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1
Doederlein, Dieter D. "Talking trading card player system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111, no. 5 (2002): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1486384.
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Anderson, Axel, and Lones Smith. "Dynamic Deception." American Economic Review 103, no. 7 (December 1, 2013): 2811–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.7.2811.
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We characterize the unique equilibrium of a competitive continuous time game between a resource-constrained informed player and a sequence of rivals who partially observe his action intensity. Our game adds noisy monitoring and impatient players to Aumann and Maschler (1966), and also subsumes insider trading models. The intensity bound induces a novel strategic bias and serial mean reversion by uninformed players. We compute the duration of the informed player's informational edge. The uninformed player's value of information is concave if the intensity bound is large enough. Costly obfuscation by the informed player optimally rises in the public deception. (JEL D82, D83, G14)
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Chandrakumaran, Jemuel. "The AFL Pick Trading Market as a Coasian Utopia." Journal of Sports Economics 22, no. 1 (August 7, 2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520948108.
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Sporting leagues have various competitive balance measures including player drafts, where teams are awarded picks based on prior performance. Teams, however, have the option to either exercise this pick or trade it as they see fit. An analysis of this trading market in the NFL stated that players obtained through traded picks contributed more to their recruiters in comparison to their counterparts. This paper retested this within the AFL and disproved this fact, establishing the Coasian notion of the efficient allocation of resources, based on some differences between the list management systems between the two leagues.
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HAUSKEN, KJELL, and JOHN F. MOXNES. "THE DYNAMICS OF MULTILATERAL EXCHANGE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 16, no. 04 (April 2005): 607–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183105007376.
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The article formulates a dynamic mathematical model where arbitrarily many players produce, consume, exchange, loan, and deposit arbitrarily many goods over time to maximize utility. Consuming goods constitutes a benefit, and producing, exporting, and loaning away goods constitute a cost. Utilities are benefits minus costs, which depend on the exchange ratios and bargaining functions. Three-way exchange occurs when one player acquires, through exchange, one good from another player with the sole purpose of using this good to exchange against the desired good from a third player. Such a triple handshake is not merely a set of double handshakes since the player assigns no interest to the first good in his benefit function. Cognitive and organization costs increase dramatically for higher order exchanges. An exchange theory accounting for media of exchange follows from simple generalization of two-way exchange. The examples of r-way exchange are the triangle trade between Africa, the USA, and England in the 17th and 18th centuries, the hypothetical hypercycle involving RNAs as players and enzymes as goods, and reaction–diffusion processes. The emergence of exchange, and the role of trading agents are discussed. We simulate an example where two-way exchange gives zero production and zero utility, while three-way exchange causes considerable production and positive utility. Maximum utility for each player is reached when exchanges of the same order as the number of players in society are allowed. The article merges micro theory and macro theory within the social, natural, and physical sciences.
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Zhao, Lingrui, and Jixiang Zhang. "Analysis of a duopoly game with heterogeneous players participating in carbon emission trading." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/na.2014.1.8.
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In this paper, a price competition model with two heterogeneous players participating in carbon emission trading is formulated. The stable conditions of the equilibrium points of this system are discussed. Numerical simulations are used to show bifurcation diagrams, strange attractors, and sensitive dependence on initial conditions. We observe that the speed of adjustment of bounded rational player may change the stability of the Nash equilibrium and cause the system to behave chaotically. In addition, we find that the price of emission permits plays an important role in the duopoly game. The chaotic behavior of the system has been stabilized on the Nash equilibrium point by applying delay feedback control method.
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Qiao, Yu, Thi-Kien Dao, Jeng-Shyang Pan, Shu-Chuan Chu, and Trong-The Nguyen. "Diversity Teams in Soccer League Competition Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Deployment Problem." Symmetry 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12030445.
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The drawback of several metaheuristic algorithms is the dropped local optimal trap in the solution to complicated problems. The diversity team is one of the promising ways to enhance the exploration of searching solutions in algorithm to avoid the local optimum trap. This paper proposes a diversity-team soccer league competition algorithm (DSLC) based on updating team member strategies for global optimization and its applied optimization of Wireless sensor network (WSN) deployment. The updating team consists of trading, drafting, and combining strategies. The trading strategy considers player transactions between groups after the ending season. The drafting strategy takes advantage of draft principles in real leagues to bring new players to the association. The combining strategy is a hybrid policy of trading and drafting one. Twenty-one benchmark functions of CEC2017 are used to test the performance of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results of the proposed algorithm compared with the other algorithms in the literature show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the competitors in terms of having an excellent ability to achieve global optimization. Moreover, the proposed DSLC algorithm is applied to solve the problem of WSN deployment and achieved excellent results.
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Féron, Olivier, Peter Tankov, and Laura Tinsi. "Price Formation and Optimal Trading in Intraday Electricity Markets with a Major Player." Risks 8, no. 4 (December 7, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks8040133.
