Journal articles on the topic 'Plastics'
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Ousterhout, Douglas K., and Eric J. Stelnicki. "Plastic Surgery’s Plastics." Clinics in Plastic Surgery 23, no. 1 (January 1996): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-1298(20)31149-4.
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Haug, R. H. "Plastic surgery's plastics." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 54, no. 12 (December 1996): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(96)90277-3.
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Allan, K. "Pioneering plastic [plastics industry]." Engineering & Technology 4, no. 1 (January 16, 2009): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2009.0115.
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Singh, Prashant, Ranjan Singh, Anshul Singh, and Ajad Patel. "Biodegradation of Microplastic: A Sustainable Approach." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (November 10, 2023): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1211.015.
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Annual production of plastic has increased the 390.7 million metric tons in 2021 and plastic’s reprocessing has all but its sustainable solution for disposal of plastic waste has been unsuccessful. Plastic materials (fragments) are continuously accumulating in the environment, like, in sea, soil, air, rivers as well as oceans. Microplastic contamination is becoming a major concern worldwide. Nowadays, scientists are developing sustainable idea for the degradation of plastic waste with the help of microorganisms. In biodegradation of microplastics by microorganisms like fungi and bacteria are playing vital role in breaking-downs of the plastic polymers in simpler form and after that plastics are biologically degraded. Microorganisms (Pseudomonas sp., Rhodococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Zelerionmaritimum, Microalgae) that can degrade the different types of regular used synthetic plastics. The bacterial and fungal species produced Biosurfactants which helps the degradation process rapidly.
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Barclay, Amelia, and K. Ravi Acharya. "Engineering Plastic Eating Enzymes Using Structural Biology." Biomolecules 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2023): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13091407.
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Plastic pollution has emerged as a significant environmental concern in recent years and has prompted the exploration of innovative biotechnological solutions to mitigate plastic’s negative impact. The discovery of enzymes capable of degrading specific types of plastics holds promise as a potential solution. However, challenges with efficiency, industrial scalability, and the diverse range of the plastic waste in question, have hindered their widespread application. Structural biology provides valuable insights into the intricate interactions between enzymes and plastic materials at an atomic level, and a deeper understanding of their underlying mechanisms is essential to harness their potential to address the mounting plastic waste crisis. This review article examines the current biochemical and biophysical methods that may facilitate the development of enzymes capable of degrading polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one of the most extensively used plastics. It also discusses the challenges that must be addressed before substantial advancements can be achieved in using these enzymes as a solution to the plastic pollution problem.
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Sadhukhan, Jhuma, and Kartik Sekar. "Economic Conditions to Circularize Clinical Plastics." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238974.
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Over 5.5 million tons of plastic waste are generated globally from the research sectors. A university laboratory, e.g., pathology, can generate 250 tons of clinical plastic waste annually. The UK National Health Service (NHS) generates 133 kilotons (kt) of clinical plastic waste annually. Healthcare facilities in the US generate 1.7 million tons of clinical plastic waste annually. In addition, 95% of the clinical plastics are single-use plastics derived from fossil resources, i.e., crude oils. These single-use clinical plastic wastes are incinerated, contributing to global warming, or go to the landfill, contributing to resource depletion. Plastic leakage is a major threat to the environment. This linear plastics economy model, take-make-dispose, must be replaced by a circular plastics economy, i.e., sort plastic wastes, wash, decontaminate, recover materials, blend with bio-based compounds as necessary and circulate recyclate plastics, for holistic systemic sustainability. While there are multi-faceted environmental drivers for a circular plastics economy, there are many uncertainties in the economic attributes, electricity price, labor cost and chemical cost being the primary ones influencing the cost of production of secondary or recyclate plastics, requiring government and policy support, such as a gate fee on plastic waste by the generators to the recyclers. An essential macroeconomic condition for techno-economically (or micro-economically) feasible plastic waste recycling is low oil and gas prices that influence the recyclate plastics and electricity prices. It is essential to de-fossilize the economy by decoupling renewable electricity generation from natural gas consumption and fossil-independent biopolymer productions displacing fossil-derived plastics to stimulate the circular economy. This study shows a comprehensive and robust technoeconomic analysis of mechanical recycling of clinical plastic wastes into secondary plastics recovery.
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Zwicker, Maria V., Cameron Brick, Gert-Jan M. Gruter, and Frenk van Harreveld. "(Not) Doing the Right Things for the Wrong Reasons: An Investigation of Consumer Attitudes, Perceptions, and Willingness to Pay for Bio-Based Plastics." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 6819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126819.
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Fossil-based plastics are significant contributors to global warming through CO2 emissions. For more sustainable alternatives to be successful, it is important to ensure that consumers become aware of the benefits of innovations such as bio-based plastics, in order to create demand and a willingness to initially pay more. Given that consumer attitudes and (inaccurate) beliefs can influence the uptake of such new technologies, we investigated participants’ attitudes towards fossil-based and bio-based plastic, their perceived importance of recycling both types of plastic, their willingness to pay, and their perceptions of bio-based plastic in four studies (total N = 961). The pre-registered fourth study experimentally manipulated information about bio-based plastic and measured willingness to pay for different types of plastic. The results suggest participants hold very favourable attitudes and are willing to pay more for bio-based products. However, they also harbour misconceptions, especially overestimating bio-based plastic’s biodegradability, and they find it less important to recycle bio-based than fossil-based plastic. Study 4 provided evidence that educating consumers about the properties of bio-based plastic can dispel misconceptions and retain a favourable attitude and a high willingness to pay. We found mixed evidence for the effect of attitudes on willingness to pay, suggesting other psychological factors may also play a role. We discuss how attitudes and misconceptions affect the uptake of new sustainable technologies such as bio-based plastics and consumers’ willingness to purchase them.
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Jiang, Ya Xi, and Meng Jiang. "Plastics: The Discovery in the World and Development in China." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.811.
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Alexander Parkes found the earliest plastic in 1850. American scientist John Wesley Hyatt achieved the first patent of plastic (1970) and inaugurated the first plastics industry (1873) with his brother in the world. From then on, plastics industry all over the world have experienced about 150 years development. Based on the learning from overseas industries, China gradually constructed and cultivated himself plastics industry system that is full of Chinese characteristics. The amount of plastics production, plastics products and plastics machine production as well as plastics consumption in China increased quickly. The value of plastics import and export trade rose year by year. Nowadays, China reaches an advanced level in the world no matter plastics machine production, plastic goods production, plastics consumption, or outlet of plastics machines and products. Plastic industry has be one of the important light manufacturing pillar industries in society and economics development of China.
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Wan, Yinxuan. "Properties, Preparation and Application of Nature Fibers/Sustainable Polymers." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 52 (July 4, 2023): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v52i.8720.
