Journal articles: 'Plates, Iron and steel Testing'

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Tsukada, Keiji, Minoru Hayashi, Taisei Kawakami, Shoya Adachi, Kenji Sakai, Toshihiko Kiwa, Toshiyuki Ishikawa, et al. "Magnetic thickness measurement for various iron steels using magnetic sensor and effect of electromagnetic characteristics." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/9.0000250.

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The diagnosis and prevention of the deterioration of iron-steel infrastructure has become an important social issue in recent years. The thickness measurement technique (extremely low-frequency eddy current testing (ELECT)) using a magnetic sensor for detecting steel corrosion at extreme frequency ranges has been previously reported. Using the calibration curves based on the correlation between the phase of the detected magnetic signal and the plate thickness, the plate thickness reduction caused by corrosion can be estimated from the detected phase signal. Iron-steel materials have large changes in electromagnetic characteristics; therefore, the reference calibration data for each type of iron-steel are required for plate thickness estimation. In this study, the effect of electromagnetic characteristics on the magnetic thickness measurement was investigated to improve the thickness estimation. Four types of iron-steel plates (SS400, SM400A, SM490A, and SMA400AW) with thicknesses ranging from 1 mm to 18 mm were measured by ELECT, and the phase change at multiple frequencies of each plate were analyzed. The shift in the phase and linearity regions of the calibration curves for each type of steel plate was observed. To analyze this shift phenomenon, the electromagnetic characteristics (permeability μ and conductivity σ) of each type of steel were measured. Compared with the permeability μ and conductivity σ of each steel plate in the applied magnetic field strength range, the product ( σμ) for various steel plates decreased in the following order: SM400 > SS400 >SMA400AW > SM490A. The product of μ and σ is related to the skin depth, indicating the electromagnetic wave attenuation and eddy current phase shift in the material. Therefore, each shift in the calibration curve of each type of iron steel is explained by the changes in the parameters σ and μ.

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Batyrova, A. M. "CORROSION ACTIVITY OF PENOX-1 DISINFECTANT." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 1 (2021): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202101011.

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One of the most important problems of the national economy is the protection of metal from corrosion, causing great damage to products and structures, shortening their useful life. Taking into account the importance of protecting metal structures of livestock objects from corrosion during disinfection work, the corrosion properties of the new Penox-1 disinfectant have been studied. Studies have shown that the tested drug «Penox-1» has a low corrosion activity in relation to metal products made of aluminum, galvanized iron and stainless steel, compared with the reference drug. Thus, the solution of the Penox-1 preparation reduced the initial weight of metal plates during 24 hours of exposure from aluminum by 0.196 g, which is 7.4%, and the standard preparation by 0.836 g or 32.1%, which is 4.3 times more . Similar data were obtained in a comparative aspect with galvanized iron and stainless steel plates. When examining metal plates after testing in a Penox-1 solution, the color and structure did not change visually and under a microscope. At that time, the plates immersed in a 2% sodium hydroxide solution changed strongly in color and structure, and a yellow-gray corrosive coating appeared.

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Morchhale, Ayush. "Design and Finite Element Analysis of Hydrostatic Pressure Testing Machine used for Ductile Iron Pipes." Mechanical Engineering Research 6, no. 2 (November 28, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mer.v6n2p23.

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The present work deals with the design, construction and demonstration of a hydraulic pressure testing machine. The machine can be used universally to test a centrifugally cast iron pipe (from 80 to 600 mm diameter) under the applied hydraulic pressure. The developed machine can handle a maximum of 5 MPa pressure for 600 mm diameter pipe. The machine was designed using mild steel flats, plates and bars and was tested under maximum design pressure of 3.5 MPa. Stiffeners were used in proposed design, instead of thick end plates as used by earlier researchers. The modeling of machine was carried out using commercially available SolidWorks 14 and the validation of design was carried out using FE package ABAQUS 6.13. Several trials were carried out on design pressure and precise results of von-Mises stress were obtained well within the specified yield stress limits and significant decrease in total deformation of stiffened end plates. Added stiffeners also resulted in reduced material requirement, weight, higher cost effectiveness and being light in weight helps in easy handling at site.

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Hooper, Jennifer J., Tim Foecke, Lori Graham, and Timothy P. Weihs. "Metallurgical Analysis of Wrought Iron From the RMS Titanic." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 02 (April 1, 2003): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.2.73.

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The discovery of the RMS Titanic has led to a number of scientific studies, one of which addresses the role that structural materials played in the sinking of the ship. Early studies focused on the quality of the hull steel as a contributing factor in the ship's rapid sinking, but experimental results showed that the material was "state-of-the-art" for 1911. Instead, it was suggested that the quality of the wrought iron rivets may have been an important factor in the opening of the steel plates during flooding. Here the quality of RMS Titanic wrought iron is examined and compared with contemporary wrought iron obtained from additional late 19th-/early 20th-century buildings, bridges, and ships. Traditional metallurgical analysis as well as compositional analysis, mechanical testing, and computer modeling are used to understand the variation in the mechanical properties of wrought iron as a function of its microstructure.

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Radu, Tamara, A. Ciocan, L. Balint, and O. Mitoseriu. "Surface Protection of the Steel Sheet with Zn-Fe Alloys." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.985.

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The Zn-Fe layers are recommended in automotive industry and in the adders for the following qualities: a better weldability than the zinc-coated plates, very good capacities for painting and lacquer wear resistance, good adherence, lower zinc consumption by layer thickness below 100g/m2. Important transformation of phases takes place during heating of galvanized parts due to mass transfer iron in the zinc layer and Zn-Fe alloy is formed. Galvanized steel samples were heated 10-30 sec. at 500-650oC. Heat treated samples were metallographic ally examined and X- ray diffraction tested with a view to establish structural and chemical composition change due to heat treatment. As a result of microscopic examination (both optical and electronic) and X-ray diffraction testing in coating layer were detected phase ratio changes, according to heat treatment parameters. Considering that the physico-chemical and mechanical properties differ for the two phases and phase ratio is to decide the properties of the product; these structural changes are of great importance in practice. The desirable coating would be a Zn-Fe coating with 8-10% Fe (according to some authors, up to 12% Fe), with a structure consisting mainly of  phase and a small quantity of  phase. The mathematical correlation between diffusion phenomena occurring in layer, depending on temperature and time of heat treatment, and iron content of coating are presented.