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We study price formation in intraday electricity markets in the presence of intermittent renewable generation. We consider the setting where a major producer may interact strategically with a large number of small producers. Using stochastic control theory, we identify the optimal strategies of agents with market impact and exhibit the Nash equilibrium in a closed form in the asymptotic framework of mean field games with a major player.
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Javed, Attiya Y., and Haseeb Ahmad Bhatti. "How to Live in a Textile Quota-free World." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 609–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.609-628.
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Its going to be an open arena, only fittest will survive, instead of governments, markets will determine whom to favour or not. There will be no textile quotas in the year 2005. The world has changed and it is going to change increasingly. It differs from the colonial patterns of trade and co-operation when only United Kingdom was the major player in the international trading arena. Now there are many leading trading nations in the world. In post World Trade Organisation era that is after January 1, 1995 at least on paper every country is equal partner in the global trading system. On ground there are big and small players in this equal paper partnership. United States continues to be the leading exporter and importer in the world with a share of 12.4 percent of total world exports and 18.0 percent of total world imports. The East Asian economies first tier, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan have climbed up on the Product Cycle ladder shifting from low value products to high value added exports like hi-tech electronics, the second tier of NIE’s Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines have diverse exporting patterns. Excluding Malaysia, others are exporters of textiles and clothing with many other products.
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Pan, Mingming, Shiming Tian, Jindou Yuan, Songsong Chen, and Sheng He. "A Multivariate Load Trading Optimization Method for Energy Internet Based on LSTM and Gaming Theory." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175246.
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Energy Internet is a complex nonlinear system. There are many stakeholders in the load trading market, which is usually regarded as a multi-player gaming. Although gaming theory has been introduced to solve Multivariate Load trading problems, different conditions should be considered to accurately optimize the multivariate load trading problem. For example, the selling side needs to reduce the reserve capacity and improve profits, but the consumer side needs to reduce costs and minimize the impact on its own electricity consumption. These contradictory conditions require multiple Nash equilibrium to achieve obviously. To address this issue, a unified architecture of the power system cloud trading is constructed in this paper, which is combined with the multiple load classification of the power system. In addition, according to the power market operation mechanism, a price-guided multivariate load trading game strategy is designed. More importantly, a multivariate load trading optimization method based on LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) and gaming theory is proposed in this work. LSTM is introduced for real time prediction, which can be combined with the game theory for strategy searching. The global stability and optimal solution theory prove the feasibility of the proposed neural network, and finally the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by using numerical simulation.
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Mulyo, Jangkung Handoyo. "REGIONAL TRAE BLOCS : A CASE STUDY OF THE WELFARE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON INDIA AND KENYA." Agro Ekonomi 8, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16812.
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Some countries, including the big player in the world economy, the USA , believe that free trade liberalization based on principles of non discriminatory and multilateral bases as well as an open market will improve the welfare of many countries. However, other countries do not follow the idea of trade liberalization and hence respond by forming regional trading blocs. Therefore, the existence of such trading blocs will be examined, whether they are a 'building blocks' or a 'stumbling blocks, for sustaining the free trade liberalization. And hence, this paper focuses on three main parts: rationalization of the establishment of trading blocs; identification of the critical factors for the success of these blocs; and presentation of empirical evidence for the welfare implications of the trade diverting effects of the European Union through the analysis of two less developed countries, India and Kenya.
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Garivaltis, Alex. "Game-Theoretic Optimal Portfolios for Jump Diffusions." Games 10, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10010008.
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This paper studies a two-person trading game in continuous time that generalizes Garivaltis (2018) to allow for stock prices that both jump and diffuse. Analogous to Bell and Cover (1988) in discrete time, the players start by choosing fair randomizations of the initial dollar, by exchanging it for a random wealth whose mean is at most 1. Each player then deposits the resulting capital into some continuously rebalanced portfolio that must be adhered to over [ 0 , t ] . We solve the corresponding “investment ϕ -game”, namely the zero-sum game with payoff kernel E [ ϕ { W 1 V t ( b ) / ( W 2 V t ( c ) ) } ] , where W i is player i’s fair randomization, V t ( b ) is the final wealth that accrues to a one dollar deposit into the rebalancing rule b, and ϕ ( • ) is any increasing function meant to measure relative performance. We show that the unique saddle point is for both players to use the (leveraged) Kelly rule for jump diffusions, which is ordinarily defined by maximizing the asymptotic almost-sure continuously compounded capital growth rate. Thus, the Kelly rule for jump diffusions is the correct behavior for practically anybody who wants to outperform other traders (on any time frame) with respect to practically any measure of relative performance.
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Utesch, Matthias Christoph, Andreas Hauer, Robert Heininger, and Helmut Krcmar. "Automated Stock Trading – Developing the Serious Game FSTG to Teach the Topic of Finite State Machines." International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP) 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v7i1.6524.
