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Journal articles on the topic 'Platinum Aluminide'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

McMinn, A., R. Viswanathan, and C. L. Knauf. "Field Evaluation of Gas Turbine Protective Coatings." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240077.

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The hot corrosion resistance of several protective coatings that had been applied to MAR-M-509 nozzle guide vanes and exposed in a utility gas turbine has been evaluated. The coatings included basic aluminide, rhodium-aluminide, platinum-rhodium-aluminide, and palladium-aluminide diffusion coatings, and cobalt-chromium-aluminum-yttrium (CoCrAlY) and ceramic overlay coatings. A combination of metallographic examination of vane cross sections and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) was employed in the evaluation. The results showed that none of the coatings was totally resistant to corrosive attack. The CoCrAlY and platinum-rhodium-aluminide coatings exhibited the greatest resistance to hot corrosion. The CoCrAlY coated vanes were, however, susceptible to thermal fatigue cracking. Except for the poor performance of the palladium-aluminide coating, the precious metal aluminides offered the best protection against corrosion. Hot isostatically pressing coatings was not found to be beneficial, and in one case appeared detrimental.

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2

Hong, Seok Jun, Jae Woong Choi, Gil Ho Hwang, Won Kyu Han, Joon Shik Park, and Sung Goon Kang. "Effect of the Palladium Mid-Layer on the Cyclic Oxidation of Platinum Aluminide Bond Coating." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 1058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.1058.

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Platinum/Palladium modified aluminide coatings prepared by aluminide pack cementation on the nickel base superalloy Inconnel 738. The platinum/palladium modified aluminide coating of cyclic oxidation behavior at 1200°C was investigated by TGA, XRD and SEM/EDS. Platinum/Palladium modified aluminide coatings showed better cyclic oxidation resistance than Platinum modified aluminide coating and palladium modified aluminide coating compared. Pt and Pd alloy played an enough role in alumina stabilization and in delaying the degradation of β-phase.

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3

Zagula-Yavorska, M., and J. Romanowska. "The effect of precious metals in the NiAl coating on the oxidation resistance of the Inconel 713 superalloy." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, no. 00 (2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb220427011z.

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The rhodium incorporated aluminide coating was produced by the rhodium electroplating (0.5 ?m thick layer) followed by the chemical vapor deposition process on the Inconel 713 superalloy. This coating is composed of the ?-NiAl phase. A part of nickel atoms is replaced by rhodium atoms in the ?-NiAl phase. The plain, rhodium and platinum incorporated aluminide coatings were oxidized at 1100?C under the atmospheric pressure. The oxidation kinetics of the rhodium and platinum incorporated aluminide coatings are similar, but different than oxidation kinetic of the plain coating. The ?-Al2O3 is the main product both in rhodium and platinum modified coatings after 360 h of oxidation. Moreover, the ?-Ni3Al phase, besides the ?-NiAl phase, was identified. The presence of 4 at. % rhodium in the coating provides similar oxidation resistance as the presence of 10-20 at. % platinum. Both rhodium and platinum incorporated aluminide coatings produced by the chemical vapor deposition process offer good oxidation protection of the Inconel 713 superalloy.

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4

Cheruvu, N. S., K. S. Chan, and G. R. Leverant. "Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of Aluminide, Platinum Modified Aluminide, and MCrAlY Coatings on GTD-111." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 1 (October 20, 1999): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483174.

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Cyclic oxidation behavior of aluminide, platinum modified aluminide, and MCrAlY coatings has been investigated at three temperatures. Aluminide and platinum modified coatings were deposited on GTD 111 material using an outward diffusion process. CoCrAlY coating was applied on GTD-111 by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD). The oxidation behavior of these coatings is characterized by weight change measurements and by the variation of β phase present in the coating. The platinum modified aluminide coating exhibited the highest resistance to oxide scale spallation (weight loss) during cyclic oxidation testing. Metallographic techniques were used to determine the amount of β phase and the aluminum content in a coating as a function of cycles. Cyclic oxidation life of these coatings is discussed in terms of the residual β and aluminum content present in the coating after exposure. These results have been used to calibrate and validate a coating life model (COATLIFE) developed at the Material Center for Combustion Turbines (MCCT). [S0742-4795(00)00801-2]

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5

Yavorska, M., Jan Sieniawski, Ryszard Filip, and Tadeusz Gancarczyk. "Microstructure Investigation of Aluminide Coatings after Platinum Modification Deposited by CVD Method on Inconel 713 LC Ni-Base Superalloy." Advanced Materials Research 409 (November 2011): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.409.883.