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Plastics have become one of the most indispensable items in human life. For instance, they are the package of literally everything in our day-to-day life: food packaging, water bottles, coffee take-away cups, etc. However, the outrage of plastics’ production and their non-biodegradability has become a serious issue to the environment and human health. More and more plastics are manufactured to meet the demands in several industries and the growing rate of its production is soaring annually. Furthermore, there is not yet a way to degrade plastics, like polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate, in a both low cost and efficient way. Nature fibers and sustainable polymers have been discovered to be the substitute for plastic and has now been validated that they can be put into mass production. The specific kind of fibers and polymers possess excellent degradability, meaning they can be degraded into non-toxic substances, for example H2O and CO2. Meanwhile, they can be acquired from the nature, for instance, trees. This paper describes three materials that have prominent future in replacing conventional plastic to take over plastic’s dominating place in our daily use---poly lactic acid (PLA), cellulose and lignin. The three materials’ obtaining methodology, properties and current applications are discussed.
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Stubbins, Aron, Kara Lavender Law, Samuel E. Muñoz, Thomas S. Bianchi, and Lixin Zhu. "Plastics in the Earth system." Science 373, no. 6550 (July 1, 2021): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0354.
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Plastic contamination of the environment is a global problem whose magnitude justifies the consideration of plastics as emergent geomaterials with chemistries not previously seen in Earth’s history. At the elemental level, plastics are predominantly carbon. The comparison of plastic stocks and fluxes to those of carbon reveals that the quantities of plastics present in some ecosystems rival the quantity of natural organic carbon and suggests that geochemists should now consider plastics in their analyses. Acknowledging plastics as geomaterials and adopting geochemical insights and methods can expedite our understanding of plastics in the Earth system. Plastics also can be used as global-scale tracers to advance Earth system science.
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Baker, Oliver. "Plastic Plants May Become Plastics Plants." Science News 156, no. 16 (October 16, 1999): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4011872.
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Toensmeier, Pat. "Plastic Parts in Plastics Processing Equipment." Plastics Engineering 71, no. 6 (June 2015): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2015.tb01371.x.
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B, Suresh, and Poojitha . "Waste Vegetable Peals as Bioplastics: A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42784.
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Abstract: Bio-plastic is a significant role in our ecosystem as it is eco-friendly and compatible, when matched to plastic carry bags. Bio-plastic are produced by organic waste in environment and it degrading faster than plastic which was made of chain of polymers. Plastic made our environment poisonous, aquatic animals to die and many more. Environmental friendly plastic is made of many organic wastes like banana peel, sugarcane bagasse, newspaper, shrimps etc. Bio-plastic mostly utilised in food packaging so that they are edible to humans and doesn’t cause any disease and disintegrates fast. Bio-plastic is helpful to mankind and useful to reduce environmental pollution. Bio-plastics are not affected to nature ecosystem because it can changes back into carbon dioxide. The plastics are substituted by number of varieties of bio-plastics. In this research paper chiefly discussed on utilization of substrates like vegetable waste, fruit and green leaves including water hyacinth as alternate substrate as bio- plastics. Market demand for bio-plastic is developing due to consumer-friendly products. It is less related with conventional plastics production than other bio-plastics. Keywords: bio-plastic, environmental friendly, organic substance.
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Khatri, Amrita. "RECYCLING AND PYROLYSIS OF WASTE PLASTICS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3108.
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Plastic has achieved such an extensive market due to fact that it is lightweight, cheap, flexible and reusable. But now it is regarded as a serious hazard. All recommendation for and against plastics finally land up on the reality that plastics are slow to degrade. By the end of the 20th century, plastics are found as persistent polluters of many environmental niches, from Mount Everest to the bottom of the sea. There are numerous ways by which plastic pollution can be controlled. Pyrolysis is referred to as polymer cracking and its main advantages are that it can deal with plastic waste .This paper provides an overview of the science and technology of pyrolysis of waste plastics. The major advantage of the pyrolysis technology is its ability to handle unsorted, unwashed plastic. The production of gasoline, kerosene and diesel from waste plastics is an emerging technological solution to the vast amount of plastics that cannot be economically recovered by conventional mechanical recycling. The disposal and decomposition of plastics has been an issue which has caused a number of research works to be carried out in this regard. Currently, the paper reviews the production of Petroleum-based fuel viz. gasoline, kerosene and diesel from recycling of waste plastics is an emerging technological solution to the vast amount of plastic wastes that cannot be economically recovered by conventional mechanical recycling operations. This involves the use of pyrolysis which permits recovery of valuable gasoline and diesel-range hydrocarbons from waste plastics that are otherwise land filled.
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Çiftçi Türetken, Pelin Saliha, Gülşen Altuğ, and Turgay Öksüzoğlu. "The Levels of Plastic-associated Heterotrophic Bacteria on Three Different Types of Plastics." Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 35, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26650/ase2020679538.
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T S, Athulya, and Reshma J K. "Tackling Low-Value Plastics: Environmental and Health Concerns." International Journal of Research and Review 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 717–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20240181.
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Plastic pollution, spanning macroplastics to nanoplastics, poses multifaceted challenges. Low-value plastics (LVP), like multi-layered plastics (MLP) and soft plastics, are often discarded, exacerbating environmental issues. LVP's classification, with high collection costs and complex recycling, demands immediate attention. This study explores LVP management solutions, including converting to plastic lumber and RDF products. Anticipated advancements in multilayer plastic recycling offer hope, with downcycling as an option. LVP's environmental and health impacts, including microplastic contamination and toxin release during incineration, underscore the need for sustainable waste practices and plastic alternatives. Addressing LVP is crucial for environmental and human health, ensuring sustainability. Keywords: Low-value plastics, Multi-Layered Plastic (MLP), Health implications, Recycling challenges
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Lubongo, Cesar, Mohammed A. A. Bin Daej, and Paschalis Alexandridis. "Recent Developments in Technology for Sorting Plastic for Recycling: The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence and the Rise of the Robots." Recycling 9, no. 4 (July 15, 2024): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling9040059.
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Plastics recycling is an important component of the circular economy. In mechanical recycling, the recovery of high-quality plastics for subsequent reprocessing requires plastic waste to be first sorted by type, color, and size. In chemical recycling, certain types of plastics should be removed first as they negatively affect the process. Such sortation of plastic objects at Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) relies increasingly on automated technology. Critical for any sorting is the proper identification of the plastic type. Spectroscopy is used to this end, increasingly augmented by machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI). Recent developments in the application of ML/AI in plastics recycling are highlighted here, and the state of the art in the identification and sortation of plastic is presented. Commercial equipment for sorting plastic recyclables is identified from a survey of publicly available information. Automated sorting equipment, ML/AI-based sorters, and robotic sorters currently available on the market are evaluated regarding their sensors, capability to sort certain types of plastics, primary application, throughput, and accuracy. This information reflects the rapid progress achieved in sorting plastics. However, the sortation of film, dark plastics, and plastics comprising multiple types of polymers remains challenging. Improvements and/or new solutions in the automated sorting of plastics are forthcoming.
