Academic literature on the topic 'Pleistocene Climate Changes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pleistocene Climate Changes"
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Diester-Haass, Liselotte, Katharina Billups, and Caroline Lear. "Productivity changes across the mid-Pleistocene climate transition." Earth-Science Reviews 179 (April 2018): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.02.016.
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Vakulenko, N. V., V. M. Kotlyakov, F. Lambert, and D. M. Sonechkin. "The role of the ocean in pleistocene climate changes." Doklady Earth Sciences 432, no. 1 (May 2010): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x10050235.
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Mäder, Geraldo, Priscilla M. Zamberlan, Ana Lucia A. Segatto, João R. Stehmann, Sandro L. Bonatto, and Loreta B. Freitas. "When phylogeography meets niche suitability to unravel the evolutionary history of a shrub from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 195, no. 1 (September 3, 2020): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa073.
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Abstract The Brazilian Atlantic Forest (BAF) is one of the most impacted biomes in the world, and in this region, there are several examples of the effects of Pleistocene climate changes among the species found there. Athenaea fasciculata (Solanaceae) is a forest component distributed mainly throughout the BAF extension. Here, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of A. fasciculata based on plastid and nuclear markers, aiming to better understand the impact of Pleistocene climate changes on BAF vegetation. We used population genetics, demographic methods and ecological niche modelling coupled to an evolutionary approach to describe the species distribution across time. The phylogeographic analysis of A. fasciculata indicated that Pleistocene climate changes played an important role in its evolution. The species is structured in two groups of populations that emerged from different refugia and were under different climate influences, supporting previously proposed connections between the Atlantic and Amazon Forests, the two most important Neotropical rainforests.
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Bender, Adrian M., Richard O. Lease, Lee B. Corbett, Paul R. Bierman, Marc W. Caffee, James V. Jones, and Doug Kreiner. "Yukon River incision drove organic carbon burial in the Bering Sea during global climate changes at 2.6 and 1 Ma." Earth Surface Dynamics 10, no. 5 (October 28, 2022): 1041–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1041-2022.
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Abstract. River erosion affects the carbon cycle and thus climate by exporting terrigenous carbon to seafloor sediment and by nourishing CO2-consuming marine life. The Yukon River–Bering Sea system preserves rare source-to-sink records of these processes across profound changes in global climate during the past 5 million years (Ma). Here, we expand the terrestrial erosion record by dating terraces along the Charley River, Alaska, and explore linkages among previously published Yukon River tributary incision chronologies and Bering Sea sedimentation. Cosmogenic 26Al/10Be isochron burial ages of Charley River terraces match previously documented central Yukon River tributary incision from 2.6 to 1.6 Ma during Pliocene–Pleistocene glacial expansion, and at 1.1 Ma during the 1.2–0.7 Ma Middle Pleistocene climate transition. Bering Sea sediments preserve 2–4-fold rate increases of Yukon River-derived continental detritus, terrestrial and marine organic carbon, and silicate microfossil deposition at 2.6–2.1 and 1.1–0.8 Ma. These tightly coupled records demonstrate elevated terrigenous nutrient and carbon export and concomitant Bering Sea productivity in response to climate-forced Yukon River incision. Carbon burial related to accelerated terrestrial erosion may contribute to CO2 drawdown across the Pliocene–Pleistocene and Middle Pleistocene climate transitions observed in many proxy records worldwide.
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Timmermann, Axel, Kyung-Sook Yun, Pasquale Raia, Jiaoyang Ruan, Alessandro Mondanaro, Elke Zeller, Christoph Zollikofer, et al. "Climate effects on archaic human habitats and species successions." Nature 604, no. 7906 (April 13, 2022): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04600-9.
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AbstractIt has long been believed that climate shifts during the last 2 million years had a pivotal role in the evolution of our genus Homo1–3. However, given the limited number of representative palaeo-climate datasets from regions of anthropological interest, it has remained challenging to quantify this linkage. Here, we use an unprecedented transient Pleistocene coupled general circulation model simulation in combination with an extensive compilation of fossil and archaeological records to study the spatiotemporal habitat suitability for five hominin species over the past 2 million years. We show that astronomically forced changes in temperature, rainfall and terrestrial net primary production had a major impact on the observed distributions of these species. During the Early Pleistocene, hominins settled primarily in environments with weak orbital-scale climate variability. This behaviour changed substantially after the mid-Pleistocene transition, when archaic humans became global wanderers who adapted to a wide range of spatial climatic gradients. Analysis of the simulated hominin habitat overlap from approximately 300–400 thousand years ago further suggests that antiphased climate disruptions in southern Africa and Eurasia contributed to the evolutionary transformation of Homo heidelbergensis populations into Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, respectively. Our robust numerical simulations of climate-induced habitat changes provide a framework to test hypotheses on our human origin.
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Jiménez-Moreno, Gonzalo, Hülya Alçiçek, M. Cihat Alçiçek, Lars van den Hoek Ostende, and Frank P. Wesselingh. "Vegetation and climate changes during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene in SW Anatolia, Turkey." Quaternary Research 84, no. 3 (November 2015): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.09.005.
