospectively reviewed patients aged 14 to 44 who underwent hip preservation surgery between December 2018 and May 2021 and who participated in a competitive or recreational sport pre-operatively. All patients underwent formal return-to-sport (RTS) testing between 4 and 6 months after surgery. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were obtained at initial RTS testing using the International Knee (Hip) Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire, Hip Outcome Score – Sports Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), and Hip Return to Sport After Injury (Hip-RSI) scale. Regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between RTS tests, PRO’s, BMI, pre- and post-operative alpha angles, and degree of correction. Degree of correction was the difference between pre- and post-operative alpha angles measured on Dunn view hip x-rays. Results: We identified 40 patients, 47 operative hips (34 females, 85%). Three patients (4 hips) were excluded for incomplete testing data. Mean age was 17.73 ± 2.7 years. All patients underwent hip arthroscopy for FAI including one case of single-stage bilateral hip arthroscopy. The most common primary sports were dance (7), softball (6), and basketball (5). Mean alpha angles were 67.15 ± 10.9° pre-operatively and 41.37 ± 4.5° post-operatively. Average time from surgery to first RTS testing was 26.79 ± 6.5 weeks (median 25.1 weeks). Mean HOS-SSS score at initial testing was 85.98 ± 11. Posteromedial (PM) and posterolateral (PL) reach on Y-balance test were significantly associated with HOS-SSS score at initial testing (PM: r=0.54, p<0.001; PL: 0.53, p<0.01). Composite Y-balance score was also significantly associated with HOS-SSS score (r=0.6, p<0.01). All other comparisons between PROs and RTS tests were not significantly associated. Similarly, there were no significant associations between time to initial RTS testing and BMI, pre-operative alpha angle, or degree of correction. Conclusions: Higher Y-balance scores at initial RTS testing are associated with improved PROs and perceived readiness to return to sport. This test can be easily incorporated into an assessment for safe return after FAI surgery; further prospective studies are warranted.

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ZHANG, Wei, Yong LIU, Bin LIU, Hui-zhong LI, and Bei TANG. "Deformability and microstructure transformation of PM TiAl alloy prepared by pseudo-HIP technology." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20, no. 4 (April 2010): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(09)60176-x.

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Reichelt, A., and H. Botterer. "Medium-Term Clinical and Radiological Results of the Uncemented Total Hip Prosthesis PM." HIP International 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112070009400400102.

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Medium term results of 114 cementfree hip joint endoprostheses type PM implanted until mid - 1986 are presented. The clinical evaluation was based on the methods of Merle d'Aubigné and Harris. The mean Merle d'Aubigné score increased from 9.15 to 13.95 points and the Harris score from 44.13 to 75.60 points. After a mean in-situ period of 7.6 years only 35.96% of the operated hips were totally painfree. Twenty-seven prostheses (23.68%) did not need any support when walking (5.62% pre-op). Patients with forty-eight prostheses (42.11%) were able to walk without limitation (18.42% pre-op.). Of the operated hip joints 93.9% were judged subjectively as improved. Eighty-four patients were very satisfied (73.7%), twenty-seven were fairly satisfied (23.6%) and three were not at all satisfied (2.6%). Radiographically, 61% of the stems showed a change of position, whereas only 8% of the acetabular components shifted. In 71.4% of the cases, a radiolucent line around the stem was seen in zone 14. Approximately two thirds of the cups showed this radiolucency. Atrophy of the cortex was noticed in 37.8% of the cases in zone 6. Periosteal reactions appeared only around the tip of the femoral shaft (26.5%). Seventy-eight femora showed a bony consolidation around the stem-tip. Ectopic ossifications were detected at seventy-three joints altogether. In three cases, Brooker-stage IV was reached. The statistical evaluation showed a low significant correlation between atrophy of cortex in various zones and appearance of pain. The survival-analysis showed for primary implanted PM prostheses a survival rate of 90.5% (Confidence interval 86.3%-94.6%) after a five year period and of 73.3% (Confidence interval 60.3%-86.4%) after a ten year period in situ.

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Guillen, Donna Post, Janelle P. Wharry, Gregory K. Housley, Cody D. Hale, Jason V. Brookman, and David W. Gandy. "Experiment design for the neutron irradiation of PM-HIP alloys for nuclear reactors." Nuclear Engineering and Design 402 (February 2023): 112114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2022.112114.

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Gandy, David W., John Shingledecker, and John Siefert. "Overcoming Barriers for Using PM/HIP Technology to Manufacture Large Power Generation Components." AM&P Technical Articles 170, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2012-01.p019.