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Ozturk, Rafet Cagri, and Ilhan Altinok. "Interaction of Plastics with Marine Species." Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 20, no. 8 (2020): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v20_8_07.
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The plastic litter in the seas and oceans has become one of the major threats for environment and a wide range of marine species worldwide. Microplastics are the most common litters in the marine environment corresponding to 60-80% of the total litter in the world’s seas. The risk factor of plastics is inversely associated with the size of the plastic. In the present study, we reviewed the state of knowledge regarding the impact of plastic pollution on marine environment and marine species, assessing the ingestion incidences, elimination of plastics, interactions of plastics with other pollutants, and effects on photosynthesis. Records of marine species ingesting plastic have increased and begin to attract considerable attention. Metadata generated from the review of related papers in the present study was used to evaluate the current knowledge on the plastic ingestion by different marine species. The retrieved data from reviewed articles revealed that the ingestion of plastic by marine animals have been documented in more than 560 species including fish, crustaceans, mammals, sea turtles, bivalves, gastropods even in sea stars and limpets. The size of ingested plastics varied from species to species generally depending on the feeding behavior. Microplastics showed the highest number of bibliographic citations in the plastic ingestion studies. They are mostly ingested by planktivorous and filter feeder species. Meso, macro, and occasionally megaplastics are reported in marine mammals and sea turtles since they often confuse plastic for their prey. The sensitivity and size of the detected plastics may vary based on the analytical plastic detection methods.
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Prata, Joana C., Ana L. Patrício Silva, João P. da Costa, Catherine Mouneyrac, Tony R. Walker, Armando C. Duarte, and Teresa Rocha-Santos. "Solutions and Integrated Strategies for the Control and Mitigation of Plastic and Microplastic Pollution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (July 7, 2019): 2411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132411.
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Plastic pollution is generated by the unsustainable use and disposal of plastic products in modern society, threatening economies, ecosystems, and human health. Current clean-up strategies have attempted to mitigate the negative effects of plastic pollution but are unable to compete with increasing quantities of plastic entering the environment. Thus, reducing inputs of plastic to the environment must be prioritized through a global multidisciplinary approach. Mismanaged waste is a major land-based source of plastic pollution that can be reduced through improvements in the life-cycle of plastics, especially in production, consumption, and disposal, through an Integrated Waste Management System. In this review paper, we discuss current practices to improve life cycle and waste management of plastics that can be implemented to reduce health and environmental impacts of plastics and reduce plastics pollution. Ten recommendations for stakeholders to reduce plastic pollution include (1) regulation of production and consumption; (2) eco-design; (3) increasing the demand for recycled plastics; (4) reducing the use of plastics; (5) use of renewable energy for recycling; (6) extended producer responsibility over waste; (7) improvements in waste collection systems; (8) prioritization of recycling; (9) use of bio-based and biodegradable plastics; and (10) improvement in recyclability of e-waste.
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Muenchinger, Kiersten. "Our Contrary Normal Practice and Normative Attitudes Around Plastics Recycling." Design and non-Normativity. In the Era of Paradigm Shifts, no. 22 (January 1, 2021): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37199/f40002203.
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In time for the 50th Anniversary of Earth Day, Frontline, an acclaimed investigative news show on American Public Television, is airing “Plastic Wars,” a report on the fght over the future of plastics. “Plastic Wars” and its related print articles expose that plastics manufacturers have promoted the recycling industry as the clever, benefcial, circular end to plastics waste, all the while knowing that plastics recycling systems have never been robust enough to address plastics waste. It tells that soft drink companies like Pepsico have repeatedly fallen short of stated goals for recycled plastic content in their bottles. It clarifes that end-consumers should not expect that every plastic part embossed with a chasing arrow symbol will be recycled.
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Heydari, Soheil, Nioushasadat Haji Seyed Javadi, Hamid Bayat, and Ailar Hajimohammadi. "Assessment of Binder Modification in Dry-Added Waste Plastic Modified Asphalt." Polymers 16, no. 14 (July 11, 2024): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16141987.
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Plastic production has risen steadily, but recycling rates lag. Researchers are increasingly investigating the use of plastics in road construction, especially in terms of modifying asphalt with waste plastics. The dry process, which involves incorporating plastics into hot aggregates, is increasingly gaining traction as an alternative to the wet process, where plastics are added to hot bitumen. Past studies indicate enhanced asphalt mixture properties with the dry process, but there is debate about the role of waste plastics—whether they should be used as aggregates, fillers, or binder modifiers. This study explores the extent to which dry-added waste plastic modified the binder of the asphalt mixtures. Fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed the impact of plastic on the binder, while image analysis quantified polymer swelling and dispersion in the binder matrix. It was concluded that when plastics are added to hot aggregates, they will act as binder modifiers. Lower plastic content and reduced polymer crystallinity led to increased polymer swelling and better dispersion in the mixture. This study recommends plastic inclusion of less than 2.5% (by volume) in the dry-added method since high plastic content leads to polymer agglomeration, especially for highly crystalline polymers. Additionally, mixes modified with amorphous plastics exhibited superior workability and performance compared to those modified with crystalline plastics. This study also suggests that using plastics to replace both bitumen and filler can improve cost efficiency, reduce the carbon footprint, and enhance the overall performance of the asphalt mixture.
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Reed, Madison R., and Wan-Ting Chen. "Plastics Crash Course: A Website for Teaching Plastics Recycling and Microplastics Prevention through Infographics." Recycling 7, no. 5 (September 7, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7050065.
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Microplastic particles have been found virtually everywhere, including within our food and drinking water. While the implications of microplastics on human health are not fully known, early effects have been seen on marine life and the environment. Studies have shown that microplastics can cause changes in the reproductive habits of marine life by blocking digestive tracts, causing abrasions to the mouth and esophagi of small animals upon ingestion, and altering feeding behavior. While much of the blame for our plastics pollution problem should be shifted to irresponsible manufacturing, we as consumers must make choices to benefit the environment by reducing our use and learning how to effectively recycle plastic waste. The Plastics Crash Course combines visual learning with plastics recycling knowledge to educate the public about why we need plastics and why we should recycle them. Microplastics formation and general guides for plastic recycling were also included in the Plastics Crash Course. Out of 120 participants, 95% responded that they had learned new information. From the pre-survey, participants responded, saying they thought all plastic was the same and that it just varied in density to provide different properties, so they would recycle everything. After reading the infographics on the Plastics Crash Course website, most participants said they learned what plastics can be recycled and what their resin identifying codes mean, how microplastics form, and that there is more than one type of plastic.
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Schall, Christoph, Matthias Altepeter, Volker Schöppner, Sven Wanke, and Marina Kley. "Material-Preserving Extrusion of Polyamide on a Twin-Screw Extruder." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 19, 2023): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15041033.
