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Journal articles on the topic 'Platinum anode'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Chen, Wei-Sheng, and Jie-Yu Yang. "Concentrating and Dissolving Platinum Group Metals from Copper Anode Slime." International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 7, no. 6 (December 2019): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmmm.2019.7.6.468.

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2

Rozenfeld, Shmuel, Lea Ouaknin Hirsch, Bharath Gandu, Ravit Farber, Alex Schechter, and Rivka Cahan. "Improvement of Microbial Electrolysis Cell Activity by Using Anode Based on Combined Plasma-Pretreated Carbon Cloth and Stainless Steel." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101968.

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The anode activity in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is known to be a limiting factor in hydrogen production. In this study, the MEC was constructed using different anode materials and a platinum-coated carbon-cloth cathode (CC). The anodes were comprised of CC, stainless steel (SS), and a combination of the two (COMB). The CC and SS anodes were also treated with plasma to improve their surface morphology and hydrophilic properties (CCP and SSP, respectively). A combined version of CCP attached to SS was also applied (COMBP). After construction of the MEC using the different anodes, we conducted electrochemical measurements and examination of biofilm viability. Under an applied voltage of 0.6 V (Ag/AgCl), the currents of a MEC based on CCP and COMBP were 11.66 ± 0.1331 and 16.36 ± 0.3172 A m−2, respectively, which are about three times higher compared to the untreated CC and COMB. A MEC utilizing an untreated SS anode exhibited current of only 0.3712 ± 0.0108 A m−2. The highest biofilm viability of 0.92 OD540 ± 0.07 and hydrogen production rate of 0.0736 ± 0.0022 m3 d−1 m−2 at 0.8 V were obtained in MECs based on the COMBP anode. To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the effect of plasma-treated anodes and the use of a combined anode composed of SS and CC for hydrogen evolution in a MEC.

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3

González, Javier, Carlos Sánchez, Bibian Alonso Hoyos, Carlos Monsalve, and Gonzalo Trujillo. "Oxidation of H2 and CO in a fuel cell with a Platinum-tin Anode." Ingeniería e Investigación 24, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v24n2.14600.

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This report describes the construction and evaluation of a fuel cell with a bi-metallic anode of Pt-Sn supported on carbon, as catalysts for oxidation of pure hydrogen, pure CO and a 2% CO in H2 mixture. Both, cathode and anode were made with a structure composed by a diffusive layer and a catalytic layer. The diffusive layer was made with a carbon cloth while the catalytic layer contained the platinum and tin supported on carbon. To test the performance of the catalytic mixture, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was developed with an original design for the gas distribution plates. The reactants were feed to ambient temperature and 3 psig in the anode side, while 5 psig pure oxygen was used in the cathode. The anode catalytic load was 0.57 mg/cm2 of platinum and 0.08 mg/cm2 of tin. The catalytic load in cathode was 0.85 mg/cm2 of pure platinum. It was found that this catalytic mixture is tolerant to CO presence.

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4

Dbira, Sondos, Nasr Bensalah, Mohammad I. Ahmad, and Ahmed Bedoui. "Electrochemical Oxidation/Disinfection of Urine Wastewaters with Different Anode Materials." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081254.

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In the present work, electrochemical technology was used simultaneously for the deactivation of microorganisms and the destruction of micro-pollutants contained in synthetic urine wastewaters. Microorganisms (E. coli) were added to synthetic urine wastewaters to mimic secondary treated sewage wastewaters. Different anode materials were employed including boron-doped diamond (BDD), dimensionally stable anode (DSA: IrO2 and RuO2) and platinum (Pt). The results showed that for the different anode materials, a complete deactivation of E. coli microorganisms at low applied electric charge (1.34 Ah dm−3) was obtained. The complete deactivation of microorganisms in wastewater seems to be directly related to active chlorine and oxygen species electrochemically produced at the surface of the anode material. Complete depletion of COD and TOC can be attained during electrolyses with BDD anode after the consumption of specific electric charges of 4.0 and 8.0 Ah dm−3, respectively. Higher specific electric charges (>25 Ah dm−3) were consumed to removal completely COD and about 75% of TOC during electrolyses with DSA anodes (IrO2 and RuO2). However, the electrolysis using Pt anode can partially remove and even after the consumption of high specific electric charges (>40 Ah dm−3) COD and TOC did not exceed 50 and 25%, respectively. Active chlorine species including hypochlorite ions and chloramines formed during electrolysis contribute not only to deactivate microorganisms but also to degrade organics compounds. High conversion yields of organic nitrogen into nitrates and ammonium were achieved during electrolysis BDD and DSA anodes. The results have confirmed that BDD anode is more efficient than with IrO2, RuO2 and Pt electrodes in terms of COD and TOC removals. However, higher amounts of perchlorates were measured at the end of the electrolysis using BDD anode.