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Pollen analysis was done on lacustrine sedimentary sequences dated by micromammals as late Pliocene–early Pleistocene that outcrop in two Neogene graben basins from SW Turkey. This study shows vegetation changes from steppe-like to more forested environments, very similar to the cyclic oscillations related to late Pleistocene glacial–interglacial climate changes. Artemisia was abundant during cold–arid periods, indicating that this species was already widespread in this area during the latest Pliocene and the beginning of the Pleistocene. A review of pollen records from Anatolia agrees with this study, suggesting that the spreading of this arid species occurred during a major climatic change: the beginning of the first glaciations and probably a change in seasonality towards summer aridity. Artemisia temporarily disappeared from the region during warm–wet periods and thus we suggest that glacial–interglacial-type oscillations already occurred in the area during the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene.
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Mazza, Paul P. A., and Adele Bertini. "Were Pleistocene hippopotamuses exposed to climate-driven body size changes?" Boreas 42, no. 1 (October 24, 2012): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00285.x.
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Takakura, Jun. "Rethinking the Disappearance of Microblade Technology in the Terminal Pleistocene of Hokkaido, Northern Japan: Looking at Archaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Evidence." Quaternary 3, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat3030021.
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Archaeological research, for several decades, has shown that various microblade technologies using obsidian and hard shale appeared and developed from the Last Glacial Maximum to the terminal Pleistocene (Bølling–Allerød–Younger Dryas) in Hokkaido, Northern Japan. It is well accepted that microblade technology was closely related to the high mobility of foragers to adapt to harsh environments. Recent archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence from Hokkaido demonstrates that the disappearance of microblade technology occurred during the terminal Pleistocene, influenced by a wide range of factors, including changes in landscape, climate, subsistence and human populations. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of research on the process and background of the disappearance of microblade technology and to discuss prospects for future research. This paper will (1) review palaeoenvironmental research in Hokkaido on changes in climate and biological composition from the terminal Pleistocene to the initial Holocene; (2) survey changes in the technological adaptations and resource use of humans based on the archaeological evidence; and (3) discuss how the abrupt fluctuations of climate that occurred in the terminal Pleistocene affected human behaviour and demographics in Hokkaido.
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Sirenko, О. А. "CHANGES IN THE CLIMATE AND DENDROFLORA OF THE NORTHEASTERN PART OF UKRAINE IN THE LATE MIOCENE—EARLY PLEISTOCENE (ACCORDING TO PALYNOLOGICAL DATA)." Ukrainian geographical journal 2022, no. 3 (November 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2022.03.021.
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The results of palynological studies serve as the basis for paleofloristic and paleoclimatic reconstructions. Plants are sensitive to changes in basic climatic parameters—heat and moisture. In this regard, the flora is a reliable indicator of changes in paleoclimatic conditions. The purpose of this study is the paleofloristic and paleoclimatic reconstructions of the late Miocene—early Pleistocene of the northeastern part of Ukraine based on palynological data. For the regions of Dnieper-Donetsk depression and the central part of the Donetsk folded structure, detailed reconstructions of paleoclimate changes from the late Miocene to the Pliocene based on palynological data are presented for the first time. The information on climatic changes during the Gelasian time of the early Pleistocene of these regions has been significantly supplemented. Paleoclimate reconstructions were carried out on the basis of analysis of the taxonomic composition of spore-pollen complexes and subcomplexes that characterize Upper Miocene-Lower Pleistocene sediments, analysis of ecological timing of individual taxa, as well as analysis of geographical elements of flora and patterns of changes in their relationships over time. It is established that the climate of the late Miocene, Pliocene, and early Pleistocene of the northeastern part of Ukraine was characterized by cyclicity of different frequencies and amplitude. Climatic optimums and pessimums traced in the specified period of time are characterized. The curves of changes in the main climate parameters of the northeastern part of Ukraine in the late Miocene-early Pleistocene are represented.
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Rousseau, Denis-Didier, Witold Bagniewski, and Michael Ghil. "Abrupt climate changes and the astronomical theory: are they related?" Climate of the Past 18, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-249-2022.
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Abstract. Abrupt climate changes are defined as sudden climate changes that took place over tens to hundreds of years or recurred at millennial timescales; they are thought to involve processes that are internal to the climate system. By contrast, astronomically forced climate changes involve processes that are external to the climate system and whose multi-millennial quasi-periodic variations are well known from astronomical theory. In this paper, we re-examine the main climate variations determined from the U1308 North Atlantic marine record, which yields a detailed calving history of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets over the past 3.2 Myr. The magnitude and periodicity of the ice-rafted debris (IRD) events observed in the U1308 record allow one to determine the timing of several abrupt climate changes, the larger ones corresponding to the massive iceberg discharges labeled Heinrich events (HEs). In parallel, abrupt warmings, called Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events, have been identified in the Greenland records of the last glaciation cycle. Combining the HE and DO observations, we study a complex mechanism giving rise to the observed millennial-scale variability that subsumes the abrupt climate changes of last 0.9 Myr. This process is characterized by the presence of Bond cycles, which group DO events and the associated Greenland stadials into a trend of increased cooling, with IRD events embedded into every stadial, the latest of these being an HE. These Bond cycles may have occurred during the last 0.9 Ma when Northern Hemisphere ice sheets reached their maximum extent and volume, thus becoming a major player in this time interval's climate dynamics. Since the waxing and waning of ice sheets during the Quaternary period are orbitally paced, we conclude that the abrupt climate changes observed during the Middle Pleistocene and Upper Pleistocene are therewith indirectly linked to the astronomical theory of climate.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pleistocene Climate Changes"
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Chalk, Thomas B. "Boron based insights into Plio-Pleistocene carbon cycle changes and global climate evolution." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/374239/.