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In the context of plastics recycling, plastics are processed several times. With each new melting and extrusion the plastic is damaged, which can have a negative effect on product properties. To counteract material damage, special additives such as chain extenders can be used, which are intended to lead to post-polymerization during processing. A linear chain extension is important here, as branching and crosslinking can lead to uncontrolled changes in the plastic’s properties. To investigate the suitability of specialized linear chain extenders for polyamides, a polyamide-6 was processed several times and the molar mass distribution was evaluated after each extrusion cycle. Three series of tests were carried out. First, the plastic was regranulated five times without additives and twice with different concentrations of chain extenders on a twin-screw extruder. The results of the study show that not only can molar mass degradation be prevented with the appropriate additive, it is even possible to achieve a material buildup during processing. In our experiments, the polydispersity of the molar mass distribution remained nearly identical despite multiple extrusions. Thus, reactive extrusion makes it possible for the corresponding plastics to be processed several times without the molar mass decreasing. If a sufficiently pure material flow can be ensured during recycling, the number of possible reprocessings of the plastic can be significantly increased without the need to add virgin material.
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Mohd Amin, Ainatul Mardhiah, Suhaila Mohd Sauid, and Ku Halim Ku Hamid. "Polymer-Starch Blend Biodegradable Plastics: An Overview." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.93.
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The low degradability behaviour of plastics is an important environmental problem. The end-use of plastic creates waste-disposal problems as these plastics do not readily or naturally degrade and gives severe effect when plastic-waste requires more time to break down. However, as the bio-polymer industries have advanced, biodegradable plastic is being presented as a high promising solution to the environmental problem over the conventional non-biodegradable plastics. As one of the great innovation products in bio-polymer industries, biodegradable plastic can potentially lessen the volume of solid waste and reduce the need for waste dumping sites. Whilst, biodegradable plastic also offers the outstanding properties to resist the brittleness and resistance towards heat. This paper review the potential of biodegradable plastics made from petrochemical-polymers blended with starch, including polyethylene (PE), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
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Nguyen, Tuyet T. A., Yen T. Ta, and Prasanta K. Dey. "Developing a plastic cycle toward circular economy practice." Green Processing and Synthesis 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0014.
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Abstract This study develops a plastic cycle toward circular economy practice in Vietnam. First, we analyze inter-relationships between economic sectors and environmental issues concerning plastic waste in 2018. The research method integrates interdisciplinary balance with life cycle inventory, in which input–output (IO) table is both an econometric tool and original database to determine plastic IO between industries. As a result, over 60% of plastics after use was recycled for the production process (called recycled plastics) and nearly 40% of plastics after-use left the process (called disposed plastics). Within the recycled plastics, there was 10–15% of informal recycling collection from trade villages; within the disposed plastics, there was 13–18% unable to be collected and uncontrollably disposed to the environment. Then, we construct the plastic cycle, in which all the imported/domestic flows, single/multiple uses, and recycle/disposal flows are represented in proportional dimensions. This overall yet quantitative picture is an important data-driven basis for proposing plastic waste management solutions toward circular economy practice. As analyzed, the most challenge for waste management in Vietnam is to control single-use products (occupied 15.96% of total plastics) and indiscriminate waste in the environment (occupied 20.36% of total plastics). The case study for polyethylene terephthalate shows the need for expanding producer’s responsibilities to improve plastic recovery efficiency.
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Otitoju, Moradeyo Adebanjo, Tosin Olawoye, Saadu Suliat Abiola, Shehu Ahmed, and Onyekachukwu Okoma. "Plastic waste management and recycling: a review." Journal of Global Social Sciences 4, no. 16 (November 30, 2023): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.58934/jgss.v4i16.219.
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The annual production of plastics worldwide has thrived to about 4.05% since 1950-2021 from 1.5 million tonnes to 390.7 million tonnes. And the need for plastics has increased because of a growing population and its extensive use in our daily lives. We have reviewed in this paper pertinent literature on management of plastic waste, recycling of plastics, types of plastics and their recyclability, plastic recycling process, benefits of plastic recycling and the challenges of plastic recycling in Nigeria. Papers that reported Plastic waste generation and management in Nigeria: Issues, challenges and strategies did not directly review the recyclability of plastic waste. There are different elements that formulate plastics like the polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and others which result to an end product of weightless and tough substance which can be transformed for several purposes. Management of plastic waste is germane because plastic waste not disposed properly has detrimental fallout on the Environment. The recycling process involves the collection, selecting, sorting, cleaning, shredding, then melting and molding. It is important to note that all plastics cannot be recycled together as a result of different molecular makeup. For instance, melting together all types of plastics gives rise to immiscibility and then different layers which weaken the structural formation of the polymer blend. A large chunk of the plastics produced yearly are used up in a short time and returned back as garbage. This paper also presents recommendations for global waste management and recyclability.
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Glukhikh, Viktor, Pavel Buryndin, Artyem Artyemov, Andrei Savinovskih, Pavel Krivonogov, and Anna Krivonogova. "Plastics: physical-and-mechanical properties and biodegradable potential." Foods and Raw Materials 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-149-154.
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Introduction. Processing agricultural waste into plant biodegradable plastics is a promising way for its recycling. This work featured the main physical-and-mechanical properties of plant plastics without adhesive substances obtained from millet husk and wheat husk and wood plastic obtained from sawdust, as well as their biodegradation potential.
Study objects and methods. Objects of the study were plastics without adhesives based on wood sawdust, millet husk, and wheat husk.
Results and discussion. We analyzed of the physical-and-mechanical parameters of the plant plastic based on millet husk, wheat husk, as well as wood plastic based on sawdust. The analysis showed that, in general, the strength characteristics of the wood plastics were higher than those of the plastics based on millet husk, especially flexural strength. Thus, the average value of the density of the wood plastic exceeded that of the plant plastic from millet husk by 10%, hardness by 40%, compression elasticity modulus by 50%, and flexural modulus by 3.9 times. It was found that wood and plant plastics obtained from sawdust, millet husk, and wheat husk without adhesives had a high biodegradation potential.
Conclusion. The plastics obtained can be used as an insulating, building, and decorative material in the steppe regions experiencing a shortage of wood and wood powder.
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Taryono, S. Hariyadi, D. Y. Wulandari, P. A. Permatasari, R. Zulmi, L. F. Amalo, V. N. Trissanti, et al. "Plastics debris characteristics in Cikapundung River." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1260, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1260/1/012030.