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5

Abdulhadi, Saif Ali, Alona Tulskа, Volodymyr Bayrachnyi, and Irina Valeriivna Sinkevich. "ON THE KINETICS OF ANODIC PROCESSES AT OXIDATION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, no. 1(5) (May 15, 2021): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0821.2021.01.09.

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Dimethyl sulfoxide is a feedstock for a large number of organic substances syntheses. Nowadays research is considerably focused on the production of general products of dimethyl sulfoxide oxidation – dimethyl sulfone and methane sulfonic acid. Dimethyl sulfone is well–known as a food supplement for the treating and strengthening of human joints and ligaments. dimethyl sulfone is basically synthesized by oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide in hot 30 % hydrogen peroxide in glacial acetic acid. Synthesis is accompanied by significant losses of hydrogen peroxide, the target product has to be significantly purified. It becomes possible to control the synthesis of pure dimethyl sulfone and methane sulfonic acid when using the electrochemical method of oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide in its aqueous solution with chemically resistant anode and high overvoltage of oxygen reaction Controlled synthesis is relevant because sulfur tends to change the oxidation rate. Study of kinetics of anodic processes at platinum electrode was performed in the dimethyl sulfoxide concentration range about 1.0…4.0 mol∙dm–3. Current raise was observed at potentials that are more positive than 1.3…1.4 V. This potential range corresponds to oxygen release. Dissolved sulfuric acid (0.2 mol∙dm–3) was added in order to inhibit the oxygen release and achieve the potential for the formation of peroxide radicals in aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide. It is known that sulfate ions are adsorbed on the surface of the platinum anode, displacing molecules of protonated water. This allows to shift the potentials and increase of the electrolysis current in 0.2 mol∙dm–3 H2SO4 to 1.7…1.9 V. It indicates the processes of formation of peroxide radicals on the surface of the platinum anode. Further shift of the anode potential into more positive area than 2.00…2.05 V leads to a rapid increase in current density. At such potentials, dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone are oxidized to methane sulfonic acid with a parallel oxygen and hydrogen peroxide release. Current–voltage study has shown that the oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide in aqueous solutions runs through the formation of dimethyl sulfone. When conducting electrochemical synthesis with control of the anode potential, it is possible to produce dimethyl sulfone without further oxidation to methane sulfonic acid. The addition of 0.2 mol∙dm–3 H2SO4 to aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solutions inhibits oxygen release and intensifies oxidation of dipole dimethyl sulfoxide molecules adsorbed on the platinum surface. The influence of adsorption processes on the kinetics of anode processes at the platinum anode in aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide at high anode potentials has been studied.

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6

Men Truong, Van, Julian Richard Tolchard, Jørgen Svendby, Maidhily Manikandan, Hamish A. Miller, Svein Sunde, Hsiharng Yang, Dario R. Dekel, and Alejandro Oyarce Barnett. "Platinum and Platinum Group Metal-Free Catalysts for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030582.

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The development of active hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts for use in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), which are free from platinum group metals (PGMs), is expected to bring this technology one step closer to commercial applications. This paper reports our recent progress developing HOR Pt-free and PGM-free catalysts (Pd/CeO2 and NiCo/C, respectively), and ORR PGM-free Co3O4 for AEMFCs. The catalysts were prepared by different synthesis techniques and characterized by both physical-chemical and electrochemical methods. A hydrothermally synthesized Co3O4 + C composite ORR catalyst used in combination with Pt/C as HOR catalyst shows good H2/O2 AEMFC performance (peak power density of ~388 mW cm−2), while the same catalyst coupled with our flame spray pyrolysis synthesised Pd/CeO2 anode catalysts reaches peak power densities of ~309 mW cm−2. Changing the anode to nanostructured NiCo/C catalyst, the performance is significantly reduced. This study confirms previous conclusions, that is indeed possible to develop high performing AEMFCs free from Pt; however, the challenge to achieve completely PGM-free AEMFCs still remains.

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7

Wei, Bin, Jing-Hao Qin, Yong-Zheng Yang, Ye-Xiang Xie, Xuan-Hui Ouyang, and Ren-Jie Song. "Electrochemical radical C(sp³)–H arylation of xanthenes with electron-rich arenes." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no. 3 (2022): 816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qo01714d.

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8

Yashtulov, N. A., M. V. Lebedeva, and S. M. Pestov. "CATALYSTS FOR ANODE OXIDATION OF FORMIC ACID ON CARBON NANOTUBES "TAUNIT"." Fine Chemical Technologies 11, no. 5 (October 28, 2016): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2016-11-5-51-56.