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A new methodology to teach about the topic of Finite State Machines is presented in this paper. For this purpose, nine learning objectives which are classified into the three categories Basics of Finite State Machines, parallels between Finite State Machines and stock trading, and the application of Finite State Machines were developed and implemented into a Serious Game solution. This paper covers the third category about the application of Finite State Machines and its use to create Artificial Intelligence. The learning objectives were determined by using the widely-known Taxonomy of Bloom and integrated into the Serious Game The Finite State Trading Game (FSTG). In this turn-based trading game, the user aims to beat a Non-Player Character by skillfully trading shares while the user faces increasing complexity throughout the game. For the evaluation of the Serious Game approach a pre-test and post-test setting was performed with students of a local upper vocational school class at the Technical University of Munich. The results of the following analysis demonstrated significant progress in terms of the students’ knowledge about Finite State Machines for every tested statement.
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Ryu, Jeseok, and Jinho Kim. "Non-Cooperative Indirect Energy Trading with Energy Storage Systems for Mitigation of Demand Response Participation Uncertainty." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040883.
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This work focuses on the demand response (DR) participation using the energy storage system (ESS). A probabilistic Gaussian mixture model based on market operating results Monte, Carlo Simulation (MCS), is required to respond to an urgent DR signal. However, there is considerable uncertainty in DR forecasting, which occasionally fails to predict DR events. Because this failure is attributable to the intermittency of the DR signals, a non-cooperative game model that is useful for decision-making on DR participation is proposed. The game is conducted with each player holding a surplus of energy but incomplete information. Consequently, each player can share unused electricity during DR events, engaging in indirect energy trading (IET) under a non-cooperative game framework. The results of the game, the Nash equilibrium (N.E.), are verified using a case study with relevant analytical data from the campus of Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in Korea. The results of the case study show that IET is useful in mitigating the uncertainty of the DR program.
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Constantinides, Anthony F., and George A. Constantinides. "Spindown Polyhedra." Mathematical Gazette 102, no. 555 (October 17, 2018): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2018.111.
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Magic: the gathering is a trading card game published by Wizards of the Coast [1]. The aim of most variants of the game is to reduce your opponent's life total from twenty to zero, thus winning the game. As it may take several turns to reduce a player's life total to zero, players need a mechanism to keep track of their current life total. For this purpose, players often use a device called a spindown life counter, shown in Figure 1. A spindown life counter is an icosahedron with a special labelling of the faces, such that − starting with 20 life total − a player can reduce their life total in decrements of one by rolling the icosahedron onto an adjacent face each time. A spindown life counter appears similar to a standard icosahedral die, known in gaming as a d20; however, the labelling of faces is different, as also shown in Figure 1.
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Yu, Hai Dong, Ying Zou, and Fang Liu. "Implementation Mechanism of Automated Reconciliation for Web Services Protocols." Advanced Engineering Forum 2-3 (December 2011): 604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.2-3.604.
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The paper mainly researched the game actions among partners in complex interactions supported by Web Service. It studied web service provider’s implementation decision satisfied with perfect Bayesian equilibrium thus results a controllable equilibrium route in voluntary implementation. It also contributes to the problem of voluntary implementation when the planner is also a player and finds out the full characterization of it. So the implementation mechanism can always get the reconciliation of web service, which is able to effectively facilitate dynamic interactions among trading partners in a peer to peer mode.
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Meng, Terry Lingze, and Matloob Khushi. "Reinforcement Learning in Financial Markets." Data 4, no. 3 (July 28, 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4030110.
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Recently there has been an exponential increase in the use of artificial intelligence for trading in financial markets such as stock and forex. Reinforcement learning has become of particular interest to financial traders ever since the program AlphaGo defeated the strongest human contemporary Go board game player Lee Sedol in 2016. We systematically reviewed all recent stock/forex prediction or trading articles that used reinforcement learning as their primary machine learning method. All reviewed articles had some unrealistic assumptions such as no transaction costs, no liquidity issues and no bid or ask spread issues. Transaction costs had significant impacts on the profitability of the reinforcement learning algorithms compared with the baseline algorithms tested. Despite showing statistically significant profitability when reinforcement learning was used in comparison with baseline models in many studies, some showed no meaningful level of profitability, in particular with large changes in the price pattern between the system training and testing data. Furthermore, few performance comparisons between reinforcement learning and other sophisticated machine/deep learning models were provided. The impact of transaction costs, including the bid/ask spread on profitability has also been assessed. In conclusion, reinforcement learning in stock/forex trading is still in its early development and further research is needed to make it a reliable method in this domain.
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Andreff, Wladimir. "Financial and Sporting Performance in French Football Ligue 1: Influence on the Players’ Market." International Journal of Financial Studies 6, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6040091.