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From the Pliocene to the modern, the Earth’s climate has undergone a vast and significant change from a world dominated by continental ice restricted only to Antarctica with a rhythmic 41 kyr beat, through a period of declining atmospheric CO2 and cooling culminating with the bihemispheric glaciation known today, dominated by 100 kyr cyclicity. Ocean circulation is often given a central role in the dynamics of the late Neogene although many questions, such as the role of the North Atlantic in glacial-interglacial CO2 change remain. It is a well-studied region however and as such provides an ideal location for further study with novel proxies that may potentially provide new insights. Similarly, atmospheric CO2 is often thought to be the most crucial single variable driving Plio-Pleistocene climate change. Atmospheric CO2 reconstructions so far published beyond the end of the 800 ka Dome C ice core record are however few and of relatively low resolution and/or precision. This is at present hampering our understanding of CO2-climate interaction for climates warmer than the present and must be addressed as a priority given humanity’s ever-increasing CO2 emissions and anthropogenic global warming. This thesis aims to address these issues using boron-based proxies in foraminiferal carbonate. The potential power of these boron based proxies to directly quantify the marine carbonate system in the past has an enormous draw, both as a pH-CO2 proxy, but also for identifying the role of the deep ocean circulation changes in ocean carbon storage and release on orbital timescales. The first half of this thesis aims to better address the role of ocean circulation in rapid climate change and carbon storage over glacial-interglacial cycles. δ11B and B/Ca records from benthic foraminifera (Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi) from three cores in the North Atlantic spanning the last full glacial cycle and making up a depth, latitude and longitude transect are presented. These show that over this period, North Atlantic circulation is both dynamic and complex, presenting new and demonstrable links between climate change and the deep ocean carbonate system. Within this record a high-resolution section was taken focusing on the last 40 thousand years to search for any rapid changes in circulation associated with Heinrich events. It is demonstrated here that the boron based proxies can remove ambiguity from the existing records of deep ocean circulation change and challenge the established theory of deep water formation (DWF) shutdown in the Northern hemisphere during H-events. In the second half of this thesis atmospheric CO2 records, beyond the reach of the ice cores, derived from the δ11B of planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinoides ruber) from the tropical Atlantic basin and Caribbean Sea are presented. Here the relationship between the climate system (both in terms of ice-volume/sea level and temperature) is examined in climate states warmer than today. These include a suborbitally resolved record from 1.0-1.2 Ma to observe the nature of CO2 cycles before the ‘over thickening’ of the Laurentide ice sheet and the associated switch from 41 kyr to 100 kyr climate cycles at the Mid Pleistocene Transition (MPT). This study reveals the existence, around 1 million years ago, of high amplitude CO2 cycles with a 41 kyr cyclicity, and a mean CO2 level around 25 ppm above the Late Pleistocene. The relationship between CO2 and ice volume/SL prior to the MPT is significantly different to that post MPT, implying that CO2 decline and some other boundary condition change, probably related to the sub-glacial regolith, were both responsible for this most recent major climatic transition. Also reconstructed is a multisite reconstruction of atmospheric CO2, extending through the last 3.5 million years, including the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (iNHG). In order to gain a quantitative understanding of the role of CO2 decline in Plio-Pleistocene cooling a comprehensive compilation of sea surface temperature data is also presented. A combination of this record of “global” sea surface temperature data with the longterm CO2 data confirms that Plio-Pleistocene cooling was driven by CO2 decline amplified by the ice-sheet albedo feedback.
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Weirauch, Daniel R. "A high-resolution record of climate instability spanning ~1.0 million years across the mid-Pleistocene transition." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 131 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1472642111&sid=21&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Eastwood, Rodney Gordon, and N/A. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20071130.134932.
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The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.
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Eastwood, Rodney Gordon. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365668.