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Cheiliakh, Oleksandr P., and Irina V. Kolodyazhna. "New Wear-Resistant Metastable Strain Hardenable Alloyed Cast Irons." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.267.

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This work addresses an urgent problem which is saving alloying elements (Ni, Mo, Nb, V, W and others) -which very scarce in Ukraine and other countries- while increasing the physical, mechanical and operational properties of the new designed and developed wear-resistant cast irons. Optical microscopy, x-ray structure analysis, transmission and scanning (fracture) electron microscopy methods, different-thermal, magnetometric and x-ray analyses, as well as hardness and micro-hardness tests, impact energy, and abrasive wear tests in environments of cast-iron shots were employed in the research. The work summarizes the controlling conditions for forming various metastable phases by including deformation (or strain) induced phase transformation (DIPT) and through realization in the process of testing. New wear-resistant economical alloyed cast irons with a metastable austenite-carbide and austenite-martensite-carbide structure are developed, which are being strain- hardened under impact-abrasive wearing operation conditions due to the realization of process DIPT in the superficial layer. These new cast irons are intended for manufacturing parts of different equipment (protective plates of sinter machines, furnaces, tracks for transferring raw materials at iron and steel works, etc.). These cast irons do not contain expensive and deficit alloying components, like nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, and more expensive similar materials. Simultaneously they possess enhanced impact-abrasive wear resistance.

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Thompson, S. W. "On the disappearance of fine, disc-like features from thin foils of steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 608–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100087355.

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Fine carbide particles form in quenched-and-aged specimens of iron containing a small amount of carbon. Similar precipitation occurs in ferrite grains within dual-phase steels. The particles have been described as discs or loops, typically about 20 run in diameter and 2 nm thick, which lie on ﹛100﹜ planes within ferrite grains. The precipitates are believed to form in association with vacancies and produce increases in hardness and yield strength. Two studies showed that these features disappeared after heating specimens in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and this note reports further on this phenomenon.Continuously annealed and cold-rolled sheet steel (provided by Inland Steel Company) contained (in wt pet) 0.087 C, 0.97 Mn, 0.27 Si, 0.034 Al, 0.008 S, and 0.005 N. Specimens were intercritically annealed at 770°C for five minutes and quenched in iced water. Tensile testing was conducted within one day of heat treatment, and then specimens were stored at room temperature for about six months. Thin foils were produced by conventional thinning methods and jet polished at 75 V and 80 mA in an electrolyte containing 95% acetic acid and 5% perchloric acid. Specimens were examined in a Philips EM400 operated at 120 kV.

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Rhim, Hong Chul, Dae You Kim, Chang Shik Cho, and Do Hyun Kim. "Effect of Steel Plates on Estimation of the Compressive Strength of Concrete via Ultrasonic Testing." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040887.

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The presence of embedded steel affects the estimates obtained for the compressive strength of concrete during ultrasonic testing, as it increases the ultrasonic wave velocity. Thus, if the presence of steel in concrete is inevitable, then a correction factor is required for an accurate estimation of the concrete strength. While previous studies focused on the effect of steel reinforcing bars on the speed of ultrasonic waves in concrete, this work expands on the significance of embedded steel from steel bars to include steel plates. The wave velocity was measured for varying dimensions of embedded steel plates from 15 mm to 150 mm using 54-kHz ultrasonic testing equipment. Through experiments, the effect of steel plates on the ultrasonic testing of concrete was quantified to derive proper correction factors. It was found that the thickness, depth, and height of the steel plates significantly affected the test results. These findings can be applied to ultrasonic testing to estimate the compressive strength of concrete consisting of a significant volume of steel, such as in steel-reinforced concrete structures.

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Tomášek, Radek, and Vratislav Mareš. "Dynamic Tensile Testing of High Strength Armor Steel Plates." Key Engineering Materials 741 (June 2017): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.741.70.

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In this paper was studied dynamic behavior of the armor steels Armox 500T and Secure 500 by testing specimens in quasi-static tensile test with strain rate 1∙10-3 s-1 and high-speed tensile test within range of intermediate strain rates from 100 s-1 to 400s-1 at the room temperature. Hardness test and quasi-static tensile test confirmed material properties specified by the manufacturer. Stress-strain diagrams showed very low strain-rate hardening effect at investigated strain rates. Total elongation at fracture was larger in case of Armox 500T for the whole strain rate range. Deformation energy density was calculated from the stress-strain curve and temperature rise due to adiabatic heating was estimated. Because of higher total elongation, Armox 500T was able to withstand higher deformation energy.

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Kuruveri, Udaya Bhat, Prashanth Huilgol, and Jithin Joseph. "Aluminising of Mild Steel Plates." ISRN Metallurgy 2013 (February 20, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/191723.

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Hot dip aluminising of low carbon steel was done at temperatures 690°C and 750°C for dipping time ranging from 300 to 2400 seconds. During aluminising a mixture of ZnCl2 and NH4Cl was used as flux. During aluminising components of the flux decomposed and zinc formed interacted with the Fe and Al. The aluminised samples were characterised for iron-aluminium intermetallic layer formation, morphology, and local composition. It was observed that intermetallic layer was predominantly Fe2Al5 and FeAl3 at 690°C and at 750°C coating consisted of FeAl3 layer and a layer with Al/Fe ratio greater than 3.26. For both temperatures, coating thickness increased with increase in time. For a given dipping time, deposition was less at higher temperature and this is attributed to changes in the kinetics of growth of individual layers due to dissolved zinc in the aluminium, at 750°C. Also, spalling of intermetallic layers was observed at elevated temperatures and longer dipping times.