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Despite the globalisation of European soccer, each professional league exhibits specificities. French Ligue 1 sometimes contends with the trading-off of financial performance against sporting performance of its teams in European soccer competitions, and its inner auditing body, the Direction Nationale du Contrôle de Gestion (DNCG), is in charge of controlling clubs’ financial accounts. Moreover, Ligue 1 operates with one of the best competitive balances in the Big Five, which is detrimental to its clubs’ success at the European level. However, the league and a number of clubs have not been able to curb payroll inflation and have not avoided being recurrently run in a deficit and accumulating debts, in particular payment arrears and player transfer overdue. Lax management occurs, since very few clubs have been sanctioned by a payment failure, even fewer by liquidation, and there has been no bankruptcy. The concept of a soft budget constraint theoretically encapsulates such empirical evidence. The novelty of the paper is to establish a link between the soft budget constraint and the players’ labour market where it crucially triggers market disequilibria: an excess of demand for superstars’ talents and an excess of supply for journeymen players are modelled. Data paucity about player individual wages hinders econometric testing of the aforementioned link and the model. However, a look at transfer fees that concentrates on a few of the top European soccer clubs provides a first insight into the arms race for talent that fuels an excess of demand for superstars and dips a number of clubs’ finance into the red.
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CANAVAN, GERRY. "Capital as Artificial Intelligence." Journal of American Studies 49, no. 4 (October 7, 2015): 685–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187581500167x.
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This article examines science-fictional allegorizations of Soviet-style planned economies, financial markets, autonomous trading algorithms, and global capitalism writ large as nonhuman artificial intelligences, focussing primarily on American science fiction of the Cold War period. Key fictional texts discussed include Star Trek, Isaac Asimov's Machine stories, Terminator, Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano (1952), Charles Stross's Accelerando (2005), and the short stories of Philip K. Dick. The final section of the article discusses Kim Stanley Robinson's novel 2312 (2012) within the contemporary political context of accelerationist anticapitalism, whose advocates propose working with “the machines” rather than against them.
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KENNEDY, MATTHEW. "China's role in WTO dispute settlement." World Trade Review 11, no. 4 (October 2012): 555–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000365.
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AbstractThis study describes and analyzes trends in China's participation in the WTO dispute settlement system during the first ten years of its membership. China has used the system to challenge differentiated treatment of its exports by its two largest trading partners, a theme related to sensitive aspects of its accession negotiations. The study reviews the record of China's conformity to WTO dispute settlement practices, and its contribution to their development, and finds that China is playing the role of a ‘system-maintainer’. The study concludes by considering a future challenge that the emergence of this large new player may pose for the system.
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Tikhonova, Valentina Lvovna. "Specificity of online game industry development." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University 2020, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2020-1-76-80.
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The article is devoted to identifying the specifics and main reasons for the development of the multiplayer gaming industry. The main factors in its development were not only the improvement of Internet technologies and software, but the great demand of players to expand opportunities for self-presentation, passive entertainment and gaining income in the game space. As a result, there appeared the special virtual trading platforms allowing the player to carry out additional customization of the game character for real money. The customization gives the character special unique characteristics distinguishing him from many others. Each game genre has certain capabilities and functionality for the self-presentation of players through customization of the game character. The desire of players to gain success in a virtual environment has led to the development of the phenomenon called e-sports which is based on holding cyber tournaments in halls with special equipment, visual venues and commentators. The demand for the expansion of the entertainment base has led to the emergence of streaming which is the ability to passively monitor the gameplay broadcasting in the Internet in real time. To attract viewers, and, accordingly, sponsors, broadcasts are accompanied by original jokes and comments, therefore streaming often resembles a television entertainment show.
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Pheakdey, Heng. "Cambodia-China Relations: A Positive-Sum Game?" Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 31, no. 2 (June 2012): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341203100203.
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China has re-emerged to become a dominant foreign player in Cambodia. Politically, Cambodia is one of China's oldest and closest allies. Economically, China is Cambodia's top foreign investor, a major donor, and an increasingly important trading partner. Culturally, Chinese values are deeply embedded in many aspects of Cambodian society. However, China's dominance is surrounded by renewed controversies. While the government warmly welcomes Chinese aid, saying that it comes with no strings attached, many experts are concerned that China is providing aid for more nefarious reasons. Critics also accuse Chinese investment and aid of having exacerbated corruption, weakened governance and harmed human rights, and of ruining Cambodia's natural resources and environment. With such controversies, it is relevant and significant to assess the roles that China has played and continues to play in Cambodia's socio-economic development. Using expert interviews, media analysis and an extensive literature review, this paper uniquely contributes to the existing discussion on China–Cambodia relations by closely examining the controversies of China's investment and aid, critically analysing China's interests in Cambodia, and asking if the relationship between the two nations is a positive-sum game.