Full textAbstract:
The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Muteveri, Tinashe. "Effect of pleistocene climatic changes on the evolutionary history of South African intertidal gastropods." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79791.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historical vicariant processes due to glaciations, resulting from the large-scale environmental changes during the Pleistocene (0.012-2.6 million years ago, Mya), have had significant impacts on the geographic distribution of species, especially also in marine systems. The motivation for this study was to provide novel information that would enhance ongoing efforts to understand the patterns of biodiversity on the South African coast and to infer the abiotic processes that played a role in shaping the evolution of taxa confined to this region. The principal objective of this study was to explore the effect of Pleistocene climate changes on South Africa′s marine biodiversity using five intertidal gastropods (comprising four rocky shore species Turbo sarmaticus, Oxystele sinensis, Oxystele tigrina, Oxystele variegata, and one sandy shore species Bullia rhodostoma) as indicator species. Sequence data obtained from partial segments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (COI), and the nuclear ribosomal DNA (encompassing part of 5.8S, second Internal Transcribed Spacer and part of 28S, hereinafter called ITS2; or comprising part of the first Internal Transcribed Spacer, 5.8S, second Internal Transcribed Spacer and part of 28S, hereinafter called ITS), were used as genetic markers to construct phylogeographic patterns and to investigate demographic histories of the taxa. Population structure was investigated using haplotype network analyses, pairwise ΦST statistics, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), isolation by distance analyses, Bayesian analysis of population structure (BAPS) and coalescent analysis of gene flow. Demographic history was analysed through Fu′s Fs tests, mismatch distributions, and Bayesian skyline plots. Demographic analyses suggest that all five intertidal gastropods studied experienced demographic expansions dating to the late Pleistocene. The sandy shore direct developer B. rhodostoma began expansion after the LGM (c. 15 kya) whereas for the four rocky shore broadcast spawners (T. sarmaticus, O. sinensis, O. tigrina, and O. variegata) the onset of expansion coincided with or preceded the LGM (c. 25, 60, 50, 40 kya, respectively). Consistent with recent range expansions and gene flow patterns, the population genetic structure in all species was characterised by shallow or a lack of population differentiation. Oxystele variegata was an exception as it showed a deep disjunction, of late Pleistocene origin, between individuals in the west coast Namaqua Bioregion and those in the south coast Agulhas Bioregion. These results provide strong evidence of the vital role that Pleistocene climatic changes and current regimes played in shaping the nature and distribution of biodiversity on the South African coast. In addition, gene flow in all species, except O. tigrina, was remarkably asymmetrical with the regions around Cape Infanta and Port Elizabeth acting as source populations. Considering the generally weak population genetic structure and gene flow patterns detected for most gastropod species studied here, it is recommended that T. sarmaticus, O. sinensis, O. tigrina and B. rhodostoma be managed as panmictic populations, and that the region encompassing Cape Infanta, and Port Elizabeth should be prioritised for conservation as it appears to harbour source populations. Oxystele variegata was the only species showing distinct population structure and in this instance, species specific conservation efforts should recognize this divergence by treating the two genetic assemblages as distinct management units.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Historiese vikariante prosesse kan toegeskryf word aan glasiasie, en het tot gevolg gehad dat grootskaalse veranderinge in die omgewing plaasgevind het tydens die Pleistoseen (,012 - 2.6 miljoen jaar gelede, Mjg). Dit het 'n beduidende impak gehad op die geografiese verspreiding van spesies, veral ook in die mariene stelsels. Die motivering vir hierdie studie was om nuwe data te voorsien wat sal bydrae tot die voortgesette pogings om die patrone van biodiversiteit langs die Suid-Afrikaanse kus te verstaan. Dit sou ook help om die abiotiese prosesse af te lei wat 'n rol gespeel het in die evolusie van taksa wat in hierdie streek voorkom. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die effek van die Pleistoseen klimaatsveranderinge op Suid-Afrika se mariene biodiversiteit te bepaal deur gebruik te maak van vyf intergety slak spesies as indikatore (vier wat in rotsagtige gebiede voorkom: Turbo sarmaticus, Oxystele sinensis, Oxystele tigrina, Oxystele variegata en 'n sanderige strand spesies: Bullia rhodostoma). Volgorde data verkry vanaf gedeeltelike segmente van die mitochondriale sitochroom oksidase c subeenheid 1 (COI), en die kern ribosomale DNA (bestaande uit 'n deel van 5.8S, tweede interne getranskribeerde spasieërders en 'n deel van 28S), hierna genoem ITS2 is gebruik as genetiese merkers om filogeografiese patrone te dokumenteer en ook om die demografiese geskiedenis van die spesies te ondersoek. Bevolking struktuur is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van haplotipe netwerk analise, paarsgewyse ΦST statistiek, analise van molekulêre variansie (AMOVA), isolasie deur afstand analise, Bayesiaanse analise van die bevolking struktuur (BAPS) en analise van gene vloei. Demografiese geskiedenis is ontleed deur Fu se Fs toetse, misparing verdelings, en Bayesiaanse luglyn kurwes. Demografiese ontleding dui daarop dat al vyf die intergety slakke wat ondersoek is demografiese uitbreidings ervaar het wat terugdateer tot die einde van die Pleistoseen. Die sanderige strand direkte ontwikkelaar, B. rhodostoma, het die uitbreiding begin na die LGM (c. 15 Kya), terwyl vir die vier rotsagtige kusbewoners wat eiers oor 'n uitgebreide gebiede versprei (T. sarmaticus, O. sinensis, O. tigrina, en O. variegata) het die aanvang van die bevolkings uitbreiding saamgeval met die laaste galsiasie of dit voorafgegaan (c. 25, 60, 50, 40 Kya, onderskeidelik). In ooreenstemming met die onlangse reeks bevolkings uitbreidings, is die bevolking genetiese struktuur in alle spesies gekenmerk deur weinig differensiasie. Oxystele variegata was 'n uitsondering en het 'n ontwrigting van laat Pleistoceen oorsprong getoon tussen individue langs die weskus Namaqua Biostreek en dié in die suid kus Agulhas biostreek. Hierdie resultate voorsien sterk bewyse van die belangrike rol wat die Pleistoseen klimaatsveranderinge gespeel het in die vorming en verspreiding van biodiversiteit langs die Suid-Afrikaanse kus. Daarbenewens, geen vloei in alle spesies, behalwe O. tigrina, was merkwaardig asimmetries. Kaap Infanta en Port Elizabeth verteenwoordig moontlik die bron bevolkings. Met inagneming van die geringe bevolking genetiese struktuur en geenvloei patrone wat waargeneem is vir die meeste slak spesies wat bestudeer is, word dit aanbeveel dat T. sarmaticus, O. sinensis, O. tigrina en B. rhodostoma bestuur word as 'n panmiktiese bevolking, en dat die streek wat Kaap Infanta en Port Elizabeth insluit geprioritiseer moet word vir bewaring. Oxystele variegata was die enigste spesie wat duidelike bevolking struktuur getoon het en in hierdie geval, moet spesie spesifieke bewaringspogings aangewend word.