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Zhang, Zhiyong, Yafei Ren, Kun Shi, Hongyu Liu, Shibing Liu, and Jun Zhao. "Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy TA15 Titanium Alloy." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111057.

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TA15 pre-alloyed powder chosen in this paper is made by plasma rotating electrode method. The powders were used to prepare fully dense TA15 alloy ingots by the means of hot isostatic pressing(HIP) forming technology. The optimum parameter of the HIP process is 900°C /120MPa/3h. After the process of hot isostatic pressing, the powders were pressed into a fully dense ingot. An optital microscope was used to observe the microstructure of the ingot specimen and its formation mechanism was analysized. The microstructure of the TA15 alloy prepared by hot isostatic pressing of pre-alloyed powder is composed of fine α-equiaxed grains along lamellar colony boundaries. The mechanical properties exceed that of the casting level, which is close to the forging level. A typical TA15 alloy component was finally produced by HIP-PM process.

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Yang, Won-Chol, Hyon-Song Kang, Gyong-Su Ri, and Jin-Sim Kim. "Consistency Improvement Method of Pairwise Matrix Based on Consistency Ratio Decreasing Rate and Attribute Weighting Method Considered Decision Makers’ Levels in Analytic Hierarchy Process: Application to Hip Joint Prosthesis Material Selection." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (October 17, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1463006.

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Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a well-known attribute weighting method in multiattribute decision-making. Its major requirement is to satisfy the consistency of pairwise matrix (PM). To solve this problem, we first propose a new consistency improvement method of PM based on consistency ratio (CR) decreasing rate. In this method, we calculate the CR decreasing rates of all the PMs reconstituted by replacing all elements of the PM with the lower and upper neighbouring 9-point scales and find the element with maximum CR decreasing rate, and then modify it to its lower or upper neighbouring scale. Second, we develop third-order approximate polynomial for random consistency index using least square method. It enables to determine the RI value according to the number of attributes without a numerical table. Third, we propose the final PM determining method and final attribute weighting method considered decision makers’ levels based on the CR values of the individual PMs in case several decision makers perform their own pairwise comparisons. We test the performances of the proposed and some previous consistency improvement methods with two numerical examples. The results demonstrate that the proposed method improves the consistency of PM better and faster with smaller amount of modification than that of the previous methods, while it modify the elements of the PM to 9-point scales, necessarily. We apply the proposed method to hip joint prosthesis material selection. The proposed methods may be widely used in practical applications of AHP.

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Fullam, Karl, Brian Caulfield, Garrett F. Coughlan, Mark McGroarty, and Eamonn Delahunt. "Dynamic Postural-Stability Deficits After Cryotherapy to the Ankle Joint." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 893–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.7.07.

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Context Decreased postural stability is a primary risk factor for lower limb musculoskeletal injuries. During athletic competitions, cryotherapy may be applied during short breaks in play or during half-time; however, its effects on postural stability remain unclear. Objective To investigate the acute effects of a 15-minute ankle-joint cryotherapy application on dynamic postural stability. Design Controlled laboratory study. Setting University biomechanics laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 29 elite-level collegiate male field-sport athletes (age = 20.8 ± 1.12 years, height = 1.80 ± 0.06 m, mass = 81.89 ± 8.59 kg) participated. Intervention(s) Participants were tested on the anterior (ANT), posterolateral (PL), and posteromedial (PM) reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test before and after a 15-minute ankle-joint cryotherapy application. Main Outcome Measure(s) Normalized reach distances; sagittal-plane kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle joints; and associated mean velocity of the center-of-pressure path during performance of the ANT, PL, and PM reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Results We observed a decrease in reach-distance scores for the ANT, PL, and PM reach directions from precryotherapy to postcryotherapy (P < .05). No differences were observed in hip-, knee-, or ankle-joint sagittal-plane kinematics (P > .05). We noted a decrease in mean velocity of the center-of-pressure path from precryotherapy to postcryotherapy (P < .05) in all reach directions. Conclusions Dynamic postural stability was adversely affected immediately after cryotherapy to the ankle joint.

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Liu, Na, Zhou Li, Guo Qing Zhang, Hua Yuan, Wen Yong Xu, and Zheng Jiang Gao. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Property of TiAl Alloys Prepared by Gas Atomization Powders." Materials Science Forum 747-748 (February 2013): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.747-748.497.