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Nicoliello, Mario, and Davide Zampatti. "Football clubs’ profitability after the Financial Fair Play regulation: evidence from Italy." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 6, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 460–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-07-2014-0037.
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Purpose In 2009, the Union of European Football Associations approved the Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations. These regulations refer to the requirements of transparency and financial conditions for football clubs participating in European competitions. The purpose of this paper is to combine the managerial and the economic points-of-view in order to understand if Italian football clubs are ready to comply with the new FFP rules. Design/methodology/approach In the analysis, the authors focus on the main Italian football league, Serie A. Using business model analysis, the authors determine what the main profit determinants of football associations are, through panel data for 15 clubs from 2011-2013. The authors then try to match the statistical and managerial approach. Findings The results show that the key contributing factors to profits are on the costs side. In particular, the most relevant expenses are player wages. The core revenue for clubs comes from the net profit from player trading, while other income, such as TV rights, commercial and match-day proceeds, have no statistical significance for profit formation. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of the analysis is that the survey regarded only on Italian Championship. So it is deeply influenced by the competitive structure of the Italian league that is different from that of other European leagues. Therefore, the authors think that the future developments of this work could be the examination of another European Championship, for example, English Premier League, and the compared analysis of Italian league and other European one. Practical implications There is a close-link between costs and profitability, and especially between expenditure on players and the ability to close the financial year with a profit. Clubs must address the issue of player wages in order to follow a path of economic recovery towards profitability. Originality/value In the work the authors put together managerial point of view and economical one, in order to understand how FFP can impact on profitability of football clubs. The authors use an empirical econometrics model to test the hypothesis about business model of Italian Clubs.
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Welie, Rik van. "Slave trading and slavery in the Dutch colonial empire: A global comparison." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 82, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 47–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002465.
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Compares slave trading and slavery in the Dutch colonial empire, specifically between the former trading and territorial domains of the West India Company (WIC), the Americas and West Africa, and of the East India Company (VOC), South East Asia, the Indian Ocean region, and South and East Africa. Author presents the latest quantitative assessments concerning the Dutch transatlantic as well as Indian Ocean World slave trade, placing the volume, direction, and characteristics of the forced migration in a historical context. He describes how overall the Dutch were a second-rate player in Atlantic slavery, though in certain periods more important, with according to recent estimates a total of about 554.300 slaves being transported by the Dutch to the Americas. He indicates that while transatlantic slave trade and slavery received much scholarly attention resulting in detailed knowledge, the slave trade and slavery in the Indian Ocean World by the Dutch is comparatively underresearched. Based on demand-side estimates throughout Dutch colonies of the Indonesian archipelago and elsewhere, he deduces that probably close to 500.000 slaves were transported by the Dutch in the Indian Ocean World. In addition, the author points at important differences between the nature and contexts of slavery, as in the VOC domains slavery was mostly of an urban and domestic character, contrary to its production base in the Americas. Slavery further did in the VOC areas not have a rigid racial identification like in WIC areas, with continuing, postslavery effects, and allowed for more flexibility, while unlike the plantation colonies in the Caribbean, as Suriname, not imported slaves but indigenous peoples formed the majority. He also points at relative exceptions, e.g. imported slaves for production use in some VOC territories, as the Banda islands and the Cape colony, and a certain domestic and urban focus of slavery in Curaçao.
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Srivastava, Ritu, and Krishna Kumar. "A Study of Indian Business Ventures Abroad." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 7, no. 1 (January 2003): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097226290300700102.
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India started opening its economy a decade ago to integrate with the global economy. Several economic reforms have been undertaken during this period with the hope that India will soon emerge as a global player. There is a need to review the developments and take necessary corrective action. It is necessary because globalisation and integration with the world economy is a double-edged sword. If necessary care is not taken, the country may become only a global market rather than emerging as a global player. This paper examines the patterns of Indian Business Ventures Abroad, both in the form of subsidiaries and joint ventures over a period of 50 years since independence. The analysis reveals that there has been a significant increase in the activity. The ventures, however, have been concentrated in only a few, about a dozen, countries. The study also shows that there is a noticeable preference towards subsidiary mode of operation. Further, there are country-wise patterns of preferences towards use of joint ventures and subsidiary modes. The study also reveals that there is a significant shift in the mix of activities, tilting from high risk manufacturing to low risk trading and software development. It is also observed that there is a wide gap between the number of ventures approved and actually implemented. A comparison has also been drawn between Indian Business Ventures Abroad and the Foreign Business Ventures in India during the pre and the post-liberalisation era. This is complemented with the patterns of export/import ratio in the respective periods. The two together indicate that the reforms in economic policies undertaken so far seem to be leading to India fast becoming a global market rather than emerging as a global player. The paper then suggests that there is a need for intensive studies for developing policy and strategic interventions to strengthen India's business ventures abroad and to help India emerge as a global player.