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Heard, Joshua Andrews. "Late Pleistocene and Holocene Aged Glacial and Climatic Reconstructions in the Goat Rocks Wilderness, Washington, United States." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/557.
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Eight glaciers, covering an area of 1.63 km2, reside on the northern and northeastern slopes of the Goat Rocks tallest peaks in the Cascades of central Washington. At least three glacial stands occurred downstream from these glaciers. Closest to modern glacier termini are Little Ice Age (LIA) moraines that were deposited between 1870 and 1899 AD, according to the lichenometric analysis. They are characterized by sharp, minimally eroded crests, little to no soil cover, and minimal vegetation cover. Glacier reconstructions indicate that LIA glaciers covered 8.29 km2, 76% more area than modern ice coverage. The average LIA equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of 1995 ± 70 m is ~150 m below the average modern ELA of 2149 ± 76 m. To satisfy climate conditions at the LIA ELA, the winter snow accumulation must have been 8 to 43 cm greater and mean summer temperatures 0.2 to 1.3 ºC cooler than they are now. Late Pleistocene to early Holocene (LPEH) aged moraines are located between 100 and 400 m below the LIA deposits. They have degraded moraine crests, few surface boulders, and considerable vegetation and soil cover. Volcanic ashes indicate LPEH moraines were deposited before 1480 AD while morphometric data suggest deposition during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. The average LPEH ELA of 1904 ± 110 m is ~ 240 m and ~90 m below the modern and LIA ELAs, respectively. The climate change necessary to maintain a glacier with an ELA at that elevation for LPEH conditions requires the winter accumulation to increase by 47 to 48 cm weq and the mean summer temperature to cool by 1.4 to 1.5 ºC. Last glacial maximum (LGM) moraines are located more than 30 km downstream from modern glacial termini. They are characterized by hummocky topography, rounded moraine crests, complete vegetation cover, and well developed soil cover. Moraine morphometry, soil characteristics, and distance from modern glacial termini indicate that deposition occurred at least 15 ka BP during an expansive cooling event, the last being the LGM. The LGM ELA of 1230 m is ~920 m below the modern ELA. The climate change necessary to maintain a glacier with an ELA at that elevation for LGM conditions requires the mean summer temperature to cool by 5.6 ºC with no change in precipitation.
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Rech, André Rodrigo 1985. "Walking through the flower fields = the role of time and space on the evolution of pollination strategies." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315723.
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Orientadores: Marlies Sazima, Jeff OllertonTexto em português e inglês
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Os padrões encontrados em ecologia são resultado de processos contemporâneos interagindo com uma longa história de contingência. No entanto, poucos estudos têm buscado entender o papel relativo de fatores contemporâneos e pretéritos sobre padrões reprodutivos de plantas. No decorrer dessa tese foram consideradas essas duas dimensões (temporal e espacial) em estudos sobre polinização. A amplitude do estudo em relação ao tempo foi de horas até milênios, da mesma forma que para o espaço, para o qual se considerou desde metros até variações entre diferentes continentes na escala planetária. Os capítulos estão organizados em uma escala crescente de tempo e espaço. No primeiro capítulo foi considerada a variação fina de horas e metros no estudo sobre a polinização de algumas espécies de Davilla; nesse capítulo também são apresentados outros aspectos da história natural na família Dilleniaceae e uma abordagem filogenética para a evolução de algumas características florais. No capítulo 2, ao longo de vários anos, foi verificada a habilidade de visitantes florais depositar pólen, sua frequência e a importância de cada grupo de visitante nas flores de Knautia arvensis nesse período. O capítulo 3 demonstra variações no espaço tanto na morfologia floral e foliar como no crescimento do tubo polínico em diferentes testes de polinização, utilizando Curatella americana com populações distribuídas no Cerrado Brasileiro. No capítulo 4 é apresentada a variação espacial no sistema reprodutivo e a relação dos polinizadores com o nível de polinização cruzada e do passado climático com o nível de autopolinização espontânea, também tratando de C. americana. Para finalizar o capítulo 5 considera 50 inventários distribuidos ao redor do planeta categorizando as plantas em anemófilas ou zoófilas e demonstra o papel da precipitação (presente e passada) e da riqueza de espécies vegetais na prevalência de cada um dos modos de polinização. Como conclusão geral, fica clara a importância de se considerar as dimensões temporal e espacial nas interações entre plantas e polinizadores, a fim de entender como essas evoluem e como impactam na evolução da morfologia floral e nos sistemas de polinização
Abstract: Patterns in ecology are the products of current factors interacting with a longstanding history of contingency. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to disentangle the contribution of past and current factors on plant reproduction patterns. Here we studied pollination considering both, spatial and temporal dimensions. Time variation goes from hours to millennia as well as space, whose importance was considered from meters to the whole planet. The chapter¿s sequence within the thesis is planned to go from the small to the large scale. We show the importance of fine grained variations such as hours and meters in the flower differentiation and pollination of two Davilla species in the chapter 1. In the chapter 2 we studied pollen deposition and visitation frequency in Knautia arvensis considering a year scale and showed the most important pollinator changing every year. In the Chapters 3 we used Curatella americana with populations studied across Brazilian Cerrado and show spatial variation in flower and leaf morphology and pollen tube growth. Chapter 4 also using C. americana shows the variation on the reproductive system across space, with cross-pollination related to pollinator availability and the level of autogamy underpinned by past climate. To finish, Chapter 5 deal with 50 community-based assessments of wind and animal pollination over the world and show the importance of precipitation (current and past) and plant species richness as major drivers of these proportion. As a general conclusion, it is clear that temporal and spatial factors cannot be ignored in spite to understand floral evolution and the interactions between plant and pollinators
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia
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Lisiecki, Lorraine E. "Paleoclimate time series : new alignment and compositing techniques, a 5.3-MYR benthic [exponents] d18O stack, and analysis of Pliocene-Pleistocene climate transitions /." View online version; access limited to Brown University users, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3174639.