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Platinum-palladium/carbon nanjtubes (CNT) carbon nanocomposites were synthesized by chemical reduction of ions in water-organic solutions of reverse microemulsions. Physico-chemical characteristics of the nanocomposites were studied by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, photon-correlation spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis and chronopotentiometry. It was found that the smallest platinum-palladium nanoparticles size is observed when the metal ratio is 3:1 and the water pool size is minimal (ω = 1.5). Testing of catalytic activity in the oxidation of formic acid showed that the platinum-palladium/CNT nanocomposites showed higher corrosion resistance than nanocomposites with pure palladium.

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9

Keech, Peter G., Michelle M. G. Chartrand, and Nigel J. Bunce. "Oxidation of simple indoles at a platinum anode." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 534, no. 1 (October 2002): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01143-9.

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10

Secanell, M., K. Karan, A. Suleman, and N. Djilali. "Optimal Design of Ultralow-Platinum PEMFC Anode Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 155, no. 2 (2008): B125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2806171.

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11

Nurhamizah, A. R., Zuhairi Ibrahim, Rosnita Muhammad, Yussof Wahab, and Samsudi Sakrani. "Effect of Annealing Temperature on Platinum/YSZ Thin Film Fabricated Using RF and DC Magnetron Sputtering." Solid State Phenomena 268 (October 2017): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.268.229.

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This research aims to study the growth and the effect of annealing temperature on the structural properties of Platinum/YSZ/Platinum thin film. The thin films were prepared by RF and DC magnetron sputtering method utilized platinum as electrodes (anode and cathode) and YSZ as electrolyte. Two temperatures of annealing (400 and 600 °C) were conducted onto Platinum/YSZ/Platinum thin film for comparison in this study. Crystalline phase, microstructure and thickness of thin films were evaluated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) technique. Results show that Pt/YSZ/Pt thin film without post-annealing gives a better morphology and crystal phase.

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12

Wang, Hong Jie, Li Guo Jin, Shuo Wang, Chao Wang, and Tai Yang Liu. "Study on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Graphene / Pt Counter Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 1056 (October 2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1056.25.

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Graphene/platinum composite gel was prepared with chloroplatinic acid and graphene oxide (GO) as precursors by in-situ reduction method. Grapheme/platinum composite film as counter electrode was prepared on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass by electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) method. Battery was assembled with nanoTiO2film as anode, N3 dye, and ionic liquid electrolyte. It was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Graphene/platinum composite film include very thin graphene layers, with platinum particles of an average dimension dispersed evenly in graphene layers. This device shows similar photoelectric conversion efficiency compared with platinum electrode under 100 mWcm-2(1 sun) AM1.5 illumination.

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13

He, Daping, Yuanyang Rong, Mariolino Carta, Richard Malpass-Evans, Neil B. McKeown, and Frank Marken. "Fuel cell anode catalyst performance can be stabilized with a molecularly rigid film of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM)." RSC Advances 6, no. 11 (2016): 9315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25320a.

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14

Gao, Xiao-Tong, Zheng Zhang, Xin Wang, Jun-Song Tian, Shi-Liang Xie, Feng Zhou, and Jian Zhou. "Direct electrochemical defluorinative carboxylation of α-CF3 alkenes with carbon dioxide." Chemical Science 11, no. 38 (2020): 10414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc04091f.

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15

Mao, Han, Lan Zhou, Tao Huang, and Aishui Yu. "Surface platinum-rich CuPt bimetallic nanoparticles supported by partially unzipped vapor grown carbon fibers and their electrocatalytic activities." RSC Adv. 4, no. 56 (2014): 29429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03648d.

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16

Ambauen, Muff, Mai, Hallé, Trinh, and Meyn. "Insights into the Kinetics of Intermediate Formation during Electrochemical Oxidation of the Organic Model Pollutant Salicylic Acid in Chloride Electrolyte." Water 11, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071322.

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The present study investigated the kinetics and formation of hydroxylated and chlorinated intermediates during electrochemical oxidation of salicylic acid (SA). A chloride (NaCl) and sulfate (Na2SO4) electrolyte were used, along with two different anode materials, boron doped diamond (BDD) and platinum (Pt). Bulk electrolysis of SA confirmed the formation of both hydroxylated and chlorinated intermediates. In line with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed in this study, 2,5- and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3- and 5- chlorosalicylic acid and 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid were the dominating products. In the presence of a chloride electrolyte, the formation of chlorinated intermediates was the predominant oxidation mechanism on both BDD and Pt anodes. In the absence of a chloride electrolyte, hydroxylated intermediates prevailed on the Pt anode and suggested the formation of sulfonated SA intermediates on the BDD anode. Furthermore, direct oxidation at the anode surface only played a subordinate role. First order kinetic models successfully described the degradation of SA and the formation of the observed intermediates. Rate constants provided by the model showed that chlorination of SA can take place at up to more than 60 times faster rates than hydroxylation. In conclusion, the formation of chlorinated intermediates during electrochemical oxidation of the organic model pollutant SA is confirmed and found to be dominant in chloride containing waters.