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Abstract River plays the important role for transporting plastics from land to the ocean. Cikapundung river is one of tributary rivers which contributes significantly to Citarum River. The Cikapundung river transports the riverine plastic debris from the area of Bandung City and Bandung District to Citarum River that finally flows to the North Java Sea through its estuary at Muara Gembong-Bekasi. The aim of the study is to monitor plastic debris characteristic of in Cikapundung. It is important to understand the characteristic of plastic debris from the settlement area which potentially contaminates the sea. Monitoring was conducted in April to June 2021 by using net sampler 2x1x3 meters. The sampler was set at two transversal sites across the river in 15-30 minutes each. The observations were conducted three times (morning, noon, and afternoon) of each sampling day. Collected plastics were estimated the weight and the volume, and were separated, enumerated and classified afterwards. The top three common plastic types both in weight and number founded in Cikapundung river including plastic bags, clear plastic bags and sachet. The majority of commonly encountered plastics were clear plastic bags, plastic with aluminum, sachets (plastic packing), plastic bags, and plastic cups. It reflects the dominance of domestic source wastes rather than industrial plastic debris.
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Dube, Edith, and Grace Emily Okuthe. "Plastics and Micro/Nano-Plastics (MNPs) in the Environment: Occurrence, Impact, and Toxicity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 17 (August 28, 2023): 6667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20176667.
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Plastics, due to their varied properties, find use in different sectors such as agriculture, packaging, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and construction, to mention a few. Excessive use of plastics results in a lot of plastic waste buildup. Poorly managed plastic waste (as shown by heaps of plastic waste on dumpsites, in free spaces, along roads, and in marine systems) and the plastic in landfills, are just a fraction of the plastic waste in the environment. A complete picture should include the micro and nano-plastics (MNPs) in the hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere, as the current extreme weather conditions (which are effects of climate change), wear and tear, and other factors promote MNP formation. MNPs pose a threat to the environment more than their pristine counterparts. This review highlights the entry and occurrence of primary and secondary MNPs in the soil, water and air, together with their aging. Furthermore, the uptake and internalization, by plants, animals, and humans are discussed, together with their toxicity effects. Finally, the future perspective and conclusion are given. The material utilized in this work was acquired from published articles and the internet using keywords such as plastic waste, degradation, microplastic, aging, internalization, and toxicity.
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Lee, Ga Hyun, Do-Wook Kim, Yun Hui Jin, Sang Min Kim, Eui Seok Lim, Min Ji Cha, Ja Kyong Ko, et al. "Biotechnological Plastic Degradation and Valorization Using Systems Metabolic Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 20 (October 14, 2023): 15181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015181.
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Various kinds of plastics have been developed over the past century, vastly improving the quality of life. However, the indiscriminate production and irresponsible management of plastics have led to the accumulation of plastic waste, emerging as a pressing environmental concern. To establish a clean and sustainable plastic economy, plastic recycling becomes imperative to mitigate resource depletion and replace non-eco-friendly processes, such as incineration. Although chemical and mechanical recycling technologies exist, the prevalence of composite plastics in product manufacturing complicates recycling efforts. In recent years, the biodegradation of plastics using enzymes and microorganisms has been reported, opening a new possibility for biotechnological plastic degradation and bio-upcycling. This review provides an overview of microbial strains capable of degrading various plastics, highlighting key enzymes and their role. In addition, recent advances in plastic waste valorization technology based on systems metabolic engineering are explored in detail. Finally, future perspectives on systems metabolic engineering strategies to develop a circular plastic bioeconomy are discussed.
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Athulya, T. S., and J. K. Reshma. "Plastic Pollution: A Global Crisis and the Overlooked Challenge of Low-Value Plastics." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, no. 02 (2024): 688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i02.047.
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Plastic pollution has become a global crisis, affecting diverse ecosystems from deserts to oceans and posing ecological and health risks. The excessive production and use of non-sustainable plastics have resulted in the creation of massive quantities of plastic waste, including microplastics. These pollutants have infiltrated the environment and food chain, endangering human health. Different categories of plastic pollution, such as macroplastics, microplastics, and nanoplastics, have varying impacts and associated risks. Managing plastic waste is a pressing global concern, with low value plastics like Multi-Layered Plastic (MLP) and soft plastics often overlooked. Due to their complex composition and recycling challenges, these materials frequently pollute waterways and oceans. Auditing low-value plastics is crucial for understanding the extent of this issue, its environmental consequences, and the feasibility of recycling solutions. Such audits inform policy decisions, recycling strategies, and conservation efforts, vital for mitigating the impact of low value plastics on the environment. Plastic pollution demands immediate attention and sustainable management to safeguard our planet’s health.
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Sikdar, Soumya, Arpith Siddaiah, and Pradeep L. Menezes. "Conversion of Waste Plastic to Oils for Tribological Applications." Lubricants 8, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8080078.
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Plastics are widely used owing to their light weight, easy production, and low cost. Even though plastics find application in different fields of industries and households, they do not degrade easily. If plastics are not disposed of appropriately, it has been shown that they cause widespread environmental pollution, which poses risks to human health. Recycling waste plastics has been an alternative to mitigating plastic pollution, which usually requires high labour costs and produces contaminated water during processing. If plastic recycling will contribute to the development of tribological products like lubricating oils, it is a safer alternative to disposing of plastics in the environment. In order to understand the tribological use of plastics by recycling, the present study reviews different techniques that can be employed to transform waste plastics into petroleum-based oils. The viscosity, density, and friction of pyrolyzed waste plastic oils are investigated and compared with commercial lubricants to assess their potential lubrication applications. The segregation processes, catalytic isomerization dewaxing, and Fischer–Tropsch method to recycle waste plastics are also reviewed to provide an insight into the methods to transform pyrolyzed waste plastic into lubricants.
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Stasiškienė, Žaneta, Jelena Barbir, Lina Draudvilienė, Zhi Kai Chong, Kerstin Kuchta, Viktoria Voronova, and Walter Leal Filho. "Challenges and Strategies for Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic Waste Management in Europe." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 16476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416476.
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In recent years, an increasing trend towards replacement of conventional fossil-based plastics with bio-based plastics was noticed, i.e., production of plastics partly or fully made from biomass is rapidly expanding. Currently, bio-based and biodegradable plastics have a very small market size, approximately only 1% of all plastics produced. However, the forecast of the global bioplastics production capacities predicts an increase from approximately 2.417 million tonnes in 2021 to approximately 7.593 million tonnes in 2026, more than three times the current capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the challenges and identify the barriers for bio-based and biodegradable plastics for waste management and to evaluate the effectiveness of current plastic waste management strategies for the efficient waste management of bio-based and biodegradable plastics. The main barriers and motivators of the biodegradable and biodegradable plastics market that have been identified include macroeconomic factors, regulatory factors, technological factors, and social factors. The bio-based and biodegradable plastics have to be separately collected and treated under mostly controlled, regulated conditions. However, currently, there are no legal provisions providing for the separate collection of bio-based plastics, leading to their disposal with either hazardous waste, conventional plastics, or municipal waste. Since the effective plastic waste management strategy relates to good performance in each step of the waste management process, bio-based and biodegradable plastic waste management could, therefore, be based on an effective strategy for the management of plastic waste. However, there is a need for standardizing waste collection systems and creating a harmonized waste collection infrastructure, which would lead to effective sorting of bio-based plastic waste.
