Journal articles: 'Plates (Engineering) Cracking Testing'

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Noori Hoshyar, Azadeh, Maria Rashidi, Ranjith Liyanapathirana, and Bijan Samali. "Algorithm Development for the Non-Destructive Testing of Structural Damage." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 13, 2019): 2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142810.

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Monitoring of structures to identify types of damages that occur under loading is essential in practical applications of civil infrastructure. In this paper, we detect and visualize damage based on several non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. A machine learning (ML) approach based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method is developed to prevent misdirection of the event interpretation of what is happening in the material. The objective is to identify cracks in the early stages, to reduce the risk of failure in structures. Theoretical and experimental analyses are derived by computing the performance indicators on the smart aggregate (SA)-based sensor data for concrete and reinforced-concrete (RC) beams. Validity assessment of the proposed indices was addressed through a comparative analysis with traditional SVM. The developed ML algorithms are shown to recognize cracks with a higher accuracy than the traditional SVM. Additionally, we propose different algorithms for microwave- or millimeter-wave imaging of steel plates, composite materials, and metal plates, to identify and visualize cracks. The proposed algorithm for steel plates is based on the gradient magnitude in four directions of an image, and is followed by the edge detection technique. Three algorithms were proposed for each of composite materials and metal plates, and are based on 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT) and hybrid fuzzy c-mean techniques, respectively. The proposed algorithms were able to recognize and visualize the cracking incurred in the structure more efficiently than the traditional techniques. The reported results are expected to be beneficial for NDT-based applications, particularly in civil engineering.

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Kong, Huan Ping, Chang Kui Liu, De Lin Liu, and Tao Jiang. "Aircraft Bearings Fracture Failure Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.319.

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Between aircraft bearings lugs, plates fracture appeared. The failure mode and cause were analyzed by macro and micro observation, EDS analysis, metallographic examination and hardness testing. The results showed that two bearings’ failure were stress corrosion cracking. Bearings’ failure were related with abnormal force state, material cast loose exceeding the allowed limited values played a catalytic role to crack propagation. It is suggested that bearings material surface protection should be strengthened to improve corrosion resistance, bearings design should be optimized to avoid abnormal tensile stress, and material casting process should be improved to reduce cast loose.

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Wang, Xiao Dong, Rui Ling Jia, Hui Xia Zhang, Hua Jian Lui, Xi Wei Zhai, and Fu Rong Chen. "A Study on the SCC Susceptibility of Twin-Wire Metal Inert Gas Arc Welds in 7A52 Al Alloy Plate." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.619.

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7A52 Al alloy plates was welded using twin-wire metal inert gas arc welding (TMW) .Stress corrosion cracking (SCC)behavior of the parent material and the welded specimens was investigated by the slow strain rate tensile(SSRT)test method respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted to understand electrochemical corrosion behavior of 7A52 Al alloy and its TMW weldment. It was found that the welded specimens exhibited higher SCC susceptibility than the parent materials under SSRT testing in seawater. The EIS result showed that the weld zone exhibited higher corrosion resistance than that of the parent material. Hydrogen embrittlement is a crucial factor that leads to the failure of the welded specimens during SSRT test in seawater.

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Staroverov, Oleg, Elena Strungar, and Valery Wildemann. "Evaluation of the survivability of CFRP honeycomb-cored panels in compression after impact tests." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 56 (March 28, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.56.01.

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This paper is oriented to the experimental research of the mechanics of the CFRP sandwich plates, glass and carbon fiber sample panels with a large-cell honeycomb core. The method for testing polymer composite sample plates in compression after impact (CAI) tests with joint use of a testing machine and a video system for deformation field registration was tested. Analysis of the experimental data obtained highlighted the impactive sensitivity zone for the test specimens. A quantitative assessment of the load-bearing capacity of glass and carbon fiber sample panels in CAI tests with the different levels of the drop weight impact energy was performed. Photos of samples after impact have been provided. Vic-3D non-contact three-dimensional digital optical system was used to register the displacement and deformation fields on the surface of the samples. The video system was used to evaluate various damage mechanisms, including matrix cracking, delaminations, and rupture of the damaged fibers. The paper studied the evolution of non-homogeneous deformation fields on the surface of the composite samples during the post-impact compression tests and analyzed the configuration of non-homogeneous deformation fields.

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Dawe, J. L., and C. K. Seah. "Out-of-plane resistance of concrete masonry infilled panels." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 854–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-128.

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Nine large-scale concrete masonry infilled panels (3.6 × 2.8 m) were tested to destruction under uniformly distributed lateral pressure applied in small increments. Load–deformation curves of the infills and the enclosing steel frame showed linear elastic behaviour prior to first cracking. Nonlinear behaviour due to cracking and arching action of infill was prominent in the postcracking range. Parameters investigated experimentally included the effects of boundary supports, joint reinforcement, panel thicknesses, panel opening, and characteristics of construction. In parallel with the testing program, computer-aided analytical techniques were developed to predict the first crack and ultimate loads. First crack prediction was based on a finite element analysis for bending of thick plates, while ultimate load prediction was based on a yield-line technique modified to account for the arching action of infill confined within a flexible frame. Having been verified by comparison with test results, the postcracking analysis program was used to conduct a parametric study. It was found that infill compressive strength, panel dimensions, and frame rigidity have significant effect on ultimate loads. While central openings do not affect the ultimate strength, they do, however, reduce postcracking ductility. Key words: masonry, infill panel, steel frame, experimental, out-of-plane, behaviour, strength, arching, yield-line technique, cracking.