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Żaba, K. "Wear Resistance of Aluminized Steel Plates." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 871–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-011-0095-8.

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Wear Resistance of Aluminized Steel Plates The results of the abrasion resistance measurements of aluminized steel strips are presented in the hereby paper. Steel strips of DX52D+AS120 grade, before and after a heat treatment at temperatures of 200-1000°C for 1 - 5760 minutes, were tested. Tests of the abrasion resistance were carried on in a specially built device: rotating disk - sample performing a plane-rotary motion, with an application of a lubricating medium. Examinations of the abrasion resistance were also performed by means of the block-on-ring tester. Estimations of a coating mass loss, roughness and thickness changes were carried on. The obtained results are illustrated by diagrams and macro- and micro-observations. Phase analysis investigations were also performed on samples selected after the abrasibility testing. The range of the heat treatment parameters - after which the Al-Si coating increased its abrasion resistance - was estimated.

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Qu, Bing, Chunxue Dai, Jin Qiu, Hetao Hou, and Canxing Qiu. "Testing of seismic dampers with replaceable U-shaped steel plates." Engineering Structures 179 (January 2019): 625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.016.

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Krahmer, D. Martínez, R. Polvorosa, L. N. López de Lacalle, U. Alonso-Pinillos, G. Abate, and F. Riu. "Alternatives for Specimen Manufacturing in Tensile Testing of Steel Plates." Experimental Techniques 40, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 1555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40799-016-0134-5.

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Aritonang, Sovian, Jupriyanto Jupriyanto, and Riyadi Juhana. "ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF IRON SAND PROCESSING INTO SPONGE IRON IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY OF STEEL RAW MATERIALS." Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v9i1.514.

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The number of iron sand reserves is mostly spread in the coastal waters of Indonesia, from the coast of Sumatra, the southern of Java to Bali, the beaches of Sulawesi, beaches in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and the northern coast of Papua. Total reserves for ore are 173,810,612 tons and metal as much as 25,412,652.62 tons. But its utilization was not optimal because PT. Krakatau Steel, and PT. Krakatau Posco has produced steel plates only 24,000 to 36,000 tons per year. While the need for steel plates for the shipping industry each year requires 900,000 tons per year. With the need for raw material for steel plates in the form of iron sponges with Fe ≥ 60%, PT. Krakatau Steel is still imported from abroad. The proof is PT. Krakatau Steel before and during the year 2000 still imported Iron Ore Pellets from the countries of Sweden, Chille and Brazil for 3,500,000 tons per year. This condition is the cause of the national steel industry unable to compete with the foreign steel industry because imported raw materials are subject to import duties. This is an opportunity to build a steel raw material company because all this time the steel raw material industry in Indonesia has only two companies. This condition encourages the manufacture of iron sponges, with the process of making iron sponges with technology adapted to installed production capacity. This study analysed the manufacture of iron sponges using Cipatujah iron sand, as raw material for the manufacture of iron sponges, with the results obtained in the form of iron sponges with the highest levels of Fe ≥60.44%. This can be used for the purposes of raw materials for steel making PT. Krakatau Steel (PT. KS), because so far PT. KS claims that Fe <60% local sponge iron products. This can encourage the independence of steel raw materials, which impacts on the independence of the defence industry. But the government must also protect and prioritize steel raw materials for national production for national steel production. With the national government steel industry, the consortium of vendors supplying raw material (iron sponge) to maintain the quality and supply of continuous sponge iron.Keywords: iron sand, iron pellet, iron sponge

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Khazaei Poul, M., F. Nateghi-Alahi, and X. L. Zhao. "Experimental testing on CFRP strengthened thin steel plates under shear loading." Thin-Walled Structures 109 (December 2016): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.09.026.

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Strobl, Susanne, Wolfgang Scheiblechner, and Roland Haubner. "Forging of Copper and Iron Plates by the Damascus Technique." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.253.

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Forging of different steel grades is called Damascus technique and results in a layered composite material termed “Damascus steel”, but forging of different copper alloys is termed “mokume gane”. In this paper the joining of copper and iron plates by forging is described. Metallographic investigations showed well bonded interfaces of copper and iron. A very small diffusion zone was observed. To study the diffusion between copper and iron two heat treatments were performed in Ar atmosphere. After 30 minutes at 1000 °C a marginal Cu-Fe interaction took place. Above the melting point of Cu at 1100 °C an intense Cu-Fe interaction was observed, which significantly changes the interface of both metals. Cu penetrated Fe along the grain boundaries and Fe droplets were formed sporadically. This correlates with the typical morphologies of liquid metal embrittlement (LME). Moreover, Fe is dissolved in Cu at 1100 °C and after cooling fine Fe precipitates in the Cu phase were detected.

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Pantelides, Chris P., Yasuteru Okahashi, and Lawrence D. Reaveley. "Experimental Investigation of Reduced Beam Section Moment Connections without Continuity Plates." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 4 (November 2004): 1185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1814369.

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The AISC 2002 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings recommend that usage and sizing of beam flange continuity plates across the column web shall be based on tests. The Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame Buildings ( FEMA-350) state that unless project-specific testing is performed to demonstrate that continuity plates are not required, moment-resisting connections should be provided with continuity plates when the thickness of the column flange is below a minimum value. One of the preferred moment connections for seismic-resistant steel frames is the reduced beam section (RBS) moment connection, which has performed well under cyclic loads in laboratory testing. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the RBS moment connection without continuity plates in the panel zone, a series of four full-scale tests of exterior beam-column connections was carried out. All materials were A572 Grade 50 steel; the beams were W30×132, two of the assemblies used W14×283 columns, and the other two used W18×211 columns. The beams were welded to the columns using complete joint-penetration welds. All four tests demonstrated that the RBS connections without continuity plates developed a total interstory drift angle greater than 0.04 radians and met the requirements for special moment frames.