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Powder metallurgical TiAl alloy was fabricated by gas atomization powders, and the effect of heat treatment temperature on the microstructure evolution and room tensile properties of PM TiAl alloy was investigated. The uniform fine duplex microstructure was formed in PM TiAl based alloy after being heat treated at 1250/2h followed by furnace cooling (FC)+ 900/6h (FC). When the first step heat treatment temperature was improved to 1360/1h, the near lamellar microstructure was achieved. The ductility of the alloy after heat treatment improved markedly to 1.2% and 0.6%, but the tensile strength decreased to 570MPa and 600MPa compared to 655MPa of as-HIP TiAl alloy. Post heat treatment at the higher temperature in the alpha plus gamma field would regenerate thermally induced porosity (TIP).

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Getto, Elizabeth, Brian Tobie, Esteban Bautista, Alexander L. Bullens, Zachary T. Kroll, Michael J. Pavel, Keyou S. Mao, David W. Gandy, and Janelle P. Wharry. "Thermal Aging and the Hall–Petch Relationship of PM-HIP and Wrought Alloy 625." JOM 71, no. 8 (May 21, 2019): 2837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03532-6.

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Zheng, Liang, Guo Qing Zhang, Xiu Qing Xu, and Zhou Li. "The Microstructure and Properties of Low Carbon PM 625 Alloy for Marine-Based Application." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1747.

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The low carbon content powder metallurgy (PM) 625 alloy were manufactured by vacuum induction gas atomization (VIGA) and hot isostatically pressing (HIP) for marine-based application such as parts in the subsea Xmas tree. Corrosion experiment was performed in simulated deep seawater and subsea oil & gas service environment. The microstructures and properties of low carbon 625 alloy were comparably investigated with that of the as-cast alloy. The results indicated that the dendritic arm spacing (DAS) of the as-cast 625 alloy is 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the powders, whereas the HIPed alloys possess a fine equiaxed grain structures without dendritic segregation and an average grain size of 14.5μm. No minor phase has been found beside the γ matrix in the original powders with different particle size. The tensile strength of low carbon PM 625 alloy is 26% higher than that of as-cast 625 alloy. PM 625 alloy possesses an excellent corrosion resistant in simulated deep seawater and oil & gas service environment for 30 days.

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Lemay, Erik, Joanne Guay, Michel Girard, Pierre Drolet, and Yuan Grenier. "Room B, 10/17/2000 2: 00 PM - 4: 00 PM (PS) Tranexamic Acid Reduces Blood Transfusions in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty." Anesthesiology 93, no. 3A (September 1, 2000): A—193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200009001-00193.

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Ryckwaert, Yves, Philippe Macaire, Olivier Choquet, Nathalie Bernard, and Xavier Capdevila. "Room A, 10/16/2000 2: 00 PM - 4: 00 PM (PS) Postoperative Analgesia by Continuous Psoas Compartment Block after Total Hip Arthroplasty." Anesthesiology 93, no. 3A (September 1, 2000): A—893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200009001-00893.

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Kuang, Chun Jiang, H. Zhong, D. Chen, X. Kuang, Q. Li, and Q. Hao. "Development of Powder Metallurgy High Nitrogen Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1811.

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Nitrogen alloying in steel may greatly increase the strength and corrosion resistance of the material. This paper introduced some research results of high nitrogen stainless steel (HNS) investigation via PM process. Nickel free high nitrogen stainless steels (17Cr12Mn2MoN) and superaustenitic high nitrogen stainless steels (28Cr6Mn2/6Mo10/20NiN) were investigated via gas atomization and HIP processes. Nitrogen alloying behavior during atomization and consolidation processes was investigated. Powders with nitrogen content up to 1% were manufactured by gas atomization process. Nickel free high nitrogen stainless steels with nitrogen up to 0.6% exhibits high strength and ductility at as-HIPed and solution annealed state, and superaustenitic HNS with nitrogen content up to 1% showed very high strength and good ductility at solution annealed state, with b at 1100 MPa, s at 810 MPa and elongation of 43%. PM HNS exhibited excellent corrosion resistance.

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35

Billote, Dinna B., Silas N. Glisson, David Green, and Richard L. Wixson. "Room B, 10/17/2000 2: 00 PM - 4: 00 PM (PS) A Prospective, Randomized Study of Preoperative Autologous Donation for Total Hip Replacement." Anesthesiology 93, no. 3A (September 1, 2000): A—179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200009001-00179.