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In the present study, microstructure investigation of aluminide coatings after platinum modification deposited by CVD method on Inconel 713 LC Ni-base superalloys were performed. The platinum coatings 3 and 7 m thick were deposited by electroplating process. The diffusion treatment of platinum electroplating coatings at the temperature 1050 °C was carried out for 2h. The low-activity CVD aluminizing of heat treated coatings at the temperature 1050 °C was conducted for 8 h. On the grounds of the obtained results it was found that microstructure of diffusion treated platinum electroplating coatings 3 m and 7 m thick consisted of two phases: γ-Ni and (Al0.25Pt0.75)Ni3. The low activity CVD aluminizing of diffusion treated platinum electroplating coatings 3 and 7 m thick enables the diffusion coating obtaining. The main constituent of aluminide coatings was (Ni,Pt)Al phase.

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6

Tawancy, H. M., N. M. Abbas, and T. N. Rhys-Jones. "Role of platinum in aluminide coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 49, no. 1-3 (December 1991): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(91)90022-o.

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7

Boone, D. H., P. Deb, L. I. Purvis, and D. V. Rigney. "Surface morphology of platinum modified aluminide coatings." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 3, no. 6 (November 1985): 2557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.572833.

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8

Xue, B., and H. Schwer. "Crystal structure of cerium platinum aluminide, CePtAl." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 204, no. 1-2 (February 1994): L25—L26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(94)90061-2.

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9

Romanowska, Jolanta, Maryana Zagula-Yavorska, and Łukasz Kolek. "Oxidation Resistance of Modified Aluminide Coatings." MATEC Web of Conferences 253 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925303006.

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The application of protective aluminide coatings is an effective way to increase the oxidation resistance of the treated parts and prolongs their lifetime. The addition of small amount of noble metals (platinum or palladium) or reactive elements such as: hafnium, zirconium, yttrium and cerium has a beneficial effect on oxidation behavior. This beneficial effect includes an improvement of adhesion of alumina scales and reduction of oxide scale growth rate. Platinum and hafnium or zirconium modified aluminide coating were deposited on pure nickel using the electroplating and CVD methods. The coatings consisted of two layers: an outer, β-NiAl phase and the interdiffusion γ’-Ni3Al phase. Palladium dissolved in the whole coating, whereas hafnium and zirconium formed inclusions on the border of the layers. Samples were subjected to cyclic oxidation test at 1100 °C for 200h. Oxidation resistance of the palladium, Hf+Pd and Zr+Pd modified coatings deposited on pure nickel does not differ significantly, but is better than the oxidation resistance of the non-modified one.

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10

Kircher, T. A., B. G. McMordie, and K. Richards. "Use of experimental designs to evaluate formation of aluminide and platinum aluminide coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 108-109 (October 1998): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(98)00664-1.

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11

Swadźba, Lucjan, Ginter Nawrat, Boguslaw Mendala, and Marek Goral. "The Influence of Deposition Process on Structure of Platinum-Modifed Aluminide Coatings O Ni-Base Superalloy." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.247.