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Manko, Zbigniew, and Damian Beben. "Dynamic testing of a corrugated steel arch bridge." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 3 (March 2008): 246–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-098.

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The paper presents the results and conclusions of dynamic load tests that were conducted on a highway bridge over the Gimån River in Sweden made of Super Cor corrugated steel plates (CSP), the first bridge of this type in Scandinavia. The critical speed magnitudes, dynamic coefficients, velocity vibration, and vibration frequency are determined in the paper. Conclusions drawn from the tests can be most helpful in the assessment of the behaviour of this type of corrugated plate – soil bridge. In consideration of the application of this type of structure in the case of small-to-medium span bridges, the conclusions from this research cannot yet be generalized to all types of such solutions. The application details with respect to all types of such bridge structures would require additional analysis (field and model tests and calculations) on the other types of soil–steel bridges.

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Yang, Zhenjun, Hiroki Kurita, Ryuichi Onodera, Tsuyoki Tayama, Daiki Chiba, and Fumio Narita. "Testing and Simulation of Vibration Energy Harvesting for Magnetostrictive Clad Steel Plates." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2018 (2018): OS1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2018.os1015.

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Wróbel, A., M. Płaczek, and M. Wachna. "The study of fix composite panel and steel plates on testing stand." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 145 (August 2016): 032001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/145/3/032001.

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Zhang, X., F. Augereau, D. Laux, E. Le Clezio, N. A. Ismaili, M. Kuntz, and G. Despaux. "Non-destructive Testing of Paint Coatings on Steel Plates by Ultrasonic Reflectometry." Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 33, no. 4 (May 20, 2014): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10921-014-0246-8.

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Bolobov, Viktor, and Grigoriy Popov. "Methodology for testing pipeline steels for resistance to grooving corrosion." Записки Горного института 252 (December 17, 2021): 854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.6.7.

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The methodology for testing pipeline steels is suggested on the assumption that for the destruction of pipes in field oil pipelines by the mechanism of grooving corrosion the simultaneous fulfillment of such conditions as the occurrence of scratches on the lower generatrix of the pipe, eventually growing into a channel in the form of a groove, emulsion enrichment with oxygen, presence of pipe wall metal in a stressed state, presence of chlorine-ion in the oil-water emulsion is required. Tests are suggested to be carried out in 3 % aqueous solution of NaCl with continuous aeration by air on bent plates 150×15×3 mm, made of the analyzed steel, the middle part of which is under the action of residual stresses σres, close to the level of maximum equivalent stresses σeqv in the wall of the oil pipeline, with the presence of a cut on this part on the inner side of the plate as an initiator of additional mechanical stresses. Using the value of the modulus of normal elasticity of the analyzed steel, the degree of residual strain of the elastic-plastic body from this material, corresponding to the value σres ≈ σeqv is calculated, based on which the plates are bent to the required deflection angle, after which the cut is applied to them. After keeping the plates in the corrosive medium for each of them the increase in depth of the cut as a result of corrosion of the walls by the corrosive medium is analyzed, from which the rate of steel K by the mechanism of grooving corrosion is calculated taking into account the duration of tests. Corrosion rate values for two pipe steel grades determined by the suggested procedure are given. The comparison of K values obtained leads to the conclusion about the higher resistance to grooving corrosion of 09G2S steel.

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Chun, Pang Jo, Daichi Yoshii, J. M. R. S. Appuhamy, and Mitao Ohga. "Tensile Behavior Prediction of Steel Plates with Pitting Corrosion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.816.

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We report the tensile behavior of corroded steel plates with huge corrosion pit. The behavior of corroded steel plates is not easy to predict because of its surface roughness. We therefore conducted tensile tests first to understand the behavior experimentally using the corroded steel plates taken from plate girder bridge. Before the testing, a 3D laser prove system was employed to measure the surface irregularity. In addition, finite element model was developed here to predict the behavior numerically. The model was validated by the tensile test results so that the finite element model can be reliably used for the parametric study. It is found from the parametric study that the location of huge corrosion pit affects the tensile strength, at most 15%.

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Sabiniak, Henryk G. "Testing worm gears with cooperating elements made of different materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116656982.

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The author tested the efficiency, load-carrying capacity, and the type of friction in a meshing of a worm gear having the same parameters as worms made of carburized and quenched steel and worm-wheels made of steel, cast iron, and bronze. The type of friction was identified in case of worm gears with steel and cast iron worm-wheel at a volume temperature of the worm-wheel of 100 ℃; these gears did not demonstrate the tendency to seizure. The value of resistance of an oil film formed between the worm and the worm-wheel was accepted as the criterion of the existing type of friction in the meshing during mating of these two elements. The resistance of the oil film in the worm meshing was measured twice each time for two directions of the passage of electric current to avoid the effect of possibly occurring polarization phenomenon. Obtained values were averaged. During the course of the experiments, the image of friction was observed on the screen of an oscilloscope. Obtained values of the oil film resistance prove the low participation of fluid friction in the worm meshing with the worm-wheel made of steel as well as of cast iron. In case of the gear with the steel worm-wheel, the decrease of resistance in comparison with the bronze worm-wheel amounted to approximately 10 times and that of cast iron to almost 100 times. On the basis of the tests one can state that the application of steel worm-wheels and in particularly cast iron worm wheels makes it difficult for the fluid friction to occur while the application of a traditional material mating pair (a steel worm–a bronze worm-wheel) forms conditions for the occurrence of a mixed friction with a very high (approximately 99%) participation of fluid friction.

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Fukumoto, Y., T. Takaku, T. Aoki, and K. A. S. Susantha. "Innovative Use of Profiled Steel Plates for Seismic Structural Performance." Advances in Structural Engineering 8, no. 3 (July 2005): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369433054349051.

