Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plateaux areas'

The lithostratigraphy and Pliensbachian ammonite fauna of a sequence of Pliensbachian to Bajocian sedimentary rocks, informally referred to here as the Spatsizi Group, from the Spatsizi map-area (104 H) in north-central British Columbia are examined in this thesis. Twenty Five species of ammonites representing fifteen genera from Pliensbachian rocks of the Spatsizi Group are described and their stratigraphic ranges in the thesis area determined. The Spatsizi fauna is comprised primarily of ammonites of Tethyan aspect and also contains elements endemic to the East Pacific faunal realm. The Spatsizi fauna is located on the northern half of the Stikine terrane of the western Cordilleran eugeocline, and is surrounded by biogeographically related faunas containing ammonites of Boreal affinity in addition to Tethyan and East Pacific forms, indicating that northern Stikinia occupied a position within the mixed Boreal/Tethyan zone of the eastern Pacific region during the Pliensbachian. Subsequent tectonic displacement of Stikinia transported it northward to its present position. The Spatsizi Group is informally defined and is divided into five informal formations; the Joan, Eaglenest Gladys, Groves, and Walker Formations. Each formation reflects deposition in a different sedimentary environment affected by varying degrees of volcanic (epiclastic or pyroclastic) input Rocks of the Spatsizi Group represent the basinward sedimentary equivalents to the coeval Toodoggone volcanics that formed along the southern flank of the Stikine Arch. Facies transitions from the Stikine Arch in the north to the sedimentary basin in the south are best developed in sediments deposited during Pliensbachian and Early Toarcian times, when epiclastic sands and conglomerates accumulating on the southern flank of the arch graded southward into silts and muds in the basin. Two phases of non-coaxial deformation folded and faulted the rocks in the thesis map area. Deformation was probably related to interaction between the Stikinia and the North American continental margin during accretion.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

This study explores how students in rural areas of Tennessee's Cumberland Plateau area perceive engineering as a future career. This area is a portion of the greater Appalachian region, which has historically, faced disproportionate economic struggles when compared to other areas of the United States. However, little research on career choice exists outside of the coal producing areas of Central Appalachia. This research, in contrast, focuses on rural counties without interstate access, situated along the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee, an area with an economy historically based in manufacturing. This research focuses on understanding students' perceptions of engineering as a future career and on factors that support and inhibit the development of these perceptions. To understand these perceptions, the study used qualitative, semi-structured interviews, situated in a Social Constructivist worldview, informed by the Future Possible Selves framework. Participants include 27 high school students, 7 college engineering students, and 5 college students who had exposure to engineering through a formal program but are currently enrolled in another major. Results of the study show that without access to formal programs or professionals to expose them to engineering, participants did not have a clear perception of engineering, and were not likely to pursue this career. Exposure through a formal program seemed to spark the start of engineering future possible self development by aligning engineering with activities participants enjoy. However, these participants often also believed that they lacked some key "ability" needed to become an engineer. Participants who had access to both formal programs and professionals were able to provide a clear description of potential engineering careers, aligning such careers with activities they enjoyed and, importantly, with desired attributes of their future. In addition, participants typically described relationships with professionals as mitigating the fear that an engineering career was beyond their "ability." These results provide evidence, that in this study area, printed materials and programs are not enough; people clearly make the difference in helping students develop a clear perception of engineering as a viable future career choice. This result has multiple implications for engineering educators and industries interested in K-12 outreach.
Ph. D.

Une demande mondiale grandissante en gaz naturel pousse à exploiter des ressources de plus en plus acides (concentration des gaz acides pouvant atteindre 20% en volume). Le procédé de traitement de gaz par des solutions d'amines, existant depuis plus de 50 ans, est le plus répandu pour éliminer les composants acides (CO2, H2S, mercaptans…). Ce procédé comporte deux unités principales : une colonne d'absorption gaz liquide à contre-courant pour la séparation des composants acides du gaz et une colonne de régénération du solvant chargé. On recherche une optimisation du design, en particulier de l'absorbeur, en vue de réduire les couts et d'augmenter l'efficacité. Dans la colonne d'absorption, le transfert de matière s'avère limitant par rapport à la thermodynamique. Ainsi l'optimisation du design de cette unité passe par une maitrise des paramètres hydrodynamiques et de transfert des contacteurs utilisés dans les colonnes. Plusieurs études existantes sur unités pilotes proposent des corrélations majoritairement empiriques pour les paramètres critiques de dimensionnement. Par ailleurs leur extrapolation à l'échelle industrielle montre une divergence importante entre les différentes corrélations. Une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes physiques ainsi qu'une identification des paramètres importants pour l'extrapolation est donc requise. Dans ce contexte, la présente thèse a comme objectif principal la compréhension de l'effet de changement d'échelle sur les paramètres hydrodynamiques et l'aire interfaciale d'échange dans le cas des plateaux à clapets. La méthodologie employée dans cette étude se base sur une complémentarité entre une étude expérimentale et le potentiel offert par les outils de simulation numérique. L'étude expérimentale s'est effectuée sur deux colonnes pilotes rectangulaires transparentes ayant deux longueurs de passe différentes. Des mesures de pertes de charge, de hauteur de l'émulsion, de rétention liquide et d'aire interfaciale d'échange ont été réalisées. Des mesures innovantes de profils de l'émulsion gaz-liquide sur un plateau sont également présentées. Les différents résultats expérimentaux ont permis la proposition d'un diagramme hydrodynamique ainsi qu'une compréhension et une analyse phénoménologique cohérente de l'écoulement sur une large gamme de vitesses liquide et gaz. La comparaison entre les deux colonnes a permis, en premier lieu, l'identification des vitesses liquide et gaz pertinentes pour l'extrapolation. Des similitudes de comportement ont été trouvées pour certains paramètres (rétention liquide moyenne, perte de charge clapets, aire interfaciale) offrant ainsi la possibilité de proposer des corrélations basées sur une description phénoménologique dépendant essentiellement de deux nombres adimensionnels que sont le nombre de Froude (comparant l’inertie gaz au poids liquide sur le plateau) et le paramètre de l’écoulement (comparant les deux inerties liquide et gaz). En revanche une influence notable de la longueur de passe est relevée. En particulier des profils de l'émulsion nettement différents entre la petite et la grande colonne ont été observés. Des risques d'extrapolation sont par conséquent pointés dans cette thèse notamment pour des paramètres tels que la hauteur de liquide clair ou la hauteur moyenne de l’émulsion. Dans une deuxième partie, l'intérêt a été porté sur la simulation numérique des écoulements sur les plateaux. L'importance et la complexité de la modélisation du terme d'interaction entre les deux phases sont soulignées. Une approche proposée dans la littérature a été testée et montre la possibilité de l'emploi des simulations CFD comme outil pour une meilleure compréhension des comportements locaux. En outre une approche de modélisation nouvelle est proposée dans une optique de valorisation des outils numériques pour l'extrapolation.