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Sollier, T., J.-M. Decitre, A. Vigneron, and E. Demaldent. "Simulation of eddy current testing of steam generator tubes with wear and secondary side magnetite deposits." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 64, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2022.64.2.73.

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The steam generator (SG) tubes of pressurised water reactors are prone to degradation and are periodically inspected using eddy current testing (ECT) techniques. SGs provide a safety barrier between the radioactive primary side and the non-radioactive secondary side. Historically, a major degradation issue was stress corrosion cracking of tubes made of alloy 600. In modern SGs, better resistance to stress corrosion cracking is observed with the replacement of alloy 600 by alloy 690. However, this alloy does not prevent tubes from wear at support locations or wear resulting from fretting with loose parts. Long-term operation of SGs also leads to non-volatile species accumulation in the secondary side of the SGs, mainly magnetite. Magnetite deposits may build up as a dense and solid material on top of the tubesheet (hard sludge) and also in the flow slots of tube support plates, therefore modifying the general flow pattern and velocity of the secondary fluid. This has detrimental effects on the safe operation of SGs. The clogging-up ratio of the flow slots therefore needs to be assessed. The development of an ECT simulation model to address tube wear and magnetite deposits in SGs is presented. This model is based on the CIVA NDT platform. A bobbin coil signal is simulated and its performance for tube wear and magnetite deposit evaluation is discussed.

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Wilhelm, Eugen, Tobias Mente, and Michael Rhode. "Waiting time before NDT of welded offshore steel grades under consideration of delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking." Welding in the World 65, no. 5 (January 28, 2021): 947–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-01060-5.

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AbstractOffshore wind turbines (OWT) are a major goal of the energy strategy of Germany encompassing the increase of the installed wind power. OWT components are manufactured from welded steel plates with thicknesses up to 200 mm. The underlying standards and technical recommendations for construction of OWTs encompass specifications of so-called minimum waiting time (MWT) before non-destructive testing of the weld joints is allowed. Reason is the increased risk of time-delayed hydrogen-assisted cold cracking as hydrogen diffusion is very slow due to the very thick plates. The strict consideration of those long MWT up to 48 h during the construction of OWTs leads to significant financial burden (like disproportionately high costs for installer ships as well as storage problems (onshore)). In this study, weld joints made of S355 ML were examined in comparison with the offshore steel grade S460 G2+M. The aim was to optimize, i.e., reduce, the MWT before NDT considering varied heat input, hydrogen concentration and using self-restraint weld tests. This would significantly reduce the manufacturing time and costs of OWT construction. To quantify the necessary delay time until hydrogen-assisted cold cracks appear, acoustic emission analysis was applied directly after welding for at least 48 h.

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Mamun, Muhammad, and Vivek Bindiganavile. "Mitigating shrinkage cracking in stucco through the replacement of fine aggregate with expanded perlite." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, no. 8 (August 2012): 906–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-075.

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This paper describes a quantitative study on shrinkage cracking in stucco. Two series of mixes were examined with the binder to fine aggregate volumetric ratio of 0.20 and 0.25, respectively. In each series, specially engineered expanded perlite was incorporated as a replacement to the fine aggregate at up to 75% by volume. An environmental chamber was setup to create extreme conditions for moisture loss through sustained high temperature and low humidity. Commercially recommended stucco mixes were cast into plates, which were evaluated for linear and volumetric shrinkage. At the same time, crack growth at the end of a 48 h exposure period was evaluated for total length and area. It was found that while adding expanded perlite did not notably reduce the total linear or volumetric shrinkage, it significantly lessened crack development. This was attributed to the increase in tensile strain capacity imparted by the expanded perlite, as evidenced from flexural testing.

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Héritier, Bernard, François Olard, Frédéric Loup, and Serge Krafft. "Design of a Specific Bituminous Surfacing for the World's Highest Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridge." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1929, no. 1 (January 2005): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192900117.

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This paper presents a rational approach for the performance-based design of bituminous wearing surfacings on orthogonally anisotropic steel bridges. The behavior of bituminous surfacings on steel orthotropic decks under heavy truck traffic and environmental conditions is highly complex. Both the geometry of the structure and the high flexibility of metallic plates make the deformations and stresses severe in steel bridge surfacings. In particular, the repeated loading makes the fatigue strength an important parameter for the design of such bituminous wearing courses. In addition, these specific surfacings must have durability over the expected temperature range, and they must be resistant to thermal cracking at low temperatures and to rutting at high temperatures. The technical studies that were conducted in parallel with the construction of the Millau Viaduct (France)–-the world's highest bridge–-have provided in particular the opportunity for progress in the development of appropriate laboratory testing equipment and of an original polymer-modified surfacing. A comprehensive research program, including both a large laboratory testing campaign and a finite element parametric study, was performed to develop a useful tool for the design of plate surfacings.

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Karve, Pranav, Sarah Miele, Kyle Neal, Sankaran Mahadevan, Vivek Agarwal, Eric R. Giannini, and Patricia Kyslinger. "Vibro-acoustic modulation and data fusion for localizing alkali–silica reaction–induced damage in concrete." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 6 (February 27, 2020): 1905–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921720905509.