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Techawinyutham, Laongdaw, and Wiroj Techawinyutham. "Effect of Solvent Cleaning on Thermo-Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Plastic Wastes from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.230.
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The plastics from municipal solid waste (MSW) were modified to improve cleanness for adding value. The stir and sonication were performed as cleaning processes. Xylene, tetrachloroethylene, chloroform, acetone and toluene were used as solvent cleaning. The most suitable cleaning process was sonication method with cleaning time of 5 min and the appropriate solvent was xylene for washing the plastic wastes for further study in terms of thermo-mechanical and rheological properties. The cleaning process was successful as evidence in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results. The properties of new plastics, cleaned plastic wastes and plastic wastes were compared and analyzed. Tensile strength of the specimens from plastic wastes was slightly decreased; however, elongation and impact strength of cleaned plastic wastes and plastic wastes sharply dropped as compared to new plastics. Tensile modulus of cleaned plastic wastes was slightly better than that of new plastics. Thermal stability of plastic waste was slightly lower than that of new plastic. Shear storage modulus (Gʹ), shear loss modulus (Gʺ) and shear viscosity (η) of new plastics showed the maximum value; on the other hand, those properties of cleaned plastic wastes and plastic wastes were similar. The cleaning method with solvent did not destroy thermo-mechanical and rheological properties of the cleaned plastic wastes.
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Dweik, Hassan. "The Plastic Industry worldwide and in Palestine." Al-Quds Journal for Academic Research 01, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47874/2021p9.
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A world without plastics or synthetic polymers can't be imagined today. The first synthetic plastics was produced in the beginning of the twentieth century, however industrial plastics production started in 1950. Production of plastic materials to day surpasses any other synthetic material with the exception of steel and cement. The share of plastics in municipal solid waste increased from 1% in the 1960 to more than 10% in 2005. Most monomers used today to make plastics such polyethylene (PE) or Polypropylene (PP), or polystyrene (PS) are produced from the petroleum industry and none is biodegradable, they accumulate in the environment and pose great threat and serious concern to humanity and to marine life. In 2010 approximately 8 Million Metric Ton (MT) of plastic waste entered the marine environment. Global production of polymers and fiber increased from 2 (MT) in 1960 to 380(MT) in 2015 a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.4% while the total production of polymers and fibers from 1960 – 2015 was estimated to be around 7800 (MT). China alone produces 28%, and 68% of world production of PP. Biodegradable plastics amount to only 4 (MT). Non fiber plastics production is (PE 36%, PP 21%), Polyvinylchloride PVC (12%) followed by polyethylene terphthalate PET, polyurethane, and polystyrene less than 10% each ,42% of plastics are used in packaging. Palestine show a fast-growing plastic industry though we import plastics worth 255 million US $ as reported in the United Nations International Trade Statistics (COMTRADE) in 2018, compared to US $200 Million imported in 2014. However, we were able to export to the world 66.3 million US $ worth of plastic materials added to that our export to Israel of plastic product worth 86 million US $, mostly packaging materials. Three important countries that export plastic materials to Palestine are Turkey. China and south Korea. Turkey alone in 2018 exported plastics worth 25 million $. The plastic industry in Palestine is among the largest industry. However, we still manufacture the traditional plastics for packaging. Our country needs to develop this industry and diversify the plastic products to meet the needs of the market such as automobile, electrical appliances, refrigerators, and many other industries.
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ARJUN J, MANJU R, RAJESWARAN S R, and CHANDHRU M. "Banana peel starch to biodegradable alternative products for commercial plastics." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.22.2.0066.
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Plastics offers a variety of benefits and in variety of shapes, such as sheets, panels, film which can all be flexible as application requires. Plastic is a price competitive with other materials that offer similar advantages in industrial application. It is light weight strong and cheaper. However, use of too many plastics results in massive harmful effects. It take longer time to degrade which is estimated about 500 years to degrade and will become toxic after decomposed, it will affect the environment. Thus the biodegradable plastics become promising solution to solve all this problems. The objective of this study is to produce biodegradable plastic from banana peels as a substitute for commercial plastics and to prove that the starch in banana peel could be used in production of biodegradable plastics. The strength of the plastic was determined by elongation test and by comparing with a synthetic plastic. In soil burial degradation test, the intensity of degradation was tested by comparing with synthetic plastic, biodegradable plastic degraded at rapid rate and synthetic plastic did not degrade at all. Based on the entire test, bioplastic from banana peels can be used in industry for various applications such as molding, packaging and making carry bags, at the same time rescuing the environment from potential harm by synthetic plastics.
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Baran, Bernadeta. "Resource (in)efficiency in the EU: a case of plastic waste." Ekonomia i Prawo 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.003.
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Motivation: Plastics are versatile materials with applications in numerous sectors. They contribute to effective resource protection during their usage phase but a great challenge is increasing amount of unmanaged plastic waste and its environmental impact. Meanwhile, plastic waste is a valuable raw material. Appropriate management reduces environmental pressure and brings economic benefits. The transition to circularity is a strategic objective of the EU but it involves numerous obstacles. This article deals with these issues.
Aim: The purpose of the article is to indicate the scale of losses in one of key waste stream — plastic waste — by looking at origin, way of collection and treatment of end-of-use plastics. The analysis aims to show the level of recycling in relation to the demand for plastic (as commonly used recycling indicator refers only to the plastic waste collected), the way the plastic waste is managed in various sectors and the specific barriers to its recycling.
Results: Recycling of plastic waste accounts for only about 5–10% of the total demand for plastic. Overall, post-consumer plastic waste collected for treatment constitutes 49% of plastics production. 32.5% of those collected plastics is recycled, compared with 25% of plastics landfilled and 42.5% recovered for energy. Still a lot of plastic waste is exported to developing countries, some is hidden in untracked trade flow or illegal landfills. The EU is shifting from linear to circular approach but it is only the beginning of economic transformation towards plastics circularity.
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Johnsson, Filip, and Henrik Thunman. "Joint research for tomorrow’s circular plastic systems." Open Access Government 43, no. 1 (July 8, 2024): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-043-11082.
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Joint research for tomorrow’s circular plastic systems Filip Johnsson and Henrik Thunman from Chalmers University of Technology perform collaborative research for developing circular plastics systems that can contribute to long-term sustainable use of plastics, while simultaneously reduce the presence of plastics in nature. The presence of large amounts of plastic in the world’s oceans is a growing problem, and current collection and recycling systems are inadequate. Yet society is heavily reliant on plastics, not least in the food industry, where plastics have valuable abilities to protect food, contribute to long shelf life, and reduce food waste. Chalmers University of Technology, together with Swedish industry, performs joint research for tomorrow’s circular plastic systems.
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Modi, Ali Asghar, Rehmatullah Shahid, Muhammad Usman Saeed, and Tanzila Younas. "Hemp is the Future of Plastics." E3S Web of Conferences 51 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3scconf/20185103002.