Cette étude repose sur l’observation de la mise en oeuvre, sous l’égide du Centre social de l’AMA (Association Montargoise d’Animation), d’un projet participatif dans une zone urbaine sensible.Après avoir rappelé les origines de la politique de la ville en France, et décrit les différents dispositifs qui la constituent, l’auteure analyse le déroulement de ce projet, dans lequel elle a joué un rôle de conseillère méthodologique. Elle montre comment les personnes qui ont choisi d’y participer sont parvenues à former un groupe de recherche en vue de réaliser une enquête sur la réussite scolaire, et comment elles ont su tirer partie des données recueillies pour aboutir à la rédaction d’un livret de 82 pages dans lequel elles exposent leurs conclusions.L’auteure montre enfin que la mise à distance de la réalité sociale qu’implique une démarche d’enquête a permis à ces personnes de surmonter les effets de la stigmatisation sociale dont elles se sentent les victimes pour assumer pleinement leur statut de citoyen.Loin de résulter de la transmission d’un savoir, ce changement d’attitude a été la conséquence du nouveau rôle qu’elles ont ainsi été amenées à jouer. En ce sens, une telle expérience relève de l’éducation populaire, c’est-à-dire d’un modèle d’éducation dans lequel l’enseignant accepte de partir, non pas de son propre savoir, mais de celui des « apprenants »
This study is based on the observation of a citizen project that was implemented in an underprivileged area of Montargis, under the aegis of a « Social center » called AMA (Association Montargoise d’Animation).First, the author traces the origins of French urban policy, and describes its various administrative and operative levels. Then, she relates how some of the underprivileged citizens of this area joined the particular AMA project she has studied and in which she acted as a methodological consultant. She goes on describing how, together, they decided to conduct a survey with the aim of identifying factors which determine successful results at school, and how they wrote and published an 82 pages booklet in which they develop their findings. She makes it clear that she just recommended some research methods, without directly interfering in the survey itself.Finally, she shows that through the research they themselves conducted, the people involved in the project learned to take a step back from immediate social reality. This allowed them to overcome the effects of social stigmatization and to fully assume their citizen status. Far from submitting to transmitted knowledge, that change of attitude is an outcome of the new part they were induced to play in society. In that sense, such an experiment becomes an experience which belongs in the domain of people’s education (éducation populaire), that is to say a bottom-up education process in which teaching relies on learners’ knowledge instead of relying exclusively on teachers’ knowledge

Une étude paléoparasitologique a été menée sur des échantillons provenant de 30 sites archéologiques du Moyen-Orient afin de fournir de nouvelles données sur les parasites dans cette région. Une grande partie des échantillons étudiés se sont avérés négatifs. Cependant, le site archéologique de Chehrabad en Iran a fourni d’importants résultats. Des embryophores de Taeniidae, ainsi que des œufs d’Ascaris sp., de Trichuris sp., d’Enterobius vermicularis, et d’Oxyuris equi ont été identifiés, dans deux couches datées des périodes Achéménide et Sassanide. Ces résultats exclusifs pour la région du plateau iranien, prouvent le potentiel d’étude dans certains contextes sédimentaires de cette région du globe à dominante semi-aride. L’analyse de coprolithes humains et animaux issus du site égyptien de Hierakonpolis a également révélé une diversité parasitaire importante. Des œufs de plusieurs familles de trématodes, cestodes, nématodes, et acanthocéphales ont été mis en évidence dans 2 zones du site datées de 3700-3500 av. JC, et 3900-3600 av. JC. Ces résultats fournissent de nouvelles données sur l’Egypte ancienne, et prouvent l’importance de l’étude parasitologique des coprolithes en contextes d’hyper aridité comme les sites de la Vallée du Nil. Les résultats de cette étude complètent les données paléoparasitologiques pour le Moyen-Orient, et apportent des informations inédites sur la vie des populations anciennes, de leur alimentation, de leur maladie, ainsi que sur les échanges de pathogènes liés à leurs déplacements. Ces résultats contribuent également à mieux appréhender l’histoire des maladies parasitaires et du parasitisme dans cette région du globe
A paleoparasitological study has been carried out on 30 archaeological sites located in the Middle East to provide new information on ancient parasites of the region. Many samples examined during our analyses were negative. However, the site of Chehrabad (Iran) provided significant positive results. Taeniids, Ascaris sp., Trichuris sp., Enterobius vermicularis, Oxyuris equi and strongyle were the identified taxa in this site dated to Achaemenid and Sassanid periods. These results showed for the first time, the potential of paleoparasitological studies on the Iranian Plateau to improve our knowledge on ancient parasitism of the oriental areas of the Middle East region. The analyses of coprolites from the site of Hierakonpolis (Egypt) also revealed a diversity of human/animal parasitic markers consisting of trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephalan eggs. Oocysts of Eimeria sp. were also identified in this site. Findings in Hierakonpolis came from two localities at the site dated to 3700-3500 BC and 3900-3300 BC. These results provided new information on parasites in ancient Egypt and showed the importance of paleoparasitological analyses of coprolites which could be well preserved in the hyper-arid contexts. The results obtained in this work complete the previous paleoparasitological findings of the Near East. They shed a new light on several aspect of ancient human communities’ everyday life; diet and feeding practices, diseases and sanitary conditions and also on possible pathogens exchanges as a result of mobility and migration. These results contribute also to a better understanding of the history of parasitic diseases and parasitism in the Middle East region