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This article investigates the application of vibro-acoustic modulation testing for diagnosing damage in concrete structures. The vibro-acoustic modulation technique employs two excitation frequencies on a structure. The interaction of these excitations in the measured response indicates damage through the presence of sidebands in the frequency spectra. Past studies using this technique have mostly focused on metals and composites (thin plates or laminates). Our research focuses on concrete, which is a highly heterogeneous material susceptible to a variety of chemical, physical, and mechanical damage processes. In particular, this article investigates diagnosing cracking in concrete from an expansive gel produced by an alkali–silica reaction in the presence of moisture. Past studies have been limited to damage detection using vibro-acoustic modulation testing, whereas this article extends the technique to damage localization. A cement slab with pockets of reactive aggregate is used to investigate the diagnosis technique. The effects of different testing parameters, such as locations, magnitudes, and frequencies of the two excitations, are analyzed and incorporated in the damage localization methodology. A Bayesian probabilistic methodology is developed to fuse the information from multiple test configurations in order to construct damage probability maps for the test specimen. The results of vibro-acoustic modulation–based damage localization are validated by petrographic study of cores taken from the slab.

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Fahad Resan, Sa’ad, Sajid Kamil Zemam, and Musab Sabah Abed. "Developing tension field action of embedded steel plates-Stiffened rebars composite reinforcement within concrete deep beams." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 12 (May 27, 2020): 2741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220919065.

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For reinforced concrete beams, the shear failure mode is confirmed to occur in disturbed regions rather than in the Bernoulli region where stresses can be computed from the flexure formula. Thus, the provision of such regions with shear deficiencies is of great importance. In this study, a tension field system is suggested to embrace the inevitable concrete compression field originating within disturbed regions. Nine rectangular reinforced concrete beams dominated by disturbed regions are tested to verify the proposed shear reinforcement approach of the tension field concept. In this approach, the thin steel plate is embedded within shear span to resist shear strength in two different modes: with and without enhancement of reinforcement as stiffeners. All specimens were tested for failure using a four-point load testing arrangement. Test results demonstrate the feasibility of using embedded mild thin steel plate with and without ribs of rebars as tension field action against initiated concrete compression field action to upgrade the section shear capacity. As depicted by experimental results, the provided tension field system can remarkably upgrade the post cracking, stiffness, and ultimate shear capacity of the considered concrete beams. The stringer panel model is considered to verify and confirm strength improvement. The numerical solution is considered to investigate the proposed composite reinforcement provided within concrete deep beams using the concrete damaged plasticity model. The numerical investigation succeeded to depict the generation of tension field action within the suggested embedded steel plates–stiffened rebars composite reinforcement.

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Yi, Junyi, and Nigel G. Shrive. "Behaviour of partially grouted hollow concrete masonry subjected to concentrated loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-103.

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An experimental programme was performed to study the behaviour of hollow concrete masonry wallettes with bond beams and vertical columns of grout subjected to concentrated loads. Forty-three wallettes were tested, with concentrated loads being applied either concentrically or eccentrically, through various-sized loading plates above the grout columns or on the bond beams above the hollow blocks. When the concentrated load was applied above the grout columns, the face shells of the hollow block units attached to the grout columns split and the columns subsequently crushed. When the load was applied on the bond beams, wallettes failed similarly to hollow masonry walls without vertical columns of grout, with web splitting and vertical cracking in line with the load, followed by face-shell spalling and (or) mortar crushing. When the eccentricity was one third of the wall thickness, failure was dominated by local spalling beneath the loading plate. The testing programme and mechanisms of failure are described, together with strength variation with increasing eccentricity, and dispersion of the concentrated load through the bond beam. General implications for the design of hollow concrete masonry with bond beams and vertical columns of grout subjected to concentrated loads are discussed.Key words: hollow concrete masonry, bond beam, grout columns, concentrated load, concentric, eccentric.

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Zhu, Shun-Peng, Zheng-Yong Yu, Qiang Liu, and Ayhan Ince. "Strain energy-based multiaxial fatigue life prediction under normal/shear stress interaction." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 28, no. 5 (July 13, 2018): 708–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789518786031.

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Through characterizing the interaction of normal/shear stress–strain behavior on material planes of TC4 alloys, a new strain energy critical plane model describing mean stress effects is proposed for life prediction under tension–compression, pure torsion, and tension–torsion loadings. Moreover, a modified Ince–Glinka model is elaborated through considering crack surface close to the maximum shear strain plane. Three simple solutions are presented to determine cracking failure mode using the concepts of life, damage, and strain. Comparing with lifing models of Liu, Smith–Watson–Topper, and modified Ince–Glinka, the proposed model provides more accurate life predictions for TC4 and a compressor turbine disc by full-scale fatigue testing.

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Fu, F., J. Zhang, F. Shen, and C. Zhao. "THE MULTI-TECH PROTECTIVE MONITORING OF THE LION FOREST GARDEN STONY ARTIFICIAL HILLS (SUZHOU, CHINA)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-335-2020.

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Abstract. The Lion Forest Garden was originally built in 1342, during Yuan Dynasty, and became one of the most famous gardens in Suzhou. In 2000, it was inscribed in the World Heritage List as an extensive property of the Classical Gardens of Suzhou. The Lion Forest Garden is famous for its stony artificial hills covering more than 4,000 square meters, which were continually built during Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty. However, as a long time passed, stony artificial hills appear damaged showing stone cracking - which could be seen in many places-, gaping, weathering, water erosion, and subsidence. Besides, a new underground line will pass through the road west to the Garden. In 2018 and 2019, the Landscape Architecture Engineering Lab of the Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture collaborated with the Lion Forest Garden Administration on a research to define the strategy to monitor these stony artificial hills. Multiple technologies were used, such as 3D Scanning, Ultrasonic Testing, Side-Scan Sonar, sensors, and so forth. During the monitoring, some technologies worked well while others did not. The paper, based on the mentioned research, will discuss the strategy and technologies used in monitoring historical rockeries, describe the procedure, analyse the outcomes, and find out the reasons causing the unsuccess of some technologies.