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17

Akyalçın, Levent. "Performance optimization of an air-breathing PEM fuel cell." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 25, no. 3 (2019): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq180612007a.

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In this study, Taguchi?s experimental design is used to determine the optimum component combination of a membrane electrode assembly and cathode current collector opening geometry to obtain maximum power density of an airbreathing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell at 0.5 V. An analysis of variance was conducted to figure out the optimum levels and significant differences of the effect of the combinations, followed by a performance measurement analysis. Experimental investigations of the effecting parameters enabled the determination of the optimum configuration of the MEA and cathode current collector opening geometry design parameters for maximum power density at a certain cell potential. Effective parameters which enable withdrawal of a maximum power output from an ABPEMFC at 0.5 V are, in order of effectiveness: the amount of platinum on the cathode, the thickness of the Nafion membrane, the cathode current collector opening geometry, and the amount of platinum on the anode. Optimum component combinations are: 0.45 mgPt cm?2 for the platinum loading on the cathode, Nafion 112 for membrane, a vertical cathode opening geometry and 1.78 mg cm?2 for the amount of platinum on the anode. For these component combinations, a 98.5 mW cm?2 power output was obtained from an ABPEMFC at 0.5 V cell voltage.

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18

Miripour, Zohreh Sadat, Parisa Aghaee, Reihane Mahdavi, Mohammad Ali Khayamian, Amir Mamdouh, Mohammad Reza Esmailinejad, Sajad Mehrvarz, et al. "Nanoporous platinum needle for cancer tumor destruction by EChT and impedance-based intra-therapeutic monitoring." Nanoscale 12, no. 43 (2020): 22129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr05993e.

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We present a new design on the Single Needle Electrochemical Therapy method by introducing some major improvements, including a nanoporous platinum electrode, tunable in situ anode size, and intratherapeutic impedance recording by the same needle.

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19

Menéndez, Christian L., Yunyun Zhou, Chris M. Marin, Neil J. Lawrence, E. Bryan Coughlin, Chin Li Cheung, and Carlos R. Cabrera. "Preparation and characterization of Pt/Pt:CeO2−x nanorod catalysts for short chain alcohol electrooxidation in alkaline media." RSC Adv. 4, no. 63 (2014): 33489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03807j.

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Multi-functional anode catalysts composed of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles electrodeposited on 2 wt% Pt decorated ceria (Pt:CeO_2−x) nanorod supports were shown to enhance the alkaline electrocatalytic oxidation of short chain alcohols.

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20

Tatarenko, K. V., A. V. Suzdaltsev, A. P. Khramov, and Yu P. Zaikov. "Anode process on platinum in CaCl2-CaO-based melt." Chimica Techno Acta 1, no. 3 (2014): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2014.1.3.717.

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21

Hartig-Weiß, Alexandra, Maximilian Bernt, Armin Siebel, and Hubert A. Gasteiger. "A Platinum Micro-Reference Electrode for Impedance Measurements in a PEM Water Electrolysis Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 114511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3717.

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We present a platinum wire micro-reference electrode (Pt-WRE) suitable for recording individual electrochemical impedance spectra of both the anode and the cathode in a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEM-WE). For this purpose, a thin, insulated Pt-wire reference electrode (Pt-WRE) was laminated centrally between two 50 μm Nafion® membranes, whereby the potential of the Pt-WRE is determined by the ratio of the local H2 and O2 permeation fluxes at the tip of the Pt-WRE. Impedance analysis with the Pt-WRE allows determination of the proton sheet resistance of the anode, the anode catalyst layer capacitance, and the high-frequency resistance (HFR) of both electrodes individually, using a simple transmission-line model. This new diagnostic tool was used to analyze performance degradation during an accelerated stress test (AST), where low and high current densities were alternated with idle periods without current (i.e., at open circuit voltage (OCV)), mimicking the fluctuating operation of a PEM-WE with renewable energy. Our analysis revealed that the increasing HFR that was observed over the course of the OCV-AST, which is the main cause for the observed performance decrease, can unequivocally be assigned to an increasing contact resistance between the anode electrode and the porous transport layer.

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22

Dillon, CT, and BJ Kennedy. "The Electrochemically Formed Palladium-Deuterium System. I. Surface Composition and Morphology." Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 5 (1993): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9930663.

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Surface analysis of palladium cathodes after prolonged electrolysis in D2O electrolytes shows evidence for the electrodeposition of Pt, Zn and Cu. The platinum comes from the platinum anode used in the work, whilst zinc and copper are present in the D2O. Scanning electron microscopy studies of cast palladium cathodes revealed a diverse surface topology with no single feature present. The effect of electrode pretreatment on the appearance of the microcrystallites is discussed, and evidence for a palladized overlay is presented.

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23

Yang, Zhan, Masahiro Nakajima, Yasuhito Ode, and Toshio Fukuda. "Tungsten/Platinum Hybrid Nanowire Growth via Field Emission Using Nanorobotic Manipulation." Journal of Nanotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/386582.