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This paper presents the innovative use of hot-rolled thickness-tapered mill products, longitudinally profiled (LP) plates, for the seismic performance of bridge bents of single and portal framed piers. The study involves the inelastic cyclic testing and numerical analysis of tested beam-columns and portal frames in order to evaluate the effects of tapering ratios of LP plates, penetration of yielding, and number of locally buckled panels on their structural ductility. A structural design method is proposed for the portal frames having LP panels under cyclic loadings.

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Vuong, Gia Hai, Nguyen Thi Hong Minh, and Nguyen Duc Toan. "Mechanical Properties of SS400 Steel Plate at Elevated Temperatures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.51.

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This paper presents the experimental test results on mechanical properties of steel plate grade SS400 at elevated temperatures. The steel is often used as structural steel due to its weldability and machinability. The steel plates were heated by a high frequency heating system to reach specific temperatures before being tested on a tensile testing machine. Five different temperature conditions were used, namely room temperature, 100°C, 300°C, 500°C and 600°C. The data of mechanical properties measured for SS400 steel plates at various temperature conditions were recorded and analysed. The research showed that when the temperature is increased, the force in tensile test is decreased while the strain is increased. The observation and the data were then used to setup the stress – strain – temperature relation for formability study of SS400 steel plates. The same method can be used to establish the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.

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Sasayama, Teruyoshi, Wataru Yoshimura, and Keiji Enpuku. "Rectangular wave eddy current testing using for imaging of backside defects of steel plates." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209329.

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Accurate, easy, and fast inspection of defects on the backside of thick steel plates is essential for the maintenance of infrastructures. Low frequency eddy current testing (LF-ECT) is a promising method to detect defects of the backside of steel plates, with a thickness of approximately 10 mm. However, it is possible that the signal from the backside defect is smaller than that from the surface magnetic noise, causing difficulty identifying the backside defect. In this study, we propose a method to reduce the surface noise by employing a square wave inverter to generate a harmonic signal (rectangular wave ECT, or RECT), and the result demonstrates that the surface noise is successfully reduced using the harmonic signal.

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Noori Hoshyar, Azadeh, Maria Rashidi, Ranjith Liyanapathirana, and Bijan Samali. "Algorithm Development for the Non-Destructive Testing of Structural Damage." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 13, 2019): 2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142810.

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Monitoring of structures to identify types of damages that occur under loading is essential in practical applications of civil infrastructure. In this paper, we detect and visualize damage based on several non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. A machine learning (ML) approach based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method is developed to prevent misdirection of the event interpretation of what is happening in the material. The objective is to identify cracks in the early stages, to reduce the risk of failure in structures. Theoretical and experimental analyses are derived by computing the performance indicators on the smart aggregate (SA)-based sensor data for concrete and reinforced-concrete (RC) beams. Validity assessment of the proposed indices was addressed through a comparative analysis with traditional SVM. The developed ML algorithms are shown to recognize cracks with a higher accuracy than the traditional SVM. Additionally, we propose different algorithms for microwave- or millimeter-wave imaging of steel plates, composite materials, and metal plates, to identify and visualize cracks. The proposed algorithm for steel plates is based on the gradient magnitude in four directions of an image, and is followed by the edge detection technique. Three algorithms were proposed for each of composite materials and metal plates, and are based on 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT) and hybrid fuzzy c-mean techniques, respectively. The proposed algorithms were able to recognize and visualize the cracking incurred in the structure more efficiently than the traditional techniques. The reported results are expected to be beneficial for NDT-based applications, particularly in civil engineering.

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Marchal, Y., and F. Delannay. "Comparison of methods for fracture toughness testing of thin low carbon steel plates." Materials Science and Technology 14, no. 11 (November 1998): 1163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1998.14.11.1163.

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Upadhyay, Abhishek, Bir Bahadur Sherpa, Sandeep Kumar, Pal Dinesh Kumar, Niraj Srivastava, and Arun Agarwal. "Phased Array-Based Ultrasonic Testing of Explosively Welded Aluminium and Stainless Steel Plates." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 72, no. 6 (February 13, 2019): 1521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01603-5.

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Vossoughi, H., K. Soudki, R. N. White, A. R. Ingraffea, and M. Sansalone. "Fatigue of Thick Steel Plates Bent to a Low R/t Ratio." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 111, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3265673.

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The use of cold-bent plates, instead of welded corner joints, in the fabrication of pressure vessels can reduce production costs. The cold-bending operation is relatively easy, inexpensive, and requires minimum quality control. The attractiveness of using cold-bent plates as a potential substitute for plates with welded corner joints motivated the fatigue study described here. Fatigue test resutls are reported for nineteen 25-mm thick HY80 and HY100 steel plates, cold-bent to a nominal bend angle of 90 deg and an R/t (inner bend radius/thickness) of 1.5, and ten 25-mm thick HY80 welded corner joints. Testing was performed under zero-to-tension loading (stress ratio R = 0) at room temperature and at a frequency of 4 Hz on specimens that retained the actual cold-bending-induced residual stresses. These test results indicate that the cold-bent plates may be a good alternative to welded corner joints for cyclic loading histories.

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Agustriyana, Lisa, Sarjiyana Sarjiyana, and Suyanta Suyanta. "PENGARUH PENGELASAN GTAW PADA LOGAM BIMETAL PLAT BAJA KARBON RENDAH DAN STAINLESS STEEL TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK SAMBUNGAN LAS." INFO-TEKNIK 20, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/infotek.v20i2.7712.