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Wróbel, Andrzej, Marek Płaczek, and Andrzej Buchacz. "Testing of Composite Panels Used as Components of a Freight Wagon by Thermovision." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2016-0003.

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Abstract In this paper research methods for detection of laminate panels damage were presented. The most common damage is: matrix cracking laminate interlayer damage to joints, connecting cracks, delamination and fiber breakage. The tested laminates will be used as assemblies and sub-assemblies of freight wagon. Other methods of modeling of machines by means of transducers are shown in Płaczek (2012, 2015) and Białas (2010). As part of the project authors were collaborated with specialists from other research centers and scientific research (Bocian and Kulisiewicz, 2013). As a part of future work the places where we will be able to replace the standard materials by parts made of laminate will be shown. Layered composites despite many advantages have also disadvantages. From last mentioned it is a relatively low resistance to transverse impact. When the laminate is used as a decorative element, its small damage is not a problem. The problems start when the composite satisfies more responsible tasks such as: is a part of the technical means for example of a railway wagon. Aspect of continuous monitoring of the technical state of the laminate is very important. Current technology provides numerous opportunities for non-destructive methods of technical inspections. In this paper method for testing of large areas, completely non-contact, based on the methods of thermography, was presented. It consists heating by using the composite tubes and examining it through a thermal imaging camera. Length of heating, and consequently the temperature to which the laminate is heated mostly were chosen experimentally. During the measurements, the camera measures the intensity of radiation, not temperature. Received thermogram is not always a precise representation of the actual temperature, because the camera does not reach only the radiation from tested object, but also reaches the radiation coming from the environment and reflected objects etc. As part of the research authors also we undertook other work related to Mechanical Engineering (Wróbel et al., 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015; Płaczek et al., 2014). Cooperation with other national and European centers has contributed to many publications of authors for example Tuma et al. (2013, 2014) and Jamroziak and Kosobudzki (2014).

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Walubita, Lubinda F., Abu N. M. Faruk, Allex E. Alvarez, Richard Izzo, Brett Haggerty, and Tom Scullion. "Laboratory Hot-Mix Asphalt Cracking Testing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2373, no. 1 (January 2013): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2373-09.

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Terasaki, F., H. Ohtani, A. Ikeda, and M. Nakanishi. "Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels in Sour Environment Applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 200, no. 3 (August 1986): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_021_02.

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It is well known that wet hydrogen sulphide (H2S) can cause embrittlement of steels, hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC). Several fractures of pipelines handling sour crude oil or gas led to vigorous researches on these problems. As similar failures have also been experienced in petroleum refinery equipment, degradation of steel by hydrogen sulphide is now recognized as a serious environmental problem. The paper considers the mechanism and factors involved in HIC. This type of cracking occurs mainly in the parent steels. The susceptibility of steels to cracking is influenced strongly by inhomogeneities such as the shape and distribution of non-metallic inclusions, and segregation of alloying elements. These have a significant effect on HIC because they modify the microstructures in the segregated regions. With reference to environmental factors, these mainly concern the influence of H2S partial pressures, pH of the solutions and other phenomena relevant to the absorption of hydrogen by the steel. SSCC poses problems in weld zones. It can occur especially in heat affected zones (HAZ) with high hardnesses. Such cracking can be prevented by the control of hardness by a suitable selection of the chemical composition of the steel and the welding conditions. Nevertheless, countermeasures similar to those described for the prevention of HIC are necessary to prevent SSCC in HAZ even with relatively low hardness. Research on factors influencing HIC and SSCC has resulted in the development of steels which are highly resistant to wet H2S cracking. These steels have been supplied in plate form for pressure vessels. Experience has confirmed the good performance of welded constructions in aggressive service environments.

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Arici, Yalin. "Investigation of the cracking of CFRD face plates." Computers and Geotechnics 38, no. 7 (November 2011): 905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.06.004.

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Zhou, Yu Tong, Zheng Qiang Zhou, Jiong Geng Wang, Hong Jian Luo, Jie Zhang, and Jia Yuan Hu. "Study on Cracking of Aluminum Alloy Strain Clamps for 500kV Transmission Line." Solid State Phenomena 279 (August 2018): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.279.10.

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It was found that a large number of aluminum alloy strain clamps cracked. Cracking mainly occurred in the drainage plate of strain clamps. Nondestructive testing technologies and physicochemical analysis devices such as optical microscope, spectrograph, SEM and EDS were adopted to analyze the reasons of cracking. The results tell that there are numerous shrinkage cavities and cracks inside the drainage plate of strain clamps. The maximum area fraction of shrinkage cavities is 10.7%, and the maximum size is over 1mm2. A lot of shrinkage cavities and cracks gather together to form big flaws, which seriously reduce the mechanical properties of the drainage plates. After a long period of vibration, cracks gradually develop to the surrounding cavities and connect adjacent cavities. Eventually, cracks develop to the surface of drainage plates.

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Szeleziński, Adam, Adam Muc, and Lech Murawski. "Amplitudes Spectrum Comparison as a Method of Selecting Welded Joints." New Trends in Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2018-0089.

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Abstract The paper presents a comparative analysis of non-destructive testing methods used in the assessment of welded joints. The authors describe the methodology of conducting tests on welded plates using the vibration method. On the basis of the FFT analysis of responses from accelerometers, spectral characteristics were calculated, and then used along with statistical measures to develop a comparative method in non-destructive testing of welded joints. This method will make it possible to quickly and easily distinguish plates with non-defective welded joints from plates with faulty welds. The paper presents test results for a non-defective plate weld (sample no. 2202), a plate with defective edge fusion (sample no. 2127) and one with a cracking along the entire sample length (sample no. 2132). The article points out the limitations of the proposed method and the need for further research

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Thouless, M. D., and A. G. Evans. "Comment on the spalling and edge-cracking of plates." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 24, no. 8 (August 1990): 1507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(90)90422-d.