Extensive analyses of faunal material recovered from the sites of Bailey Ruin and Pottery Hill have yielded data useful to understanding the causes and consequences of shifting settlement organization in the Silver Creek region during the 13th and 14th centuries. The faunal records of the larger, aggregated site of Bailey Ruin (200 rooms) and the smaller, earlier site of Pottery Hill (50 rooms) indicates that population aggregation was accompanied by changing patterns of faunal exploitation. Questions of changes in species diversity and abundance during this transitional period are also discussed.

Le bilan d'énergie de surface du Plateau Antarctique est essentiellement contrôlé par les propriétés physiques des premiers centimètres du manteau neigeux. Or l'évolution de cette neige de surface est complexe car elle dépend de processus fondamentalement imbriqués: vitesse de métamorphisme, profils de température, pénétration du rayonnement solaire, précipitations, transport de neige par le vent, etc. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d'étudier ces diverses composantes et leur couplage afin de simuler l'évolution de la densité de la neige et de la taille de grain (surface spécifique) sur le Plateau Antarctique. Pour représenter de manière physique l'absorption de l'énergie solaire à l'intérieur du manteau, un modèle de transfert radiatif à fine résolution spectrale (TARTES) a été implémenté dans le modèle de manteau neigeux détaillé Crocus. TARTES permet de calculer le profil vertical d'absorption d'énergie dans un manteau stratifié dont les caractéristiques sont connues. Parmi elles, la forme des grains, explicitement prise en compte dans TARTES, a été peu étudiée jusqu'à présent. C'est pourquoi une méthode de détermination expérimentale de la forme optique des grains est proposée et appliquée à un grand nombre d'échantillons de neige. Cette méthode, basée sur des mesures optiques, des simulations TARTES, et l'inférence bayésienne, a permis de déterminer la forme la plus adéquate pour simuler les propriétés optiques de la neige, et a mis en évidence le fait que représenter la neige par un ensemble de particules sphériques conduisait à surestimer la profondeur de pénétration du rayonnement d'environ 30%. L'impact de l'absorption en profondeur du rayonnement sur les profils de température dans le manteau et son métamorphisme est ensuite étudié par des approches analytique et numérique, mettant en valeur la sensibilité des profils aux propriétés de la neige proche de la surface. En particulier, la densité de la neige sur les premiers centimètres est cruciale pour le bilan d'énergie du manteau car elle impacte à la fois la profondeur de pénétration du rayonnement et la conductivité thermique du manteau. Puisque le modèle Crocus tient compte de ce couplage entre propriétés optiques et physiques du manteau, il est utilisé pour estimer l'influence des conditions météorologiques sur la variabilité temporelle des propriétés physiques de la neige de surface à Dôme C. Ces simulations sont évaluées au regard d'un jeu de données collectées lors de missions de terrain et de mesures automatiques de l'albédo spectral et de la pénétration du rayonnement dans la neige. Ces observations mettent en évidence le rôle primordial des précipitations dans les variations rapides de taille de grain en surface et l'existence d'un cycle saisonnier de cette taille de grain. Ces variations sont bien simulées par Crocus lorsque le forçage atmosphérique qui lui est imposé est adéquat. En particulier, l'impact du vent sur l'évolution du manteau est fondamental car il contrôle la densité de surface par le biais du transport de neige. Ce transport est aussi à l'origine de la variabilité spatiale des propriétés de la neige observée à Dôme C. C'est pourquoi une modélisation stochastique de l'érosion et du transport de neige dans Crocus est proposée. En plus d'expliquer la variabilité spatiale de la densité et de la taille de grain, elle permet de reproduire celle de l'accumulation annuelle ainsi que les variations rapides de hauteur de neige liées à des épisodes de vent. Ces travaux ont permis une meilleure représentation des processus physiques qui contrôlent les variations des propriétés de la neige de surface à Dôme C, tout en soulignant le rôle primordial du vent, dont l'impact sur le manteau est particulièrement complexe à simuler
The surface energy balance of the Antarctic Plateau is mainly governed by the physical properties of the snowpack in the topmost centimeters, whose evolution is driven by intricated processes such as: snow metamorphism, temperature profiles variations, solar radiation penetration, precipitation, snow drift, etc. This thesis focuses on the interactions between all these components and aims at simulating the evolution of snow density and snow grain size (specific surface area) on the Antarctic Plateau. To physically model the absorption of solar radiation within the snowpack, a radiative transfer model with high spectral resolution (TARTES) is implemented in the detailed snowpack model Crocus. TARTES calculates the vertical profile of absorbed radiation in a layered snowpack whose characteristics are given. These characteristics include snow grain shape, a parameter that has been seldom studied. For this reason, an experimental method to estimate the optical grain shape is proposed and applied to a large number of snow samples. This method, which combines optical measurements, TARTES simulations and Bayesian inference, is used to estimate the optimal shape to be used in snow optical models. In addition, it highlights that representing snow as a collection of spherical particles results in overestimation of the penetration depth of solar radiation. The influence of the penetration of solar radiation on the snow temperature profiles is then investigated with analytical and numerical tools. The results point out the high sensitivity of the temperature profiles to surface snow physical properties. In particular, the density of the topmost centimeters of the snowpack is critical for the energy budget of the snowpack because it impacts both the effective thermal conductivity and the penetration depth of light. To simulate the evolution of snow physical properties at Dome C by taking into account their interdependence with snow optical properties, the model Crocus is used, driven by meteorological data. These simulations are evaluated against a set of data collected during field missions as well as automatic measurements of snow spectral albedo and penetration depth. These observations highlight the influence of weather conditions on the temporal variability of surface snow properties. They show the existence of a slow decrease of snow grain size at the surface during summer. Rapid changes are also observed, essentially due to precipitation. These variations are well simulated by Crocus when forced by an appropriate atmospheric forcing. In particular, the impact of wind on the evolution of the snowpack is crucial because it controls the surface density through snow transport. This transport is also responsible for the spatial variability of snow properties observed at Dome C. That is why a stochastic representation of snow erosion and transport in Crocus is proposed. It explains well the observations of the spatial variability of density and grain size, and reproduces the variability of the annual accumulation as well as rapid changes in snow height resulting from drift events. This study improves our understanding of the physical processes which drive the properties of snow close to the surface on the Antarctic Plateau, and also points out the critical role of wind, the impact of which is very difficult to account for in models yet