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This paper reports tungsten-platinum hybrid nanowire growth via field emission, based on nanorobotic manipulation within a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). A multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was used as the emitter, and a tungsten probe was used as the anode at the counterposition, by way of nanomanipulation. By independently employing trimethylcyclopentadienyl platinum (CpPtMe3) and tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6) as precursors, the platinum nanowire grew on the tip of the MWCNT emitter. Tungsten nanowires then grew on the tip of the platinum nanowire. The hybrid nanowire length wascontrolled by nanomanipulation. Their purity was evaluated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Thus, it is possible to fabricate various metallic hybrid nanowires by changing the precursor materials. Hybrid nanowires have various applications in nanoelectronics, nanosensor devices, and nanomechanical systems.

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24

Wang, S., L. Li, S. D. Wang, H. Wang, and G. D. Wu. "Extraction of platinum and gold from copper anode slimes by a process of chlorinating roasting followed by chlorinating leaching." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 56, no. 2 (2020): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb190915015w.

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A novel process of chlorinating roasting followed by chlorinating leaching to extract platinum and gold from copper anode slimes was proposed in this research. Results of thermodynamic analysis and experimental research showed that the platinum was chlorinated into PtCl2 while the gold existed in the form of metallic Au during the roasting process. With the copper anode slime being directly leached using a traditional process, the Pt recovery rate was low and came to 80.72%. After the roasting process with sodium chloride and concentrated sulfuric acid in oxygen atmosphere, the recovery rate of Pt increased to a value around 95%. Moreover, with excessive addition of concentrated sulfuric acid, more H2O (g) was generated and the formation of Cl2 (g) decreased due to the transition from HCl (g) and Cl2 (g), as a result of which the Pt recovery rate decreased. In addition, this chlorinating roasting had little effect on the Au recovery due to its difficulty to be chlorinated.

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Hernández-Pichardo, M. L., R. G. González-Huerta, P. Del Angel, E. Palacios-González, and S. P. Paredes-Carrera. "Nanostructured Pt/WO_x-C Solids as Electrocatalyst for PEMFC." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 15, no. 3 (March 22, 2012): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v15i3.61.

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Platinum nanoparticles supported on high surface area carbon black (e.g., Vulcan XC-72) are the most commonly used catalysts for both cathode and anode in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), however, some other catalysts such as Pt/MoOx and Pt/WOx are also considered promising, due to their higher activity, stability and enhanced CO tolerance. This work is focused on the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured Pt/WOx-C as both cathode and anode electrocatalysts for PEMFCs. The Pt deposit on the surface of the support is a crucial step in the synthesis of the catalytic materials. Because of this, different synthesis methods were probed in order to find the conditions for the higher dispersion and accessibility of Platinum over the WOx-C support and to improve the PEMFC cathode stability. The catalysts were prepared by UV and ultrasound assisted approaches, and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy as well as lineal and cyclic voltammetry.

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26

Kim, Seok, and Soo Jin Park. "Preparation of Platinum-Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Graphite Nanofibers." Solid State Phenomena 135 (February 2008): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.135.39.

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Electroactivity of graphite nanofibers (GNFs)-supported PtRu particles was examined for their application as DMFCs anode. In this work, composites of PtRu nanoparticles of 2-8 nm size and graphite nanofibers were prepared by the electrodeposition methods. As a result, the methanol oxidation current for graphite nanofibers-supported PtRu catalysts was investigated by changing a deposition time. The electroactivity could be attributed to the particle size, particle dispersion ability, and deposition level.

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27

Abida, Bochra, Lotfi Chirchi, Stève Baranton, Teko Wilhelmin Napporn, Cláudia Morais, Jean-Michel Léger, and Abdelhamid Ghorbel. "Hydrogenotitanates nanotubes supported platinum anode for direct methanol fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 241 (November 2013): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.090.

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28

Gupta, S. Sen, N. R. Bandyopadhya, and J. Datta. "Carbon-Supported Platinum Catalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell Anode." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 21, no. 7 (October 2006): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426910600613546.

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29

Khidirov, Sh Sh, and Kh S. Khibiev. "Kolbe Synthesis on a Platinum Anode Modified with Thiocyanate Ions." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 41, no. 11 (November 2005): 1176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11175-005-0198-5.

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30

Du, Kaifa, Rui Yu, Muxing Gao, Zhigang Chen, Xuhui Mao, Hua Zhu, and Dihua Wang. "Durability of platinum coating anode in molten carbonate electrolysis cell." Corrosion Science 153 (June 2019): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.03.028.

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31

Verma, A., A. K. Jha, and S. Basu. "Evaluation of an Alkaline Fuel Cell for Multifuel System." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2, no. 4 (March 16, 2005): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2039955.