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Swenson, Daniel V., and Nanda Kaushik. "Finite element analysis of edge cracking in plates." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 37, no. 3 (January 1990): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(90)90386-u.

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Liu, Xian Peng, Yang Han, and Hong Biao Liu. "Researches on High-Piled Wharf Cantilever Slab Cracking Causes and Reinforcement Measures." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.186.

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As a common wharf structure, the high-piled beam-slab wharf is characterized by the cantilever slab arranged at the expansion joint between the structural sections in most cases. According to wharf routine tests, cantilever slab cracking is quite common. Relying on a typical high-piled wharf, in combination with actual wharf operations, this paper conducted the numerical analysis of the cantilever slab dynamic response under the dynamic load effect with its results showing that the dynamic load is the main cause for cracking. This paper suggested blocking up with steel plates should be adopted for reinforcement and reconstruction of high-piled wharf structure cantilever slab, with its calculation results showing blocking up with steel plates can effectively resolve cantilever slab cracking.

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Connolly, A. M., E. Hinton, and A. R. Luxmoore. "Finite-element modelling of dynamic cracking in wide plates." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 23, no. 1 (January 1986): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(86)90194-3.

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Khanna, Rohit, Lisa Ferrara, and Sohit Khanna. "Biomechanics of a novel reversibly expandable dynamic craniotomy bone flap fixation plate." Journal of Neurosurgery 132, no. 2 (February 2020): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.8.jns172614.

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OBJECTIVEBiomechanical evaluation of a novel expandable cranial fixation plate was assessed in cadavers. The dynamic craniotomy procedure uses low-profile reversibly expandable plates that allow cranial decompression by providing for intracranial volume expansion without removal of the bone flap. The plates allow reversible outward movement of the bone flap upon an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) and also retract the bone flap and prevent it from sinking inside the cranium once the ICP normalizes.METHODSA comparative evaluation of the extent of ICP control with an increase in intracranial volume between various bone flap fixation techniques was undertaken along with testing of the expandable plate compliance. Static compression tests of the plates were performed to assess bone flap fixation and prevention of sinking. Quasi-static shear tension testing of the plates was undertaken to test the tolerance of the plates for expansion. Fatigue shear tension evaluation of the plates was undertaken to assess tolerance for repetitive expansion and contraction.RESULTSThe dynamic craniotomy provided superior control of ICP with an increase in intracranial volume compared to the hinged craniotomy and standard craniotomy techniques (p < 0.001). Static compression results revealed that the plates withstood bone flap sinkage with a mean peak load of 643.3 ± 26.1 N and a mean inward bone flap displacement of 1.92 ± 0.09 mm. Static shear tension results indicated that the plates could withstand a peak expansion of 71.6 mm. Dynamic shear tension testing of the plates with repetitive 15-mm outward expansion and retraction for a total of up to 500 cycles revealed no cracking and no failure points.CONCLUSIONSThe reversibly expandable plates provide for a low-profile bone flap fixation with rigid restriction of bone flap sinking and also enable cranial decompression with a high tolerance for repetitive expansion and contraction.

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Sano, Yuji, Yoshihiro Sakino, Naruhiko Mukai, Minoru Obata, Itaru Chida, Takuya Uehara, Masaki Yoda, and You Chul Kim. "Laser Peening without Coating to Mitigate Stress Corrosion Cracking and Fatigue Failure of Welded Components." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.519.

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The authors have applied laser peening without coating (LPwC) to metallic materials. Compressive residual stress nearly equal to the yield strength of the materials was imparted on the surface. Accelerating stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests showed that LPwC had a significant effect to prevent the SCC initiation of sensitized materials of SUS304, Alloy 600 and the weld metal, Alloy 182. Push-pull type fatigue testing demonstrated that LPwC drastically enhanced the fatigue strength of fillet-welded rib-plates of SM490A.

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Loo, Yew-Chaye, and Hong Guan. "Cracking and Punching Shear Failure Analysis of RC Flat Plates." Journal of Structural Engineering 123, no. 10 (October 1997): 1321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1997)123:10(1321).

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Zhu, Yong, Yun Zhou, and He Zhu. "Numerical Simulation of Bolted-Steel Plates Strengthened Coupling Beams." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3677.

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One reinforced concrete coupling beam and two strengthened reinforced concrete coupling beams by bolted steel plates are analyzed by nonlinear finite element method. Two-dimensional finite element model is employed with material nonlinearities and geometrical nonlinearities. A special ring region, which simulates the slip effect between concrete and steel plates, is developed an incorporated into the numerical analysis model. The load-displacement relationship, cracking/crushing type and steel plates internal are compared and found to be in good agreement with those in test.

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29

Wang, Wan Zhen, Ren Quan Su, Xin Tang Wang, and Xiang Feng. "Fracture Test and Numerical Analysis of Structural Steel Notched Plates Based on Generalized Strength Model." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1391.

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To study rupture mechanism of structural steel, fracture experiments were tested on 12 notched plates with different thickness. The results of experiments indicated that the first crack initiated at the notched edge and expanded rapidly along the width of the plates after running through the thickness. Finally, the specimens fractured at the critical section, the fracture ductility decreased with the thickness. By numerically simulating the fracture stress field of the notched plates at initial cracking based on generalized yield model, the applicability and accuracy of the suggested fracture criterion were comparatively verified.