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Furini, Paulo Roberto. "Modelagem preditiva de distribuição passada e futura de Ficus adhatodifolia Schott., Ficus insipida Willd. e Ficus citrifolia Mil. (Moraceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-26052015-143536/.
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As glaciações do Quaternário moldaram os padrões filogeográficos das espécies em geral. Em algumas regiões da América do Sul, (e.g. Cerrado e Caatinga) a mudança estrutural foi mais acentuada, havendo o predomino de savanas, ao passo que em outras regiões (e.g. Amazônica e Mata Atlântica) as mudanças foram menores, formando áreas de refúgios florestais. A Modelagem Preditiva de Distribuição de espécies usa associações entre variáveis ambientais e registros de ocorrência da espécie para estimar modelos que representam as condições ambientais favoráveis à espécie. Neste trabalho foram estudadas três espécies de figueiras Neotropicais com características ecológicas distintas, representando duas linhagens filogenéticas independentes, i.e., seções Americana (Ficus citrifolia) e Pharmacosycea (Ficus adhatodifolia e Ficus insipida). Foram gerados modelos para os cenários passados (Interglacial 140.000 e Glacial 21.000 anos atrás), presente e futuro (2050 e 2070, nos cenários otimistas e pessimistas) para as três espécies estudadas usando o programa Maxent 3.3.3k. Os resultados obtidos mostram que para F. adhatodifolia as variáveis mais importantes nos modelos foram temperatura mínima do mês mais frio e precipitação do mês mais seco. Para F. insipida as variáveis mais importantes nos modelos foram temperatura mínima do mês mais frio e precipitação anual. Para F. citrifolia as variáveis mais importantes nos modelos foram temperatura mínima do mês mais frio e precipitação do mês mais chuvoso. Os modelos projetados no cenário interglacial, para as três espécies estudadas, apresentaram áreas de adequabilidade ambiental próximas ao cenário atual. Durante o período glacial F. adhatodifolia mostrou uma mudança considerável em sua área de ocorrência, ocorrendo em regiões consideradas refúgios para algumas espécies. Ficus insipida apresentou uma retração na sua adequabilidade ambiental, porém mantendo-se na região amazônica, enquanto que F. citrifolia teve um aumento na sua área de adequabilidade. Nos cenários futuros (2050 e 2070) F.adhatodifolia apresentou uma diminuição em sua área de ocorrência em ambos os cenários otimista e pessimista, F. insipida apresentou um aumento em sua área de adequabilidade ambiental e F.citrifolia apresentou uma diminuição e fragmentação na região Amazônica nos cenários otimista e pessimista de 2050 e otimista de 2070. As exigências ambientais e os possíveis padrões filogeográficos das três espécies são discutidos no contexto dos modelos preditivos gerados.The Quaternary glaciations shaped the phylogeographic patterns of species in general. In some regions of South America (e.g.Cerrado and Caatinga) structural change was more pronounced and savannas predominated, whereas in other regions (e.g. Amazon and Atlantic Forest) changes were minor, forming areas of forest refuges. Species distribution Predictive Modeling uses associations between environmental variables and species occurrence records to estimate models that represent the environmental conditions favorable to the species. In the present study we chose three species of Neotropical Ficus with different ecological characteristics, representing two independent phylogenetic lineages, i.e., sections Americana (Ficus citrifolia) and Pharmacosycea (F.adhatodifolia and F.insipida). We generated models for the past (interglacial 140,000 years ago and Glacial 21,000 years ago), present and future scenarios (2050 and 2070 in optimistic and pessimistic scenarios) for the three study species using Maxent 3.3.3k program. Our results showed thatfor F. adhatodifolia the most important variables in the models were minimum temperature in the coldest month and precipitation in the driest month. For F.insipida the most important variables in the models were minimum temperature in the coldest month and annual precipitation. For F. citrifolia the most important variables in the models were minimum temperature in the coldest month and precipitation in the wettest month. The models designed for the interglacial stage showed areas of environmental suitability similar to the current scenario of the three species. During the glacial period F. adhatodifolia showed a considerable change in its range, occurring in regions considered refuges for some species. Ficus insipida had its environmental suitability decreased, but remained in the Amazon region, while F. citrifolia increased its area of suitability. In the future models (2050 and 2070) F.adhatodifolia showed a decrease in its range on both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, F.insipida showed an increase in its area of environmental suitability and F.citrifolia has been decreasing and fragmentation in the Amazon region in the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios 2050 and optimistic 2070. The environmental requirements and the potential phylogeographic patterns of the study species are discussed in the context of the generated predictive models.