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Stainless steel material (stainless steel) is used in the home industry and the military industry, and also in the nuclear industry. Steel material is divided into five types, namely austenite, ferrite, martensite, duplex and precipitation hardening. Ferritic stainless steel is an attractive alternative in vehicle production because of its corrosion resistance. Different metals have different characteristics from one another, so the welding process of dissimilar metals requires certain techniques. The purpose of this study is to determine the tensile strength of welds in bimetallic welding between low carbon steel plates and stainless-steel plates and to know the hardness of welds in bimetal welding between low carbon steel plates and stainless-steel plates using GTAW welding. The research method used: this research is part of the testing of technical materials conducted by the destructive test method with the category of science and technology development in the field of Mechanical Engineering. There is a trend of increasing tensile strength, yield strength and hardness of bimetallic welding of low carbon steel plates and stainless-steel plates using GTAW welding, that the greater the welding amperes will increase tensile strength, yield strength and hardness. The highest tensile strength was 41.18 Kg / mm2 and the highest yield strength was 41.16 Kgf / mm2 at 60 amperes and the highest hardness was 571.01 BHN at 55 amperes with the corresponding amperage range from the usage table 45 - 65 amperes. In the HAZ area when compared to the parent material, the HAZ area hardness is higher than the parent material and lower than the weld filler.

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Xiong, Tao, Hong Wei Yu, Shi Sen Wang, Han Xiong Dong, and De Fa Li. "Effects of Rolling Process on Microstructure and Yield Ratio in a High Strength Building Steel Plate." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.637.

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The microstructures have been investigated in steel plates with different rolling processes to find the reasons of yield ratio overseted standard in few high strength building steel plates produced in Echeng Iron and Steel Corporation. The effects of rolling path, rolling path depress ratio on microstructure and properties. Some reasons of yield ratio overseted standard have been analyzed. The results show that decreasing rolling paths and increasing depress ratio refined grains but unchanged area ratio and interlamellar spacing of pearlite. Yield strength excessively increased but tensile strength unchanged increased yield ratio. So, excellent properties can be obtained by applying the optimization process.

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Logakannan, Krishna Prasath, Feng Zhu, David Sypeck, Sida Xu, Jie Deng, and Sangyeon Kim. "Testing and Modeling of Vehicle Li-Ion Battery Module with Prismatic Cells under Abuse Conditions." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031055.

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The damage behavior of Li-ion vehicle battery modules with prismatic cells has been investigated through mechanical experiments and numerical simulations. The modules were subjected to quasi-static indentation using a V-shaped stainless-steel wedge along three orthogonal directions. One higher speed test was also performed. Force and voltage were measured as a function of displacement to monitor damage during loading. A detailed finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate force-displacement with very good comparison to experimental results. Based on the FE model, energy absorption contributions of four major component groups were analyzed along with detailed effects of enclosure weld defects. Analysis indicates the steel parts absorbed significant amounts of energy irrespective of indentation direction. The welds connecting the side plates were the weak link in the protective structure. Increasing the thickness of the steel plates could help absorb more energy.

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Savulyak, V. I., and А. А. Osadchuk. "Contact melting and structure formation in the system: α-iron-nanomaterials - common quality carbon steel." Problems of Tribology 27, no. 2/104 (June 24, 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2022-104-2-13-19.

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In this paper, processes of contact melting between steel plates, which arises after feeding the contact pulse of a contact welding machine, are studied, for cases when nanomaterials in the form of carbon nanofibers and powders of refractory metals are being located between the plates. It was established that the addition of carbon nanotubes allows to ensure the passage of contact melting with lower energy costs and to obtain high carbonaceous layers of considerable hardness, and the addition of doping elements makes it possible to control the structure, grainy and physical and mechanical properties of the formed material.

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Xu, Jin Qiao, Bin Guo, Lin Zheng, Yin Hua Li, and Le Yu. "Research and Development of Deep-Sea Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 1492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.1492.

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This paper provides a detailed description of deep-sea pipeline steel developed at Wuhan Iron and Steel Company(Group), WISCO for short. The thickness of the trial produced plates is 28mm. The chemical composition of low C-high Mn-Nb-Ti with proper content of other alloys and thermo-mechanical controlled process were applied. The results show that the deep-sea pipeline steel developed at Wuhan Iron and Steel Company has a good match of high strength, low temperature toughness and excellent deformability with fine uniform microstructure. The LSAW line pipe manufactured by JCOE method has high strength, good low temperature toughness and low yield ratio which comprehensively meet the requirements of the South China Sea Liwan pipeline project.

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Liu, Pei Yue, Jun Fen Wang, and Bao Qiu Ma. "Application of Wavelet Analysis in Nondestructive Testing of Steel and Iron Materials and DSP Implementation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 1270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.1270.

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Aiming at improving the unideal testing result by means of analog signal processing, wavelet analysis is introduced in the nondestructive testing of steel and iron materials, based on the characteristics of electromagnetic nondestructive testing signal. According to the requirement of wavelet algorithm for hardware, the advantages of DSP, digital signal processing function and high calculating speed, design scheme of the steel electromagnetic nondestructive testing device is proposed in this paper. Experiments show that this method can extract detection signal effectively.

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KOUNO, Takatoshi, Takasi KOMUKAI, Hideyuki SASAKI, and Koji SEGAWA. "Adhesion of CHC rubber to steel, stainless steel and cast iron plates treated in triazine-non aqueous solution." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 66, no. 7 (1993): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.66.475.

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Garašić, Ivica, Maja Jurica, Ante Barišić, and Dario Iljkić. "Determination of ballistic properties on ARMOX 500T steel welded joint." Engineering review 39, no. 2 (2019): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30765/er.39.2.8.

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In this paper, the effect of different hardness filler materials and sequence of welding on the ballistic performance has been investigated. Also, besides the optimization of the ballistic properties, other mechanical testing was carried out in order to achieve wanted mechanical properties along the entire welded joint. The experimental work includes macrostructure analysis, ballistic testing, and hardness testing of steel welded joint. The base material used in the experiment were ARMOX® 500T plates. In this experiment 3 different filler materials were used. Based on the testing results, it was found out that best ballistic performance of the welded joint is achieved if capping layer is welded with a hardfacing filler material. This distributes the impact energy to a greater area and transfers it to the lower hardness weld layer underneath which then absorbs the rest of the energy.