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30

Song, Wa Li, Bo Liu, and Hong Kui Yue. "The Allocation of Internal Force of Concrete Beam Strengthened with Steel Plate." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 1625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.1625.

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The test beams were overloaded 20 times repeatedly with different amplitude, and they damaged to different extent to simulate actual cracking. Strengthening the pre-damaged beams with steel plates, working situation of structure strengthened is analyzed. For the test beams strengthened, steel plates and the original structure deform harmoniously, internal force is allocated to the steel plates and the original structure with a certain proportion. In the serviceability limit state, the method of allocation of internal force is studied, and the impact of the overload amplitude, reinforcement ratio on the allocation proportion is analyzed.

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31

Chen, Hua, Kan Kang, Lang Ni Deng, and Peng Zhang. "Study on Flexural Performance of RC Beams Strengthened with Prestressed CFRP Plates." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3361.

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For RC beams strengthened with prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates, calculate methods for the cracking load, the yield load and the ultimate load are derived base on the analysis of normal section stress. The test of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates were carried out, and analytical results are compared with experimental results. Comparisons show that the calculated values agree well with the experimental results.

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32

You, Yiliang, Zheng Zhang, and Luoning Ma. "Cracking analysis of 316L stainless steel lining plates in alkaline environments." Engineering Failure Analysis 39 (April 2014): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.01.006.

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33

Pantazopoulos, George, Athanasios Vazdirvanidis, and Ioannis Contopoulos. "Cracking of Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper Plates During Hot Rolling." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 19, no. 3 (June 2019): 858–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-019-00675-1.

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34

Hopf, Anton, Moritz Klug, Kürşat Durmaz, Klaus Goth, and Sven Jüttner. "Introduction of a New Test Methodology for Determining the Delayed Cracking Susceptibility." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 1 (January 18, 2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010026.

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A missing test methodology that allows for the determination of delayed cracking susceptibility of laser welds of high-strength sheet steel is presented. Unlike other cold crack testing methods, this test is based on a self-restraint testing of specimens welded from thin sheet materials without welding consumables and external loading. The potential test procedure with sample geometry, clamping device and documentation of the cracks is described. It is shown that the position of the weld on the specimen is a critical parameter and the susceptibility to cold cracking increases with increasing edge distance. The test methodology in combination with the most critical seam position is successfully used to rank two different steels regarding their susceptibility to delayed cracking. Further investigations are conducted evaluating the cold cracking susceptibility at different energy levels and lubricating conditions. It is proven that the lubrication has a significant influence on the susceptibility to cold cracking. Nevertheless, a narrow but safe process window is found.

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35

Meng, Xing, M. Papaelias, and G. Melton. "Spectral analysis for crack detection during TIG welding using acoustic emission techniques." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2020.62.8.478.

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In this study, the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process was applied to high-carbon steel plates in order to simulate hot cracking in welds. A customised acoustic emission (AE) system was used to capture the AE waveforms generated during welding and cooling of the sample plates. The AE signals were analysed using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) algorithms. Comparison of the features arising from different sources observed in the frequency spectra of the acquired AE signals was carried out. The results demonstrate the possibility of applying the AE technique for monitoring and detecting signals generated from cracking activities using frequency domain analysis.

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36

Yu, Yu, Min Gan, Yan Zhang, Liren Li, and Huakun Zhang. "Experimental Research on Antiseismic Performance of High-Strength Concrete High-Shear Walls with Built-In Steel Plates." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (June 20, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4769404.

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To study the antiseismic performance of the high-strength concrete composite shear wall with built-in steel plates, an experiment on a high-strength concrete composite shear wall with four built-in steel plates (SPRCW-1∼4) was set up. Based on the experimental result, the paper discusses the antiseismic performance, failure mode, and failure mechanism of the high-strength concrete composite shear wall with built-in steel plates under different steel ratios and different positions of steel plates. The experimental result has shown that the differences in steel plate position and steel ratios have certain effects on wall cracking. The use of high steel content and the placement of steel plates on both sides of the wall can limit wall cracking to some extent. When the bearing capacity of the steel plates located on both sides of the wall is larger than that in the middle of the wall, a high content of steel in the wall can effectively increase the bearing capacity of the test piece to some extent. Under a high axial compression ratio, the horizontal bar of the wall can substantially limit the vertical cracks in concrete arising from compression. Moreover, the built-in steel plates in the shear wall play a significant role in inhibiting the propaganda of the oblique cracks under the action of earthquakes. The research result has very good economy and operability and can provide a basis for promotion and application of the mid- and high-rise buildings in regions with high seismic intensity.

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Chen, Yue Shun, Li Liu, and Xia Lin Lei. "Simulation on Strengthening of a Cement Fresh Material Silo." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.434.

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For the lack of concrete strength, the outer wall of a cement fresh material silo cracking. Then the cracking structure members have been strengthened with externally bonded steel plates. The finite analysis software ABAQUS has been used to simulate the reinforced silo and the structural analysis software MORGAIN has been used to calculate the reinforcements in this paper. The simulation results show that, the bearing capacity of the silo has been improved with this strengthening method effectively. On the other hand it could be referenced to solve the problems of similar projects.

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38

Monfort, G., J. Halleux, and A. Bragard. "The automation and instrumentation of testing H2S for cracking." Corrosion Science 27, no. 10-11 (January 1987): 1145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(87)90104-1.

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39

Song, Yongsheng, Youliang Ding, Fei Jiang, Zhe Wang, Huijuan Jia, Zhiyuan Chen, Chen Xu, and Jingwen Ge. "Fatigue Performance of CFRP-Strengthened Rib-to-Diaphragm Welded Details of Orthotropic Steel Decks: Experimental and Numerical Evaluation." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (February 17, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4730015.