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Koropets, Nadezhda V. "CHALLENGES AND TASKS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF ELECTRIC POWER AND CAPACITY TRADING IN THE WHOLESALE MARKET." Energy law forum 3 (October 8, 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2312-4350-2020-3-44-50.
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The legal regulation of trading in the wholesale electric power and capacity market is based on the Law on the Electric Power Industry and the Wholesale Electric Power and Capacity Market Regulations. The peculiarities of legal regulation established by the Federal Law “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” should also be considered. As of March 17, 2020, the List of Wholesale Market Actors Undergoing Bankruptcy Proceedings included 40 companies. Poor payment behavior in the wholesale electric power and capacity market is one of the main issues. Failure to pay does not only affect the settlement status in the market, but also leads directly to an unscrupulous market player being declared insolvent. In this case, the existing legal regulation does not guarantee protection against wholesale electric power and capacity market transactions being disputed unreasonably. It seems that the best way to prevent transactions from being disputed in bad faith is to amend the current revision of Article 61.4 of the Bankruptcy Law by adding provisions stating in which cases transactions required by the wholesale electric power and capacity market rules cannot be disputed.
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Koropets, Nadezhda V. "Challenges and Tasks of the Legal Regulation of Electric Power and Capacity Trading in the Wholesale Market." Energy law forum 3 (October 8, 2020): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2410-4396-2020-3-97-102.
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The legal regulation of trading in the wholesale electric power and capacity market is based on the Law on the Electric Power Industry and the Wholesale Electric Power and Capacity Market Regulations. The peculiarities of legal regulation established by the Federal Law “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” should also be considered. As of March 17, 2020, the List of Wholesale Market Actors Undergoing Bankruptcy Proceedings included 40 companies. Poor payment behavior in the wholesale electric power and capacity market is one of the main issues. Failure to pay does not only affect the settlement status in the market, but also leads directly to an unscrupulous market player being declared insolvent. In this case, the existing legal regulation does not guarantee protection against wholesale electric power and capacity market transactions being disputed unreasonably. It seems that the best way to prevent transactions from being disputed in bad faith is to amend the current revision of Article 61.4 of the Bankruptcy Law by adding provisions stating in which cases transactions required by the wholesale electric power and capacity market rules cannot be disputed.
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Jensen-Eriksen, Niklas. "The Northern Front in the Technological Cold War: Finland and East-West Trade in the 1970s and 1980s." Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no. 4 (October 2019): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00909.
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This article shows how the United States and the Soviet Union competed technologically in northern Europe during the final decades of the Cold War. The article highlights the U.S. government's ability to enlist neutral countries, and even vulnerable neutral states like Finland, into Western technology embargoes against the Soviet Union. Yet, the Finnish case also demonstrates that determined small countries and their companies were not simply helpless actors and could protect their political and commercial interests. Finland exported high-technology goods such as electronics and telecommunications equipment to the Soviet Union, even though Finland itself was dependent on technology flows from the United States. In fact, the Finns managed to get the best of both worlds: their country was an important player in East-West trade, but at the same time it was able to modernize its economy and strengthen trading links with the U.S.-led Western alliance.
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Abeyeratne, Jude, Kohei Tsukada, Rohan Sheth, Ronak Thakore, and Siddharth Patel. "The Barriers to Selecting Optimal Economic Policy in South Korea." Deakin Papers on International Business Economics 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dpibe2010vol3no2art185.
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Four of the largest conglomerates in Sout h Korea are Samsung Group, Hyundai-KIA Automotive Group, LG Group and SK Telecom. In 2009, the joint market value of the assets these conglomerates owned amounted to aro und half of the South Korean GDP (Wang 2010). Ostensibly, the South Korean economy is dominated by the co nglomerates. Samsung and LG are the two major players in Korea’s electronics industry; Hy undai and KIA are the two major players in the automotive industry. The export dependency (Tot al Exports/GDP) of South Korea is 44.9% and its import dependency (Total Imports/GDP) is 38% (CIA 2010). This indicates that the South Korean economy is highly dependent on global trade as well as on the conglomerates. It has signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Union and will ratify FTAs with some of its other trading partners such as China, United States, Japan and Australia (YONHAP News Agency 2010a). It is our view that such changes in trade policy are supported by the conglomerates, which have considerable sway over the govern ment, due to their significant contributions to the economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the source and the nature of the impediments the government faces in implementing policies that enable freer trade in South Korea. We do this from the perspective of President Lee My un-bak, who we characterise as a key veto player, as he draws political support from groups that have conflicting agendas.
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Vrbka, Jaromír, Zuzana Rowland, and Petr Šuleř. "Comparison of neural networks and regression time series in estimating the development of the EU and the PRC trade balance." SHS Web of Conferences 61 (2019): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196101031.