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Tan, Ning. "Comprendre l’évolution de la cryosphère et du climat du Pliocène à la transition Plio-Pléistocène." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV032/document.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de l’interaction cryosphère-climat depuis le milieu du Pliocène jusqu’au quaternaire pendant l’installation pérenne de la calotte groenlandaise. Nous étudions d’abord les causes du développement et de la disparition de l’importante mais courte glaciation qui a eu lieu pendant le stade isotopique marin M2 (MIS M23.264-¬3.312 Ma). Ensuite, dans le cadre du programme international sur la modélisation du Pliocène (PLIOMIP2), nous étudions le climat de la période chaude du Plaisancien moyen(MPWP, 3.3-3.0Ma). Enfin, la troisième période étudiée est la transition Plio-Pléistocène transition (PPT, 3.0-2.5Ma), que nous avons étudiée grâce à un couplage asynchrone entre un modèle de climat et un modèle de calotte. A travers ces différentes périodes, nous avons amélioré la connaissance des relations entrepCO2, tectonique et climat pendant la transition d’un monde chaud et riche en CO2 vers le monde bien plus froid et à faible pCO2 des glaciations quaternaires. Ce résultat montre l’importance de mieux comprendre les relations entre dynamique océanique, pCO2 et climatThis thesis is devoted tounderstanding the interaction betweencryosphere and climate from the mid Plioceneto the early Quaternary during the onset ofNorthern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG).Firstly, we investigate the causes for thedevelopment and decay of the large but shortliving glaciation that occurred during MarineIsotope Stage 2 (M2, 3.264-¬3.312 Ma);Secondly, in the framework of the internationalPliocene Model Intercomparison Project(PLIOMIP2), we study the climate of Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (MPWP, 3.3-3.0Ma).Thirdly, we explore the Plio-PleistoceneTransition (PPT, 3.0-2.5Ma) with anappropriate asynchronously coupled climatecryosphere model. Through these differentperiods, we provide a better understanding ofthe relationship between pCO2, tectonics andclimat during the transition from a warm andhigh-CO2 world to the cold and low-CO2Quaternary glaciations. This work also pointsout the necessity to further study the linkbetween ocean dynamics, carbon cycle andclimate
Books on the topic "Pleistocene Climate Changes"
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Avian community, climate, and sea-level changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida peninsula. Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union, 1998.
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Little, Martin Lewis. Pollen and grain size records in abyssal sediments of the northwest Pacific Ocean as proxies of Plio-Pleistocene climate change. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Earth Sciences, 2005.
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Muller, R. Ice ages and astronomical causes: Data, spectral analysis, and mechanisms. London: Springer, 2000.
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1929-, MacDonald Gordon J., ed. Ice ages and astronomical causes: Data, spectral analysis, and mechanisms. London: Springer, 2002.
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Lurcock, Pontus, and Fabio Florindo. Antarctic Climate History and Global Climate Changes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676889.013.18.
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Antarctic climate changes have been reconstructed from ice and sediment cores and numerical models (which also predict future changes). Major ice sheets first appeared 34 million years ago (Ma) and fluctuated throughout the Oligocene, with an overall cooling trend. Ice volume more than doubled at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Fluctuating Miocene temperatures peaked at 17–14 Ma, followed by dramatic cooling. Cooling continued through the Pliocene and Pleistocene, with another major glacial expansion at 3–2 Ma. Several interacting drivers control Antarctic climate. On timescales of 10,000–100,000 years, insolation varies with orbital cycles, causing periodic climate variations. Opening of Southern Ocean gateways produced a circumpolar current that thermally isolated Antarctica. Declining atmospheric CO2 triggered Cenozoic glaciation. Antarctic glaciations affect global climate by lowering sea level, intensifying atmospheric circulation, and increasing planetary albedo. Ice sheets interact with ocean water, forming water masses that play a key role in global ocean circulation.
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Lurcock, Pontus, and Fabio Florindo. Antarctic Climate History and Global Climate Changes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.18.
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Antarctic climate changes have been reconstructed from ice and sediment cores and numerical models (which also predict future changes). Major ice sheets first appeared 34 million years ago (Ma) and fluctuated throughout the Oligocene, with an overall cooling trend. Ice volume more than doubled at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Fluctuating Miocene temperatures peaked at 17–14 Ma, followed by dramatic cooling. Cooling continued through the Pliocene and Pleistocene, with another major glacial expansion at 3–2 Ma. Several interacting drivers control Antarctic climate. On timescales of 10,000–100,000 years, insolation varies with orbital cycles, causing periodic climate variations. Opening of Southern Ocean gateways produced a circumpolar current that thermally isolated Antarctica. Declining atmospheric CO2 triggered Cenozoic glaciation. Antarctic glaciations affect global climate by lowering sea level, intensifying atmospheric circulation, and increasing planetary albedo. Ice sheets interact with ocean water, forming water masses that play a key role in global ocean circulation.
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Lund, David Charles. Millennial-scale surface and deep water oscillations in the N.E. Pacific: Implications for late pleistocene climate change. 1997.
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Lund, David Charles. Millennial-scale surface and deep water oscillations in the N.E. Pacific: Implications for late pleistocene climate change. 1997.