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Rib-to-diaphragm welded details of orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) are susceptible to fatigue cracking. To deal with such cracking problem, a strengthening method using externally bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates was investigated by fatigue experiment and numerical evaluation. A full-scale OSD specimen with two ribs and two diaphragms was tested to evaluate fatigue cracking behavior, as well as the stress before and after strengthening. An experimentally validated numerical model was established to confirm the optimal opportunity for CFRP strengthening. The influence of different CFRP strengthening measures were then discussed on the stress intensity factors at crack tips. It was shown that bonding of CFRP plates can significantly reduce stress of rib-to-diaphragm welded details. The best opportunity for CFRP strengthening is selected as the length of crack reaches at 25.00 mm where the amplitude of stress intensity factor is the smallest. The attachment of CFRP plates by bonding on the surface of cracked plates can reduce stress response at cracked region by more than 30%. The length of crack is of no flat growth until the total number of loading cycle after strengthening arrived at 0.8 million. Results of SIFs calculated by numerical model dropes after strengthening with reduction rate more than 35% and 18% at two crack tips and crack midpoint, respectively. Compared to the geometric dimensions of CFRP, the elastic modulus of CFRP and glue layer shows more significant influence on the fatigue performance of Rib-to-diaphragm welded details due to their stronger restraint to the propagation of crack peaks. This study provided a technical reference to the design and actual application of CFRP in the strengthening of welded details in OSDs.

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40

Das, P. C., J. S. Owen, B. J. Eccles, M. A. Woodings, and B. S. Choo. "Role of Dynamic Testing in Assessment of Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1594, no. 1 (January 1997): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1594-12.

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Six reinforced concrete beams were loaded incrementally up to failure. After each increment the load was removed and measurements of the modal properties of the beams were made by impulse testing. The variation of the natural frequencies, frequency ratios, mode shapes, and the level of damage were investigated. It was found that on completion of the tests the natural frequencies of the beams had been reduced by an average of 25 percent in each mode. However, changes in mode shape were very small, and appreciable differences were only observed when the damage was highly localized. Modeling of the beam by using finite elements predicted trends that compared well with experimental observations. It is concluded that if dynamic testing were used in monitoring reinforced concrete structures, then the changes in frequency due to initial concrete cracking or yield of the reinforcement could be detected. More useful information associated with the spread and type of cracking through a structure may be detectable, although the level of the frequency changes is of the same order as those due to changes in ambient conditions.

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41

Xu, Shi Lang, and Yi Qun Yan. "Experimental Study on Mechanicial Properties of TRC Plate." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.766.

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Textile reinforced concrete is a rather promising structural material which improves characteristics of traditional materials in many ways. In this paper, based on uniaxial tension experiments of TRC plates, the loading behavior of TRC plates and influence factors on their ultimate load capacity are discussed. The main parameter in the experiments is textile ratio. With the increasing of textile ratio, the efficiency of fibers decreases in a linear way, and the cracking performance is ameliorated. Moreover, a calculation formula is proposed taking the textile ratio into consideration to forecast the ultimate bearing capacity of TRC plates. Finally, according to the mixture law and ACK model, the stress-strain curve of TRC plates is simplified as a trilinear model. Providing a theoretical foundation, this investigation extends further application of TRC in practice.

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42

Thomas, Todd, Arlis Kadrmas, and John Huffman. "Cold In-Place Recycling on US-283 in Kansas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1723, no. 1 (January 2000): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1723-07.

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In 1997 an experimental partial-depth cold in-place recycling project was performed on US-283 in Kansas. Two sections approximately equal in length, one with Class C fly ash and the other with an emulsion with lime slurry, were recycled. On both sections a hot-mix asphalt overlay was placed after curing. Field observations in 1998 showed minor transverse cracking in the fly ash section, but no cracking was evident in the emulsion-plus-lime section. Transverse cracking increased in the fly ash section in 1999 and was noted for the first time in the emulsion-plus-lime section during this same evaluation. Longitudinal cracking in the wheel-paths of the fly ash section was also first observed in 1999. Rutting was not observed in either section during the evaluations. The results of Superpave indirect tensile testing in the laboratory confirmed that the fly ash section should crack before the emulsion-plus-lime section; laboratory testing with the Superpave shear tester and the asphalt pavement analyzer also indicated that the mixtures were not susceptible to rutting.

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43

Dietzel, W., and S. K. Ghosal. "Stress corrosion cracking—A new approach to testing methods." Materials Science 33, no. 4 (July 1997): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02537548.

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44

Kim, Jung J., and Mahmoud Reda Taha. "Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Direct Tension Test for Cylindrical Concrete Specimens." Advances in Civil Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/156926.

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Concrete cracking strength can be defined as the tensile strength of concrete subjected to pure tension stress. However, as it is difficult to apply direct tension load to concrete specimens, concrete cracking is usually quantified by the modulus of rupture for flexural members. In this study, a new direct tension test setup for cylindrical specimens (101.6 mm in diameter and 203.2 mm in height) similar to those used in compression test is developed. Double steel plates are used to obtain uniform stress distributions. Finite element analysis for the proposed test setup is conducted. The uniformity of the stress distribution along the cylindrical specimen is examined and compared with rectangular cross section. Fuzzy image pattern recognition method is used to assess stress uniformity along the specimen. Moreover, the probability of cracking at different locations along the specimen is evaluated using probabilistic finite element analysis. The experimental and numerical results of the cracking location showed that gravity effect on fresh concrete during setting time might affect the distribution of concrete cracking strength along the height of the structural elements.