The alluvial forms of the rivers that drain the Colorado Plateau are a product of the water and sediment load that tributaries deliver to the trunk streams. Where the Green and Colorado Rivers cross structural barriers, narrow canyons have been incised. In the steep terrain adjacent to many of these canyons debris flows occur in the catchment basins of tributaries and deliver coarse sediment to the mainstem river corridor. Over time, debris flow deposits have aggraded in trunk stream valleys and created landforms known as debris fans. The sizes of these debris fans are related to the accommodation space available for fan formation. Lithologic variation in the layer-cake stratigraphy of the Colorado Plateau has led to varying valley widths. Tributary catchment, debris fan, depositional site, and mainstem river characteristics are examined over the 156-kilometer reach of the Green River through Desolation and Gray Canyons. Desolation and Gray Canyons provide some of the widest valley widths and resultant debris fan areas on the Colorado Plateau.

Le superfici minime, sono di grande interesse in vari campi della matematica, e parecchie sono le applicazioni in architettura e in biologia, ad esempio. È possibile elencare diverse definizioni equivalenti per tali superfici, che corrispondono ad altrettanti approcci. Nella seguente tesi ne affronteremo alcuni, riguardanti: la curvatura media, l'equazione differenziale parziale di Lagrange, la proprietà di una funzione di essere armonica, i punti critici del funzionale di area, le superfici di area minima con bordo fissato e la soluzione del problema di Plateau.

The Utah prairie dog (Cynomys parvidens) was listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as an endangered species in 1973 because of range-wide population declines. The species was reclassified as threatened in 1984 because of population increases on private lands. Habitat fragmentation coupled with a lack of suitable habitat has impeded species recovery. Desired species habitat conditions include 0-8% shrub cover, 12-40% cool-season grass cover, and 1-10% perennial forb cover. Cool-season grasses are critical for Utah prairie dogs because of high spring energy requirements. Past research suggested that reducing shrub cover may increase cover of desired grasses and forbs. From 2008-2010, I evaluated the effects of high intensity fall sheep grazing and low application of herbicide (tebuthiuron) as tools to reduce shrub cover and enhance grass and forb cover on the Awapa Plateau Utah prairie dog recovery area in south-central Utah. I placed 1700 ewes in 4 ha stratified and randomly selected plots until >70% vegetation utilization was achieved. Five additional randomly-selected plots were treated with tebuthiuron at a rate of ~1.68 kg/ha. Percent cover of grass, forbs, and shrubs was recorded on treatments and paired control plots in June 2009 and 2010 to determine treatment vegetation responses. I also affixed 22 juvenile Utah prairie dogs with radio transmitters to determine if over-winter survival differed relative to treatment. Live shrub cover was lower on grazed plots in year 1 (P<0.001) and in year 2 (P=0.015). Dead shrub cover in grazed plots was higher in year 1 (P<0.001). Grazed plots exhibited increased forb cover from year 1 (P=0.104) to year 2 (P=0.008). Live shrub cover was lower in herbicide plots in year 2 (P=0.002). Dead shrub cover in herbicide plots was higher in year 2 (P=0.006). Tebuthiuron and grazed plots exhibited a reduction in shrub height (P=0.010, P=0.026, respectively). Tebuthiron plots exhibited less grass cover (P=0.034). Intensive sheep grazing and a low application of tebuthiuron reduced both shrub cover and vertical structure, but failed to increase the percent of grass cover when compared to the control plots. All plots exhibited reduced grass cover in 2010 in response to below normal precipitation. However, percent grass cover was higher on the grazed plots. It is possible that low inherent site productivity in combination with below normal average precipitation compromised treatment effects. Because of radio transmitter failure, I was not able to obtain survival data after hibernation. Prairie dog counts and weights did not differ by treatment type. If climate change reduces overall precipitation on the Awapa Plateau, recovery of the Utah prairie dog on this site will be problematic.