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Refior, H. J., R. Parhofer, M. Ungeth�m, and W. Bi�mer. "Special problems of cementless fixation of total hip-joint endoprostheses with reference to the PM type." Archives of Orthopaedic and Traumatic Surgery 107, no. 3 (April 1988): 158–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00451596.

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Shulga, A. V. "Enhancing the ductility of ferritic/martensitic stainless steel through the use of PM HIP manufacturing techniques." Engineering Failure Analysis 56 (October 2015): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.11.019.

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Gebril, Mohamed Atef Mohamed. "Heat Treatment of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 by Inserting Nano Nd2FeB14 in HIP Manifolds Under the Scope of Category Theory." Journal of Materials Science Research 6, no. 1 (October 21, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v6n1p1.

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In this paper, improving mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel by spinodal reaction inhibitors has been discussed. Spinodal gaps can be minimized when the host particles are minimized to the nanoscale. The Cahn-Hilliard Equation and the Allen-Cahn Equation on Manifolds with Conical Singularities can be related to manifolds produced by hot isostatic pressing (PM HIP) are used to improve mechanical strength. Spinodal reactions will be Inhibited by magnetic treatment and Nd-Fe-B Magnets. Grain refiners will be used to retard spinodal reactions. Mathematically, category theory is used to establish links between these different concepts.

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Tian, Tian, Changchun Ge, Xinggang Li, Zhibo Hao, Shiqing Peng, and Chonglin Jia. "Influences of a Hot-Working Process on the Microstructural Evolution and Creep Performance of a Spray-Formed Nickel-Based Superalloy." Metals 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040454.

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A new third generation nickel-based powder metallurgy (PM) superalloy, designated as FGH100L, was prepared by spray forming. The effects of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and isothermal forging (IF) processes on the creep performance, microstructure, fracture, and creep deformation mechanism of the alloy were studied. The microstructure and fracture were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The coupled HIP and IF process improved the creep performance of the alloy under the creep condition of 705 °C/897 MPa. As for both the HIPed and IFed alloys, the creep process was dominated by the accumulation of dislocations and stacking faults, cutting through γ’ precipitates. The microstructural evolution was the main factor affecting the creep performance, which mainly manifested as coarsening, splitting, and morphology change of γ’ precipitates. Both the creep fractures of the HIPed and IFed alloys indicated intergranular fracture characteristics. In the former, wedge-shaped cracks usually initiated at the trigeminal intersection of the grain boundaries, while in the latter, cavity cracks generate more easily around the serrated curved grain boundary and carbides.

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Sharrock, N. E., A. Gonzalez Della Valle, G. O. Go, T. P. Sculco, and E. A. Salvati. "Room A, 10/16/2000 2: 00 PM - 4: 00 PM (PS) Prospective Study of 903 Patients Receiving Intraoperative Heparin and Hypotensive Epidural Anesthesia for Total Hip Replacement." Anesthesiology 93, no. 3A (September 1, 2000): A—896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200009001-00896.

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Araujo Filho, Oscar O., João Franklin Liberati, Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro, Maurício David Martins das Neves, Luís Carlos Elias da Silva, and Francisco Ambrozio Filho. "Transverse Rupture Strength of M3:2 High Speed Steel Produced through Conventional Casting and Powder Metallurgy Techniques." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.584.

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The main aim of this work is to study the influence of the heat treatment on the transverse rupture strength of three M3:2 high speed steel obtained by differents techniques. PM Sinter 23 obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of gas atomized powders, a vacuum sintered high speed steel obtained by uniaxial cold compaction and liquid phase sintering of M3:2 water atomized powders and a conventional (cast to ingot and hot work) VWM3C were submitted to hardening in order to determine the influence of this treatment on the transverse rupture strength. The two PM high speed steels and the conventional one were submitted to heat treatment of hardening with austenitizing temperatures of 1140, 1160, 1180 and 1200 °C and tempering at 540 and 560 °C. The effectiveness of the heat treatment was determined by hardness tests (Rockwell C hardness). The microstructure was evaluated by scanning eletronic microscopy (SEM). At least five samples of these three high speed steels were manufactured, austenitized, quenched and tempered as described above and fractured in three point bending tests in order to evaluate the influence of this treatment on the transverse rupture strength (TRS).

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Lang, Ze Bao, Liang Wang, and Wen Jun Jia. "Effect of Thickness of Interlayer on Microstructures of PM TC4 and GCr15 Joints Prepared by HIP Diffusion Bonding." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.899.