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45

Perez, S. A., J. M. Balay, P. Tamagny, and Ch Petit. "Accelerated pavement testing and modeling of reflective cracking in pavements." Engineering Failure Analysis 14, no. 8 (December 2007): 1526–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.12.010.

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46

Ng, C. F. "Testing Techniques for Chaotic Vibration of Buckled Aircraft Structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 210, no. 3 (July 1996): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_371_02.

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A simple model of non-linear and chaotic dynamic behaviour of buckled plates is presented. Special procedures are described for setting up the tests of flat and buckled plates with vibrations of large amplitude. The difficulties of measuring chaotic motion include the problems in designing the clamping fixtures, controlling the excitation and analysing the results. Case studies of tests with shaker direct attachment, base excitation, and acoustic excitation are used to illustrate the procedures and ways to solve the various problems. The important non-linear dynamic characteristics of curved plates are found to be the transition from softening spring effects to hardening spring effects through the intermediate region of chaotic motion. The chaotic motion is a large amplitude dynamic snap-through motion between the two static buckled positions of the plate.

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47

Lee, N. K. J., F. Hugo, and K. H. Stokoe. "Detection and Monitoring of Cracks in Asphalt Pavement Under Texas Mobile Load Simulator Testing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1570, no. 1 (January 1997): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1570-02.

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The Texas mobile load simulator (TxMLS) is a newly developed accelerated pavement testing device used to evaluate pavement performance under real trafficking loads. This evaluation is performed by applying trafficking loads and monitoring surface distress, such as cracking and rutting, in conjunction with a number of other measurements of the pavement, such as those conducted with the falling weight deflectometer, multidepth deflectometer, strain gauge, pressure cells, and seismic (stress-wave) tests. A procedure for monitoring the progressive degradation of the asphalt surface was developed using the spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) technique. This procedure was applied with the TxMLS and proved to be equally effective. SASW tests that were performed intermittently between trafficking phases on trafficked and untrafficked areas show ( a) the effect of temperatures and frequencies on the asphalt moduli, ( b) the importance of temperature and frequency corrections in analyzing the degradation of the asphalt surface layer, and ( c) the long-term trends in surface-wave velocities (and hence, moduli) of the surface layer with increasing number of load applications. It was found that stiffness of the asphalt layer in the longitudinal direction was progressively reduced under trafficking. Concurrently, surface cracking progressively increased. The reduction in longitudinal stiffness occurred at a faster rate than the crack growth. In contrast, the reduction in the stiffness of the asphalt layer in the transverse direction was slower, probably because the main mode of cracking was transverse. The feasibility of using SASW testing as a predictor of degradation and imminent cracking was confirmed with these studies.

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48

Sultan, Mohamed Thariq Hameed, Shahnor Basri, Azmin Shakrine Mohd Rafie, Faizal Mustapha, Dayang Laila Majid, and Mohd Ramly Ajir. "High Velocity Impact Damage Analysis for Glass Epoxy-Laminated Plates." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 2318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.2318.

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The ultimate objective of the current work is to examine the effect of thickness on fiberglass reinforced epoxy matrix subjected to high velocity impact loading. The composite material chosen for this research was from type C-glass/epoxy 200 g/m2and type C-glass/epoxy 600 g/m2. This material is used as a composite reinforcement in high performance applications since it provides certain advantages of specific high strength and stiffness as compared to metallic materials. This study investigates the mechanical properties, damage characterisation and impact resistance of both composite structures, subjected to the changes of impact velocity and thickness. For mechanical properties testing, the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used while for the high velocity impact, a compressed gas gun equipped with a velocity measurement system was used. From the results, it is found that the mechanical properties, damage characterisation and impact resistance of type C-glass/Epoxy 600 g/m2posses better toughness, modulus and penetration compared to type C-glass/Epoxy 200 g/m2. A general trend was observed on the overall ballistic test results which indicated that as the plate specimen thickness continues to increase, the damage at the lower skin decreases and could not be seen. Moreover, it is also found that, as the plate thickness increases, the maximum impact load and impact energy increases relatively. Impact damage was found to be in the form of perforation, fibre breakage and matrix cracking. Results from this research can be used as a reference in designing structural and body armour applications in developing a better understanding of test methods used to characterise impact behaviour.

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Yu, Gui Wen. "Nondestructive Testing of Wood-Plastics Structural Plates with Stiffener." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 2087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.2087.

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In order to set up a new effective method for measuring mechanical properties of the wood-plastics structural plates with stiffener, three different nondestructive testing (NDT) methods were used on the specimens with stiffener, which were made of virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with poplar fibers as filler. The values of dynamic Young’s modulus of the specimens were measured by a FFT system. And the values of static bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) were also determined by three point bending test according to ASTM D790-03. The paper analyzed the variability of the dynamic Young’s modulus of specimens with stiffener obtained with different NDT methods, and the correlativity was also estimated between the dynamic Young’s modulus and the static MOE of all specimens. The results suggested that the intensity of the wood-plastics structural plates could be enhanced by stiffener, and the NDT methods could be appropriate to estimate the dynamic Young’s modulus of the wood-plastics structural plates with stiffener.

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Zhou, Bang-Xin, Mei-Yi Yao, Zhi Miao, Qiang Li, and Wen-Qing Liu. "The cracking induced by oxidation-hydriding in welding joints of zircaloy-4 plates." Journal of Shanghai University (English Edition) 7, no. 1 (March 2003): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11741-003-0045-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plates (Engineering) Cracking Testing'

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