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China, by GDP, is the second largest economic power, and hence also a key player in the field of international relations. As far as the EU is concerned, it is China's largest trading partner. From this point of view, it is clear that monitoring export and import development between these partners is essential. This paper therefore aims to compare two useful methods, namely the accuracy of time series alignment through regression analysis and artificial neural networks, to assess the evolution of the EU and the People's Republic of China trade balance. Data on the export and import trends of these two partners since 2000 have been used, and it is clear that the trade balance was completely different that year than it is now. The development over time is interesting. The most appropriate curve is selected from the linear regression, and from the neural networks three useful neural structures are selected. We also look at the prediction of future developments while taking into account seasonal fluctuations.
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Teixeira, Victor Alexandre G. "China on Stage: Assumptions and Strategies in South China Sea." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 3, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v3i3.436.
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This study attempts to better understand the geopolitical, geostrategic, and geo-economic underpinnings behind the USA’s so-called “Pivot to Asia” by analyzing the dynamics behind the South China Sea dispute. The emergence of Asia as the power epicenter of the world is the defining paradigm shift of our time; and China’s meteoric economic rise was the determining factor behind this repositioning of geopolitical polarity. The study analyzes this dispute from the perspectives of the Containment Theory, Assumptions, Geo-Economic Strategies and Power. It also points out solutions to the conflict through international law and cooperation. Finally, emphasizes the importance of both, the geostrategic point of view and a geopolitical standpoint and has demonstrated that the US policy strategies towards Asia and the SCS are not helpful at all. Instead of focusing on containing China, the US should embrace China as a trading partner and become a neutral player in matters of the region including South China Sea.
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Wright, Donald R. "The Effect of Alex Haley's Roots on How Gambians Remember the Atlantic Slave Trade." History in Africa 38 (2011): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2011.0014.
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Beginning in late August 1974, I spent eight months in The Gambia, collecting oral traditions. My intention was to use what I obtained to reconstruct the history of Niumi, a precolonial “state” (Mandinka: banko) located at the mouth of the Gambia River. Over three centuries of slave trading in the river, Niumi was a dominant player in the region's political economy. Thus, one of my primary goals was to learn how Gambians remembered the centuries-long commerce that connected people living along the Gambia River to a vast Atlantic economic system, the heart of which was the sale and transportation of humans.To my disappointment, with only a few exceptions, Gambian informants did not recall much about the slave trade. In Albreda and Juffure, the two Gambia-River villages where people were most involved in dealings with Europeans during the slave-trading era, the best informants could say little beyond noting ruins of old buildings and mentioning vague doings of “the Portuguese.” In the end, only three informants were able and willing to say anything beyond the most banal generalities about the capture, movement, and sale of slaves that occurred in the Gambia River. My assessment was that in the body of stories that Gambians held in their collective memory, a vast void existed between tales of the long-ago, and likely mythical, origins of a clan, village, or state and events that occurred much more recently, in this case after the British settled Bathurst, near the river's mouth, in 1816.
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Walker, Timothy. "Atlantic Dimensions of the American Revolution: Imperial Priorities and the Portuguese Reaction to the North American Bid for Independence (1775-83)." Journal of Early American History 2, no. 3 (2012): 247–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00203003.
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This article explains and contextualizes the reaction of the Portuguese monarchy and government to the rebellion and independence of the British colonies in North America. This reaction was a mixed one, shaped by the simultaneous but conflicting motivations of an economic interest in North American trade, an abhorrence on the part of the Portuguese Crown for democratic rebellion against monarchical authority and a fundamental requirement to maintain a stable relationship with long-time ally Great Britain. Although the Lisbon regime initially reacted very strongly against the Americans’ insurrection, later, under a new queen, the Portuguese moderated their position so as not to damage their long-term imperial political and economic interests. This article also examines the economic and political power context of the contemporary Atlantic World from the Portuguese perspective, and specifically outlines the multiple ties that existed between Portugal and the North American British colonies during the eighteenth century. The argument demonstrates that Portugal reacted according to demands created by its overseas empire: maximizing trading profits, manipulating the balance of power in Europe among nations with overseas colonies and discouraging the further spread of aspirations toward independence throughout the Americas, most notably to Portuguese-held Brazil. The Portuguese role as a fundamental player in the early modern Atlantic World is chronically underappreciated and understudied in modern English-language historiography. Despite the significance of Portugal as a trading partner to the American colonies, and despite the importance of the Portuguese Atlantic colonial system to British commercial and military interests in the eighteenth century, no scholarly treatment of this specific subject has ever appeared in the primary journals that regularly consider Atlantic World imperial power dynamics or the place of the incipient United States within them. This contribution, then, helps to fill an obvious gap in the historical literature of the long eighteenth century and the revolutionary era in the Americas.
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Richardson, Graham. "The China Threat." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 2 (October 1, 2010): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v2i0.4376.