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Plastic is the world's most adaptable material. From bikes to food wraps and from jets to pencils, you can make anything and everything from plastics. With the infinite number of uses, plastic also have some devastating impacts on our planet. Most plastics produced today are made using petroleum-based compounds that release harmful gases into the atmosphere. Waste solutions are inefficient, and harmful by-products toxic our land, water and wildlife. Yet, consider the possibility that there was a way to deal with deliver the greater part of what we utilize causes a negative greenhouse impact, is sustainable and biodegradable and has just about an indistinguishable cost to our present techniques. Meet Hemp plastic, an only plastic that's 100% biodegradable in nature if produce by using only Hemp plant. Hemp plant consumes 4 times more carbon dioxide then other plants from atmosphere. The fiber we can produce from hemp is stronger than the conventional fiber we are using these days. This paper is intended to show numerous benefits of using hemp for the manufacturing of biodegradable plastic (HEMP PLASTIC) rather than conventional plastics.
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Modi, Ali Asghar, Rehmatullah Shahid, Muhammad Usman Saeed, and Tanzila Younas. "Hemp is the Future of Plastics." E3S Web of Conferences 51 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185103002.
Full textAbstract:
Plastic is the world's most adaptable material. From bikes to food wraps and from jets to pencils, you can make anything and everything from plastics. With the infinite number of uses, plastic also have some devastating impacts on our planet. Most plastics produced today are made using petroleum-based compounds that release harmful gases into the atmosphere. Waste solutions are inefficient, and harmful by-products toxic our land, water and wildlife. Yet, consider the possibility that there was a way to deal with deliver the greater part of what we utilize causes a negative greenhouse impact, is sustainable and biodegradable and has just about an indistinguishable cost to our present techniques. Meet Hemp plastic, an only plastic that's 100% biodegradable in nature if produce by using only Hemp plant. Hemp plant consumes 4 times more carbon dioxide then other plants from atmosphere. The fiber we can produce from hemp is stronger than the conventional fiber we are using these days. This paper is intended to show numerous benefits of using hemp for the manufacturing of biodegradable plastic (HEMP PLASTIC) rather than conventional plastics.
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Agustina, Mistiyawati Eka, Lily Arlianti, and Ismi Nurlatifah. "Pemanfaatan Campuran Pati Singkong Dan Pati Ubi Jalar Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Plastik Biodegradasi." Jurnal Ilmiah Fakultas Teknik 4, no. 1 (June 6, 2024): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/jimtek.v4i1.4801.
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Plastic waste is already polluting the environment both land and oceans, as plastic consumption continues to increase. Biodegradable plastics are an effort to reduce environmental pollution, biodegradation plastics are plastics made from natural materials usually biodegradable plastics made from natural starch. Cassava starch is the most widely used type of starch and is developed for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics, and sweet potatoes are tubers whose starch content is quite numerous even though it has not been widely developed into plastic material. This research aims to produce natural plastics that can replace conventional plastics and reduce environmental pollution due to plastic waste. The study was conducted with variations in the composition of starch mixtures (50:0 gr, 35:15 gr, 25:25 gr, 15:35 gr, 0:50 gr) and variations in drying temperatures (40°C, 50°C, 60°C).In this study carried out organoleptic test, thickness value test, water absorption value test and degradation test. The results of this study showed biodegradable plastics that have the best characteristics are in the variation of the composition of the mixture 50:0 gr at a drying temperature of 60°C, with a thickness value of 0.11 mm and a water absorption value of 36.5%, but the rate of degradation in this variation is very slow
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Zhang, Haigang, Yilin Hou, Wenjin Zhao, and Hui Na. "Control Strategies of Plastic Biodegradation through Adjusting Additives Ratios Using In Silico Approaches Associated with Proportional Factorial Experimental Design." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 5670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095670.
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Plastics, as a polymer material, have long been a source of environmental concern. This paper uses polystyrene plastics as the research object, and the relative contribution of each component of plastic additives to plastic degradation is screened using the molecular dynamics method. The factorial experimental design method is combined with molecular dynamics simulation to adjust the additive composition scheme, analyze the mechanism of interaction between the additive components, and select the plastic additive combination that is most readily absorbed and degraded by microorganisms. Seven different types of plastic additives, including plasticizers, antioxidants, light and heat stabilizers, flame retardants, lubricants, and fillers, are chosen as external stimuli affecting the biodegradability of plastics. Using molecular dynamics simulation technology, it is demonstrated that plastic additives can promote the biodegradability of plastics. The factorial experimental design analysis revealed that all plastic additives can promote plastic biodegradation and plasticizer is the most favorable factor affecting plastic degradation, that hydrophobicity interactions are the primary reason for enhancing plastic degradation, and that screening No. 116–45 (plasticizer A, light stabilizer C, flame retardant E) is the most advantageous combination of biodegradable plastic additives. The plastic biodegradation effect regulation scheme proposed in this study is based on optimizing the proportion of additive components. To continue research on aquatic biodegradable plastics, the optimal combination of plastic components that can be absorbed and degraded by microorganisms is recommended.
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del Rosario, Ernesto. "Biodegradation of Plastic Waste." Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 41, no. 2019 (March 14, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2019.1099.
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Plastic waste has greatly contributed to water and land pollution worldwide and marine plastic waste has caused havoc on numerous biological species. Most plastics are fossil-based and cannot be fully degraded by microorganisms. Bio-based plastics derived from biomass, such as starch or cellulose, can be generally degraded into CO2 and microbial biomass. Recent scientific studies have shown that several pro-degradant additives did not perform, as claimed by plastic processors, under standard biodegradation conditions. Life cycle assessment studies in the United States and Canada confirm that the standard polyethylene grocery bag has significantly lower environmental impacts than a 30% recycled content paper bag. Major factors that differentiate cradle-to-grave impacts of plastics and alternative packaging materials include: (a) less weight of plastic material required to perform same packaging function, (b) lower water consumption per kg of plastics compared to alternatives, (d) no methane releases for land-filled plastics and (e) higher energy credits for plastics disposed via waste-to-energy combustion. A Dutch study showed that substitution of fossil-based plastics by bio-based polymers generally leads to lower non-renewable energy use and reduced greenhouse gas emission. Research at the University of the Philippines (UP) deals with the utilization of agricultural by-products, such as chitin and cellulose, to make bioplastic film for packaging. Nanoclay was also incorporated to produce a nano-composite polymer. Plastic degrading microorganisms have been isolated by UP researchers from local sources including plant root nodules, alkaline spring and soil samples. The following policies regarding plastic products are being recommended under Philippine conditions: (a) government incentives for processors/manufacturers of biodegradable plastic products, (b) restricted importation and sale of non-biodegradable, esp. single-use, plastic products, and (c) funding and logistical support for R & D on commercial additives for plastic biodegradation, local production of bioplastics and isolation of plastic-degrading microorganisms.