Reconstruir um ecossistema florestal ribeirinho a partir de uma abordagem cientifica, implica em conhecer a diversidade florística, a complexidade dos fenômenos que se desenvolvem nestas formações, compreender os processos que levam a estruturação e manutenção destes ecossistemas no tempo e utilizar estas informações para a elaboração, implantação e condução de projetos de restauração. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve por objetivo (i) identificar e caracterizar a composição florística das florestas estacionais deciduais e semideciduais associadas aos rios da bacia hidrográfica do Formoso - Bonito/MS, Perdido e Salobra ocorrentes no Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena; (ii) caracterizar a degradação histórica e atual dos fragmentos florestais em estudo; (iii) ordenar e classificar a composição florística em grupos sucessionais e funcionais, visando determinar as correlações entre as formações florestais como base fundamental para definição diferenciada das ações de restauração e conservação. O levantamento florístico foi realizado mensalmente entre o período de outubro de 2004 a março de 2006, onde foram coletadas fanerógamas em fase reprodutiva, através do método de tempo de avaliação com um total de 576 horas. O levantamento florístico resultou em 56 famílias, 184 gêneros e 307 espécies. A família Fabaceae, representada por 51 espécies, foi a de maior riqueza. Do total das espécies, 68% apresentaram hábito arbóreo, 17% arbustos, 14% foram lianas e apenas 1% palmeiras. O método tempo de avaliação adotado, mostrou-se eficiente e de fácil aplicabilidade em locais de difícil acesso e locomoção pela floresta, permitindo um maior deslocamento para a amostragem dos indivíduos, contornando a distribuição espacial das espécies, e refletindo melhor a heterogeneidade ambiental característica das florestas ribeirinhas. Os espécimes foram classificados segundo o seu grupo ecológico, nas categorias pioneiras, secundária e clímax, e através dos grupos funcionais (preenchimento e diversidade). Na bacia hidrográfica do rio Formoso, obtivemos 28% das espécies pioneiras, 46% secundárias, 8% clímax e 18% não classificadas. Quanto ao grupo funcional, 56% das espécies são de preenchimento e 44% de diversidade. Para a bacia do Perdido, classificou-se 24% das espécies como pioneiras, 42% secundárias, 8% clímax e 26% não foram classificadas. O grupo funcional apresentou 54% espécies de preenchimento e 46% diversidade. Na bacia do Salobra obtivemos 31% de espécies pioneiras, 36% secundárias, 5% clímax e 28% não classificadas. A classificação quanto ao grupo funcional, foi de 59% preenchimento e 41% espécies de diversidade. O histórico de uso de cada um dos trechos caracterizados florísticamente foi obtido através dos processos de projetos de Manejo Florestal com pedido no IBAMA desde o ano 1986, onde foram registrados 10.900 ha com pedido de retirada seletiva de madeira. O estado de conservação atual dos trechos florestais amostrados foi classificado em: pouco degradada, degradada e muito degradada, através de indicadores ambientais. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribuíram para o conhecimento da flora sul-mato-grossense e suas distribuições geográficas, reforçaram a necessidade de conservação destas matas ribeirinhas e forneceram subsídios para os planos de restauração das áreas degradadas do entorno da unidade de conservação e das áreas de proteção permanente (APP\'s) dos rios da Serra da Bodoquena.
To reconstruct a riverside forest ecosystem from a scientific version, implies in knowing the floristic diversity and the phenomena complexity that develop in these formations, to understand the processes that take the structuration and maintenance of these ecosystems in the time and to use these information to the elaboration, implantation and conduction of restoration projects. In this direction, this work had as objective (i) to identify and to characterize the floristic composition of the seasonal decidual and semideciduous forests associated to the rivers of Formoso hydrographic basin-Bonito/MS, Perdido and Salobra, that occur in Bodoquena Plateau National Park; (ii) to characterize the historical and current degradation of the forest pieces in study; (iii) to establish and to classify the floristic composition in sucessionais and functional groups, aiming to determine the correlations between the forest formations as basic base to differentiated definition of restoration and conservation actions. The floristic survey was carried monthly, during the period from October 2004 to March 2006, where they had been collected fanerógamas in reproductive phase, through the method of time of evaluation with a total of 576 hours. The floristic survey resulted in 56 families, 184 sorts and 307 species. The Fabaceae family, represented by 51 species, was one of the bigger wealth. Of the total of the species, 68% had presented tree habit, 17% shrubs, 14% had been lianas and only 1% palms. The method time of evaluation adopted revealed itself efficient and of easy applicability in places of difficult access and locomotion through the forest, allowing a bigger displacement to the individuals sampling, encircling the species space distribution, and better reflecting the ambient heterogeneousy from the riverside forests. The specimens have been classified according to its ecological group, in the pioneering, secondary categories and climax. And through the functional groups -fulfilling and diversity. In the hydrographic basin of Formoso river, we got 28% of the pioneering species, 46% of the secondary, 8% climax and 18% have not been classified. In the functional group, 56% of the species are fulfilling and 44% are diversity. To the Perdido basin, we classified 24% of the species as pioneering, 42% secondary, 8% climax and 26% have not been classified. The functional group presented 54% species fulfilling and 46% diversity. In the Salobra basin we got 31% of pioneering species, 36% secondary, 5% climax and 28% have not been classified. In the functional group classification, it was 59% fulfilling and 41% species of diversity. The description of use of each one of the floristically characterized stretches was gotten through the processes of Forest Handling projects with order in IBAMA since 1986, where they had been registered 10,900 ha with order of selective wooden withdrawal. The current conservation state of the showed forest stretches was classified in: little degraded, degraded and much degraded, through ambient pointers. The results gotten in this work have contributed for the knowledge of Mato Grosso do Sul flora and its geographic distributions have strengthened the necessity of conservation of these riverside forests and have supplied subsidies to the restoration plans of the degraded areas around the unit of conservation and permanent protection areas (APP\'s) of the Bodoquena Plateau rivers.