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Biodiversity response to climate change in the middle Pleistocene: The Porcupine Cave fauna from Colorado. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
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Barnosky, Anthony D. Biodiversity Response to Climate Change in the Middle Pleistocene: The Porcupine Cave Fauna from Colorado. University of California Press, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pleistocene Climate Changes"
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Crucifix, Michel. "Pleistocene Glaciations." In Climate Changes in the Holocene, 77–106. Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351260244-3.
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Dumont, Henri J. "Relict Distribution Patterns of Aquatic Animals: Another Tool in Evaluating Late Pleistocene Climate Changes in the Sahara and Sahel." In Palaeoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands, 1–24. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203744529-1.
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Farmer, G. Thomas, and John Cook. "Pleistocene Glaciations." In Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis, 407–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5757-8_21.
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Ben-David, Ram. "Buildup and Breakdown of Sand Dune Barriers in the Drainage Basins of the NW Negev Desert, Israel, During Late Pleistocene to Holocene Climate Changes." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 3, 361–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09054-2_76.
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Leyden, Barbara W., Mark Brenner, David A. Hodell, and Jason H. Curtis. "Late Pleistocene Climate in the Central American Lowlands." In Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records, 165–78. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm078p0165.
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Jouzel, Jean, Claude Lorius, Liliane Merlivat, and Jean-Robert Petit. "Abrupt Climatic Changes: The Antarctic Ice Record during the Late Pleistocene." In Abrupt Climatic Change, 235–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3993-6_22.
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Imbrie, John. "Abrupt Terminations of Late Pleistocene Ice Ages: A Simple Milankovitch Explanation." In Abrupt Climatic Change, 365–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3993-6_30.
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Cowling, S. A. "Ecophysiological response of lowland tropical plants to Pleistocene climate." In Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change, 359–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05383-2_13.
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Magaritz, Mordeckai, and Glenn A. Goodfriend. "Movement of the Desert Boundary in the Levant from Latest Pleistocene to Early Holocene." In Abrupt Climatic Change, 173–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3993-6_17.
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Pilaar Birch, Suzanne E., and Preston T. Miracle. "Human Response to Climate Change in the Northern Adriatic During the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene." In Climate Change and Human Responses, 87–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1106-5_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Pleistocene Climate Changes"
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Fenton-samuels, Kelly, and Suzanne OConnell. "ANTARCTIC CLIMATE CHANGES IN THE SCOTIA SEA AND THEIR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS DURING THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE TRANSITION." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-380531.
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Zheltova, M., N. Zaretskaya, and N. Burova. "ЗАЯЦ И ЧЕЛОВЕК НА ГЕОХРОНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ШКАЛЕ ПАЛЕОЛИТА РУССКОЙ РАВНИНЫ." In Радиоуглерод в археологии и палеоэкологии: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 80-летию старшего научного сотрудника ИИМК РАН, кандидата химических наук Ганны Ивановны Зайцевой. Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-91867-213-6-30-31.
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We have analyzed the bone remains of hare at the Palaeolithic sites confined to the basins of the main rivers of the Russian Plain (Dnieper, Desna, Seym, Oka, Don), the chronostratigraphic position of which is justified by radiocarbon dates. Correlation of the data with the Late Pleistocene event scale showed the absence of a direct relationship be- tween the number of hare bones in sites with climate changes.
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Benfield, Adam J., Sarah Ivory, Bailee N. Hodelka, Michael M. McGlue, Guleed A. H. Ali, and Susan H. Zimmerman. "TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE TO ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGES DURING THE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE TRANSITION AT MONO LAKE, CALIFORNIA, USA." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-354826.
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Gutierrez, Evelin, Daniel F. Stockli, Jacob A. Covault, and David Mohrig. "PLEISTOCENE TO HOLOCENE CLIMATE-MODULATED CHANGES IN FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY AND DETRITAL ZIRCON PROVENANCE IN CENTRAL TEXAS RIVERS." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-355094.
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Pustelnikovas, O. "Features of climate changes based on the chemical elements and palinological remnants distribution in the sediments and Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the SE Baltic area." In 2012 IEEE/OES Baltic International Symposium (BALTIC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/baltic.2012.6249162.
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Pustelnikovas, O., M. Melesyte, E. Rudnickaite, and D. Kaminskas. "The chemical elements and sedimentation types of deposits in the dug holes Dubičiai 1, 2 and Müšos Tyrelis as indicators of Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes." In 2012 IEEE/OES Baltic International Symposium (BALTIC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/baltic.2012.6249161.
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Baxstrom, Kelli W. "APPALACHIAN ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE TO LATE PLEISTOCENE CLIMATE CHANGE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-316172.
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Tripathi, Shubham. "Eastern Arabian Sea Climate Change during Mid-Pleistocene Transition." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.3284.
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Simpson, Andrew G. "DOES SEED DISPERSAL AFFECT RATE OF SPREAD DURING PLEISTOCENE CLIMATE CHANGE?" In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-320234.
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Cerling, Thure, Tyler Huth, David Marchetti, David Bowling, Amy Ellwein, Benjamin Passey, Diego Fernandez, John Valley, and Ian Orland. "Soil Pendant Carbonate Record of Climate Change in the Holocene and Late Pleistocene." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.346.
Full textReports on the topic "Pleistocene Climate Changes"
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Corbet, T. F. Evolution of patterns of regional groundwater flow in southeastern New Mexico: Response to post-Pleistocene changes in climate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10114250.
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