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Proshad, Ram, Tapos Kormoker, Md Saiful Islam, Mohammad Asadul Haque, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, and Md Mahabubur Rahman Mithu. "Toxic effects of plastic on human health and environment : A consequences of health risk assessment in Bangladesh." International Journal of Health 6, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijh.v6i1.8655.
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Plastics are used widely everywhere in our life and without plastic, modern civilization would indeed look very diverse. This study focuses on the toxic effects of plastic on human health and environment and possible consequences of health risk assessment in Bangladesh. Plastics are essential materials in modern civilization, and many products manufactured from plastics and in numerous cases, they promote risks to human health and the environment. Plastics are contained many chemical and hazardous substances such as Bisphenol A (BPA), thalates, antiminitroxide, brominated flame retardants, and poly- fluorinated chemicals etc. which are a serious risk factor for human health and environment. Plastics are being used by Bangladeshi people without knowing the toxic effects of plastic on human health and environment. Different human health problems like irritation in the eye, vision failure, breathing difficulties, respiratory problems, liver dysfunction, cancers, skin diseases, lungs problems, headache, dizziness, birth effect, reproductive, cardiovascular, genotoxic, and gastrointestinal causes for using toxic plastics. Plastics occur serious environment pollution such as soil pollution, water pollution, and air pollution. Application of proper rules and regulations for the production and use of plastics can reduce toxic effects of plastics on human health and environment.
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Singhal, Kahira. "EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF HIGH-QUALITY PLASTICS VS. RECYCLABLE PLASTICS: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF MONETARY GAIN." International Journal of Social Science & Economic Research 09, no. 02 (2024): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2024.v09i02.010.
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The economic viability of high-quality plastics versus recyclable plastics involves various factors. High- quality plastics often provide better performance than recyclable plastics, but it is also costlier due to their production processes and materials. Recyclable plastics. They are cheaper production. They lower durability or performance. Economic viability requires considering multiple aspects like production costs, market demands, environmental impact, recycling, infrastructure, regulations, and end-user preferences. Recycled plastics, often contain higher levels of chemicals such as toxic flame retardants, benzene and other carcinogens, environmental pollutants including brominated and chlorinated dioxins, and numerous endocrine disruptors that can cause changes to the body's natural hormone levels. Recyclable plastics are derived from post-consumer or post-industrial plastic waste. Plastic are polymers, long chains of atoms arranged in repeating units and when recycled, plastic actually gets downcycled, meaning that the quality and durability decreases every time as these long chains of atoms get broken down and shortened The economic evaluation of high-quality plastics versus recyclable plastics is a multifaceted analysis encompassing several critical factors. While high-quality plastics exhibit superior performance characteristics, their elevated costs, attributed to intricate production processes and premium materials, contribute to a higher economic burden. Conversely, recyclable plastics present a potentially more economical production alternative, yet they may compromise on durability and overall performance. Achieving economic viability in this context necessitates a comprehensive examination of various dimensions, including production costs, market demands, environmental implications, recycling infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and end-user preferences. Striking a balance among these considerations is imperative for informed decision-making in the plastic industry. A noteworthy aspect of recycled plastics introduces a complex dimension. These materials often contain heightened concentrations of chemicals, such as toxic flame retardants, benzene, carcinogens, and environmental pollutants like brominated and chlorinated dioxins. Furthermore, a myriad of endocrine disruptors are present, potentially inducing alterations in the body's natural hormone levels. This underscores the importance of understanding the environmental and health ramifications associated with recycled plastics.
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Boeve, Marlon, and Ida Mae de Waal. "Global Plastic Pollution and the Transition Towards a Circular Economy: Lessons from the EU’s Legal Framework on Plastics." Environmental Policy and Law 53, no. 5-6 (February 26, 2024): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-239016.
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Since the 1950s, billions of tons of primary plastic waste have been generated around the globe to date. Instead of the current linear make-use-dispose plastic economy, a circular plastics economy is said to be able to reduce plastic pollution in the environment. Recently, the United Nations Environment Assembly adopted a resolution to forge a globally binding treaty addressing plastic pollution by addressing the full life cycle of plastics and by taking such a circular approach. A circular approach for plastics has already been adopted by the EU. Therefore, this contribution sets out some lessons that the UN Treaty can learn from the implementation of the EU’s circular approach for plastics. These relate to the restriction on placing on the market of certain plastic products, the introduction of ecodesign requirements and the establishment of EPR schemes. The EU legal framework on plastics shows that it is important to take into account the inherent interlinkage between not only plastic life cycle stages, but also between the different provisions and obligations, in order to maximize the contribution to and unlock synergies in tackling plastic pollution.
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Dayrit, Fabian. "Overview on Plastic Waste: The Philippine Perspective." Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 41, no. 2019 (March 14, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2019.1953.
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Plastics are the most ubiquitous materials that modern society depends on and plastic waste has become one of the most serious challenges of modern society. The challenge of plastic waste encompasses industry, commerce, culture, and society. This paper is divided into four sections: I. What are plastics? II. How are plastics used in society? III. How can we manage plastic wastes? IV. How can the Philippines manage plastic waste under RA 9003? Plastics are the designer materials of the modern age. The properties of plastics can be controlled by the choice of polymer and chemical additives. Although there are numerous types of polymers, only six are clearly recyclable polymers. Because of its volume of use and visibility, particular attention has been focused on single-use plastics, in particular thin plastic bags and sachets. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the consumption of single-use plastic, in particular for medical applications. The other large group of polymers, called thermosets, are not recyclable. The major campaign to address plastic waste — the 3Rs, reduce, reuse, recycle – has been unsuccessful in addressing this problem because this campaign has been focused mainly on the consumer and plastics were not designed to be recyclable. Recently, several approaches have been proposed, such as extended producer responsibility (EPR), the circular economy, and the addition of recover and redesign to give the 5Rs. These approaches can be used to strengthen the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) and prepare the Philippines for a circular economy.
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Suresh, Varun. "Propofol-compatible plastics or plastic-compatible propofol?" Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences 7, no. 2 (2019): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/amhs.amhs_101_19.
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Edwards, C. "Plastics on Point [essential plastic-based products]." Engineering & Technology 14, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2019.0303.
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Gupta, Archita, and Anjana Roy. "A Study on Plastic Waste in Households." JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT 1, no. 2 (2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.58574/jaa.2022.v1.i2.05.
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Plastics are indispensable part of the society but it effects directly or indirectly in the environment, wildlife, aquatic life as well as the human health also. Households use plastics the most frequently and due to unavailability of proper tools, most individuals simply throw the used plastics into nature without following the correct recycling procedure. As a result of the ecology system, people face several health problems. Although Single-Use Plastics and Plastic Polybags are prohibited, our society has continued to utilise it. In order to prevent plastic pollution, government must play a crucial role, otherwise future generations will have to face a dire situation by plastic pollutions. A clean environment and a healthy lifestyle are both possible if we can continue to be conscious of plastic.