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The survey shows permanent preservation areas and use of potential conflicts in the sector East-Central Plateau of Francisco Beltrão, Southwest of Paraná. The analysis was performed based on the recognition of the physical topography and hydrography characteristics as well as the existing land use in the area using geoprocessing techniques. The sectors of APP were individualized according to the Brazilian Forest Code in force. The study area presents 139,061.81 ha, of which 26,515.60 ha are considered environmentally sensitive areas. In accordance with the APP categories analyzed APP (relief elevations, slope above 30°, hydrography), and what the Forest Code defines as APP, 19% of the area study are protected by law. Types of APP in the area studied, the preservation along the waterways accounts for the largest size of protected areas (15,218.93ha). The lowest shares among the APP corresponding to the slopes greater than 45° (2,190.23ha), and APP category Morro (1,155.59 ha). It was identified five classes of land use in central-eastern sector of the Plateau Francisco Beltrão: crops harvested representing 9.20% of total; forest, with 25.43% of the total, urban area 3.05% of the total, crop developing the total 31.88% and 30.43% exposed soil. The conflict areas of use are concentrated along the river bank Chopim and its tributaries near the confluence. The areas of conflict related to the springs channels are distributed randomly across the study area. The APP occupied by forests was considered appropriate use of land and add up to total of 13,103.70 ha. Those areas that were indicated by variables such as topography and hydrography of APP and that the land use analysis showed occupation either with the developing crop, harvested crops, bare soil or urban area, were considered inappropriate land use. These represent the area of 12,128.50 ha in east-central sector of the Plateau Francisco Beltrão.
A pesquisa apresenta as áreas de preservação permanente e de conflitos potenciais de uso no setor centro-leste do Planalto de Francisco Beltrão, Sudoeste do Paraná. A análise foi efetuada a partir do reconhecimento das características físicas de relevo e hidrografia, bem como do uso do solo existente na área, utilizando-se de técnicas do geoprocessamento. Os setores de APP foram individualizados de acordo com o trata o Código Florestal Brasileiro vigente. A área estudada apresenta 139.061,81ha, dos quais 26.515,60 ha são consideradas áreas sensíveis ao meio ambiente. De acordo com as categorias de APP analisadas (elevações do relevo, declividade acima de 30º, hidrografia), e com o que define o Código Florestal como APP, 19% da área de estudo são protegidas pela legislação. Dos tipos de APP existentes na área estudada, a preservação ao longo dos cursos d água responde pela maior extensão das áreas protegidas (15.218,93ha). As menores participações entre as APP correspondem às encostas com declividade superior a 45° (2.190,23ha), e as APP de categoria Morro (1.155,59 ha). Identificou-se cinco classes de uso do solo no setor centro leste do Planalto de Francisco Beltrão: lavoura colhida, representa 9,20% do total; floresta, com 25,43% do total; área urbana 3,05% do total; lavoura em desenvolvimento 31,88% do total e solo exposto 30,43%. As áreas de conflito de uso concentram-se ao longo da margem do rio Chopim, bem como de seus afluentes nas proximidades da confluência. As áreas de conflito relacionadas as nascentes de canais constituem grande número, distribuídas aleatoriamente em toda a área de estudo. As APP ocupadas com florestas foram consideradas uso adequado do solo e perfazem total de 13.103,70ha. Aquelas áreas que foram indicadas pelas variáveis relevo e hidrografia como de APP e que a análise de uso do solo mostrou ocupação, seja com lavoura em desenvolvimento, lavoura colhida, área urbana ou solo exposto, foram consideradas uso inadequado do solo. Essas representam área de 12.128,50ha no setor centro-leste do Planalto de Francisco Beltrão.