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Sahoo, Santosh Kumar, V. N. Gaffney, A. Chatterjee, and Korukonda L. Murty. "Annealing Behaviour of Ferritic HT-9 Steel." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.794.

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Annealing behaviour of ferritic HT-9 stainless steel plates was investigated through evolution of microstructural, textural and mechanical properties. Microstructural observations showed two important findings: (a) abnormal grain growth occurs at higher annealing temperatures, (b) drop in in-grain misorientation with increasing annealing temperature. However, textural results showed an increase in texturing till 500oC annealing and a clear drop in texturing beyond 500oC annealing. The strength (both yield and tensile) decreased with increase in testing temperature and the micro-hardness values decreased with increase in annealing temperature. Dynamic strain ageing was observed at certain strain rates and testing temperatures. The onset of the serrated yielding at low temperature limit estimated from the strain rate-temperature plot was found out to be ~ 94kJ/mol identifiable with that for migration of C and N.

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Włodarczyk, Renata. "Sintered Stainless Steel for Interconnectors for PEM Fuel Cell." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1047–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1047.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance strongly depends on properties of the fuel cell stack bipolar plates (BPs). Bipolar plates are a key component of fuel cells. Functions of materials used for fuel cells include even distribution of gas fuel and air, conduction of electricity between the adjacent cells, heat transfer from the cell as well as prevention of gas leakage and cooldown. Due to multifunctionality of fuel cell plates, choice of materials used for plates is immensely difficult. This paper presents opportunities of application of a new technology of powder sintering for creation of parts for electricity and heat generators. Sintered stainless steel 316LHD was investigated as a candidate material for bipolar plate materials. 316L powders were compacted with the following load: 700MPa, 550MPa, and 200MPa, and then sintered at the temperature of 1250 °C in hydrogen medium. The main criterion for selection of a particular material for components of fuel cells is their corrosion resistance in operating conditions of hydrogen fuel cells. In order to determine resistance to corrosion in the environment of operation of fuel cells, potentiokinetic curves (as a function of temperature) were registered in synthetic solution 0.1M H2SO4 + 2 ppmF- at 80°C. The investigations also covered measurements of mechanical properties and microstructural testing of sinters with austenitic structure.

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Sukhanov, D. A., L. B. Arkhangelsky, N. V. Plotnikova, and N. S. Belousova. "Morphology of Excess Carbides Damascus Steel." Journal of Materials Science Research 5, no. 3 (May 17, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v5n3p59.

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Considered the nature of changes in the morphology of carbides of the unalloyed high-carbon alloys type Damascus steel depending on the degree of supercooling of the melt, heat treatment and plastic deformation. It is shown that iron-carbon alloy with carbon content as in white cast iron at high degrees of supercooling can crystallize as a high-carbon steel. Considered three hypotheses for the formation of the eutectic carbides in pure iron-carbon alloys. The first hypothesis is based on the thermal process of dividing plates of secondary cementite or of ledeburite on isolated single grain. The second hypothesis is based on the deformation process of crushing of secondary cementite or of ledeburite into separate fragments (the traditional view on the formation of eutectic carbides). The third hypothesis is based on the transformation of metastable ledeburite in a stable phase of eutectic carbide prismatic morphology. Found that some types of wootz, which carbon content as in of white cast irons not is contain its structure of ledeburite. It is shown that the structure of consists entirely of the eutectic carbides prismatic morphology.

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Feng, Yong, and Hao Sun. "Optimization Results of High Strength Steel Production Process." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.11.

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The grade 590MPa high strength steel for construction machine and mine machine can be produced in mass and at lower cost with optimization of chemical composition and production process. The thickness of steel plates is from 6 mm to 60 mm. The microalloy system can be designed as Nb-V,Nb-Ti or Nb-Ti-V. Due to application of controlled rolling and controlled cooling (thermal mechanical control process TMCP) the properties of steel plates are perfect. Test and process simulation be conducted in lab rolling mill. The results and process were transplanted to middle plate mill and heavy plate mill, the process parameter can be matched well and appropriately, the production process is smooth and properties of steel plates are excellent and stable. The new manufacture technology for production of 590MPa high strength steels is opened up. The output of 590MPa high strength steels has been reached more than 81000 tons every year in Jinan Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. and it meet the needs of market preferably. The application of this type high strength steel can create a great of economy and social profits.

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Wronka, Bogumił. "Ultrasonic Flaw Detection for Quality Assessment of Explosively Clad Plates." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/171279.

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The aim of this work was to study more thoroughly all problems relating to the evaluation of material defects connected with plate quality before and after explosive cladding. During testing great attention was paid to material defects in plates, the reasons for their appearance and possibility of detecting them by means of ultrasonic technique. It was most important to find out which defects were especially dangerous. The results of ultrasonic testing that relate to the quality of initial steel plates are described. Modelled defects of various sizes are ultrasonically tested and analysed. The properties of explosive welded joints and cases of cracks in clad plates are tested. All these data can be helpful in the context of working out criteria relating to the selection of initial plates for cladding.

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Kong, Zhengyi, Ya Jin, Shaozheng Hong, Quanwei Liu, Quang-Viet Vu, and Seung-Eock Kim. "Degradation Behavior of the Preload Force of High-Strength Bolts after Corrosion." Buildings 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122122.