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Using different thickness of pure nickel as interlayer, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) diffusion bonding between TC4 prealloyed powders and GCr15 bearing steel have been performed at the temperature of 850 °C, under pressure of 150 MPa for 2 hrs. The diffusion bonding joints gained have been observed and analyzed by optical microscopy, electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction. The result of observation by optical microcopy indicates that, at the interface of TC4 and interlayer, many connecting arcs have been formed, and these arcs gradually disappear with thickness of pure nickel increasing. The result of observation by electron microprobe reveals that, during the process of HIP diffusion bonding, nickel atoms have a short diffusion distance in the zone of GCr15, whereas they diffuse a comparatively long distance in zone of TC4. The observation also find that the distributions of elements of titanium, iron and chrome vary in different area of zone of pure nickel, which results in the formation of different type of intermetallics. Thus, the contact of titanium atom and iron atom can be avoided with certain thickness of pure nickel as interlayer. When thickness of interlayer is large than 120 um in this test, the combination of titanium atom and iron atom will be avoided and intermetallics such as TiFe and TiFe2, are disappeared. These rules mentioned above also have been confirmed by the analysis of X-ray diffraction.

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Qi, Yu, Xin He, and Zhao Chong Ding. "Progresses on Development of Manufacturing Methods of High Purity Tungsten Targets." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.414.

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Tungsten has many excellent properties such as high melting point, high electrical conductivity, high electromigration resistance, high electron emission coefficient, high thermal stability and so on. Because of these excellent properties, high purity tungsten targets have wide applications and development prospects in the integrated circuit (IC) industry. In this paper, some manufacturing methods of tungsten targets was summarized and analyzed. The high melting point of tungsten makes powder metallurgy (PM) be the manufacturing methods of tungsten targets. After preforming of the tungsten powders, some sintering and densification processes like atmosphere pressure sintering, Hot Pressing (HP), Hot Isostatic Pressing(HIP) have been carried out. The grain size and the density of the tungsten targets is different by different manufacturing methods.

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44

Lang, Ze Bao, Liang Wang, and Wen Jun Jia. "Effect of Thickness of Interlayer on Microstructures of PM TC4 and GCr15 Joints Prepared by HIP Diffusion Bonding." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/amr.457-458.899.

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45

Stella, P., G. Masi, and A. Molinari. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of the PM precipitation-hardening alloy N07626: effect of HIP temperature and solution annealing." Powder Metallurgy 59, no. 5 (October 19, 2016): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2016.1243338.

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Bureš, Radovan, Ivan Saxl, and Mária Fáberová. "Quantification of Carbide Distribution in PM Tool Steels with Niob Addition." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.310.

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Powder of tool steel STN 19830 with 1.9 wt.% of Nb addition was prepared by atomization. Compact material was prepared using of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and followed by heat treatment to improve the carbides distribution. The aim of this work was to evaluate and quantify the influence of heat treatment parameters on size, shape and spatial distribution of the carbides. Light optical microscopy and image analysis was used to obtain relevant data. Area fraction of carbides was used as parameter of carbide distribution in steel matrix. Sensitivity and accuracy of this method was compared with technique based on Voronoi tessellation. Result shows that size characteristics of tessellation and area fraction analysis are both sufficiently sensitive to indicate the deviation between different states of the respective material and could be used for quantification of size and spatial distribution of the carbides in PM tool steels. Positive effect of used heat treatment on size and distribution of carbides was verified.

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Ernste, Floranne C., Christopher Chong, Cynthia S. Crowson, Tanaz A. Kermani, Orla Ni Mhuircheartaigh, and Helene Alexanderson. "Functional Index-3: A Valid and Reliable Functional Outcome Assessment Measure in Patients With Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis." Journal of Rheumatology 48, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.191374.

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Objective.Patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) have reduced muscle endurance.The aim of this study was to streamline the Functional Index-2 (FI-2) by developing the Functional Index-3 (FI-3) and to evaluate its measurement properties, content and construct validity, and intra- and interrater reliability.Methods.A dataset of the previously performed and validated FI-2 (n = 63) was analyzed for internal redundancy, floor, and ceiling effects. The content of the FI-2 was revised into the FI-3. Construct validity and intrarater reliability of FI-3 were tested on 43 DM and PM patients at 2 rheumatology centers. Interrater reliability was tested in 25 patients. The construct validity was compared with the Myositis Activities Profile (MAP), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and Borg CR-10 using Spearman correlation coefficient.Results.Spearman correlation coefficients of 63 patients performing FI-3 revealed moderate to high correlations between shoulder flexion and hip flexion tasks and similar correlations with MAP and HAQ scores; there were lower correlations for neck flexion task. All FI-3 tasks had very low to moderate correlations with the Borg scale. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of FI-3 tasks for intrarater reliability (n = 25) were moderate to good (0.88–0.98). ICC of FI-3 tasks for interrater reliability (n = 17) were fair to good (range 0.83–0.96).Conclusion.The FI-3 is an efficient and valid method for clinically assessing muscle endurance in DM and PM patients. FI-3 construct validity is supported by the significant correlations between functional tasks and the MAP, HAQ, and Borg CR-10 scores.