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The modern jet engines used in commercial and military aircrafts are characterized by operating temperature in turbine section above 1000oC. The Ni-base superalloy turbine blades and vanes working in high temperature in very aggressive environment require using of protective coatings. The aluminide coatings are widely used to protect this engine parts. The pack cementation, out of pack and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technologies are usually used to produce this type of coating. The aluminide coatings can be modified by platinum or other elements. The Pt-modified aluminide coatings are characterized by better oxidation and corrosion resistance in comparison with conventional aluminide coatings and can be used as a bond coat for Thermal Barrier Coatings deposited by EB-PVD technology. In present study the influence of deposition technology and their’s parameters on structure and chemical composition of Pt-aluminide coatings are presented. The base material for coatings was a Inconel 738 Ni-base superalloy. The first step of coatings production were Pt electroplating with different thickness of platinum layer. The second step of coating production was aluminising process. The aluminide coatings were produced by pack cementation and out of pack technologies. Additional the influence of heat treatment of base alloy with coatings was investigated. The structure of all deposited coatings was observed by scanning electron microscopy and the chemical and phase composition of coatings were investigated by EDS and XRD methods. The observed coatings were characterized by two types of structure: first based on NiAlPt phase obtained on thin Pt layer and the second with additional presence of PtAl2 phase on the thick Pt layer.

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12

Chan, K. S., N. S. Cheruvu, and G. R. Leverant. "Coating Life Prediction Under Cyclic Oxidation Conditions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818189.

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The hot gas path section components of land based turbines require materials with superior mechanical properties and good hot corrosion and oxidation resistance. These components are generally coated with either a diffusion coating (aluminide or platinum aluminide) or with an overlay coating (MCrAlY) to provide additional hot corrosion and/or oxidation protection. These coatings degrade due to inward and outward diffusion of elements during service. Outward diffusion of aluminum results in formation of a protective oxide layer on the surface. When the protective oxide spalls, Aluminum in the coating diffuses out to reform the oxide layer. Accelerated oxidation and failure of coating occur when the Al content in the coating is insufficient to reform a continuous alumina film. This paper describes development of a coating life predictions model that accounts for both oxidation and oxide spallation under thermal mechanical loading as well as diffusion of elements that dictate the end of useful life. Cyclic oxidation data for aluminide and platinum aluminide coatings were generated to determine model constants. Applications of this model for predicting cyclic oxidation life of coated materials are demonstrated. Work is underway to develop additional material data and to qualify the model for determining actual blade and vane coating refurbishment intervals.

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13

Shahcheraghi, Nikta, Angus Gentle, Supitcha Supansomboon, V. Keast, and Michael B. Cortie. "Localized surface plasmons in platinum aluminide semi-shells." Nano Futures 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 015003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-1984/ab0659.

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14

Liu, Dong, Peter E. J. Flewitt, and Martyn Pavier. "Failure Modes of a Platinum Aluminide Environmental Coating." Procedia Materials Science 3 (2014): 1729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.06.279.

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15

Yu, Z., K. P. Dharmasena, D. D. Hass, and H. N. G. Wadley. "Vapor deposition of platinum alloyed nickel aluminide coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 201, no. 6 (December 2006): 2326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.04.020.

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16

Aurrecoechea, J. M., L. L. Hsu, and K. G. Kubarych. "Field Experience of Platinum Aluminide Coated Turbine Blades." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 10, no. 5 (September 1995): 1037–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426919508935087.

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17

Fan, Qixiang, Haojun Yu, Tiegang Wang, and Yanmei Liu. "Microstructure and Oxidation Resistance of a Si Doped Platinum Modified Aluminide Coating Deposited on a Single Crystal Superalloy." Coatings 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080264.

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A Si doped Pt modified aluminide coating was prepared by electroplating and the chemical vapour deposition method. The microstructure and oxidation resistance of the coating were studied, with a single Pt modified aluminide coating as a reference. The results showed that the Si doped Pt modified aluminide coating consisted of singular β-(Ni, Pt)Al phase, and no PtAl2 phase was detected, which might be due to the fact that the addition of Si retarded the formation of PtAl2 phase in the outer layer. Si was dissolved in the β-(Ni, Pt)Al phase in the outer layer and might form silicide with refractory elements in the inter-diffusion zone. The Si doped Pt modified aluminide coating possesses a better oxidation resistance than the Pt modified aluminide coating since Si could promote the formation of α-Al2O3 and inhibit the diffusion of the refractory elements, reducing the formation of detrimental volatile phase.

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18

Dryepondt, Sébastien, and David R. Clarke. "Rumpling of Platinum Modified Aluminide Coatings during Thermomechanical Testing." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.51.