Fruit de négociations longues et ardues, la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer signée en 1982 est sans doute l’un des traités multilatéraux les plus réussis sur le plan international. Pierre angulaire de la Convention, l’attribution du statut de « patrimoine commun de l’humanité » aux fonds marins et leur sous-sol situés au-delà des limites de la juridiction nationale ainsi qu’à leurs ressources a constitué une innovation majeure dans le domaine du droit international. Le succès de la Convention tient notamment au fait qu’elle a établi un cadre institutionnel sans précédent chargé de la mise en œuvre de la Convention et incarné par trois institutions : l’Autorité internationale des fonds marins, la Commission des limites du plateau continental et le Tribunal international du droit de la mer. Dotées de statuts juridiques divers et de compétences différentes, ces institutions fonctionnent depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention en 1994. Vingt-et-un ans après sa fondation, il convient d’examiner ce cadre institutionnel dans son ensemble et d’évaluer sa mise en œuvre pour mieux comprendre le rôle complémentaire des institutions. Cette étude porte un regard critique sur la genèse, la nature, le fonctionnement et la pratique des institutions, et s’attache à les considérer dans leur interaction et leur interdépendance. Identifier les insuffisances institutionnelles et interinstitutionnelles, ainsi que les défis auxquels les institutions sont confrontées est un préalable indispensable à la recherche de solutions efficaces et viables pour surmonter les difficultés rencontrées, à la mise en œuvre harmonieuse de la Convention et à la concrétisation du concept fondamental de patrimoine commun de l’humanité. Dans cette perspective, l’importance du Tribunal dans son rôle de garant de l’intégrité de la Convention et le pouvoir créateur du juge international face aux lacunes conventionnelles méritent une attention toute particulière
The result of protracted and arduous negotiations, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seasigned in 1982 is undoubtedly one of the most successful multilateral treaties at the international level. The principle of the common heritage of mankind, represented by the seabed, ocean floor and subsoil and their resources beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, is the cornerstone of the Convention and constituted a major innovation in international law. The success of the Convention lies, in particular, in the establishment of an unprecedented institutional framework, which is incarnated by three institutions: the International Seabed Authority, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. These institutions of diverse legal status are vested with different functions and have been in operation since the entry into force of the Convention in 1994. Twentyone years following its establishment, it is necessary to review this institutional framework as a whole and to assess its implementation in order to better understand the complementary role of the institutions. This study critically examines the genesis, the nature, the functioning and the practice of the institutions throughtheir interaction and their interdependence. Identifying institutional and inter-institutional weaknesses, and the challenges that the institutions face is an indispensable prerequisite for ensuring effective and viablesolutions, the harmonious implementation of the Convention and for giving substance to the principle ofthe common heritage of mankind. In this context, the role of the Tribunal as the guarantor of the integrityof the Convention and the creative power of the international judge merit special attention

Mu Jun.
Thesis submitted in: December 2005.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-183).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- Issues and Background --- p.5
Chapter 2.1. --- Why Ecological Architecture? --- p.5
Chapter 2.1.1. --- Fossil Fuels and Environmental Issues --- p.5
Chapter 2.1.2. --- The Buildings' Role in the Issues --- p.9
Chapter 2.2. --- Knowledge in Ecological Design --- p.11
Chapter 2.2.1. --- About Ecological Architecture --- p.11
Chapter 2.2.2. --- Thermal Study ~ A Significant Way to Ecological Architecture --- p.13
Chapter 2.2.3. --- What is Suitable Ecological Architecture for Loess Plateau areas of China --- p.16
Chapter 3. --- Defining the Future Ecological Architecture in Loess Plateau Areas --- p.20
Chapter 3.1. --- Economy for Building --- p.20
Chapter 3.1.1. --- Situation --- p.20
Chapter 3.1.2. --- Technological Strategies towards a Cost-effective Ecological Approach --- p.22
Chapter 3.1.3. --- Alternative-Technological Approach --- p.24
Chapter 3.2. --- Climate --- p.25
Chapter 3.2.1. --- Climatic Characteristics --- p.25
Chapter 3.2.2. --- A climatically Responsive Approach ~ Selective Environmental Design --- p.32
Chapter 3.2.3. --- Climatic Response of Thermal Design Guidelines --- p.33
Chapter 3.2.3.1. --- Minimizing Heat loss through Building Fabrics --- p.34
Chapter 3.2.3.2. --- Utilization of Available Natural Energy --- p.37
Chapter 3.3. --- Benefits from Vernacular Architecture --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.1. --- Earth ArchitecturéؤVernacular Architecture on Loess Plateau --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.1.1. --- Classification --- p.46
Chapter 3.3.1.2. --- Environmental Performance --- p.53
Chapter 3.3.2. --- Literature Review of Studies on Earth Architecture --- p.58
Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- Properties of Earth-based Materials --- p.58
Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- Literature on Earth Architecture --- p.60
Chapter 3.3.3. --- Issues and Development --- p.76
Chapter 3.3.3.1. --- Limitation in Existing Earth Architecture of Loess Plateau --- p.76
Chapter 3.3.3.2. --- Recent Research on Developing Earth Architecture in Loess Plateau Areas --- p.77
Chapter 3.3.3.3. --- Considerations --- p.81
Chapter 3.4. --- Conclusion --- p.82
Chapter 4. --- Making of the Classroom as Designed for the Thermal Study --- p.84
Chapter 4.1. --- Why a Classroom? --- p.84
Chapter 4.2. --- The School Project and the Classroom Simulated --- p.85
Chapter 5. --- Thermal Study by Simulating Experiments --- p.88
Chapter 5.1. --- Research Methodology --- p.88
Chapter 5.2. --- Program Validation --- p.89
Chapter 5.3. --- Experimental Series of Simulation and Model Setup --- p.93
Chapter 5.4. --- Thermal Mass and Insulation --- p.95
Chapter 5.4.1. --- External Wall --- p.95
Chapter 5.4.2. --- Roof Study --- p.97
Chapter 5.4.3. --- "Windows, Doors and Glazing" --- p.100
Chapter 5.4.4. --- Incorporated Performance --- p.103
Chapter 5.5. --- Passive system for natural energy use --- p.106
Chapter 5.5.1. --- Passive Solar System Study --- p.106
Chapter 5.5.1.1. --- Wall-based Passive Solar System --- p.106
Chapter 5.5.1.2. --- Roof-based Passive Solar System --- p.125
Chapter 5.5.1.3. --- System Comparison in Thermal Performance --- p.135
Chapter 5.5.2. --- Natural Ventilation System with the Heat Exchanger --- p.137
Chapter 5.5.2.1. --- Pre-warming Effect of the Solar Space --- p.139
Chapter 5.5.2.2. --- Effect of the Earth-air-tunnel --- p.142
Chapter 5.5.2.3. --- Incorporation with the Chimney --- p.153
Chapter 5.5.2.4. --- Comparison in Performance --- p.158
Chapter 5.6. --- Summary --- p.159
Chapter 6. --- Design Improvement and Performance Prediction --- p.162
Chapter 6.1. --- System Incorporation and Design Improvement --- p.161
Chapter 6.2. --- Thermal Performance Prediction --- p.167
Chapter 7. --- Conclusion --- p.174
Appendix --- p.179