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Barbosa Goes, Ana Lucia, Davi Mota De Jesus, Tiago Bastos Silva, Vinícius Cardoso Lago, Luis Agnaldo Pereira De Souza, and Ana Marice Teixeira Ladeia. "Influence of postural misalignment on blood pressure fall in hypertensive individuals: an exploratory cross sectional study." Revista Pesquisa em Fisioterapia 8, no. 2 (May 16, 2018): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v8i2.1955.

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INTRODUCTION: blood pressure System (SNS) has been considered as the ultimate integrator of the systems’ physiology on Blood Pressure (BP) control. Posture is also regulated by SNS. Systems which regulate BP also act on postural control. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis of an association between postural misalignments (PM) and BP fall in hypertensive individuals. METHODS: Exploratory study using a sample of 40 hypertensive individuals, who regularly use antihypertensive drugs. All of them underwent Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) and posture assessment, through Postural Assessment Software (PAS). To test association between posture angles and BP variables, the student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney tests were used, at a 5% level of significance. This study is registered at clinical trials, under the number NCT02401516. RESULTS: For Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), anterior trunk shift presented smaller awake/asleep variation (14.7%vs25.3%, p=0.01), and flexing ankle for higher BP loads: 21.9%vs7.8% for total load (p=0.02), 21.8%vs9% for load during the period awake (p=0.04) and 21.9%vs7.9% for load during the period asleep (p=0.02). For Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), posterior trunk shift presented higher pressure load (24.0%vs16.2%, p=0.04), and anterior trunk shift presented smaller awake/asleep variation (14.4%vs25.5%, p=0.01) and flexing hip presented higher BP load (29.4%vs18.3%, p=0.02). From posture scores, the PM presented smaller awake/asleep variation for SBP (13.7%vs22.8%, p=0.03) and DBP (11.5%vs23.5%, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: PM can be associated with pressure fall. Three or more alterations in posture angles are associated with smaller awake/asleep BP variation.

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Morau, D., P. Biboulet, Y. Barthelet, Y. Ryckwaert, and F. d'Athis. "Room A, 10/16/2000 2: 00 PM - 4: 00 PM (PS) The Effect of a Anterior and Posterior Lumbar Plexus Block on Postoperative Pain after Total Hip Replacement." Anesthesiology 93, no. 3A (September 1, 2000): A—889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200009001-00889.

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Sawatzky, Trevor, Dong Yi Seo, H. Saari, D. Laurin, Dae Jin Kim, and Young Won Kim. "The Effect of Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Creep Properties of Powder Metallurgy Beta Gamma Titanium Aluminide Alloys." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.500.

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The microstructure and creep properties of two powder metallurgy (PM) ‘beta gamma’ titanium aluminide alloys are presented. Alloy powders with nominal compositions of TiAl-4Nb-3Mn (G1) and TiAl-2Nb-2Mo (G2) were produced by gas atomization and consolidated by a two-step hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process (1250 °C/200 MPa/1 hour + 1100 °C/200 MPa/3 hours + slow cooling to room temperature). After HIP, the materials were given a step cooled heat treatment (SCHT) of 40 min at 1400 °C, furnace cooling to 1280 °C, and air cooling to room temperature. Selected specimens were aged at 900 °C for 6 or 24 hours. The SCHT yielded similar fully lamellar microstructures for both alloys, with a lamellar spacing of 0.04 m, but with different grain sizes averaging 80 m (G1) and 40 m (G2). The aging treatments generated  precipitates along lamellar colony boundaries in both alloys, but along lamellar interfaces only in alloy G2. Constant load tensile creep tests were performed at 760 °C and 276 MPa. Alloy G2 exhibited superior creep performance compared to alloy G1, due to the quantity and size of  precipitate particles at the lamellar interfaces.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PM-HIP'

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