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The evolution in surface morphology of platinum modified nickel aluminide (Ni,Pt)Al oxidation coatings during thermo-mechanical testing has been evaluated. One type of test consisted of cyclic oxidation between an upper temperature of 1150°C and a lower temperature varying from room temperature to 1050°C. The other type of test was cycling between 1000°C/1150°C under an applied compressive stress. Profilometry using optical interferometry was used to quantify the surface “rumpling”. First and second-order statistical parameters including RMS roughness and the auto-correlation function were calculated from the profilometry measurements. The results indicate that the grain structure of the aluminide coating plays a major role in the early stages of rumpling and set its wavelength. Also, the superimposed compressive stress during thermal cycling leads to an asymmetry in the rumpling pattern with respect with the loading axis as well as cracking along the applied stress direction.

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19

Pedraza, F., A. D. Kennedy, J. Kopecek, and P. Moretto. "Investigation of the microstructure of platinum-modified aluminide coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 200, no. 12-13 (March 2006): 4032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.12.019.

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20

XUE, B., and H. SCHWER. "ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Cerium Platinum Aluminide, CePtAl." ChemInform 25, no. 24 (August 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199424007.

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21

Erturk, Umutcan, and Bilge Imer. "A Comparative Analysis of Ternary Element Addition on Corrosion Behavior of Aluminide Coatings in Harsh Environmental Conditions." Corrosion 77, no. 12 (November 3, 2021): 1365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3855.

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Increasing hot corrosion durability of aluminide coatings is important to extend the lifetime of turbine blades. The addition of hafnium, yttrium, zirconium, chromium, platinum, and cobalt improves the performance of aluminide coating by increasing oxide adherence and selective oxide formation rate. In this research, the effect of adding ternary elements (Y, Cr, Y/Cr, Zr, and Hf) on type-1 hot corrosion behavior of aluminide coatings was investigated by an accelerated isothermal corrosion test at 900°C for up to 400 h. To simulate harsh environmental conditions, Na2SO4- and V2O5-containing solutions were applied to the substrate surface. Subsequently, for 1 h, 50 h, 100 h, 200 h, and 400 h exposure times, the oxide layer thicknesses, spallation time, coating layer depletion time, and elemental analysis of each set were analyzed and their performances compared.

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22

Filipek, Robert, Marek Danielewski, E. Tyliszczak, M. Pawełkiewicz, and S. Datta. "Thermal Stability of NiAl-Base Coatings for High Temperature Application." Defect and Diffusion Forum 237-240 (April 2005): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.237-240.709.

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Aluminide diffusion coatings act as a remedy against the aggressive environments in which modern aero-gas turbines operate. Platinum addition to basic aluminide coatings significantly improves the oxidation resistance of these coatings. The increase in operating temperatures of industrial energy systems and gas turbines, has led to the extensive use of coatings capable of providing improved service life. Interdiffusion plays a critical role in understanding the integrity of such coatings. The Danielewski-Holly model of interdiffusion which allows for the description of a wide range of processes (including processes stimulated by reactions at interfaces) is employed for studying of interdiffusion in the Pt-modified β-NiAl coatings. Using the inverse method the intrinsic diffusivities of Ni, Al and Pt were calculated. Such obtained diffusivities were subsequently used for modelling of thermal stability of Pt-modified aluminide coatings in air and in argon atmosphere.

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23

Ahmadian, M., M. Reid, Rian Dippenaar, Tara Chandra, David Wexler, and Andrzej Calka. "In Situ Observations of the Densification Behavior of WC-FeAl-B Composites during Liquid Phase Sintering." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.921.

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The densification behavior of WC composites based on iron aluminide binder was investigated using laser scanning confocal mi¬croscopy (LSCM). Doped Fe60Al40 alloys with boron levels ranging from 0 to 0.1 wt% were used as the aluminide binders. The aluminide binders were prepared using controlled atmosphere ring grinding and then blended with WC powder. The composite powder compacted in an alumina crucible and held in a platinum holder in the confocal microscope. The temperature increased from ambient temperature up to 1500 °C under high purity argon. The presence of boron was found to facilitate compaction of the composites and improve the wetting between WC and FeAl binder during liquid phase sintering. Increasing the amount of boron in the binder resulted in the melting of binder at lower temperature and increasing of the compacting of the intermetallic tungsten carbide composites.