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The performance of an alkaline fuel cell (AFC) is investigated using three different fuels, e.g., methanol, ethanol, and sodium borohydride. Pt∕C∕Ni was used as anode, whereas MnO2∕C∕Ni was used as standard (Electro-Chem-Technic, UK) cathode for all the fuels. Fresh mixture of electrolyte, potassium hydroxide (5M), and fuel (2M) was fed to AFC and withdrawn at a rate of 1ml∕min. The anode was prepared by dispersing platinum and activated carbon in Nafion® (DuPont USA) dispersion and placing it onto a carbon paper (Lydall, USA). Finally prepared anode material was pressed onto Ni mesh and sintered to produce the required anode. The maximum power density of 16.5mW∕cm2 is obtained at 28mA∕cm2 of current density for sodium borohydride at 25°C, whereas methanol produces 31.5mW∕cm2 of maximum power density at 44mA∕cm2 of current density at 60°C. The results obtained showed that the AFC could accept multifuels.

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32

Scheler, Irene, and Dietrich W. Wabner. "Impedance Measurements to Determine the Influence of Fluoride at Platinum Anodes During the Formation of Peroxodisulfate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 50, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1995-1119.

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The electrode reactions at platinum anodes in 1.5 M H2SO4 + 2.3 M (NH4)2SO4 solution with and without addition of NaF (0.5 M) have been examined. Impedance spectra between 1 to 100.000 Hz were measured under galvanostatic conditions. Electrolyte, polarization, chargetransfer resistance (RD), double-layer capacitance (CD) and inductance (L) were determined.For a constant current density, fluoride causes an increase o f CD and a decrease of RD. At a certain potential (measured and corrected by the electrolyte resistance) CD nearly remains the same with and without fluoride, whereas RD is slightly increased by fluoride.This behaviour is explained by the double function o f the fluoride: It is adsorbed on the anode surface and causes an increase o f the real current density on the surface. Simultaneously, the evolution o f oxygen is hindered by fluoride.

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Kaur, Harpreet, and Baljit Singh. "Direct Electrochemical Synthesis of Bismuth(III) Phenoxides and their Coordination Compounds." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/403782.

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Bismuth(III) phenoxides have been synthesized by electrochemical reactions of 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 4-aminophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid,p-cresol, phenol, resorcinol, 2-tert-butylphenol and 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol at sacrificial bismuth anode and inert platinum cathode using tetrabutylammonium chloride as supporting electrolyte. The coordination compounds of these phenols with 1, 10-phenanthroline and 2, 2ʼ-bipyridyl have also been synthesized electrochemically. The solid products separated in the anode compartment have been isolated and characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectral studies. Current efficiencies of these reactions are quite high.

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34

Lefebvre, O., A. Al-Mamun, and H. Y. Ng. "A microbial fuel cell equipped with a biocathode for organic removal and denitrification." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 4 (September 1, 2008): 881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.343.

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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising anaerobic technology but they are limited by the high cost of the catalyst used at the cathode (typically platinum). In this study, we designed a novel type of two-chambered MFC wherein an autoheterotrophic denitrifying biofilm replaced the costly catalyst on the cathode surface. Micro-organisms performed denitrification by using electrons supplied by bacteria oxidizing domestic wastewater and acetate as substrates in the anode chamber. This two-chambered MFC equipped with a biocathode generated during more than 1.5 month up to 9.4 mW m−2 of anode surface or 0.19 W m−3 of anode chamber volume, while removing over 65% of COD, 84% of total nitrogen and nearly 30% of suspended solids with domestic wastewater as a substrate, and nearly 95% of acetate in the subsequent experiments.

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35

Tseng, Yi, and Daniel Scott. "A Simple, Membrane-Free, Direct Glycerol Fuel Cell Utilizing a Precious Metal-Free Cathode and Gold-Plated Anode Surfaces." Energies 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092259.

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As bio-diesel production continues around the world, the amount of low-grade glycerol, a byproduct from the process, in increasing, as is the demand for a simple, easy-to-make, fuel cell capable of running off glycerol and oxygen from the air. Despite the research that has already been done with glycerol fuel cells, the complexity of the fuel cell designs for such a simple fuel appears to be prohibitive toward the actualization of such a cell. Here the simplest of fuel cells, an alkaline, membrane-free, glycerol fuel cell with a non-platinum-containing MnO2 cathode is explored. Glycerol oxidation is catalyzed on various surfaces including carbon felt, platinum, and silver-plated nickel with and without gold plating. The maximum power this glycerol fuel cell generates, with 1.4 M glycerol and 8.0 M KOH, is 1.27 mW cm−2 at 200 mV. It has an open circuit voltage of 704 mV. Additionally, the effects of different, gold-plated anodic surfaces, electrolytes and temperatures are also explored. This work demonstrates the feasibility of this simple, reusable robust cell design using pure and crude glycerol from bio-diesel production and preliminarily explores the products of this reaction.