Although manipulation of the light regime is a common goal of silvicultural treatments, the specific light conditions created are poorly documented for many forest types and geographic locations. To help quantify effects of silivicultural treatments on light conditions, basal area, canopy structure, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), collected both instantaneously and across time, were measured in central hardwood forests following silvicultural treatments. These measurements were used to: 1.) investigate the magnitudes of differences in understory percent ambient PAR following implementation of shelterwood and thinning treatments; 2.) document the specific amount and variability of understory percent ambient PAR in shelterwood treatments (mean residual basal area=21 ft2/ac [4.8 m2/ha]), thinning (78 ft2/ac [17.9 m2/ha]), and untreated controls (18 ft2/ac[4.1 m2/ha); and 3.) Examine relationships between: basal area and canopy cover; basal area and measured percent ambient PAR; and canopy cover and measured percent ambient PAR. It was found that greater light levels resulted from greater canopy removals. Indexes of variability in light across time and among locations within a stand were higher in the shelterwood and thinning treatments than in the uncut control. Simple linear regression relationships were observed between basal area and PAR (r2= 0.8784 for instantaneous measurements, r2= 0.9697 for continuous measurements), and basal area and canopy cover (r2=0.8479). Such relationships provide a means for including light management in forest planning and application of silivicultural treatments.

碩士
義守大學
企業管理學系
102
Dong Van Karst Plateau is a plateau that spreads out along four counties of Ha Giang Province which includes Quan Ba, Yen Minh, Dong Van, Meo Vac. The plateau government has now placing more and more dominant concerns to find solutions for eradicating hunger and alleviating poverty for people of Dong Van. Additionally, with the unstable growth of economy, Dong Van Karst Plateau is facing many opportunities and difficulties for expanding plan to reach to the top economy of Ha Giang Province. In this context, the study is written with focus on key factors that impact directly to the hunger eradication and poverty alleviation in Dong Van Karst Plateau. Quantitative research is applied and achieved results showed that 4 factors (capital for production, capital for cultivable land, capital for family member, education of households) can explain for 64% of changes in income of poor people in Dong Van Plateau area. Furthermore, beta value of these factors is 0.362, 0.402, 0.391, and 0.459 and it was indicated that education of household had highest impact to income of poor people. Additionally, all these items were statistical significant.

碩士
國立成功大學
地球科學系碩博士班
94
The information of lithology and mineral composition plays a significant role in geohazard assessment and mineral exploration. In those unaccessable areas, however, it is not practical to employ the the traditional approach of geological survey to collect the information, in terms of time, money and labor. With the advantages of romote sensing, it would be of great potential to acquire the synoptic view of soil and rock from the airborne or spaceborne platform. The hyperspectral imagery obtained from the airborne platform had been applied in lithology mapping since 1980s. However, the airborne hyperspectral imagery is currently not available in Taiwan area. The mutispectral and hyperspectral imagery obtained from the spaceborne platform, such as ASTER and Hyperion imagery is therefore a better choice for the time being. The similar rock or soil might be comprised of very different mineral components in different area, resulting in a fact that the existing spectral libraries investigated and compiled in the past might not be useable in Taiwan area. This research measures the mineral component of various lithological samples using Rigaku 4056A2 B2701N type X-ray diffraction spectrometry and the spectral reflectances using hyperspectral spectroradiometer GER-2600. Through a series of image processing, including orthorectification, destriping, atmospheric correction, and various image classification techniques, this research successfully apply the ASTER and Hyperion imagery to mapping the laterite in DaDu plateau and classifying the lithology in outcrop areas of Central Mountain Range. Results of this research indicate that the atmospheric effect on ASTER imagery can be removed and the spectral characteristics of laterite can be retrieved by measuring the in situ reflectance, even if the measurement is not made at the same time as the satellite imagery was taken. Validating with the high-spatial-resolution imagery taken by FORMOSAT-2, the laterite spectral feature index method gives a better classification than the spectral angle mapper method in mapping the laterite in DaDu plateau. As to the Hyperion hyperspectral imagery that covers the spectral bands influenced by water vapor, this research is able to employ the radiative-transfer-based model, FLAASH, to correct the atmospheric effect and retrieve the surface reflectance. The results of atmospheric correction were verified against the reflected spectra of samples. In addition, this research applies the moment matching method to process the stripped imagery due to variations in Hyperion sensor calibration. As a result, more spectral information for lithology classification can be restored. A series of hyperspectral image analysis processing described by Kruse is employed to estimate the lithological composition of each pixel in outcrop of Central Mountain Range. This research provides lithological information at various outcrop areas, which could be useful for verifying the accuracy of lithology mapping in Central Mountain Range in the future.