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24

Wu, Y. N., A. Yamaguchi, H. Murakami, and S. Kuroda. "Hot corrosion behavior of Pt-Ir modified aluminide coatings on the nickel-base single crystal superalloy TMS-82+." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 1 (January 2007): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0022.

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Platinum-iridium films (Ir = 0, 32, 46, 83, 100 at.%) were deposited on the nickel-base single crystal superalloy through magnetron sputtering. After annealing and aluminizing, the Pt-Ir modified aluminide coatings mainly consisted of PtAl2 and β-(Ni,Pt,Ir)Al phases. Hot corrosion resistance of Pt-Ir modified aluminide coatings with the different Ir contents were evaluated by exposure at 1173 K in the presence of the 90%Na2SO4 + 10%NaCl (wt%) salt deposits. The corrosion kinetics curves of the specimens were plotted up to 100 h heating time. The phase constitution, morphology of corrosion products, and element concentrations along the cross section were also measured. The lowest mass gain (0.299 mg/cm2, after 100 h) was observed for Pt-46Ir aluminide coating because the dense and continuous protective Al2O3 scale formed. Phase transformation from β-(Ni,Pt)Al to γ′-(Ni,Pt)3Al, characteristics of the scale, and protection by Pt/Ir enriched layer had the important effects on the hot corrosion behavior of modified aluminide coatings.

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25

Reid, M., Michael J. Pomeroy, and Jeremy S. Robinson. "Microstructural Transformation in Platinum Aluminide Coated on CMSX-4 Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 461-464 (August 2004): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.461-464.343.

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26

González, M. A., D. I. Martínez, C. T. Saucedo, I. Guzmán, and J. C. Díaz. "Characterization of the Microstructural Degradation of Platinum Modified Aluminide Coating." Materials Science Forum 755 (April 2013): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.755.29.

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This work presents the degradation mechanism of the platinum modified aluminide diffusion coating of the GTD 111 SC Ni-base superalloy turbine blades after 16000 h of exposition at different thermal cycles (critical heating temperatures reported ~1000°C and 1120°C). The initial coating condition and the evolution of degradation were characterized applying conventional microscopy and backscatter scanning electron microscopy. The initial microstructure condition consisted of a two phase coating (intermetallics PtAl2 dispersed in a matrix β-(Ni,Pt)Al). The major microstructure degradation was associated with: intermediate and interdiffusion zones growing, partial transformation of β-(Ni,Pt)Al to γ´-Ni3Al, and the dissolution of the intermetallic PtAl2 resulting in a more brittle single phase β-(Ni,Pt)Al coating. The degradation facilitates spallation and crack initiation, resulting in the loss of the coating and by consequence the blade failure.

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27

Bauer, R., K. Schneider, and H. W. Grünling. "Experience with platinum aluminide coatings in land-based gas turbines." High Temperature Technology 3, no. 2 (May 1985): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02619180.1985.11753283.

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28

Kim, H. J., and M. E. Walter. "Characterization of the degraded microstructures of a platinum aluminide coating." Materials Science and Engineering: A 360, no. 1-2 (November 2003): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(02)00733-5.

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29

Dryepondt, Sebastien, and David R. Clarke. "Cyclic oxidation-induced cracking of platinum-modified nickel-aluminide coatings." Scripta Materialia 60, no. 10 (May 2009): 917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.02.012.

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30

Farrell, M. S., D. H. Boone, and R. Streiff. "Oxide adhesion and growth characteristics on platinum-modified aluminide coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 32, no. 1-4 (November 1987): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(87)90098-3.

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31

Streiff, R., O. Cerclier, and D. H. Boone. "Structure and hot corrosion behavior of platinum-modified aluminide coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 32, no. 1-4 (November 1987): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(87)90101-0.