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36

Popovic, Ksenija, and Jelena Lovic. "Formic acid oxidation at platinum-bismuth catalysts." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 80, no. 10 (2015): 1217–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc150318044p.

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The field of heterogeneous catalysis, specifically catalysis on bimetallic surfaces, has seen many advances over the past few decades. Bimetallic catalysts, which often show electronic and chemical properties that are distinct from those of their parent metals, offer the opportunity to obtain new catalysts with enhanced selectivity, activity, and stability. The oxidation of formic acid is of permanent interest as a model reaction for the mechanistic understanding of the electrooxidation of small organic molecules and because of its technical relevance for fuel cell applications. Platinum is one of the most commonly used catalysts for this reaction, despite the fact that it shows a few significant disadvantages: high cost and extreme susceptibility to poisoning by CO. To solve this problem, several approaches have been used, but generally, they all consist in the modification of platinum with a second element. Especially, bismuth has received significant attention as Pt modifier. According to the results presented in this survey dealing with the effects influencing the formic acid oxidation it was found that two types of Pt-Bi bimetallic catalysts (bulk and low loading deposits on GC) showed superior catalytic activity in terms of the lower onset potential and oxidation current density, as well as exceptional stability compared to Pt. The findings in this report are important for the understanding of mechanism of formic acid electrooxidation on a bulk alloy and decorated surface, for the development of advanced anode catalysts for direct formic acid fuel cells, as well as for the synthesis of novel low-loading bimetallic catalysts. The use of bimetallic compounds as the anode catalysts is an effective solution to overcoming the problems of the formic acid oxidation current stability for long term applications. In the future, the tolerance of both CO poisoning and electrochemical leaching should be considered as the key factors in the development of electrocatalysts for the anodic reactions.

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37

Mason, C. W., and A. M. Kannan. "Study of Carbon Nanotube-Supported Platinum Nanocatalyst Fabricated with Sodium Formate Reducing Agent in Ethylene Glycol Suspension." ISRN Nanotechnology 2011 (April 27, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/708045.

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A simple method to prepare a durable, low platinum-loading catalyst layer for the cathode in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is tested and described. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are functionalized with citric acid and then suspended in ethylene glycol. Here, platinum nanoparticles (~4 nm) are loaded onto the surface of the MWCNTs after hexachloroplatinic acid is reduced by aqueous sodium formate. A peak performance of 813 mW⋅cm−2 was achieved with a total membrane electrode assembly (MEA) platinum catalyst loading of 0.2 mg⋅cm−2 (0.1 mg⋅cm−2 anode/0.1 mg⋅cm−2 cathode), in H2/O2 (ambient pressure), at 80°C, with a Nafion 212 membrane. Peak power density only decreased by 23% after 1500 potentials cycles (ranged from 0.1 to 1.2 V, and vice versa, with a 50 mV/s scan rate, flowing H2/N2 at 80°C). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show the morphology and distribution of the platinum nanoparticles loaded onto the surface of the MWCNTs.

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38

Randle, TH, and AT Kuhn. "The Lead Dioxide Anode. I. A Kinetic Study of the Electrolytic Oxidation of Cerium(III) and Manganese(II) in Sulfuric Acid at the Lead Dioxide Electrode." Australian Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 2 (1989): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9890229.

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The electrolytic oxidation reactions of cerium(III) and manganeseII) in sulfuric acid have been used as probes to investigate the mechanism of the lead dioxide anode. The kinetics observed for such reactions at the lead dioxide surface provide no direct support for the proposal that the lead dioxide anode functions by a sequential 'two-step' mechanism (heterogeneous chemical oxidation of solution species followed by electrochemical oxidation of the reduced lead dioxide surface); rather the kinetics show characteristics similar to those observed previously for the oxidation of cerium(III) and manganese(II) at the platinum electrode, suggesting that the lead dioxide surface functions as a simple, 'inert' electron-transfer agent.

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39

Chen, Min, Xiaobin Xie, Jinhu Guo, Dongchu Chen, and Qing Xu. "Space charge layer effect at the platinum anode/BaZr0.9Y0.1O3−δ electrolyte interface in proton ceramic fuel cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 25 (2020): 12566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta03339a.

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40

Zuo-Jun, Li, Lv Jia-Gen, and Wu Cai-Ming. "Study on Intermediates for Electro-Oxidation of Tetrahydrofuran on Platinum Anode." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 6, no. 03 (1990): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb19900310.

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41

Zhang, Jianmei, Yihua Zhu, Cheng Chen, Xiaoling Yang, and Chunzhong Li. "Carbon nanotubes coated with platinum nanoparticles as anode of biofuel cell." Particuology 10, no. 4 (August 2012): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2011.11.014.

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42

Blair, Sharon, Derek Lycke, and Coca A. Iordache. "Palladium-Platinum Alloy Anode Catalysts for Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 3, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 1325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2356252.