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Corrosion significantly affects the structural behavior of members in a connection (i.e., the thickness of steel plates, the preload force of bolts, and the friction factor of steel plates). Safety assessment of corroded steel frames (i.e., beam-to-column connection, beams, or columns) has been a major concern in engineering. In this work, an experiment of accelerated corrosion testing is carried out to obtain corroded specimens connected with high-strength bolts, and the preload force of high-strength bolts (PF-HSB) is monitored throughout the whole stage of the corrosion testing. Before the corrosion testing, the PF-HSB caused by the stress relaxation is also recorded. The PF-HSB decreases rapidly in the first five hours after the final screwing of bolts and it keeps stable after 100 h. The PF-HSB is seriously affected by corrosion, which decreases by 30.0% of the original preload force when the corrosion rate of steel plate reaches 3.5%. A finite element method for predicting the PF-HSB after corrosion is proposed. An estimation model for the PF-HSB considering the stress relaxation is established. A degradation model for predicting the PF-HSB after corrosion is also suggested, and is in good agreement with experimental data. The results of this research are of great significance for the safety assessment of in-service steel structures.

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Namazov, S. N., G. Abdalla, M. Dalgic, H. W. Gudenau, and P. Beiss. "Mean stress sensitivity of sintered iron and steel." International Journal of Materials Research 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2003-0127.

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Abstract There is a well-based correlation between the pulsating amplitude σ A(R = 0) and the alternating amplitude σ A(R = – 1) in fatigue testing of sintered iron and steel which permits to predict the mean stress sensitivity and the pulsating amplitude if the alternating endurance limit σ A(R = – 1) has been measured. Without loss of precision the relationship can be extended from smooth unnotched specimen geometries to notched geometries if only the stress concentration factor is known. The coefficients of the predictive equation depend on the brittleness of the material, a systematic approach to take the brittleness into account is still missing. In Haigh diagrams, the slope of the σ A–σ m diagram with tensile mean stresses can be linearly extrapolated also into the compressive mean stress range σ m < 0.

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Stewart, Mark G., Brianna Dorrough, and Michael D. Netherton. "Field testing and probabilistic assessment of ballistic penetration of steel plates for small calibre military ammunition." International Journal of Protective Structures 10, no. 4 (September 28, 2018): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419618802593.

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The penetration of projectiles into semi-infinite targets helps in the understanding and modelling of terminal ballistics. The article describes field test results of 5.56×45 mm F1 Ball and 7.62×51 mm M80 Ball ammunition. The targets were 25-mm-thick mild and high strength steel plates of Grade 250 MPa and 350 MPa, respectively. The tests recorded penetration depth, muzzle and impact velocities, and bullet mass. Despite its smaller calibre, the 5.56 mm × 45 mm F1 Ball ammunition recorded deeper penetrations than the larger calibre 7.62 mm × 51 mm M80 Ball ammunition. This is due to the 5.56 mm ammunition comprising a hardened steel penetrator and lead core, whereas the 7.62 mm ammunition comprised only a lead core. Multiple shots were fired for each type of munition. The coefficient of variation of steel penetration is approximately 0.10 and 0.03 for 5.56 mm and 7.62 mm rounds, respectively. The article also presents predictive models of steel penetration depth and compares these to the field test results.

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Konkol, Paul J., James A. Mathers, Richard Johnson, and Joseph R. Pickens. "Friction Stir Welding of HSLA-65 Steel for Shipbuilding." Journal of Ship Production 19, no. 03 (August 1, 2003): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2003.19.3.159.

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HSLA-65 (ASTM A945) is a new structural steel of interest to the Navy shipbuilding community. The feasibility of joining the alloy by the friction stir welding (FSW) process was assessed. Single-pass weldments in 6.4-mm plates and two-pass weldments in 12.7-mm plates were successfully made. The FS weldments were evaluated by performing transverse tensile and bend tests; hardness, Charpy V-notch toughness, and salt spray corrosion testing; and metallographic evaluations. The weldments exhibited satisfactory transverse weld tensile strength, ductility, Charpy Vnotch toughness, and hardness. Visual examination revealed no difference in salt spray corrosion rates between the stir zone, the heat-affected zone, and the parent material. The results indicate that FSW does indeed have potential for joining ferrous alloys in shipbuilding, which should promote further efforts in this area.

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강부병. "Excitation Characteristics of a PZT Exciter for Thermosonic Non-destructive Testing of Steel Plates." Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology 15, no. 5 (October 2013): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17958/ksmt.15.5.201310.645.

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Salih Maged, Saad Frhan. "Resistance of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Plates to Dynamic Loads." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.14.4.07.

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The objective of this work is to study the effect of impact and blast dynamic loading upon concrete plates reinforced with normal deformed steel bars as well as steel or glass fibers. In order to examine the effect of using different volume and weight fractions of s skeletal bars and steel or glass fiber reinforcements on the impact and blast resistance, 24 plates and 24 prisms were manufactured as test specimens. A set consisting 0f 8 plates were tested under high velocity impact using 14.7 caliber bullets with a shooting distance of 63 m. The specimens with 1.5 % steel fiber and two layers of steel mesh (8 mm at 75 mm) have shown resistance to full perforation of the bullet. Improvements to the resistance to spalling, scabbing and crack growth have also been observed. Field blast testing was carried out on a second set of 8 specimens by using a charge of 100 gm located at the center of each specimen. All the plates were 160 mm thick and with had minimum reinforced of 0.75% glass fiber and a single layer of steel mesh (8 mm at 75 mm). Have shown resistance to full perforation of waves and have restricted the number, the width and the growth of cracks. The last set of the remaining 8 plates was subjected to a low speed impact test performed by a falling steel ball. Test results clearly show the significant effect of using steel and glass fiber besides deformed bars to enhance the impact resistance by 400 % and 20 % by using 1.5 % steel fiber and 0.75 % glass fiber resistance .Energy absorption capacity and ductility were also increased by 100 % and 600 % by using 1.5 steel fiber. Chang in compressive strength of about ±6 % and ± (20 – 30 ) % were observed by using 1.5% steel fibers and 0.75% glass fibers respectively. The inclusion of 1.5% steel fibers and 0.75% glass fibers together with deformed steel bars have improved the tensile strength by 200% and 70% respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plates, Iron and steel Testing'

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