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32

Durga Prasad, B., Sankara N. Sankaran, Karl E. Wiedemann, and David E. Glass. "Platinum substitutes and two-phase-glass overlayers as a low cost alternatives to platinum aluminide coatings." Thin Solid Films 345, no. 2 (May 1999): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(98)01413-8.

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33

Ye, Liya, Hongfei Chen, Guang Yang, Bin Liu, and Yanfeng Gao. "Oxidation behavior of Hf-modified platinum aluminide coatings during thermal cycling." Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 28, no. 1 (February 2018): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2018.01.008.

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34

Chen, J. H., and J. A. Little. "Degradation of the platinum aluminide coating on CMSX4 at 1100 °C." Surface and Coatings Technology 92, no. 1-2 (June 1997): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(96)03117-9.

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35

Warnes, Bruce Michael. "Reactive element modified chemical vapor deposition low activity platinum aluminide coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 146-147 (September 2001): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(01)01363-9.

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36

Darzens, S., and A. M. Karlsson. "On the microstructural development in platinum-modified nickel-aluminide bond coats." Surface and Coatings Technology 177-178 (January 2004): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.09.001.

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37

Tolpygo, Vladimir K. "Development of internal cavities in platinum-aluminide coatings during cyclic oxidation." Surface and Coatings Technology 202, no. 4-7 (December 2007): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.072.

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38

Ye, Liya, Hongfei Chen, Guang Yang, Yuanyuan Cui, Hongjie Luo, Bin Liu, Lingyi Qian, and Yanfeng Gao. "Diffusion behaviour of Pt in platinum aluminide coatings during thermal cycles." International Journal of Materials Research 109, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.111572.

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39

Tawancy, H. M., N. Sridhar, B. S. Tawabini, N. M. Abbas, and T. N. Rhys-Jones. "Thermal stability of a platinum aluminide coating on nickel-based superalloys." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 23 (February 20, 1992): 6463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00576299.

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40

Goral, Marek, Maciej Pytel, Kamil Ochal, Marcin Drajewicz, Tadeusz Kubaszek, Wojciech Simka, and Lukasz Nieuzyla. "Microstructure of Aluminide Coatings Modified by Pt, Pd, Zr and Hf Formed in Low-Activity CVD Process." Coatings 11, no. 4 (April 4, 2021): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040421.

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In the present article the doping of aluminide coatings by Pt/Pd as well as Hf or Pd using industrial processes was developed. The different combinations of doping elements were tested as well as their influence on chemical composition of coatings was initially investigated. The Pt and Pd and both Pt + Pd was electroplated on the surface of the MAR M247 nickel superalloy. The Zr or Hf was doped during low activity CVD aluminizing process using industrial Bernex BPX Pro 325S system. The conducted research showed that Pt and Pd formed the (Ni, Pd, Pt) Al solid solution in the outer additive layer. The higher concentration of palladium in the near surface and in the whole additive layer was detected. The platinum was presented below the surface of aluminide coating. The Zr or Hf was detected mainly in the diffusion zone. The low concentration of Zr (about 0.1 wt.%) in the outer zone was observed. The hafnium was detected mainly in the diffusion zone but in the outer additive layer a small concentration of this element was measured. The obtained results showed that formation of three elements (Pd, Pt) + Zr or Hf modified aluminide coating using proposed technology is possible. The structure of all obtained aluminide coatings was typical for a low-activity, high temperature (LAHT) formation process mainly by outward diffusion of Ni from base material.

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41

Purvis, Andrew L., and Bruce M. Warnes. "The effects of platinum concentration on the oxidation resistance of superalloys coated with single-phase platinum aluminide." Surface and Coatings Technology 146-147 (September 2001): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(01)01362-7.

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Bai, Mingwen, Ying Chen, Yongle Sun, and Ping Xiao. "Mitigation of Platinum Depletion in Platinum Diffused Single Phase Bond Coat on CMSX-4 Superalloy." Coatings 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060669.