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43

Santos, D. M. F., P. G. Saturnino, D. Macciò, A. Saccone, and C. A. C. Sequeira. "Platinum-rare earth intermetallic alloys as anode electrocatalysts for borohydride oxidation." Catalysis Today 170, no. 1 (July 2011): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2011.03.037.

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44

Serov, Alexey, and Chan Kwak. "Review of non-platinum anode catalysts for DMFC and PEMFC application." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 90, no. 3-4 (August 2009): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.03.030.

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45

Krishnan, R. M., S. Sriveeraraghavan, Sobha Jayakrishnan, and S. R. Natarajan. "Some experiences with a platinum-plated titanium anode for chromium electrodeposition." Metal Finishing 93, no. 9 (September 1995): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0576(95)99500-a.

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46

Ponmani, K., S. M. Nayeemunisa, S. Kiruthika, and B. Muthukumaran. "Electrochemical characterization of platinum-based anode catalysts for membraneless fuel cells." Ionics 22, no. 3 (September 19, 2015): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-015-1555-3.

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47

Ueno, Kosei, Tomoya Oshikiri, Kei Murakoshi, Haruo Inoue, and Hiroaki Misawa. "Plasmon-enhanced light energy conversion using gold nanostructured oxide semiconductor photoelectrodes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 87, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1120.

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AbstractWe have successfully demonstrated plasmon-enhanced photocurrent generation using gold nanoparticle-loaded titanium dioxide single-crystal (TiO2) photoelectrodes with visible-light irradiation. Water molecules serve as an electron source in photocurrent generation, and oxygen evolution occurs due to water oxidation from a gold nanostructured TiO2 photoelectrode as a half reaction of water splitting. On the basis of this property, the photocurrent generation system was applied to the plasmon-induced water-splitting system using both sides of the same strontium titanate (SrTiO3) single-crystal substrate without an electrochemical apparatus. The chamber on the side of the gold nanoparticles was the anode side, whereas the chamber on the side of the platinum plate was the cathode side. Platinum was used as a co-catalyst for hydrogen evolution. Hydrogen and oxygen were separately evolved from the anode and cathode chambers, respectively. Water splitting was induced with a relatively low chemical bias of 0.23 V due to plasmonic effects based on efficient water oxidation. Similar to the artificial photosynthesis system, we have also demonstrated ammonia formation via nitrogen fixation using ruthenium as a co-catalyst via an analogous setup of the water-splitting system.

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48

Kuz'mina, A. S., M. Yu Kuzmina, and M. P. Kuz'min. "Morphology of ZnO Films Fabricated by Electrochemical Oxidation of Metallic Zn." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.210.

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Anodic oxide films of zinc oxide in an aqueous solution of K Cl (0.1 M; 0.5 M and 1 M) were obtained by electrochemical oxidation of zinc metal. Zinc electrode was used as anode and platinum plate as cathode. The study discusses the influence of the concentrations of K Cl solution and the voltage applied to the electrochemical cell on the morphology of the obtained anode films, as well as their thermodynamic stability. The analysis of volt-ampere curves of linear potential sweep and chronoamperometric dependences showed that oxidation in 0.1 M K Cl solution at a voltage of 7.5 V allows to obtain continuous stable defect-free Zn O films on metal zinc.

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49

El-Nagar, Gumaa A., Falk Muench, and Christina Roth. "Tailored dendritic platinum nanostructures as a robust and efficient direct formic acid fuel cell anode." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 10 (2019): 4100–4105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj06172f.

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Engineering of platinum structures with precisely controlled morphology provides an excellent opportunity to efficiently tailor their catalytic performance, greatly improving their durability and activity.

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50

Choi, Eun-Young, Jeong Lee, Dong Hyun Heo, and Jin-Mok Hur. "Quantitative Analysis of Oxygen Gas Exhausted from Anode through In Situ Measurement during Electrolytic Reduction." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2748302.

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Quantitative analysis by in situ measurement of oxygen gas evolved from an anode was employed to monitor the progress of electrolytic reduction of simulated oxide fuel in a molten Li2O–LiCl salt. The electrolytic reduction of 0.6 kg of simulated oxide fuel was performed in 5 kg of 1.5 wt.% Li2O–LiCl molten salt at 650°C. Porous cylindrical pellets of simulated oxide fuel were used as the cathode by loading a stainless steel wire mesh cathode basket. A platinum plate was employed as the anode. The oxygen gas evolved from the anode was exhausted to the instrumentation for in situ measurement during electrolytic reduction. The instrumentation consisted of a mass flow controller, pump, wet gas meter, and oxygen gas sensor. The oxygen gas was successfully measured using the instrumentation in real time. The measured volume of the oxygen gas was comparable to the theoretically calculated volume generated by the charge applied to the simulated oxide fuel.

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