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The relationship between the United States and China is an extraordinarily challenging one, giving rise to the American perception of a growing ‘China Threat’. Yet there is need for a careful reappraisal of the so-called ‘China Threat’. China is not only a trading partner of unparalleled importance, but an increasingly important political player, with influence in key areas of United States (U.S.) interest. A closer look at the domestic, cultural, and historical imperatives which shape Chinese foreign policy presents an alternative perspective of the China Threat. A re-interpretation of the China Threat would pave the way for increased U.S. influence in Chinese foreign policy, while reducing the likelihood of the worst of all possible outcomes: deteriorated relations and the possibility of open conflict between the two powers. The American government must use every tool at its disposal to ensure it can exert the maximum possible influence over the decisions and actions of the rising Chinese behemoth. Allowing a stark, black and white portrayal of the China Threat to fester will only restrict U.S. policy makers and increase the odds of negative outcomes.
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Humphrey, Caroline, and Vera Skvirskaja. "Trading places." Focaal 2009, no. 55 (December 1, 2009): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2009.550105.
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This article discusses a vast, new and semi-legal marketplace of shipping containers on the outskirts of Odessa, Ukraine. It is suggested that such markets, which have sprung up at several places in post-socialist space where routes intersect, have certain features in common with mediaeval trade fairs. However, today's markets have their own specificities in relation to state and legal regimes, migration, and the cities to which they are semi-attached. The article analyzes the Seventh Kilometer Market (Sed'moi) near Odessa as a particular socio-mythical space. It affords it own kind of protection and opportunities to traders, but these structures may be unstable in a changing economic climate.
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Coles, Tim. "Trading places." Applied Geography 17, no. 4 (October 1997): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-6228(97)00024-6.
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Novak, Mathew J., and Jason A. Gilliland. "Trading Places." Social Science History 35, no. 4 (2011): 543–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011664.
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The economies of modern cities are dependent on an advanced retail system; so too are the people who inhabit them. The origin and evolution of retailing in London, Canada, was studied using a historical geographic information system (GIS) to document the relationship between a city and its retail sector. Visualization and spatial-statistical techniques afforded by the historical GIS were implemented to study change over time. The locations of retailers and the types of the goods they sold were examined for four periods in the city’s early history: 1844, 1863, 1881, and 1916. The distances traveled to shop were also calculated for a variety of goods. The results indicate that the retail system was ingrained in the development of the city, showing marked locational patterns and a high degree of rationality in the shopkeepers' business strategies. Mapping the retail landscape in each era using historical GIS allowed for the examination of the relationship between retail and residential development in the growing city. While the downtown area remained the primary retail district for the city, considerable retail expansion also occurred at the urban periphery during this early stage of the city's development.
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Hardill, Irene. "Trading Places." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 13, no. 2 (August 1998): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690949808726432.
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This paper reports on some of the findings of a recent study on the employment impact of moving to a rural area. A case study approach is used to elucidate the choices/constraints/compromises encountered by women in in-migrant households to rural and semi-rural parts of the East Midlands, Great Britain. Rural labour markets are quantitatively and qualitatively different from urban labour markets and, while some of the surveyed in-migrant women managed to find jobs following their move, they often experienced downward occupational mobility; others withdrew from the labour market. A number of policy recommendations are also made to improve labour market access.
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Hoffe, Sarah E. "Trading Places." Oncology Times 28, no. 10 (May 2006): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000303138.01935.d0.
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Schilter, David. "Trading places." Nature Reviews Chemistry 4, no. 1 (November 27, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41570-019-0154-7.
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Gutierrez, Eric. "Trading Places." Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 7, no. 2 (October 31, 1997): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j041v07n02_10.
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Winham, Gilbert R. "Trading places." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 16, no. 2 (July 2010): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2010.9687312.
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The Lancet Oncology. "Trading places." Lancet Oncology 7, no. 4 (April 2006): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(06)70625-8.
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Davenport, R. J. "Trading Places." Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2003, no. 33 (August 20, 2003): 117nw—117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sageke.2003.33.nw117.
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Joy, Renena. "Trading Places." ASHA Leader 17, no. 1 (January 2012): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.fmp.17012012.30.
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Spencer, Ivon, Alida Deguara, and John Zammit. "Trading places." Emergency Nurse 15, no. 9 (February 2008): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en2008.02.15.9.8.c8173.
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Macdonald, Laura. "Trading places." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 16, no. 2 (July 2010): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2010.9687311.
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Craw, Edith D. "Trading Places." Adult Learning 6, no. 3 (January 1995): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104515959500600311.
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Wolf, Sonia. "Trading places." BMJ 334, Suppl S1 (January 1, 2007): 070138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.070138.
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Davies, Duncan. "Trading places." Nature 314, no. 6011 (April 1985): 563–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/314563a0.
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Geer, Daniel E. "Trading Places." IEEE Security & Privacy 16, no. 1 (January 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2018.1331041.
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