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Pt-diffused bond coat with a mixture of γ/γ’ phase has just been developed in the recent decades as a cheaper alternative to the Pt-enriched β-phase Aluminide bond coat that contains a higher content of Al. However, concerns are raised on the inevitable depletion of Pt near the coating interface that may endanger the component after long-term service. In this study, modified Pt-diffused bond coats with a single phase (γ or γ’) were made by applying selective etching on CMSX-4 single crystal superalloys prior to the electroplating of Pt. The single-phase bond coats show distinctive diffusion behaviour in comparison with the conventional γ/γ’ bond coat. Surprisingly, Pt remains more stable in the γ’-phase bond coat with significantly less depletion after diffusion, which implies a potential in saving a considerable amount of Pt. On the other hand, however, the depletion of Pt is more severe in the γ-phase bond coat. The mechanism that governs the diffusion behavior of Pt in the γ and γ’-phase was also discussed that mainly concerns with thermodynamic and kinetic factors.

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Zagula-Yavorska, Maryana, Jolanta Romanowska, Jan Sieniawski, and Małgorzata Wierzbińska. "Hafnium Modified Aluminide Coatings Obtained by the CVD and PVD Methods." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.353.

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Zirconium, hafnium or platinum modification of NiAl phase increases the oxidation resistance of diffusion aluminide coatings. Small hafnium addition to aluminide coatings decreases the oxidation rate of nickel superalloys at 1100 °C.The paper presents comparison of structures of hafnium modified aluminide coatings deposited in two different ways on pure nickel. In the first way double layers of hafnium 3 μm thick and aluminum 3 μm thick were deposited by the EB-PVD on the nickel substrate. The double layers were subjected to diffusion treatment at 1050 °C for 6 h and 20 h. In the second method, a hafnium layer was deposited by the EB-PVD method, whereas aluminum was deposited by the CVD method. The obtained coatings were examined by the use of an optical microscope (microstructure and coating thickness) and a scanning electron microscope (chemical composition on the cross-section of the modified aluminide coating). Microstructures and phase compositions of coatings obtained by different methods differ significantly. Diffusion treatment for 6 h leads into formation of the Ni5Hf phase. The elongation of the diffusion time from 6 to 20 h decrease the volume fraction of the Ni5Hf phase. An aluminide coating deposited by the CVD method at 1050 °C at the nickel substrate with prior hafnium layer (3 μm thick) has a triple zone structure. An outer zone consists of the NiAl phase, a middle zone consists of the Ni3Al phase, and the Ni(Al) phase forms an inner zone, close to the substrate. An NiHf intermetallic phase is between the outer and the middle zone, whereas Ni3Hf is between the inner zone and the substrate.

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Reed, R. C., R. T. Wu, M. S. Hook, C. M. F. Rae, and R. G. Wing. "On oxidation behaviour of platinum aluminide coated nickel based superalloy CMSX-4." Materials Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (February 2009): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328408x361481.

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Liu, D., P. E. J. Flewitt, and M. Pavier. "Evolution of residual stress distribution and microstructure in a platinum-aluminide coating." Materials Science and Technology 29, no. 7 (July 2013): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743284712y.0000000113.

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Deb, P., D. H. Boone, and T. F. Manley. "Surface instability of platinum modified aluminide coatings during 1100 °C cyclic testing." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 5, no. 6 (November 1987): 3366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.574197.

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Chen, M. W., R. T. Ott, T. C. Hufnagel, P. K. Wright, and K. J. Hemker. "Microstructural evolution of platinum modified nickel aluminide bond coat during thermal cycling." Surface and Coatings Technology 163-164 (January 2003): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(02)00591-1.

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Azarmehr, Seyed Amir, Kourosh Shirvani, Michael Schütze, and Mathias Galetz. "Microstructural evolution of silicon-platinum modified aluminide coatings on superalloy GTD-111." Surface and Coatings Technology 321 (July 2017): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.019.

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Zagula-Yavorska, Maryana, and Jan Sieniawski. "Microstructural Study on Oxidation Resistance of Nonmodified and Platinum Modified Aluminide Coating." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23, no. 3 (December 24, 2013): 918–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-013-0841-3.

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Cocking, Janis L., Graham R. Johnston, and Peter G. Richards. "The relative durability of a conventional and a platinum-modified aluminide coating." Materials & Design 6, no. 5 (October 1985): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(85)90104-9.

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